'He and his wife ar<:
sleeping
u.
Hart-Clive-1962-Structure-and-Motif-in-Finnegans-Wake
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
Cyclic riJrm
impellt<! by rhe ",ntripetal fO<'CU of dearh, diaolution and alOnc~t. The ctnll'lll PQUgc it, ofcoune, Book IV, 'Therc'. now with noW. rhtn in ICnse contin. . . . . . I' (5g8. 23); 'in . more or leu ",ult<! nale of equonomic coolllbc equalobc equilab
cqllilibbrium'. (599. 17)
f ,. . . . . . . . I
aDd vain. al\u . . . . '" "",ndda,,' ~n. 'S>
The timcIcP natu", of Book IV it perhaps moot dc. riy cxprracd in the SI. Kevin episode. At GkndaJough Kevin ",Iir. . ,
'centripetally ? . . midway acTOoS the IlIbject lake . url"ace to itt IUpreem cpi(entric lake y. te, whereof itt lake i. the vemrifllgal principali ty: (605. 15)
"h""'lh ~
"
aooot. ,. . . .
? Cyclic Form
St. KC\'in's hermitag<', '" described by Joyce in th= p. o. ga. , iJS
a very effective symbol of ,. . ,nunciation and . piritual ,tiUn. . . . . At the mid-point of tm universe- the 'no placelike IlQ timelike
aboolent' (609. o2)- Kevin, at one with Brahman, giv"," himself OVer to memoryl= meditation: 'memory <xumj"",' (606. 08)- <X t,mpo" since IlQ memory of the past can exi,t in an Eternal Now.
The symbol of the cin::ular uni. . . ,. . . . , with its timd"" ccnln:: is al. . , f()und in the figure of Ih~ Buddh4t manMld which iI of . nch importance 1<> Jung. ' T his it the symbol e which, in the :\iSS, J oyce gave the highly imp<>rlan( ninth questi<>n in 1. 6.
His me ofil 10 dengnate a passage dealing with the ' ! ructn,. . , of FinntgmlJ W. . kt suggests that in one . truetural . JeW<: the whole of the book forms a lIILJIUlB/iJ, ""' in Figure I, oppoo;tc, in which the four fonr_patL cycl"" make the Wheel (If FMtunt:, while
Book IV lies at the 'hub'.
A consequence of (CIOm;e $imu! taneity U the potential im_
manena of eternity in anyone point of time, and hence the ,eeds ofany pall ofhi. {Ory may k ~ent in any 'event'. Call'" and effect mwt also vanish with the ditapp"arance ofternporal sc<Juence, and so here we find further rationalisation for the monadal principle underlying J oyce'. World Ag<:s and for Ihe frequent scattering of the h<;. Qk', impnlsive forces in an appar. ently arbitrary dilarray. 1h= . tructural principleo are dio- c1. WCd at greater length in Chapters Si~ and SC\'en.
17
? CHAPTER THREE
THE DREAM-STRUCTURE
i: ORAUMCONDRA'S DREAM- COUNTRY (293. Ft)
templ3 to identify the Dr~a. m"," of Fimug= Wah have Imt ,,~th little . ucc=. In his . plendidly oouragwu.
early analym, 'Th~ Dream of H. C. Earwickcr',' Mr. Edmund Wi""n made the unwarranted . . . . umption thaI Earwicker hirrudfiJ the Dreamer and as a comequence of the wid""pread inHumee of this <>therwiJc perceptive "",ay, OCrue-
lura! crilici. m ofFiMtgam Wah has been befogged for over twmty yea. . . . Wilson'. untenabl~ pooition has been explicitly or tacitly accepted by the majority of othe, critic. '! who have considered the matter, induding luch eminent joyuans as M=rs. Harry l. evin, Hugh Kenner, and William Troy. >Their interpretation may be fairly lummariw:\ by the following extract. from Wilson"
'It i. a Saturday night in . ummer, afu:r" disorderly evening in the pub. Somebody-probably Earwi~ker himself- has been p. . . ,. ,. ailed upon to 5ing a lOng; laLer, when it;' dooing time, he had to put a man ou(! ide, who abused him and thnw OCone< at the window. Ther~ "'" also bttn a thunde"torm. Earwicker has been drinllng off and On aU day and has perhapo gone to bed a little drunk. At any rate hU night is troubled. At first he
1 l'in, p~bli. hed j" J""" ond July, I! )3. Q, >J>d rq:otinled ";,~,,,,,,,, reo ";';. ,. . . ondo. ,. ,. =;""';n n. . W. . . . . t . . . . . . . . ? Bow. '-<>ndon, '9~,PP. O[~3.
/{
'J-:hP,N"""",,Conn. , '94',pp. Ii<'If;DuM;"',J'J<',London,
'95. \. pp. ollt""5; 'N"'", ()Q
? The Dream <JfH. C. f. &rwkk<<', pp. "9""0<>.
F~W. . tt',in0;. . . . . ,P. 3"(,c. paotivdy). "
? Tk Dr<<)lll-Structure
dreaJll. ' aoout the day befoTe, with a bad c:omcien"" and a ! ltn! lt of bumiliation: tben, " the night darkens and be sink, mOTe deeply into ,leep, be ha. < to labouT through a nightmar<: nppl'alion .
'He and his wife ar<: sleeping u. g. ther; hut he has no longer any interest in her as a WOman. He is pTeoccupied now witb his children . . .
' . . . tbe 'tory . . . deptnds for its dra,nali<; . Jleet on our not finding out till almost tbe end---p>>. ge1 5. ~5-590, in which
Earwicker partially wak<:5 up--thatthe flights of erotic fant. . "y and the horron of guilt of hi. dr<:am have been impired by his
feding> fOT his childun'.
Thi, r<:adinl{ can be quickly dismiw:d by an appeal to the
litl:ral narrative, for there is nothing whatever in the text to 1U~,tthat Books I and II are aUTeam of the protagonist whose oleep begi"" at 403. ' ]; my analym of the drum_levels (below) will . how in greatl:r detail how inconsistent is this interpretation with the available evidence.
M r. J oseph Camphell, one of the authors of the Shltlen Kg, holds a somewhat modified view. Although he believ. . F,ar- wicker to be the DTeamer, he doe. not think of Finlltgmu Wakt ". a 'stream of unconsciousness', to me Harry Levin's phr. . "e, hut rather as a kind of ><;holarly running commentary by an anonymous pedant on a dream in progress, interrupted now and then hy personal digressiom, qnerulouo a,id. . , ,nippets from other dream. 'l, and even by an ohjrctive description of the Dreamer momentarily awake in lll+ '
Mrs. Ruth von Phnl, who h,. . treated the dream-situation at greatt:itlength, was the lint to orrer a reasoned argument in favour of the Dreamer', being IQmebody other than Earwicker. She attempt. to,how thatJerry i. the Dreamer, but ha. <. . much of her argument on an inaccurate analrY' of 11l. 4 and on a number of ","umptioJU, all of which _ m \() me to be demon-
. trably wrong. ' T bere is not ,ufficient ' pace here for a detailed 'J. C. mpbell,? Finn. :g. "'hel'ial~', inGiv=,pp. ~t4-5.
, R. von PhoJ, 'Who Sleep<" F<-,,,,,, Woh? ? 110. J. . . . , J"J<' /U",w, vol. I, ,,". '. '95J, pp. 0J""38.
79
? The Drtam-$trvcllde
refutation of MOl. von Phu\'. ICn_page article, but her caac di,appean ifa few ofher most important prtm;"', aTe <li1proved.
Fin! , she holds tha. t:
'Jerry i. the only cbaracl<< in ! he hook 1" minI both ti,e arwt'. i'llight and Ihe almoot eneydopedic learni! ! ! ! , n<:<:dcd to evolve a dream of . \leh fanta&tie richntll"
whereaa botD Mn: and in U/1uu (where Joy<< makes Bloom h. allucinalC a . . . . ,a1th ofmalCrial o? "'hieh he can have no . ,. ,. . _ ociousknowl~) Joyce",dearlyallowingh",Dreamen,whe>- ewrthey may he, todraw on lhe wbole quaoi-Jungiln coHeelive
\lnconociouI for Ihe lullllan"" o? their fantasies. Secood, she, in common with th" aull>on of the SktinIM Kg, makes the odd error of auuming that Jelry ICes hi. ralhee'. erecl;on, whereas
Ihe leI:llpCci&ally ltate/i that neither Iwin optnl his eyes at aU during the Kene in quation:
'The two prine<< of th" {()we:r royal, daulphin and d""'lin, to lie how lhey are without to 0 << . The dame dowager'. duffgerenl
to p"""'nl wappon, blade drawn {() Ihe full and about wh<< 1 without to be IC"Jl ofthe,,,'. (,~66-'9)
The frightened child;. in fact the daughter, oobel (566. ~8 ff), who, when the notie<:l tlte father'. member, becomes aware of 'pc";""'nvy', fearing that her body is intomplete or thai . 1Ie "' an cm;UC\llued boy:
'What have you Iherefore? . . 1 feu lel1 we have lost oun (nOli grant itl) rapc:cting these wildly para'. (566. 30; hobel is convening with her 'looking-glass girl'. )
Th"
i"ltargeac of lifesiglll over early lived offi' (230-26)
wherell in fact nearly every character in Fi. OIlIIUU Wab is depicted u druming al ""me time or othe:r.
, 'WhoSIn". . tF__ w. . r,,,,. a ? s. . " ,06; ,". u. App<ndilI A.
is, of cou""" one of the moot common of inCantile experi- ences. Third, Mn. . von Phul identifies the Donkey thfO\tgh th" motif'Ab bot' which is, bow<:vcr, the chanctcistic sigb not of the Donkey but of the oecond Old Man, Mark. ' Lastly, Mrs. ""n Phul finds it significant that Shern is described as : 'reminiKcnlil""', at bandstand finale O4l"aOO carriero, d! 'Q. m-
? 1k Dream-Strocturt
In a Letter \0 Mr. J . S. Atherton Mist Weaver Wf'Ol<:':
'In partieular their (the aUlhon of tbe SklMtI "'9] ucription ofthe whole thing \0 a dream ofHCE _IRS10 me nonsclUic:al . . . ~l y v i e w i . t h a t M r . J o y c e d i d n o ! i n t e n d t h o : b o o k t o b e looked upon as the dn:am of any one character, but that be . . . ,garded the drc~m (onn with i" Ihiftingo and chang. . and chane. . as a com"cnio:nt device:, allowing the frttSt se<>pe to introduce any material he wiohed- I n d suited to a night? pie<:t. ' T hiJ it a healthy oorre<:uvc but it dotI seem, nevertheleu, Ihat
Joyce thought ofFinMgus W""'" as a lifl,f/. inl<:graU:d d. . . ,am rather than as the series of drcam-cpiY"kl that M ia W. ". . . . :r'. letter might imply. Usually the lint 10 gi~ hio" \0 his acquain_ lAne. . about abolnlK difficulti. . in IUs works,Joyce: _ _ \0 ha~ paid little alUntion \0 thlt mailer of the Orca""",. J( be had said noching al all about it we might bc:j11Jlified in leaving the question wher. :: Mia Wea1/tf ehOle to \ea"e iI, but OIl at least one occasion he made a pronouncement of relevance. Mn. Adaline Glasheen repom that Dr. O'Brien, a friend of
J oyce, told her in oonvers&. tion that J oyce had told him 'that Fi. NgIUU Wu. was "about" Finn ! yingdying by the river Utrey wilh tbe history of lrebnd and the world cycling through hi.
miBd'. " 'l1Iue is no ~
which would teem to establish tbe imJlO'Ullt point thaI Joyce thought ofF"""lmll WIlL . . . a unified dream? whole centrW on a :tingle mind. Though Or. O'Brien'. claim can represent no more than a part of the 1I'\Ilh, there seem. 10 be a little internal evidence 10 lupport it. . If my ruding of Ihe ninth qUCltiQn of
n \0 doubt the accuracy of the repOl't,
1. 6 it correct, it ooruiou. Qf a diSCwRon of the n"tu. . . , Qf the dream~ituation in FilrMgmu W. ,q and repraenu the Dreamer'. mQlt honea( and dir<<tiy intmWile<! consideration ofhit prescnt dre:aming state. There an:: thm: consecutive four-pan eyel. . in 1. 6,formingamictoo:>JmofJ\oob I-III. Themaleprotagonu" in tbe 6nt question ofeach ofthese cyclCl (quCltiont I, 3. and 9) are aU drcam? rcpracnllloo. lJ of Finn- F. arwickcr at different . taget of his career: fiC$t, the youthful vigour of Finn'. aUotted
, Ad",rtQn, p.
impellt<! by rhe ",ntripetal fO<'CU of dearh, diaolution and alOnc~t. The ctnll'lll PQUgc it, ofcoune, Book IV, 'Therc'. now with noW. rhtn in ICnse contin. . . . . . I' (5g8. 23); 'in . more or leu ",ult<! nale of equonomic coolllbc equalobc equilab
cqllilibbrium'. (599. 17)
f ,. . . . . . . . I
aDd vain. al\u . . . . '" "",ndda,,' ~n. 'S>
The timcIcP natu", of Book IV it perhaps moot dc. riy cxprracd in the SI. Kevin episode. At GkndaJough Kevin ",Iir. . ,
'centripetally ? . . midway acTOoS the IlIbject lake . url"ace to itt IUpreem cpi(entric lake y. te, whereof itt lake i. the vemrifllgal principali ty: (605. 15)
"h""'lh ~
"
aooot. ,. . . .
? Cyclic Form
St. KC\'in's hermitag<', '" described by Joyce in th= p. o. ga. , iJS
a very effective symbol of ,. . ,nunciation and . piritual ,tiUn. . . . . At the mid-point of tm universe- the 'no placelike IlQ timelike
aboolent' (609. o2)- Kevin, at one with Brahman, giv"," himself OVer to memoryl= meditation: 'memory <xumj"",' (606. 08)- <X t,mpo" since IlQ memory of the past can exi,t in an Eternal Now.
The symbol of the cin::ular uni. . . ,. . . . , with its timd"" ccnln:: is al. . , f()und in the figure of Ih~ Buddh4t manMld which iI of . nch importance 1<> Jung. ' T his it the symbol e which, in the :\iSS, J oyce gave the highly imp<>rlan( ninth questi<>n in 1. 6.
His me ofil 10 dengnate a passage dealing with the ' ! ructn,. . , of FinntgmlJ W. . kt suggests that in one . truetural . JeW<: the whole of the book forms a lIILJIUlB/iJ, ""' in Figure I, oppoo;tc, in which the four fonr_patL cycl"" make the Wheel (If FMtunt:, while
Book IV lies at the 'hub'.
A consequence of (CIOm;e $imu! taneity U the potential im_
manena of eternity in anyone point of time, and hence the ,eeds ofany pall ofhi. {Ory may k ~ent in any 'event'. Call'" and effect mwt also vanish with the ditapp"arance ofternporal sc<Juence, and so here we find further rationalisation for the monadal principle underlying J oyce'. World Ag<:s and for Ihe frequent scattering of the h<;. Qk', impnlsive forces in an appar. ently arbitrary dilarray. 1h= . tructural principleo are dio- c1. WCd at greater length in Chapters Si~ and SC\'en.
17
? CHAPTER THREE
THE DREAM-STRUCTURE
i: ORAUMCONDRA'S DREAM- COUNTRY (293. Ft)
templ3 to identify the Dr~a. m"," of Fimug= Wah have Imt ,,~th little . ucc=. In his . plendidly oouragwu.
early analym, 'Th~ Dream of H. C. Earwickcr',' Mr. Edmund Wi""n made the unwarranted . . . . umption thaI Earwicker hirrudfiJ the Dreamer and as a comequence of the wid""pread inHumee of this <>therwiJc perceptive "",ay, OCrue-
lura! crilici. m ofFiMtgam Wah has been befogged for over twmty yea. . . . Wilson'. untenabl~ pooition has been explicitly or tacitly accepted by the majority of othe, critic. '! who have considered the matter, induding luch eminent joyuans as M=rs. Harry l. evin, Hugh Kenner, and William Troy. >Their interpretation may be fairly lummariw:\ by the following extract. from Wilson"
'It i. a Saturday night in . ummer, afu:r" disorderly evening in the pub. Somebody-probably Earwi~ker himself- has been p. . . ,. ,. ailed upon to 5ing a lOng; laLer, when it;' dooing time, he had to put a man ou(! ide, who abused him and thnw OCone< at the window. Ther~ "'" also bttn a thunde"torm. Earwicker has been drinllng off and On aU day and has perhapo gone to bed a little drunk. At any rate hU night is troubled. At first he
1 l'in, p~bli. hed j" J""" ond July, I! )3. Q, >J>d rq:otinled ";,~,,,,,,,, reo ";';. ,. . . ondo. ,. ,. =;""';n n. . W. . . . . t . . . . . . . . ? Bow. '-<>ndon, '9~,PP. O[~3.
/{
'J-:hP,N"""",,Conn. , '94',pp. Ii<'If;DuM;"',J'J<',London,
'95. \. pp. ollt""5; 'N"'", ()Q
? The Dream <JfH. C. f. &rwkk<<', pp. "9""0<>.
F~W. . tt',in0;. . . . . ,P. 3"(,c. paotivdy). "
? Tk Dr<<)lll-Structure
dreaJll. ' aoout the day befoTe, with a bad c:omcien"" and a ! ltn! lt of bumiliation: tben, " the night darkens and be sink, mOTe deeply into ,leep, be ha. < to labouT through a nightmar<: nppl'alion .
'He and his wife ar<: sleeping u. g. ther; hut he has no longer any interest in her as a WOman. He is pTeoccupied now witb his children . . .
' . . . tbe 'tory . . . deptnds for its dra,nali<; . Jleet on our not finding out till almost tbe end---p>>. ge1 5. ~5-590, in which
Earwicker partially wak<:5 up--thatthe flights of erotic fant. . "y and the horron of guilt of hi. dr<:am have been impired by his
feding> fOT his childun'.
Thi, r<:adinl{ can be quickly dismiw:d by an appeal to the
litl:ral narrative, for there is nothing whatever in the text to 1U~,tthat Books I and II are aUTeam of the protagonist whose oleep begi"" at 403. ' ]; my analym of the drum_levels (below) will . how in greatl:r detail how inconsistent is this interpretation with the available evidence.
M r. J oseph Camphell, one of the authors of the Shltlen Kg, holds a somewhat modified view. Although he believ. . F,ar- wicker to be the DTeamer, he doe. not think of Finlltgmu Wakt ". a 'stream of unconsciousness', to me Harry Levin's phr. . "e, hut rather as a kind of ><;holarly running commentary by an anonymous pedant on a dream in progress, interrupted now and then hy personal digressiom, qnerulouo a,id. . , ,nippets from other dream. 'l, and even by an ohjrctive description of the Dreamer momentarily awake in lll+ '
Mrs. Ruth von Phnl, who h,. . treated the dream-situation at greatt:itlength, was the lint to orrer a reasoned argument in favour of the Dreamer', being IQmebody other than Earwicker. She attempt. to,how thatJerry i. the Dreamer, but ha. <. . much of her argument on an inaccurate analrY' of 11l. 4 and on a number of ","umptioJU, all of which _ m \() me to be demon-
. trably wrong. ' T bere is not ,ufficient ' pace here for a detailed 'J. C. mpbell,? Finn. :g. "'hel'ial~', inGiv=,pp. ~t4-5.
, R. von PhoJ, 'Who Sleep<" F<-,,,,,, Woh? ? 110. J. . . . , J"J<' /U",w, vol. I, ,,". '. '95J, pp. 0J""38.
79
? The Drtam-$trvcllde
refutation of MOl. von Phu\'. ICn_page article, but her caac di,appean ifa few ofher most important prtm;"', aTe <li1proved.
Fin! , she holds tha. t:
'Jerry i. the only cbaracl<< in ! he hook 1" minI both ti,e arwt'. i'llight and Ihe almoot eneydopedic learni! ! ! ! , n<:<:dcd to evolve a dream of . \leh fanta&tie richntll"
whereaa botD Mn: and in U/1uu (where Joy<< makes Bloom h. allucinalC a . . . . ,a1th ofmalCrial o? "'hieh he can have no . ,. ,. . _ ociousknowl~) Joyce",dearlyallowingh",Dreamen,whe>- ewrthey may he, todraw on lhe wbole quaoi-Jungiln coHeelive
\lnconociouI for Ihe lullllan"" o? their fantasies. Secood, she, in common with th" aull>on of the SktinIM Kg, makes the odd error of auuming that Jelry ICes hi. ralhee'. erecl;on, whereas
Ihe leI:llpCci&ally ltate/i that neither Iwin optnl his eyes at aU during the Kene in quation:
'The two prine<< of th" {()we:r royal, daulphin and d""'lin, to lie how lhey are without to 0 << . The dame dowager'. duffgerenl
to p"""'nl wappon, blade drawn {() Ihe full and about wh<< 1 without to be IC"Jl ofthe,,,'. (,~66-'9)
The frightened child;. in fact the daughter, oobel (566. ~8 ff), who, when the notie<:l tlte father'. member, becomes aware of 'pc";""'nvy', fearing that her body is intomplete or thai . 1Ie "' an cm;UC\llued boy:
'What have you Iherefore? . . 1 feu lel1 we have lost oun (nOli grant itl) rapc:cting these wildly para'. (566. 30; hobel is convening with her 'looking-glass girl'. )
Th"
i"ltargeac of lifesiglll over early lived offi' (230-26)
wherell in fact nearly every character in Fi. OIlIIUU Wab is depicted u druming al ""me time or othe:r.
, 'WhoSIn". . tF__ w. . r,,,,. a ? s. . " ,06; ,". u. App<ndilI A.
is, of cou""" one of the moot common of inCantile experi- ences. Third, Mn. . von Phul identifies the Donkey thfO\tgh th" motif'Ab bot' which is, bow<:vcr, the chanctcistic sigb not of the Donkey but of the oecond Old Man, Mark. ' Lastly, Mrs. ""n Phul finds it significant that Shern is described as : 'reminiKcnlil""', at bandstand finale O4l"aOO carriero, d! 'Q. m-
? 1k Dream-Strocturt
In a Letter \0 Mr. J . S. Atherton Mist Weaver Wf'Ol<:':
'In partieular their (the aUlhon of tbe SklMtI "'9] ucription ofthe whole thing \0 a dream ofHCE _IRS10 me nonsclUic:al . . . ~l y v i e w i . t h a t M r . J o y c e d i d n o ! i n t e n d t h o : b o o k t o b e looked upon as the dn:am of any one character, but that be . . . ,garded the drc~m (onn with i" Ihiftingo and chang. . and chane. . as a com"cnio:nt device:, allowing the frttSt se<>pe to introduce any material he wiohed- I n d suited to a night? pie<:t. ' T hiJ it a healthy oorre<:uvc but it dotI seem, nevertheleu, Ihat
Joyce thought ofFinMgus W""'" as a lifl,f/. inl<:graU:d d. . . ,am rather than as the series of drcam-cpiY"kl that M ia W. ". . . . :r'. letter might imply. Usually the lint 10 gi~ hio" \0 his acquain_ lAne. . about abolnlK difficulti. . in IUs works,Joyce: _ _ \0 ha~ paid little alUntion \0 thlt mailer of the Orca""",. J( be had said noching al all about it we might bc:j11Jlified in leaving the question wher. :: Mia Wea1/tf ehOle to \ea"e iI, but OIl at least one occasion he made a pronouncement of relevance. Mn. Adaline Glasheen repom that Dr. O'Brien, a friend of
J oyce, told her in oonvers&. tion that J oyce had told him 'that Fi. NgIUU Wu. was "about" Finn ! yingdying by the river Utrey wilh tbe history of lrebnd and the world cycling through hi.
miBd'. " 'l1Iue is no ~
which would teem to establish tbe imJlO'Ullt point thaI Joyce thought ofF"""lmll WIlL . . . a unified dream? whole centrW on a :tingle mind. Though Or. O'Brien'. claim can represent no more than a part of the 1I'\Ilh, there seem. 10 be a little internal evidence 10 lupport it. . If my ruding of Ihe ninth qUCltiQn of
n \0 doubt the accuracy of the repOl't,
1. 6 it correct, it ooruiou. Qf a diSCwRon of the n"tu. . . , Qf the dream~ituation in FilrMgmu W. ,q and repraenu the Dreamer'. mQlt honea( and dir<<tiy intmWile<! consideration ofhit prescnt dre:aming state. There an:: thm: consecutive four-pan eyel. . in 1. 6,formingamictoo:>JmofJ\oob I-III. Themaleprotagonu" in tbe 6nt question ofeach ofthese cyclCl (quCltiont I, 3. and 9) are aU drcam? rcpracnllloo. lJ of Finn- F. arwickcr at different . taget of his career: fiC$t, the youthful vigour of Finn'. aUotted
, Ad",rtQn, p.
