nemnou and Menelaiis were
descended
from him.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
net/2027/uva.
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org/access_use#pd-google
? r EI,
PEL
try net the father of one son, Acastus, and ol lour
? laughters, Piaidice, Pclopea, Hippolhoe, and Alces-
lia. (. {polled. , 1, 9, 10. ) These daughters were
called Peliades, and became, unwittingly, through
the arts of Medea, the slayers of their sire. (Vid.
lanon. )
Pelipes, a patronymic of Achilles, as the son of
Peleus. (Vid. Peleus. )
Pki. iqni, an Italian tribe, belonging to the Sabine
race, according to Ovid (Fast. , 3, 95), but, according
to Festus, deriving their origin from lllyria. The
statement of Ovid appears the more probable one, if
we consider the uniformity of language, customs, and
character apparent in all the minor tribes of central
Italy, as well as in the Samnites, between whom and
the Sabines these tribes may be said to form an inter-
mediate link in the Oscan chain. --The Peligni were
situate to the east and northeast of the Marsi, and
had Corfiniurn for their chief town. They derive some
consideration in history from the circumstance of their
chief city having been selected by the allies in the
Social wa? as the scat of the new empire. Had their
plans succeeded, and had Rome fallen beneath the
efforts of the coalition, Corfiniurn would have become
the capital of Italy, and perhaps of the world. (Strab. ,
241. )--The country of the Peligni was small in ex-
tent, and mountainous, and noted for the coldness of
its climate, as well as for the abundance of its springs
and streams. (Horace, Oil. , 3, 19. -- Ovid, Fast. , 4,
685. ) That some portion of it, however, was fertile,
we learn also from the latter poet. (Am. , 2, 16. --
Cramer's /Inc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 332. )
Paxiort, I. a range of mountains in Thessaly, along
a portion of the eastern coast. Its principal summit
rises behind Iolcos and Ormenium. The chain ex-
tends from the aoutheastern extremity of the Lake
Bcebcis, where it unites with one of the ramifications
of Ossa, to the extreme promontory of Magnesia.
(Strabo, 443. -- Herod. , 7, 129. -- Cramer's Ancient
Greece, vol. 1, p. 429. ) In a fragment of Dicaear-
chus which has been preserved to us, we have a detail-
ed description of Piiion and its botanical productions,
which appear to have been very numerous, both as to
forest trees and plants of various kinds. (Cramer,
I. e. ) On the most elevated part of the mountain was
a temple dedicated to Jupiter Actaeus, to which a
troop of the noblest youths of the city of Demetrias
ascended every year by appointment of the priest;
und such was the cold experienced on the summit,
that they wore the thicV est woollen fleeces t<< protect
themselves from the inclemency of the weathor. (Di-
caarch. , p. 29. ) It is with propriety, therefore, that
Pindar applies to Pelior. the epithet of stormy. (Fyth. ,
9. 6. )--Hfimer alludes lo this mountain as the ancient
abode of me Centaurs, who were ejected by the Lap-
ithe. (B. , 8, 743. --Compare Find. , Pyth. , 2, 83. )
It was, however, moro especially the haunt of Chiron,
whose cave, as Dicsearchus relates, o-cupicd the high-
est point of the mountain. (Cramer, I. e. ) In their
wars against the gods, the giants, as the poets fable,
{ilaced Ossa upon Pelion, and "rolled upon Ossa the
eafy Olympus," in their daring attempt to scale the
heavens. (Virg. , Georg. , 1, 281, scq. ) The famous
? pear of Peleus, which descended to his son Achilles,
and which none but the latter and his parent could
wield, was cut from an ash-tree on this mountain, and
thenre received its name of Pclias. (Horn. , II. , 16,
? ? 144. )--II. A city of lllyria, on the Macedonian bor-
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? PELOPIDAS.
PEL
fhebx j took part as allies of the Lacedaemonians,
antler the Sj artan king Agesipolis. In this battle,
Pelopidas being wounded and thrown down, was saved
from death by Epaminondas, who protected him with
bis ahield, maintaining his ground against the Arcadi-
ans until the Lacedaemonians came to their relief, and
saved both their lives. From that time a close friend-
ship wis formed between Epaminondas and Pelopidas,
which lasted till the death of the latter. When the
Lacedaemonians surprised the citadel of Thebes, and
established the power of the aristocracy in that city,
Pelopidas, who belonged to the popular party, retired
to Athens, together with a number of other citizens.
After a time, he and his brother exiles formed a plan,
with their friends in Thebes, for surprising and over-
throwing the oligarchy, and restoring the popular gov-
ernment. Pelopidas and some of his friends set off
from Athens disguised as hunters, found means to en-
ter Thebes unobserved, and concealed themselves in
the house of a friend, whence they issued in the night,
and, having surprised the leaders of the aristocratic
party, put them to death. The people then rose in
arms, and, having proclaimed Pelopidas their com-
mander, they obliged the Spartan garrison to surrender
the citadel by capitulation (B. C. 379). Pelopidas
boom after contrived to excite a war between Sparta
and Athens, and thus divide the attention of the for-
mer power. The war between the Thebans and the
Lacedaemonians was carried on for some years in Boe-
olia by straggling parties, and Pelopidas, having ob-
tained the advantage in several skirmishes, ventured
to encounter the enemy in the open field at Tegyrae,
near Orchomenus. The Lacedemonians were defeat-
ed, and thus Pelopidas demonstrated, for the first time,
that tha armies of Sparta were not invincible; a fact
which was afterward confirmed by the battle of Leuc-
tra (B. C. 371), in which Pelopidas fought under the
command of his friend Epaminondas. In the year
869 B. C. , the two friends, being appointed two of the
Boeotarchs {Plut. , Vit. Pelop. , c. 24), marched into
the Peloponnesus, obliged Argos, and Arcadia, and
other states to renounce the alliance of Sparta, and
carried their incursions into Laconia in the depth of
winter. Having conquered Messenia, they invited the
descendants of its former inhabitants, who had gone
into exile about two centuries before, to come and re-
peuple their country. They thus confined the power
of Sparta to the limits of Laconia. Pelopidas and
Epaminondas, on their return to Thebes, were tried
for having retained the command after the expiration
of the year of their office, but were acquitted; and
Pelopidas was afterward employed against Alexander,
tyrant of Phera? , who was endeavouring to make him-
self master of all Thessaly. He defeated him. From
Thessaiy he was called into Macedonia, to settle a
auarrcl between Alexander, king of that country, and
son of Atnyntas II. , and his natural brother Ptolemy.
Having succeeded in this, he returned to Thebes, bring-
ing with him Philip, brother of Alexander, and thirty
youths of the chief families of Macedonia as hostages.
A. year after, however, Ptolemy murdered his brother
Alexander, and took possession of the throne. Pelop-
idas, being applied to by the friends of the late king,
enlisted a band of mercenaries, with which'he marched
against Ptolemy, who entered into an agreement to
hold the government only in trust for Perdiccas, a
voungcr brother of Alexander, till he was of age, and
? ? to kocp the alliance of Thebes; and he gave to Pelop-
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? PELOFONNESIACUM BELLUM.
PELCPONNESIACUM DELLUM
after tome of the Athenian envoys, who happened to
be in the city, had defended the conduct of their state,
the Spartan* first, and afterward all the allies, decided
that Athens had broken the truce, and they resolved
upon immediate war; King Archidamus alone recom-
mended some delay. In the interval necessary for
preparation, an attempt was made to throw the blame
of commencing hostilities upon the Athenians, by send-
jig three several embassies to Athens with demands of
such a nature as could not be accepted. In the as-
umbly which was held at Athens to give a, final an-
swer to these demands, Pericles, who was now at the
height cf his power, urged the people to engage in the
war, :i? d laid do^. n a plan for the conduct of it. He ad-
visc. l the pccp'. s to bring all their moveable property
from the country into the city, to abandon Attica to the
ravages of the enemy, ind not to suffer themselves to be
provoked to give tnera battle rcith inferior numbers, but
to expend all their strength upon their ::avy, which might
be employed in carrying the war into the enemy's ter-
ritory, and in collecting supplies from subject states;
and farther, not to attempt any new conquest while the
war lasted. His advice was adopted, and the Spartan
envoys were sent home with a refusal of their de-
mands, but with an offer to refer the matters in differ-
ence to an impartial tribunal, an offer which the Lace-
demonians had no intention of accepting. After this,
the usual peaceful intercourse between the rival states
was discontinued. Thucydides (2, 1) dates the begin-
ning of the war from the early spring of the year 431
B. C. , the fifteenth of the thirty years' truce, when a
r<<rty of Thebans made an attempt, which at first suc-
? ceticd, but was ultimately defeated, to surprise Pla-
? sa. The truce being thus openly broken, both par-
ies addressed themselves to the war. The Pelopon-
aesian confederacy included all the states of Pelopon-
nesus except Achaia (which joined them afterward)
and Argos, and without the Peloponnesus, Megsris,
Phocis, Locris, Bccotia, the island of Leucas, and tho
iities of Ambracia and Anactorium. The allies of the
Athenians were Chios and Lesbos, besides Samos and
the other islands of the . /L'gean which had been re-
duced to subjection (Thera and Melos, which were
still independent, remained neutral), Platsa, the Mes-
senian colony in Naupactus, the majority of the Acar-
naniaos, Corcyra, Zacynthus, and the Greek cotonics
in A-jia Minor, in Thrace and Macedonia, and on the
Hellespont. The resources of Sparta lay chiefly in
lcr land forces, which, however, consisted of contin-
gents from the allies, whose period of service was lim-
ited; the Spartans were also deficient in money. The
Athenian strength lay in their fleet, which was manned
chiefly by foreign sailors, whom the wealth they col-
lected from their allies enabled them to pay. Thu-
cydides informs us, that the cause of the Lacedaemoni-
ans was the more popular, as they professed to be de-
liverers of Greece, while the Athenians were fighting
in defence of an empire which had become odious
through their tyranny, and to which the states which
vet retained their independence feared to be brought
into subjection. In the summer of the year 431 B. C. ,
the Pcloponnesians invaded Attica under the command
jf Arcmdatnus, king of Sparta. Their progress was
ilc-w, as Archidamus appears to have been still anx-
ious to try what could be done by intimidating the
Athenians before proceeding to extremities. Yet their
presence was found to be a greater calamity than the
? ? people had anticipated; and, when Archidamus made
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? PELOPONNESIACUM BELI. UM.
PEL
-"lenes, comjletely failed; but afterward Demosthe-
ies and ihe Acarnanians routed the Ambracians, who
nearly all perished. In the winter (426-5) the Athe-
nians purilied the island of Delos, as an acknowledg-
ment to Apollo for the cessation of the plague. At
the beginning of the summer of 425, the Peloponne-
aians invaded Attica for the fifth time. At the same
time, the Athenians, who had long directed their
iho'jghts towards Sicily, sent a fleet to aid the Leon-
*ini in a war with Syracuse. Demosthenes accom-
panied this fleet, in order to act, as occasion might
jffer, on the coast of Peloponnesus. He fortified Py-
'ua on the coast of Measenia, the northern headland
of the modern Bay of Navarino. In the course of the
operations which were undertaken to dislodge him, a
body of Lacedemonians, including several noble Spar-
tans, got blockaded in the island of Sphacteria, at the
mouth of the bay, and were ultimately taken prisoners
by Cleon and Demosthenes. Pylus was garrisoned
by a colony of Messenians, in order to annoy the Spar-
tans. After this event the Athenians engaged in vig-
orous offensive operations, of which the most impor-
tant was the capture of the island of Cythera by Nici-
ts early in B. C. 424. Thia summer, however, the
Athenians suffered some reverses in Bceotia, where
they lost the battle of Delium, and on the coasts of
Macedonia and Thrace, where Brasidas, among other
exploits, took Amphipolis. The Athenian expedition
to Sicily was abandoned, after some operations of no
great importance, in consequence of a general pacifica-
tion of the island, which was effected through the in-
fluence of Hermocrates, a citizen of Syracuse. In the
year 423, a year's truce was concluded between Spar-
la and Athena, with a view to a lasting peace. Hos-
tilities were renewed in 422, and Cleon was sent to
cope with Brasidas, who had continued his opera-
tions oven during the tiucc. A battle was fought be-
tween these generals at Amphipolis, in which the de-
feat of the Athenians was amply compensated by the
double deliverance which they experienced in the deaths
both of Cleon and Brasidas. In the following year
(421) Nicias succeeded in negotiating a peace with
Sparta for fifty years, the terms of which were, a mu-
tual restitution of conquests made during the war, and
the release of the prisoners taken at Sphacteria. This
treaty was ratified by all the allies of Sparta except
the Boeotians, Corinthians, Eleans, and Megarians.
This peace never rested on any firm basis. It was no
sooner concluded than it was discovered that Sparta
had not the power to fulfil her promises, and Athens
insisted on their performance. The jealousy of the
other states was excited by a treaty of alliance which
was concluded between Sparta and Athens immediate-
ly after the peace; and intrigues were commenced for
the formation of a new confederacy, with Argos at the
head. An attempt was made to draw Sparta into al-
liance with Argos, but it failed. A similar overture,
subsequently made to Athens, met with better suc-
cess, chiefly through an artifice of Alcibiadcs, who
was at the head of a large party hostile to the peace,
and the Athenians concluded a treaty offensive and
defensive with Argos, Elis, and Mantinea for 100
years (B. C. 420). In the year 418, the Argive con-
federacy was broken up by their defeat at the battle of
Mantinea, and a peace, and soon after an alliance, was
made between Sparta and Argos. In the year 416 an
expedition was undertaken by the Athenians against
? ? Mei->s, which had hitherto remained neutral. The
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? PELOPONNESUS.
Prt
?
nemnou and Menelaiis were descended from him. --
Such is the mythic legend relative to the origin of the
name Peloponnesus. The word, however, does not
occur in Homer. The original name of the peninsula
appears to have been Apia {Horn. , II. , 1,270--Id. ib. ,
3. 49), and it was so called, according to -Escliylus
? . Suppt. , 355), from Apis, a son of Apollo, or, accord-
ing to I'ausanias (2, 5, 5), from Apis, a son of Telchin,
snd iescendant of jEgialeus. When Argos had the
supiitnacy, the peninsula, according to Strabo (371),
was sometimes called Argos; and, indeed, Homer
teens to use the term Argos, in some cases, as inclu-
ding :he whole peninsula. (Thucyd. , 1, 9. ) The ori-
gin, therefore, of the name Peloponnesus still remains
open to investigation. It is possible that Pelops, in-
stead of having actually existed, may be merely a sym-
bol represi nting an old race by the name of Pelopes,
according to the analogy which we find in the national
appellators of the Dryopes, Meropes, Dolopes, and
others. The Peloponnesus, then, will have derived
its name from this old race, and the very term Pelopes
(Pel-opes) itself will receive something like confirma-
tion from the ingenious remarks of Buttmann relative
to the early population along the shores of the Medi-
terranean. ( Vid. Apia, and Opici. ) After the line of
the mythic Pelops had become celebrated in epic poe-
try as the lords of all Argos and of many islands, the
name of Peloponnesus would appear to have come into
general use, and, by a common error, to have been
transferred from the race or nation of the Pelopes to
their fabulous leader. (Vid. Pelops. )--Peloponnesus,
-hough inferior in extent to the northern portion of
Greece, may be looked upon, says Slrabo, as the acrop-
olis of Hellas, both from its position, and the power
and celebrity of the different people by which it was
inhabited. In shape it resembled the leaf of a plane-
tree, being indented by numerous bays oti all sides.
tS/raA. , 335-- Plin. , 4, 5. --Dionys. Per. , 403. ) It
is frain this circumstance that the modern name of Mo-
nk is doubtlessly derived, that word signifying a mul-
berry leaf. --Strabo estimates the breadth of the penin-
tsii at 1400 stadia from Cape Chelonatas, now Cape
Tornese, its westernmost point, to the isthmus, being
nearly equal to its length from Cape Malea, now Cape
St. Angela, to jEgium, now Vostizza, in Achaia. Po-
tybius reckons its periphery, setting aside the sinuosities
of the coast, at 4000 stadia, and Artemidorus at 4400;
but, if these are included, the number of stadia must
be increased to 5G00. Pliny says that "Isidorus com-
puted its circumference at 563 miles, and as much
? gain if all the gulfs were taken into the account. The
narrow stem from which it expands is called the isth-
mus. At this point the vEgean and Ionian seas, break-
ing in from opposite quarters north and east, eat away
all its widtb, till a narrow neck of five miles in breadth
is all that connects Peloponnesus with Greece. On
one side is the Corinthian, on the other the Saronic
Gulf. Lorba? um and Cenchres are situated on oppo-
site extremities of the isthmus, a long and hazardous
circumnavigation for ships, the size of which prevents
their being carried over land in wagons. For this rea-
son various attempts have been made to cut a naviga-
ble canal across the isthmus by King Demetrius, Ju-
lius Caesar, Caligula, and Nero, but in every insta'ice
without success. " (Plin. , 4, 5. )--On the north ihe
Peloponncsm is bounded by the Ionian Sea, on the
? vest by ihat ;f Sicily, to the south and southear by
? ? that of Libya and Crete, and to the northeast by the
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? PEl. OPS.
PEL
riiirtoen bad already lost their lives when Pelopa
tame. In the dead of the night, says Pindar, Pelopa
went down to the margin of the sea, and invoked the
god who rules it. On a sudden Neptune stood at his
feet, and Pelops conjured him, by the memory of bis
former affection, to grant him the means of obtaining
the lovely daughter of CEnomaiis. Neptune heard bis
prayer, and bestowed upon him a golden chariot, and
hones of winged speed. Pelops then went to Pisa
to contend for the prize. He bribed Myrtilus, son of
Mercury, the charioteer of CEnomatis, to leave out the
linchpins of the wheels of his chariot, or, as others
say, to put in waxen ones instead of iron. In the
race, therefore, the chariot of CEnomatis broke down,
and he fell out and was killed, and thus Hippodamia
became the bride of Pelops. (Sehol. ad Find. , 01. ,
1, Wi. --Hygin. , fab. , 84. --Pmd. , 01. , I, 114, seqq.
--Apolt. Rhod. , 1, 752. -- Schoi, ad loc. --Tzetx. ad
Lueophr. , 156. ) Pelops is said to hare promised
Myrtilus, for his aid, one half of his kingdom, or, as
other accounts have it, to have made a most dishon-
ourable agreement of another nature with him. Un-
willing, however, to keep his promise, he took an op-
portunity, as they were driving along a cliff, to throw
Myrtilus into the sea, where he was drowned. To
the vengeance of Mercury for the death of his son
were ascribed all the future woes of the line of Pelops.
(Soph. , Electr. , 504, seqq. ) Hippodamia bore to Pe-
lops five sons, Atreus, Thyestes, Copreus, Alcathoiis,
and Pittheus, and two daughters, Nicippe and Lysid-
ice, who married Sthenelus and Mestor, sons of Per-
seus. --The question as to the personality of Pelops
has been considered in a previous article {vid. Pelo-
ponnesus), and the opinion has there been advanced
which makes him to have been meroly the symbol of
an ancient race called Pelopes. To those, however,
who are inclined to regard Pelops aa an actual per-
sonage, the following remarks of Mr. Thirlwall may
Dot prove uninteresting: "According to a tradition,
which appears to be sanctioned by the authority of
Thucydides, Pelops passed over from Asia to Greece
with treasures, which, in a poor country, afforded him
the means of founding a new dynasty. His descend-
ants sat for three generations on the throne of Argos:
their power was generally acknowledged throughout
Greece; and, in the historian's opinion, united the
Grecian states in the expedition against Troy. The
fnown of their ancestor was transmitted to posterity
l>y the name of the southern peninsula, called after
him Peloponnesus, or the isle of Pelops. Most au-
thors, however, fix his native seat in the Lydian town
of Sipylus, where his father Tantalus waa fabica >>:
have reigned in more than mortal prosperity, till he
abused the favour of the gods, and provoked them to
destroy him. The poetical legends variod as to the
marvellous causes through which the abode of Pelops
was transferred from Sipylus to Pisa, where he won
the daughter and the crown of the bloodthirsty tyrant
CEnomatis as the prize of his victory in the chariot-
race. The authors who, like Thucydides, saw no-
thing in the story but a political transaction, related that
Pelops had been driven from his native land by an in-
vasion of Ilus, king of Troy (Pittuan. , 2, 22, 3); and
hence it haa very naturally been inferred, that, in
leading the Greeks againat Troy, Agamemnon was
merely avenging the wrongs of his ancestor. (Kruse,
Hellas, vol. 1, p. 485. ) On the other hand, it has
? ? been observed that, far from giving any countenance
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? PEN
western Branch of that river, now called Askltlehai,
out '? ? rnierly Glaucus. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2,
p. 21 -Manntrt, Gcogr. , vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 104. --Com-
pare llcniuU's Geography oj Western Asia, vol. 2, p.
141, sequ. , in notis)
PiLuelcx, an important city of Egypt, at the en-
trance of the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, and about
SO stadia from the sea. It was surrounded by marsh-
es, and wa3 with truth regarded as TMe key of Egypt
in this quarter. An Arabian horde might indeed trav-
aise the desert on this side without approaching Pe-
lusium; but an invading army would be utterly una-
ble to pass through this sandy waste, where water
completely failed. The route of the latter would have
to ot> more to the north, and here they would encoun-
ter Pelusium, surrounded with lakes and marshes, and
which extended from the walls of the city down to
the very -oast. Hence it was that the Persian force
tent agaii. st King Kectanebis did not venture to at-
tack the city, but sailed into the Mendesian mouth
with their vessels. (Diod. Sic, 15, 42. ) Subse-
quently, however, the Persians diverted the course of
that arm of the Nile on which the city stood, and suc-
ceeded in throwing down the walls and taking the
place. Pelusium, after this, was again more than
once taken/and gradually sank in importance. Ptol-
emy docs not even name it as the capital of a Nome.
In the reign of Augustus, however, it berame the
chief city of the newly-erected province of Augustam-
nica. The name of this city is evidently of Grecian
origin, and is derived from the term ;r))Wr, mud, in
allusion to its peculiar situation. It would seem to
have received this name at a very early period, since
Herodotus gives it as the usual one, without alluding
to any oliei term. Most probably the appellation was
first giv-jn under the latter Pharaohs, and a short time
prev! 7Ji> to the Persian sway, since about this time
the Greeks were first allowed to have any regular
Commercial intercourse with the ports of Egypt. To
jive a more reputable explanation of the Grecian
name than that immediately suggested by its root, the
mythologists fabled that Peleus, the father of Achilles,
esme to this quarter, for the purpose of purifying him-
self, from the murder of his brother Phocus, in the lake
that af'. erward washed the walls of Pelusium, being
ordered so to do by the gods; and that he became
the founder of the city. (Amm. Marccll. , 22, 16. )--
As soon as the easternmost or Pelusiac mouth of the
Nile was diverted from its usual course, Pelusium, as
has already been remarked, began to sink in impor-
tance, and soon lost all its consequence as a frontier
town, and even as a place of trade. It fell back
eventually to its primitive mire and earth, the mate-
rials of which it was built having been merely burned
bricks; and hence, among the ruins of Pelusium at
the present day, there are no remains of stone edifices,
no large temples; the ground is merely covered with
heaps of earth and rubbish. Near the ruins stands a
dilapidated castle or fortress named Tineh, the Arabic
term for "mire. "
Penates, a name given to a certain class of house-
hold deities among the Romans, who were worshipped
in the innermost part of their dwellings. For the
? points of distinction between them and the Lares, con-
sult the latter article.
PeselSpe, a princess of Greece, daughter of Ica-
rius, brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, and of Po-
lycaste or Perib-u. She became the wife of Ulysses,
? ? monarch of Ithaca, and her marriage was celebrated
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? PEN
PER
Pcntus and the beautiful Titaresius, which he says do
not mix their streams, the latter flowing like oil on the
? ilver waters of the former. Strabo, in complete con-
tradiction to the meaning of Homer, asserts that the
Pcneus is clear, and the Titaresius muddy. Pliny has
committed the same error. The mud of the Peneus is
of a light colour, for which reason Homer gives it the
? pithet of silvery. The Titaresius, and other smaller
streams, which are rolled from Olympus and Ossa, are
so extremely clear, that their waters are distinguished
from those of the Peneus to a considerable distance
from the point of their confluence. Barthclemy has
fallowed Strabo and Pliny, and has given an interpre-
tation to the descriptive lines of Homer which the ori-
ginal was never intended to convey. The same effect
u seen when muddy rivers of considerable volume
mingle with the sea or any other clear water. " (Tour,
rol. 2, p. 110. )--II. A river of Elis, now the Igliaco,
falling into the -sea a short distance below the promon-
tory of Chelonalas. Modern travellers describe it as
a broad and rapid stream. (Itin. of the Morca, p. 32. )
The city of Elis was situate in the upper part of its
course. (Strab. , 337. -- Cramer'* Arte. Greece, vol.
>>, p. 86. )
1'svMx. t Alpes, a part of the chain of the Alps,
extending from the Great St. Bernard to the source
if the Rhone and Rhino. The name is derived from
the Celtic Perm, a summit. (Vid. Alpes. )
Pkntapolis, I. a town of India, placed by Manner!
in the northeastern angle of the Sinus Ci angelic us, or
Bay of Bengal. --II. A name given to Cyrenaica in
Africa, from its five cities. (Vid. Cyrenaica. )--III.
A part of Palestine, containing tho five cities of Ga-
la, Galh, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron. --IV. A name
applied to Dons in Asia Minor, after Halicarnassus
had been excluded from the Doric confederacy. ( Vid.
Doris.
? r EI,
PEL
try net the father of one son, Acastus, and ol lour
? laughters, Piaidice, Pclopea, Hippolhoe, and Alces-
lia. (. {polled. , 1, 9, 10. ) These daughters were
called Peliades, and became, unwittingly, through
the arts of Medea, the slayers of their sire. (Vid.
lanon. )
Pelipes, a patronymic of Achilles, as the son of
Peleus. (Vid. Peleus. )
Pki. iqni, an Italian tribe, belonging to the Sabine
race, according to Ovid (Fast. , 3, 95), but, according
to Festus, deriving their origin from lllyria. The
statement of Ovid appears the more probable one, if
we consider the uniformity of language, customs, and
character apparent in all the minor tribes of central
Italy, as well as in the Samnites, between whom and
the Sabines these tribes may be said to form an inter-
mediate link in the Oscan chain. --The Peligni were
situate to the east and northeast of the Marsi, and
had Corfiniurn for their chief town. They derive some
consideration in history from the circumstance of their
chief city having been selected by the allies in the
Social wa? as the scat of the new empire. Had their
plans succeeded, and had Rome fallen beneath the
efforts of the coalition, Corfiniurn would have become
the capital of Italy, and perhaps of the world. (Strab. ,
241. )--The country of the Peligni was small in ex-
tent, and mountainous, and noted for the coldness of
its climate, as well as for the abundance of its springs
and streams. (Horace, Oil. , 3, 19. -- Ovid, Fast. , 4,
685. ) That some portion of it, however, was fertile,
we learn also from the latter poet. (Am. , 2, 16. --
Cramer's /Inc. Italy, vol. 1, p. 332. )
Paxiort, I. a range of mountains in Thessaly, along
a portion of the eastern coast. Its principal summit
rises behind Iolcos and Ormenium. The chain ex-
tends from the aoutheastern extremity of the Lake
Bcebcis, where it unites with one of the ramifications
of Ossa, to the extreme promontory of Magnesia.
(Strabo, 443. -- Herod. , 7, 129. -- Cramer's Ancient
Greece, vol. 1, p. 429. ) In a fragment of Dicaear-
chus which has been preserved to us, we have a detail-
ed description of Piiion and its botanical productions,
which appear to have been very numerous, both as to
forest trees and plants of various kinds. (Cramer,
I. e. ) On the most elevated part of the mountain was
a temple dedicated to Jupiter Actaeus, to which a
troop of the noblest youths of the city of Demetrias
ascended every year by appointment of the priest;
und such was the cold experienced on the summit,
that they wore the thicV est woollen fleeces t<< protect
themselves from the inclemency of the weathor. (Di-
caarch. , p. 29. ) It is with propriety, therefore, that
Pindar applies to Pelior. the epithet of stormy. (Fyth. ,
9. 6. )--Hfimer alludes lo this mountain as the ancient
abode of me Centaurs, who were ejected by the Lap-
ithe. (B. , 8, 743. --Compare Find. , Pyth. , 2, 83. )
It was, however, moro especially the haunt of Chiron,
whose cave, as Dicsearchus relates, o-cupicd the high-
est point of the mountain. (Cramer, I. e. ) In their
wars against the gods, the giants, as the poets fable,
{ilaced Ossa upon Pelion, and "rolled upon Ossa the
eafy Olympus," in their daring attempt to scale the
heavens. (Virg. , Georg. , 1, 281, scq. ) The famous
? pear of Peleus, which descended to his son Achilles,
and which none but the latter and his parent could
wield, was cut from an ash-tree on this mountain, and
thenre received its name of Pclias. (Horn. , II. , 16,
? ? 144. )--II. A city of lllyria, on the Macedonian bor-
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? PELOPIDAS.
PEL
fhebx j took part as allies of the Lacedaemonians,
antler the Sj artan king Agesipolis. In this battle,
Pelopidas being wounded and thrown down, was saved
from death by Epaminondas, who protected him with
bis ahield, maintaining his ground against the Arcadi-
ans until the Lacedaemonians came to their relief, and
saved both their lives. From that time a close friend-
ship wis formed between Epaminondas and Pelopidas,
which lasted till the death of the latter. When the
Lacedaemonians surprised the citadel of Thebes, and
established the power of the aristocracy in that city,
Pelopidas, who belonged to the popular party, retired
to Athens, together with a number of other citizens.
After a time, he and his brother exiles formed a plan,
with their friends in Thebes, for surprising and over-
throwing the oligarchy, and restoring the popular gov-
ernment. Pelopidas and some of his friends set off
from Athens disguised as hunters, found means to en-
ter Thebes unobserved, and concealed themselves in
the house of a friend, whence they issued in the night,
and, having surprised the leaders of the aristocratic
party, put them to death. The people then rose in
arms, and, having proclaimed Pelopidas their com-
mander, they obliged the Spartan garrison to surrender
the citadel by capitulation (B. C. 379). Pelopidas
boom after contrived to excite a war between Sparta
and Athens, and thus divide the attention of the for-
mer power. The war between the Thebans and the
Lacedaemonians was carried on for some years in Boe-
olia by straggling parties, and Pelopidas, having ob-
tained the advantage in several skirmishes, ventured
to encounter the enemy in the open field at Tegyrae,
near Orchomenus. The Lacedemonians were defeat-
ed, and thus Pelopidas demonstrated, for the first time,
that tha armies of Sparta were not invincible; a fact
which was afterward confirmed by the battle of Leuc-
tra (B. C. 371), in which Pelopidas fought under the
command of his friend Epaminondas. In the year
869 B. C. , the two friends, being appointed two of the
Boeotarchs {Plut. , Vit. Pelop. , c. 24), marched into
the Peloponnesus, obliged Argos, and Arcadia, and
other states to renounce the alliance of Sparta, and
carried their incursions into Laconia in the depth of
winter. Having conquered Messenia, they invited the
descendants of its former inhabitants, who had gone
into exile about two centuries before, to come and re-
peuple their country. They thus confined the power
of Sparta to the limits of Laconia. Pelopidas and
Epaminondas, on their return to Thebes, were tried
for having retained the command after the expiration
of the year of their office, but were acquitted; and
Pelopidas was afterward employed against Alexander,
tyrant of Phera? , who was endeavouring to make him-
self master of all Thessaly. He defeated him. From
Thessaiy he was called into Macedonia, to settle a
auarrcl between Alexander, king of that country, and
son of Atnyntas II. , and his natural brother Ptolemy.
Having succeeded in this, he returned to Thebes, bring-
ing with him Philip, brother of Alexander, and thirty
youths of the chief families of Macedonia as hostages.
A. year after, however, Ptolemy murdered his brother
Alexander, and took possession of the throne. Pelop-
idas, being applied to by the friends of the late king,
enlisted a band of mercenaries, with which'he marched
against Ptolemy, who entered into an agreement to
hold the government only in trust for Perdiccas, a
voungcr brother of Alexander, till he was of age, and
? ? to kocp the alliance of Thebes; and he gave to Pelop-
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? PELOFONNESIACUM BELLUM.
PELCPONNESIACUM DELLUM
after tome of the Athenian envoys, who happened to
be in the city, had defended the conduct of their state,
the Spartan* first, and afterward all the allies, decided
that Athens had broken the truce, and they resolved
upon immediate war; King Archidamus alone recom-
mended some delay. In the interval necessary for
preparation, an attempt was made to throw the blame
of commencing hostilities upon the Athenians, by send-
jig three several embassies to Athens with demands of
such a nature as could not be accepted. In the as-
umbly which was held at Athens to give a, final an-
swer to these demands, Pericles, who was now at the
height cf his power, urged the people to engage in the
war, :i? d laid do^. n a plan for the conduct of it. He ad-
visc. l the pccp'. s to bring all their moveable property
from the country into the city, to abandon Attica to the
ravages of the enemy, ind not to suffer themselves to be
provoked to give tnera battle rcith inferior numbers, but
to expend all their strength upon their ::avy, which might
be employed in carrying the war into the enemy's ter-
ritory, and in collecting supplies from subject states;
and farther, not to attempt any new conquest while the
war lasted. His advice was adopted, and the Spartan
envoys were sent home with a refusal of their de-
mands, but with an offer to refer the matters in differ-
ence to an impartial tribunal, an offer which the Lace-
demonians had no intention of accepting. After this,
the usual peaceful intercourse between the rival states
was discontinued. Thucydides (2, 1) dates the begin-
ning of the war from the early spring of the year 431
B. C. , the fifteenth of the thirty years' truce, when a
r<<rty of Thebans made an attempt, which at first suc-
? ceticd, but was ultimately defeated, to surprise Pla-
? sa. The truce being thus openly broken, both par-
ies addressed themselves to the war. The Pelopon-
aesian confederacy included all the states of Pelopon-
nesus except Achaia (which joined them afterward)
and Argos, and without the Peloponnesus, Megsris,
Phocis, Locris, Bccotia, the island of Leucas, and tho
iities of Ambracia and Anactorium. The allies of the
Athenians were Chios and Lesbos, besides Samos and
the other islands of the . /L'gean which had been re-
duced to subjection (Thera and Melos, which were
still independent, remained neutral), Platsa, the Mes-
senian colony in Naupactus, the majority of the Acar-
naniaos, Corcyra, Zacynthus, and the Greek cotonics
in A-jia Minor, in Thrace and Macedonia, and on the
Hellespont. The resources of Sparta lay chiefly in
lcr land forces, which, however, consisted of contin-
gents from the allies, whose period of service was lim-
ited; the Spartans were also deficient in money. The
Athenian strength lay in their fleet, which was manned
chiefly by foreign sailors, whom the wealth they col-
lected from their allies enabled them to pay. Thu-
cydides informs us, that the cause of the Lacedaemoni-
ans was the more popular, as they professed to be de-
liverers of Greece, while the Athenians were fighting
in defence of an empire which had become odious
through their tyranny, and to which the states which
vet retained their independence feared to be brought
into subjection. In the summer of the year 431 B. C. ,
the Pcloponnesians invaded Attica under the command
jf Arcmdatnus, king of Sparta. Their progress was
ilc-w, as Archidamus appears to have been still anx-
ious to try what could be done by intimidating the
Athenians before proceeding to extremities. Yet their
presence was found to be a greater calamity than the
? ? people had anticipated; and, when Archidamus made
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? PELOPONNESIACUM BELI. UM.
PEL
-"lenes, comjletely failed; but afterward Demosthe-
ies and ihe Acarnanians routed the Ambracians, who
nearly all perished. In the winter (426-5) the Athe-
nians purilied the island of Delos, as an acknowledg-
ment to Apollo for the cessation of the plague. At
the beginning of the summer of 425, the Peloponne-
aians invaded Attica for the fifth time. At the same
time, the Athenians, who had long directed their
iho'jghts towards Sicily, sent a fleet to aid the Leon-
*ini in a war with Syracuse. Demosthenes accom-
panied this fleet, in order to act, as occasion might
jffer, on the coast of Peloponnesus. He fortified Py-
'ua on the coast of Measenia, the northern headland
of the modern Bay of Navarino. In the course of the
operations which were undertaken to dislodge him, a
body of Lacedemonians, including several noble Spar-
tans, got blockaded in the island of Sphacteria, at the
mouth of the bay, and were ultimately taken prisoners
by Cleon and Demosthenes. Pylus was garrisoned
by a colony of Messenians, in order to annoy the Spar-
tans. After this event the Athenians engaged in vig-
orous offensive operations, of which the most impor-
tant was the capture of the island of Cythera by Nici-
ts early in B. C. 424. Thia summer, however, the
Athenians suffered some reverses in Bceotia, where
they lost the battle of Delium, and on the coasts of
Macedonia and Thrace, where Brasidas, among other
exploits, took Amphipolis. The Athenian expedition
to Sicily was abandoned, after some operations of no
great importance, in consequence of a general pacifica-
tion of the island, which was effected through the in-
fluence of Hermocrates, a citizen of Syracuse. In the
year 423, a year's truce was concluded between Spar-
la and Athena, with a view to a lasting peace. Hos-
tilities were renewed in 422, and Cleon was sent to
cope with Brasidas, who had continued his opera-
tions oven during the tiucc. A battle was fought be-
tween these generals at Amphipolis, in which the de-
feat of the Athenians was amply compensated by the
double deliverance which they experienced in the deaths
both of Cleon and Brasidas. In the following year
(421) Nicias succeeded in negotiating a peace with
Sparta for fifty years, the terms of which were, a mu-
tual restitution of conquests made during the war, and
the release of the prisoners taken at Sphacteria. This
treaty was ratified by all the allies of Sparta except
the Boeotians, Corinthians, Eleans, and Megarians.
This peace never rested on any firm basis. It was no
sooner concluded than it was discovered that Sparta
had not the power to fulfil her promises, and Athens
insisted on their performance. The jealousy of the
other states was excited by a treaty of alliance which
was concluded between Sparta and Athens immediate-
ly after the peace; and intrigues were commenced for
the formation of a new confederacy, with Argos at the
head. An attempt was made to draw Sparta into al-
liance with Argos, but it failed. A similar overture,
subsequently made to Athens, met with better suc-
cess, chiefly through an artifice of Alcibiadcs, who
was at the head of a large party hostile to the peace,
and the Athenians concluded a treaty offensive and
defensive with Argos, Elis, and Mantinea for 100
years (B. C. 420). In the year 418, the Argive con-
federacy was broken up by their defeat at the battle of
Mantinea, and a peace, and soon after an alliance, was
made between Sparta and Argos. In the year 416 an
expedition was undertaken by the Athenians against
? ? Mei->s, which had hitherto remained neutral. The
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? PELOPONNESUS.
Prt
?
nemnou and Menelaiis were descended from him. --
Such is the mythic legend relative to the origin of the
name Peloponnesus. The word, however, does not
occur in Homer. The original name of the peninsula
appears to have been Apia {Horn. , II. , 1,270--Id. ib. ,
3. 49), and it was so called, according to -Escliylus
? . Suppt. , 355), from Apis, a son of Apollo, or, accord-
ing to I'ausanias (2, 5, 5), from Apis, a son of Telchin,
snd iescendant of jEgialeus. When Argos had the
supiitnacy, the peninsula, according to Strabo (371),
was sometimes called Argos; and, indeed, Homer
teens to use the term Argos, in some cases, as inclu-
ding :he whole peninsula. (Thucyd. , 1, 9. ) The ori-
gin, therefore, of the name Peloponnesus still remains
open to investigation. It is possible that Pelops, in-
stead of having actually existed, may be merely a sym-
bol represi nting an old race by the name of Pelopes,
according to the analogy which we find in the national
appellators of the Dryopes, Meropes, Dolopes, and
others. The Peloponnesus, then, will have derived
its name from this old race, and the very term Pelopes
(Pel-opes) itself will receive something like confirma-
tion from the ingenious remarks of Buttmann relative
to the early population along the shores of the Medi-
terranean. ( Vid. Apia, and Opici. ) After the line of
the mythic Pelops had become celebrated in epic poe-
try as the lords of all Argos and of many islands, the
name of Peloponnesus would appear to have come into
general use, and, by a common error, to have been
transferred from the race or nation of the Pelopes to
their fabulous leader. (Vid. Pelops. )--Peloponnesus,
-hough inferior in extent to the northern portion of
Greece, may be looked upon, says Slrabo, as the acrop-
olis of Hellas, both from its position, and the power
and celebrity of the different people by which it was
inhabited. In shape it resembled the leaf of a plane-
tree, being indented by numerous bays oti all sides.
tS/raA. , 335-- Plin. , 4, 5. --Dionys. Per. , 403. ) It
is frain this circumstance that the modern name of Mo-
nk is doubtlessly derived, that word signifying a mul-
berry leaf. --Strabo estimates the breadth of the penin-
tsii at 1400 stadia from Cape Chelonatas, now Cape
Tornese, its westernmost point, to the isthmus, being
nearly equal to its length from Cape Malea, now Cape
St. Angela, to jEgium, now Vostizza, in Achaia. Po-
tybius reckons its periphery, setting aside the sinuosities
of the coast, at 4000 stadia, and Artemidorus at 4400;
but, if these are included, the number of stadia must
be increased to 5G00. Pliny says that "Isidorus com-
puted its circumference at 563 miles, and as much
? gain if all the gulfs were taken into the account. The
narrow stem from which it expands is called the isth-
mus. At this point the vEgean and Ionian seas, break-
ing in from opposite quarters north and east, eat away
all its widtb, till a narrow neck of five miles in breadth
is all that connects Peloponnesus with Greece. On
one side is the Corinthian, on the other the Saronic
Gulf. Lorba? um and Cenchres are situated on oppo-
site extremities of the isthmus, a long and hazardous
circumnavigation for ships, the size of which prevents
their being carried over land in wagons. For this rea-
son various attempts have been made to cut a naviga-
ble canal across the isthmus by King Demetrius, Ju-
lius Caesar, Caligula, and Nero, but in every insta'ice
without success. " (Plin. , 4, 5. )--On the north ihe
Peloponncsm is bounded by the Ionian Sea, on the
? vest by ihat ;f Sicily, to the south and southear by
? ? that of Libya and Crete, and to the northeast by the
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? PEl. OPS.
PEL
riiirtoen bad already lost their lives when Pelopa
tame. In the dead of the night, says Pindar, Pelopa
went down to the margin of the sea, and invoked the
god who rules it. On a sudden Neptune stood at his
feet, and Pelops conjured him, by the memory of bis
former affection, to grant him the means of obtaining
the lovely daughter of CEnomaiis. Neptune heard bis
prayer, and bestowed upon him a golden chariot, and
hones of winged speed. Pelops then went to Pisa
to contend for the prize. He bribed Myrtilus, son of
Mercury, the charioteer of CEnomatis, to leave out the
linchpins of the wheels of his chariot, or, as others
say, to put in waxen ones instead of iron. In the
race, therefore, the chariot of CEnomatis broke down,
and he fell out and was killed, and thus Hippodamia
became the bride of Pelops. (Sehol. ad Find. , 01. ,
1, Wi. --Hygin. , fab. , 84. --Pmd. , 01. , I, 114, seqq.
--Apolt. Rhod. , 1, 752. -- Schoi, ad loc. --Tzetx. ad
Lueophr. , 156. ) Pelops is said to hare promised
Myrtilus, for his aid, one half of his kingdom, or, as
other accounts have it, to have made a most dishon-
ourable agreement of another nature with him. Un-
willing, however, to keep his promise, he took an op-
portunity, as they were driving along a cliff, to throw
Myrtilus into the sea, where he was drowned. To
the vengeance of Mercury for the death of his son
were ascribed all the future woes of the line of Pelops.
(Soph. , Electr. , 504, seqq. ) Hippodamia bore to Pe-
lops five sons, Atreus, Thyestes, Copreus, Alcathoiis,
and Pittheus, and two daughters, Nicippe and Lysid-
ice, who married Sthenelus and Mestor, sons of Per-
seus. --The question as to the personality of Pelops
has been considered in a previous article {vid. Pelo-
ponnesus), and the opinion has there been advanced
which makes him to have been meroly the symbol of
an ancient race called Pelopes. To those, however,
who are inclined to regard Pelops aa an actual per-
sonage, the following remarks of Mr. Thirlwall may
Dot prove uninteresting: "According to a tradition,
which appears to be sanctioned by the authority of
Thucydides, Pelops passed over from Asia to Greece
with treasures, which, in a poor country, afforded him
the means of founding a new dynasty. His descend-
ants sat for three generations on the throne of Argos:
their power was generally acknowledged throughout
Greece; and, in the historian's opinion, united the
Grecian states in the expedition against Troy. The
fnown of their ancestor was transmitted to posterity
l>y the name of the southern peninsula, called after
him Peloponnesus, or the isle of Pelops. Most au-
thors, however, fix his native seat in the Lydian town
of Sipylus, where his father Tantalus waa fabica >>:
have reigned in more than mortal prosperity, till he
abused the favour of the gods, and provoked them to
destroy him. The poetical legends variod as to the
marvellous causes through which the abode of Pelops
was transferred from Sipylus to Pisa, where he won
the daughter and the crown of the bloodthirsty tyrant
CEnomatis as the prize of his victory in the chariot-
race. The authors who, like Thucydides, saw no-
thing in the story but a political transaction, related that
Pelops had been driven from his native land by an in-
vasion of Ilus, king of Troy (Pittuan. , 2, 22, 3); and
hence it haa very naturally been inferred, that, in
leading the Greeks againat Troy, Agamemnon was
merely avenging the wrongs of his ancestor. (Kruse,
Hellas, vol. 1, p. 485. ) On the other hand, it has
? ? been observed that, far from giving any countenance
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? PEN
western Branch of that river, now called Askltlehai,
out '? ? rnierly Glaucus. (Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 2,
p. 21 -Manntrt, Gcogr. , vol. 6, pt. 3, p. 104. --Com-
pare llcniuU's Geography oj Western Asia, vol. 2, p.
141, sequ. , in notis)
PiLuelcx, an important city of Egypt, at the en-
trance of the Pelusiac mouth of the Nile, and about
SO stadia from the sea. It was surrounded by marsh-
es, and wa3 with truth regarded as TMe key of Egypt
in this quarter. An Arabian horde might indeed trav-
aise the desert on this side without approaching Pe-
lusium; but an invading army would be utterly una-
ble to pass through this sandy waste, where water
completely failed. The route of the latter would have
to ot> more to the north, and here they would encoun-
ter Pelusium, surrounded with lakes and marshes, and
which extended from the walls of the city down to
the very -oast. Hence it was that the Persian force
tent agaii. st King Kectanebis did not venture to at-
tack the city, but sailed into the Mendesian mouth
with their vessels. (Diod. Sic, 15, 42. ) Subse-
quently, however, the Persians diverted the course of
that arm of the Nile on which the city stood, and suc-
ceeded in throwing down the walls and taking the
place. Pelusium, after this, was again more than
once taken/and gradually sank in importance. Ptol-
emy docs not even name it as the capital of a Nome.
In the reign of Augustus, however, it berame the
chief city of the newly-erected province of Augustam-
nica. The name of this city is evidently of Grecian
origin, and is derived from the term ;r))Wr, mud, in
allusion to its peculiar situation. It would seem to
have received this name at a very early period, since
Herodotus gives it as the usual one, without alluding
to any oliei term. Most probably the appellation was
first giv-jn under the latter Pharaohs, and a short time
prev! 7Ji> to the Persian sway, since about this time
the Greeks were first allowed to have any regular
Commercial intercourse with the ports of Egypt. To
jive a more reputable explanation of the Grecian
name than that immediately suggested by its root, the
mythologists fabled that Peleus, the father of Achilles,
esme to this quarter, for the purpose of purifying him-
self, from the murder of his brother Phocus, in the lake
that af'. erward washed the walls of Pelusium, being
ordered so to do by the gods; and that he became
the founder of the city. (Amm. Marccll. , 22, 16. )--
As soon as the easternmost or Pelusiac mouth of the
Nile was diverted from its usual course, Pelusium, as
has already been remarked, began to sink in impor-
tance, and soon lost all its consequence as a frontier
town, and even as a place of trade. It fell back
eventually to its primitive mire and earth, the mate-
rials of which it was built having been merely burned
bricks; and hence, among the ruins of Pelusium at
the present day, there are no remains of stone edifices,
no large temples; the ground is merely covered with
heaps of earth and rubbish. Near the ruins stands a
dilapidated castle or fortress named Tineh, the Arabic
term for "mire. "
Penates, a name given to a certain class of house-
hold deities among the Romans, who were worshipped
in the innermost part of their dwellings. For the
? points of distinction between them and the Lares, con-
sult the latter article.
PeselSpe, a princess of Greece, daughter of Ica-
rius, brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, and of Po-
lycaste or Perib-u. She became the wife of Ulysses,
? ? monarch of Ithaca, and her marriage was celebrated
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? PEN
PER
Pcntus and the beautiful Titaresius, which he says do
not mix their streams, the latter flowing like oil on the
? ilver waters of the former. Strabo, in complete con-
tradiction to the meaning of Homer, asserts that the
Pcneus is clear, and the Titaresius muddy. Pliny has
committed the same error. The mud of the Peneus is
of a light colour, for which reason Homer gives it the
? pithet of silvery. The Titaresius, and other smaller
streams, which are rolled from Olympus and Ossa, are
so extremely clear, that their waters are distinguished
from those of the Peneus to a considerable distance
from the point of their confluence. Barthclemy has
fallowed Strabo and Pliny, and has given an interpre-
tation to the descriptive lines of Homer which the ori-
ginal was never intended to convey. The same effect
u seen when muddy rivers of considerable volume
mingle with the sea or any other clear water. " (Tour,
rol. 2, p. 110. )--II. A river of Elis, now the Igliaco,
falling into the -sea a short distance below the promon-
tory of Chelonalas. Modern travellers describe it as
a broad and rapid stream. (Itin. of the Morca, p. 32. )
The city of Elis was situate in the upper part of its
course. (Strab. , 337. -- Cramer'* Arte. Greece, vol.
>>, p. 86. )
1'svMx. t Alpes, a part of the chain of the Alps,
extending from the Great St. Bernard to the source
if the Rhone and Rhino. The name is derived from
the Celtic Perm, a summit. (Vid. Alpes. )
Pkntapolis, I. a town of India, placed by Manner!
in the northeastern angle of the Sinus Ci angelic us, or
Bay of Bengal. --II. A name given to Cyrenaica in
Africa, from its five cities. (Vid. Cyrenaica. )--III.
A part of Palestine, containing tho five cities of Ga-
la, Galh, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron. --IV. A name
applied to Dons in Asia Minor, after Halicarnassus
had been excluded from the Doric confederacy. ( Vid.
Doris.
