No More Learning

within


## p. 997 (#1013) ###########################################

MAXIMUS. '
997
MAXIMUS.
IMES.
on of his contemporary, the
Great, though the bus
some years is the benschmid
bordinate capacity. He wa
an uncle of his barete, s
and also a bro:ber, Mirza
appear again in the correo
Dus accompanied Treccani
peditions, was promoted, and
A. D. 368, proceeded the
here he remained many ve
general, as it seems
nor of that providee, a este
eminence pretend la sai
elena, the daughter of Ende
1
1
Tregont (Caernarvon in Was
is more than doubtfal lloc
p. 7, note k. ed. 1815, 879. ) Tu
e emperor Gratian for foreca bi
discontent among the legis
were the most turbulent in die
army. Marimus is said to her
ed their disaffection, and abas a
ke out which led to the accessed
the ruin of Gratian I
means a detractor of Marss
ith having acted thus ; bat (ragas
Sereros both state that the man
animus, who was known as:
meris, to accept the imperator
ffered him by the rebels ; 200 (
e solemnly protested his ismerter
his may be, Marimas was processed
4. D. 383 (not in 381 a Prosper satis
ticon). A short time before is
adopted the Christian religion
s immediately gave orders we all in
oned in Britain to assemble as 11
ad he lost no time in atecas .
It is related in the life of Gratis
cognised by Theodosius and Valentinian as Augus. , at the same time as his pursuers. The troops of
tus and sole emperor in Gaul, Spain, and Britain, Theodosius immediately stormed the city, and with
while the new emperor in his turn promised not to such energy that they took it at once, and seized
inolest Valentinian in the possession of Italy and Maximus, it is said, while seated on his throne.
Illyricum, which he had held already in the time Theodosius was waiting the issue at his head-quar-
of his brother Gratian.
ters, three miles from Aquileia. Thither Maximus
Nothing now prevented Maximus from enjoying was carried, loaded with chains. With a stern
his power, and promoting the happiness of his sub yet calm voice Theodosius reproached him for his
jects, but two circumstances, each of which was rebellion against Gratian and unbounded ambition,
sufficient to foretell a future commotion. The and then gave orders for his decapitation, which
professed friendship of Theodosius was not real, took place on the same day (27th or 20th of
and the unparalleled success of Maximus swelled August, 388). Victor, the son of Maximus, being
his ambition so much that he stepped beyond those then engaged in Gaul against the Franks, Arbo-
limits of wisdom within which he ought to have gastes marched against him with a strong force.
kept his future plans. Italy was governed by a Victor was defeated and taken prisoner, and shared
fooble youth, but who might become dangerous the fate of his father. Andragathus, the com-
when a man, unless he forgot that he was the mander of the fleet of Maximus, upon hearing of
brother of a murdered emperor. The possession of the death of his master, threw himself in a fit of
Italy was therefore the great object at which despair into the sea and was drowned. Theodosius
Maximus aimed ; and the revenues of his vast do- was merciful and generous towards the mother and
minions were exhausted to form an army, the con- sisters of his fallen rival ; but he nullified all the
tingents of which were raised among the most war- laws issued by Maximus. Valentinian nominally
like barbarians of the time. Yet less confident in succeeded Maximus in the possession of Italy and
arms than in intrigues, Maximus prerailed upon the country beyond the Alps, but the real emperor
the ministers of young Valentinian to accept from was Theodosius. (Zosim. iv. p. 247, &c. ed. Oxon.
him auxiliaries for an intended war in Pannonia ; | 1679, 8vo. ; Sozomen. vii. 12, &c. ; Oros. vii. 34,
and, although his motives were seen through by St. &c. ; Socrates, H. E. v. 11, &c. ; Rufin. ii. 14-17;
Ambrose and the other councillors of Valentinian, Greg. Turon. Hist. Franc. i. 43 ; Ambros. Enar-
the forces of Maximus were allowed to cross the ratio in Psalm. LXI. (in the first vol. of his works,
passes of the Alps (387). In their rear followed p. 961), Epistol. XXIV. in vol. ii. p. 888, ep. 40,
Maximus with his main army, and while the in- p. 952, &c. , De Obitu Valentin, ibid. p. 1182, in the
habitants of Milan, where the imperial court of Benedictine ed. ; Sulpic. Sever. Vila B. Martini,
Italy then resided, expected to welcome allies, they c. 23, Dialog. ii. 7, iii. 15; Pacatus, Panegyric.
and their master were terrified by the sudden and Theodosii, in “ Panegyr. Vet. ” xii. ; Prosper,
unaccountable appearance of a hostile army under Chron. ; Marcellin. Chron. ; Theoph. p. 57, &c. ed.
their walls. Flight was the only means of safety Paris. )
[W. P. ]
for Valentinian. Without loss of time he escaped
with his mother Justina to Aquileia, and thence by
sea to Thessalonica, whence he despatched mes-
sengers to Constantinople to apprise Theodosius of
his fate. Maximus entered Milan in triumph, and
Rome and the rest of Italy soon submitted to him
almost without a struggle.
The alarm of Theodosius at hearing at once of
RIS
the loss of Italy, the disgrace of a weak yet be
loved colleague, and the triumph of a hated rival,
may be easily imagined. Instead of inviting Va-
lentinian to proceed to Constantinople, he hastened, MAXIMUS, CN. MA’LLIUS, was consul in
without losing any time, to Salonica, accompanied B. c. 105, when he carried his election against Q.
by his principal ministers, and then, with the fugi- Catulus (Catulus, No. 5). Cicero represents
tive emperor and his mother Justina, concerted Mallius as an utterly worthless man. (Pro Planc.
measures to check the threatening course of the 5, pro Muraen. 36. ) Mallius obtained Transalpine
British conqueror.
His love for Valentinian's Gaul for his province, and, principally through dis-
sister Galla added wings to his resolution: in the sensions with his colleague, the proconsul Q. Ser-
midst of his preparations for bloodshed and war he vilius Caepio [CAEPIO, SERVILIUS, No. 7], he was
married that beautiful princess, and then set out utterly defeated by the Boian Gauls. His two sons
to encounter the legions of Gaul. Maximus, mean- perished in the action, and on his return to Rome
while, prepared for resistance by sea and land. he was impeached, and defended by M. Antonius,
Andragathus covered the coast of Italy with a the orator. (Sall. B. J. 114 ; Liv. Epit. 67 ; Cic.
powerful fleet, and the emperor concentrated his de Orat. 28. )
(W. B. D. ]
troops near Aquileia, despatching his van into MAXIMUS, MA'RIUS, is repeatedly cited
Noricum and Pannonia, in order to receive Theo- as a weighty authority by the Augustan historians.
dosius in that quarter if he should choose to come He appears to have written at great length the
by land. Theodosius did come by land, and in biographies of the Roman emperors, beginning with
the first engagement at Siscia, on the Save, the Trajan and ending with Elagabalus, and very pro-
Western troops were completely defeated : they bably, as Casaubon conjectures, flourished under
suffered a second defeat, being then commanded Alexander Severus. He is named with great re-
by Marcellinus, the brother of Maximus ; and now spect by Ammianus Marcellinus, but is termed
Theodosius broke through the Noric Alps into by Vopiscus (Firm. c. 1) “homo omnium verbo-
Italy. Maximus, flying before him, took refuge sissimus qui et mythistoricis se voluminibus impli-
within the walls of Aquileia, arriving there nearly cavit. ” (See Spartian. Hadrian. 2, Casaubon's
38 3
COR
NO
ha
POWDARY
1
COIN OF MAXIMUS MAGNUS.
leated by the usurper near Paz, der
neral Merobaudes, a Frankish che si
in near Lyon, on his flight to izi,
hins, who pursued him by order di More
le sudden overthrow of the poser vil
followed by the as sudden and creating
dent of the power of Varis: la
id Britain did homage to the end
who associated his son Victoria
ng him Caesar, and perhaps 12mm
new emperor took up his has
chere there are still some more
is reign. No persecutions were scuze
be adherents of Gratian, excepi bis
ind Balio or Vallio, who lost their
int of their ambiguous corded
lat, with these exceptions, Vanes
lg when, in later times, be us: 5
non had caused no loss of
R30
che field of battle. Yet eren Verland
jo were not Romans but hurhanes
s of the downfall of Gracian and the
Marimus reached Theodosios, be pas *
the crown from the usurper, but com
srived from Marimus sit asented to
br stera declarations of secret
the maintenance of his power; a.
was then unable to 120 part. se
s of the West, he accepted the
s popular among the experiency' k"
him. Maurimus was, in cabezwe


## p. 998 (#1014) ###########################################

998
MAXIMUS.
MAXIMUS.
pol of Tile
Bell Panda
ËL
. 13; Pas
Prosper, Vic
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Ludenboog
MAXIN
MA XIT
Quintisas Ca
under CoxD:
MAXIM
Testine lode
(30. 5. 1951
book, Ad L
BC 40.
MAXIM
trosed toward
Tins A. D. 32
constlar ranks
Dhon Cassius
conga. 4 D.
the passage
been consul;
does not occ
cice of praer
(Dion Cass.
the command
province, A E
to have beer
the accuser of
MAXIM
MAXIM
note ; Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 30; Vulcat. Gallic. , among the gay companions of the corrupt Valenti-
Avid. Cass. C, 9; Lamprid. Commod. 13, 15; nian. Maximus found no scruple in secretly help
Spartian. S. Sever. 15 ; Capitolin. Albin. 3, 9, 12; ing the emperor in his intrigues against Aëtius,
Spartian. Get. 2 ; Lamprid. Alex. Sev. 5, 65, Elagab. which ended in the murder of that great man in
11. )
454 ; but he was now to experience that while it
No distinct idea can be formed of the arrange- is only dangerous to be disliked by men like Va-
ment of the work from the manner in which it is lentinian, it is at once dangerous and disgraceful
quoted by Spartianus (Get. 2), “ de cujus vita et to be liked by them, because their attachment is
moribus in vita Severi Marius Maximus priino neither guided by principles nor ennobled by es-
scptenario satis copiose retulit. "
(W. R. ]
tecm. Maximus had a beautiful and virtuous wife
MA’XIMUS, MEÄSSIUS, one of the most in- of whom Valentinian was enamoured. One day,
timate friends of the younger Pliny, seems to have having lost a great deal of money to the emperor,
been a native of Verona, and certainly possessed while playing with him, he gave him his seal
considerable influence in the neighbourhood of that ring as a pledge for the debt. Valentinian sent
town, to which his wife belonged. (Plin. Ep. ii. this ring to the wife of Maximus in the name
14. ) Hence Pliny recommends to him Arrianus, of the empress Eudoxia, with a request to joiu her
of Altinum, a town near Venice (iii. 2). Maximus and her husband at the palace. The unsuspicious
was subsequently sent into Achaia to arrange the lady proceeded thither forth with, and was ushered
affairs of the free towns in the province, on which into a solitary room where, instead of her husband
occasion Pliny addressed him a letter, in imitation and the empress, she found the emperor, who began
of Cicero's celebrated epistle to his brother Quintus, by a declaration of love. Meeting with an indig-
to teach him how he ought to discharge the duties nant repulse he forced her person. The disgraced
of his new appointment (viii. 24). Maximus was woman returned to her mansion, almost dying with
an author, and one of his works is praised by Pliny shame, and accused Maximus of having bad a hand
in the most extravagant terms (iv. 20). Pliny in this infamous transaction.
The feelings of her
appears to have frequently consulted him respect- husband need no description. His wife died soon
ing his own literary compositions. The following afterwards. He brooded revenge, and the numerous
letters of Pliny are addressed to Maximus : ii. 14, friends of the murdered Aëtius being animated by
iii. 2, 20, iv. 20, 25, v. 5, vi. 11, 34, vii. 26, viii. the same feelings, he joined them joyfully. On the
19, 24, ix. 1, 23.
16th of March 455, Valentinian was amusing him-
MAXIMUS, PETRO'NIUS (ANI'CIUS? ), self in the Campus Martius ; suddenly a band of
Roman emperor, A. D. 455. His long and meritorious armed men rushed upon him, and the emperor was
life as an officer of state forms a striking contrast with murdered.
his short and unfortunate reign. He belonged to the Maximus was now proclaimed emperor, and he
high nobility of Rome, and was a descendant, or accepted the crown, but never enjoyed it. On the
at any rate a kinsman, of Petronius Probus, who very day of his accession he was a prey to grief
gained so much power in Rome towards the end and remorse, and, fully aware of the danger that
of the fourth century of our era ; it is doubtful surrounded the master of Rome, he compared his
whether he was the son of a daughter of the em- fate with that of Damocles. Anxious to secure
peror Maximus Magnus ; nor is his title to the himself on his bloody throne he appointed his friend
Anician name sufficiently established, although Avitus commander-in-chief, and he contrived a
Tillemont says that there are two inscriptions on marriage between his son Palladius and Eudoxia,
which he is called Anicius. Maximus Petronius the daughter of the late Valentinian. He then
was born about A. D. 388, or perhaps as late as forced Eudoxia, the widow of Valentinian, to marry
395. At the youthful age of 19 he was admitted him. This proved his ruin. Eudoxia, twice em-
to the council of the emperor Honorius in his press, yet disdained her condition, and full of
double quality of tribune and notary (407 or 414). hatred against Maximus, entered into intrigues
In 415 he was comes largitionum, and in 420 he with Genseric, the king of the Vandals, at Car-
filled the important office of praefectus Romae, thage, the result of which was that the barbarian
discharging his duty with such general satisfaction equipped a fleet for the conquest of Rome. Maxi-
that, in 421, on the solicitation of the senate and mus was apprised of the fact, but did nothing to
people of Rome, the emperors Honorius and Arca- prevent the approaching storm : he was incompe-
dius caused a statue to be erected to him on the tent as an emperor. Suddenly news came that the
Campus Trajani. In 433 he was second consul, Vandals were disembarking at the mouth of the
the emperor Theodosius II. being the first. During | Tiber. Rome was in commotion and fear, and the
the years 439 till 44), and afterwards in 445, he trembling people looked up to Maximus for relief.
was praefectus Italiae. In 443 he was again chosen He advised flight to those who could fly, resigna-
consul, being the first: his colleague was Paterius. tion to those who could not, and then set out to
Valentinian III. held him in such esteem that he abandon his capital and his people. But he had
ordered a medal to be struck in honour of him, not yet left Rome when he was overtaken by a
which represented on the obverse the head and name band of Burgundian mercenaries, commanded by
of the emperor, and on the reverse the name and some old officers of Valentinian; they fell upon
image of Maximus dressed in the consular garb. him, and he expired under their daggers. His
Maximus was in every respect what we now un- body was dragged through the streets of Rome,
derstand under the French term, "grand seig- mutilated, and then thrown into the Tiber. Three
he was of noble birth, rich, generous, well days afterwards Genseric made his entry into
educated, with a strong turn for literature, fine arts, Rome and sacked the city. The reign of Maximus
and science, full of dignity yet affable and conde- lasted between two and three months, but there
scending, a professed lover and practiser of virtue, are great discrepancies regarding the exact number
yet with a sufficient smack of fashionable follies of days. The reader will receive ample information
and amiable vices to secure him an honourable rank on this point from not. xii. to page 628 of the 6th
[. 1 . No ܕܬܬ
MAXIM
anse be 133
middle of it
1 D. 451 the
of Milan, to
stance that in
in 4 D. 465,
signature of
:
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that be was th
inserted from
be Fas born
a Vercelli, il
be there disc
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impossible to
points.
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that Maximu
and bomilies
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should ever h
tion at all
estaquarian,
neur :


## p. 999 (#1015) ###########################################

S.
999
MAXIMUS.
MAXIMUS.
of the corrupt l'alestin
ruple in secteur Delp
trigues agaiss leta
er of that grea: 23
Iperieace war vies
siked by men ike To
s. zerous and dancerata
78€ their attachsen
pies nor endebled by the
tautiful and risteens te
$ enamoured Ote des
of money to the expert
Is, he gave him based
ne debt. M'alertain test
of Marimus in the same
2, with a request to jez be
e palace. The resepte
forth with, and was shed
there, instead of her husband
found the emperor, who lesa
ove Meeting with an indir
d her person. The durant
her mansion, almost dring
Maximus of having had bent
saction. The feedings of the
escription. His wife died out
noded revenge, and the names
dered Actius being an mated
he joined them jorters. (la
5, Valentinian was aceste
zus Martius ; suddenly a baad d
d upon him, and the empera
?
dow proclaimed empent, and is
wn, but nerer enjoyed it (six
accession he was a pres to put
vol. of Tillemont, Hist. des Empercurs. (Procop. | siderable insight into the ecclesiastical ceremonies
Bell. Vand. i 4, 5; Sidon. Apollin. Ep. i. 9, and usages of the period to which they belong, and
ii
. 13; Panegyr. Aviti, v. 359, &c. , 442, &c. ; containing many curious indications of the state of
Prosper, Victor, Idatius, Marcellinus, Chronica ; manners.
Evagr. ii. 7 ; Jornand. De Reb. Goth. p. 127, ed. In the complete and sumptuous edition'superin-
Lindenbrog. )
(W. P. ] tended by Bruno Brunus, published by the Propa-
MAXIMUS PLANU'DES. [PLANUDES. ] ganda at Rome (fol. 1784), under the especial
MAXIMUS, QUINTI'LIUS, the brother of patronage of Pope Pius the Sixth, and enriched
Quintilius Condianus, of whom an account given with annotations by Victor Amadeus, king of Sar.
under CONDIANUS.
dinia, the various pieces are ranked under three
MAXIMUS, RUTI'LIUS, a Roman jurist of heads.
uncertain age. He is only known from the Flo I. Homiliae. II. Sermones. III. Tractatus.
rentine Index and a single excerpt in the Digest The Homiliae and the Sermones, the distinction
(30. s. 125), as the author of a treatise in a single between which is in the present case by no means
book, ad Legem Falcidiam, which was enacted obvious or even intelligible, amounting in all to
B. C. 40.
[G. L. ) 233, are divided each into three classes, De Tem-
MA'XIMUS, SANQUI'NIUS, is first men- pore, De Sanctis, De Diversis ; the discourses De
tioned towards the latter end of the reign of Tibe- Tempore relating to the moveable feasts, those De
rius, A. D. 32, when he is spoken of as a person of Sanctis to the lives, works, and miracles of saints,
consular rank. (Tac. Ann. vi. 4. ) We learn from confessors, and martyrs ; those De Diversis to mis-
Dion Cassius (lix. 13) and the Fasti that he was cellaneous topics.
consul A. D. 39, in the reign of Caligula, but from The Tractatus, in No. 6, are I. II. III. De
the passage of Tacitus quoted above, he must have Baptismo. IV. Contra Paganos. V. Contra Ju-
been consul previously, though his first consulship daeos. VI. Expositiones de Capitulis Evangeliorum.
does not occur in the Fasti. He also held the Besides the above, we find in an appendix thirty-
office of praefectus urbi in the reign of Caligula. one Sermones, three Homiliae, and two Epistolae,
(Dion Cass. l. c. ) In the reign of Claudius he had all of doubtful authenticity; and it is, moreover,
the command in Lower Germany, and died in the proved that a vast number of sermons and homilies
province, A. D. 47. (Tac. Ann. xi. 18. ) He seems bave been lost.
to have been a different person from Sanquinius, Sermons by Maximus were first printed at
the accuser of Arruntius. (Tac. Ann. vi. 7. ) Spires, by Peter Drach, fol. 1482, in the Ilomilu-
MAXIMUS SCAURUS. [SCAURUS. ] rium Doctorum, originally compiled, it is said, by
MA'XIMUS, SULPICIUS GALBA. [GAL- Paulus Diaconus, at the command of Charlemagne.
BA, No. 1. ]
Seventy-four of his homilies were published in a
MA'XIMUS TAURINENSIS, so called be- separate form by Joannes Gymnicus at Cologne,
cause he was bishop of Turin, flourished about the 8vo. 1535. The number was gradually increased
middle of the fifth century. He subscribed in by the Benedictines in their editions of Augustin
A. D. 451 the synodic epistle of Eusebius, bishop and Ambrose, by Mabillon (Museum Italicum,
of Milan, to Leo the Great ; and from the circum- 1687), by Muratori (Anecdot. vol. iv. 1713), by
stance that in the acts of the council of Rome, held Martene and Dorand (Collectio amplissima, &c. ,
in A. D. 465, by Hilarius, the successor of Leo, the 1733—1741), and by Galland (Biblioth. Patrum,
signature of Maximus immediately follows that of vol. ix. &c. ), who, however, merely collected and
the chief pontiff, taking precedence of the metropo arranged the contributions of preceding scholars;
litans of Milan and Embrun, we may conclude but all editions must give way to that of Brunus
that he was the oldest prelate present. It has been mentioned above. (Schönemann, Biblioth. Patrum
inferred from different passages in his works that Lat. vol. i. § 25 ; Galland, Bibl. Patr. Proleg. ad
he was born about the close of the fourth century, vol. ix. c. ix. ; and Brunus, in the life of Maximus,
at Vercelli, that he was educated in that city, that prefixed to his edition. )
[W. R. )
he there discharged the first duties of the sacred MAXIMUS TYRANNUS, Roman emperor,
office, and that he lived to a great age ; but it is was raised to the supreme power, in A. D. 408, by
impossible to speak with certainty upon these Gerontius when this general rebelled in Spain
points.
against Constantine. Olympiodorus says that
Gennadius, who is followed by Trithemius, states Maximus was the son of Gerontius, but it seems
that Maximus composed a great number of tracts more probable that he was only an officer in the
and homilies upon various subjects, several of army and his tool, and in the latter quality he be-
which he specifies. Many of these have been pre haved during the short time he bore the imperial
served in independent MSS. , while the Lectionaria title. When immediately after his revolt Geron-
of the principal monasteries and cathedrals in Eu- tius marched into Gaul, Maximus remained at
rope, investigated with assiduity from the days of Tarragona, but could not prevent the Alans, Sue-
Charlemagne down to our own times, have yielded vians, Vandals, and other barbarians from invading
80 many more which may with confidence be Spain in 409. After the defeat of Gerontius at
ascribed to this bishop of Turin, that he must be Arles, and his death, in 411, Maximus was com-
regarded as the most voluminous compiler of dis- pelled to yield to the victorious Constantine, who
courses in the Latin church. Little can be said in forced him to renounce the imperial title, but
praise of the quality of these productions, most of granted him life and liberty on account of his in-
which were probably delivered extemporaneously. capacity for important affairs. Maximus retired
They are so weak and so destitute of grace, elo among the barbarians and lived an obscure life in
quence, and learning, that we wonder that they a corner of Spain. As Orosius speaks of him as a
should ever have been thought worthy of preserva- living person, he was consequently alive in 417,
tion at all.