When Xerxes
was felt by his subjects only in the bloody com- passed through Sestus, Artarctes induced the king
mands which be issued.
was felt by his subjects only in the bloody com- passed through Sestus, Artarctes induced the king
mands which be issued.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
, as king of Persia, and reigned from B.
C.
He ascended the throne after his father, Xerxes 405 to B. c. 362. (Diod. xiii. 104, 108. ) Cyrus,
I. , had been murdered by Artabanus, and after the younger brother of Artaxerxes, was the fa-
he himself had put to death his brother Dareius vourite of his mother Pary satis, and she endeavour-
on the instigation of Artabanus. (Justin. iii. l;ed to obtain the throne for him; but Dareius gare
Ctesias, ap. Phot. Bill. p. 40, a, ed. Bekk. ) His to Cyrus only the satrapy of western Asia, and
reign is characterized by Plutarch and Diodorus Artaxerxes on his accession confirmed his brother
(xi. 71) as wise and temperate, but it was dis- in his satrapy, on the request of Parysatis, although
turbed by several dangerous insurrections of the he suspected him. (Xenoph. Arab. i. 1. § 3;
satraps. At the time of his accession his only Plut. Artar. 3. ) Cyrus, however, revolted against
surviving brother Hystaspes was satrap of Bactria, his brother, and supported by Greek mercenaries
and Artaxerxes had scarcely punished Artabanus invaded Upper Asia. In the neighbourhood of
and his associates, before Hystaspes attempted to Cunaxa, Cyrus gained a great victory over the far
make himself independent. After putting down more numerous army of his brother, B. C. 401, but
this insurrection and deposing several other satraps was slain in the battle. (CYRUS. ] Tissaphernes
who refused to obey his cominands, Artaxerxes was appointed satrap of western Asia in the place
turned his attention to the regulation of the of Cyrus (Xenoph. Hellen. iii. 1. § 3), and was
financial and military affairs of his empire. These actively engaged in wars with the Greeks. [THIM-
beneficent exertions were interrupted in B. c. 462, BRON; DERCYLLIDAS; AGESILAUS. ]
or, according to Clinton, in B. C. 460, by the in- Notwithstanding these perpetual conflicts with
surrection of the Egyptians under Inarus, who was the Greeks, the Persian empire maintained itself
supported by the Athenians. The first army by the disunion among the Greeks themselves,
which Artaxerxes sent under his brother Achae which was fomented and kept up by Persian
menes was defeated, and Achaemenes slain. After money. The peace of Antalcidas, in B. C. 388,
a useless attempt to incite the Spartans to a war gave the Persians even greater power and influence
against Athens, Artaxerxes sent a second army than they had possessed before. (ANTALCIDAS. ]
under Artabazus and Megabyzus into Egypt. But the empire was suffering from internal dis-
A remnant of the forces of Achaemenes, who were turbances and confusion : Artaxerxes himself was
still besieged in a place called the white castle a weak man; bis mother, Parysatis, carried on
(a evkov teixos), near Memphis, was relieved, and her horrors at the court with truly oriental
the fleet of the Athenians destroyed by the Athe-cruelty; and slaves and eunuchs wielded the reins
nians themselves, who afterwards quitted Egypt. of government. Tributary countries and satraps
Inarus, too, was defeated in B. C. 456 or 455, but endeavoured, under such circumstances, to make
Amyrtaeus, another chief of the insurgents, main-themselves independent, and the exertions which
tained himself in the marshes of lower Egypt. it was necessary to make against the rebels ex-
(Thuc. i. 104, 109; Diod. xi. 71, 74, 77. ) In hausted the strength of the empire. Artaxerxes
B. C. 449, Cimon sent 60 of his fleet of 300 ships thus had to maintain a long struggle against Eva-
to the assistance of Amyrtaeus, and with the rest goras of Cyprus, from B. C. 385 to B. C. 376, and
endearoured to wrest Cyprus from the Persians. yet all be could gain was to confine Evagoras to
Notwithstanding the death of Cimon, the Athen his original possession, the town of Salamis and
nians gained two victories, one by land and the its vicinity, and to compel him to pay a moderate
other by sca, in the neigbourhood of Salamis in tribute. (Diod. xv. 9. ) At the same time he had
Cyprus. After this defeat Artaxerxes is said to | to carry on war against the Cardusians, on the
2 B 2
## p. 372 (#392) ############################################
372
ARTAXIAS.
ARTAYCTES.
shores of the Caspian sea ; and after his numerous of Armenin, which was so called in honour of Ar
army was with great difficulty saved from toual taxias. (Strab. xi. p. 523 ; Plut. Lucull. 31. ) Ar-
destruction, he concluded a peace without gain- taxias was included in the peace made between
ing any advantages. (Diod. xv. 9, 10; Plut. Eumenes and Phamaces in B. c. 179 (Polyb. xxvi.
Artax. 24. ) His attempts to recover Egypt 6), but was conquered and taken prisoner by An-
were unsuccessful, and the general insurrection tiochus IV. Epiphanes towards the end of his
of bis subjects in Asia Minor failed only through reign, about B. c. 165. (Appian, Syr. 45, 66. )
treachery among the insurgents themselves. (Diod. II. The son of Artavasdes I. , was made king
xv, 90, &c. ) When Artaxerxes felt that the by the Armenians when his father was taken pri-
end of his life was approaching, he endeavoured soner by Antony in B. c. 34. lle risked a battle
to prevent all quarrels respecting the succession against the Romans, but was defeated and obliged
by fixing upon Dareius, the eldest of his three to fly into Parthin. But with the help of the
legitimate sons (by his concubines he had no less Parthians he regained his kingdom soon afterwards,
than 115 sons, Justin. x. 1), as his successor, and and defeated and took prisoner Artavasdes, king
granted to him all the outward distinctions of of Media, who had opposed him. [ARTAVASDES)
royalty. But Dareius soon after fell out with his On his return to Armenia, he put to death all the
faiher about Aspasia, and formed a plot to assassi- Romans who had remained behind in the country;
nate him. But the plot was betrayed, and Dareius and in consequence of that, Augustus refused to
was put to death with many of his accomplices. restore him his relatives, when he sent an embassy
(Plut. Arta. 26, &c. ; Justin. I. c. ) Of the two to Rome to demand them. When the Armenians
remaining legitimate sons, Ochus and Ariaspes, in B. C. 20 complained to Augustus about Artaxias,
the former now hoped to succeed his father; but and requested as king his brother Tigranes, who
as Ariaspes was beloved by the Persians on account was then at Rome, Augustus sent Tiberius with a
of his gentle and amiable character, and as the large army into Armenia, in order to depose Ar-
aged Artaxerxes appeared to prefer Arsames, the taxias and place Tigranes upon the throne ; but
son of one of his concubines, Ochus contrived by Artaxias was put to death by his relatires before
intrigues to drive Ariaspes to despair and suicide, Tiberius reached the country. Tigranes-was now
and had Arsames assassinated. Artaxerxes died proclaimed king without any opposition ; but
of grief at these horrors in B. C. 362, and was suc- Tiberius took the credit to himself of a successful
ceeded by Ochus, who ascended the throne under expedition : whence Horace (Epist. 1. 12. 25) says,
the name of Artaxerxes 111. (Plut. Life of Arta- " Claudi virtute Neronis Armenius cecidit. " (Dion
aerres ; Diod. xv. 93; Phot. Bill. pp. 42–44, ed. Cass. xlix. 39, 40, 44, li. 16, liv. 9; Tac. Ann. ii. 3;
Bekker; Clinton, Fast. Hellen. ii. p. 381, &c. ) Vell. Pat. ii. 94 ; Joseph. Ant. xv. 4. § 3; Suet.
Artaxerxes III. , also called Ochus, succeeded Tiber. 9. ) Velleius Paterculus (l. c. ) calls this
his father as king of Persia in B. C. 362, and king Artavasdes, and Dion Cassius in one passage
reigned till B. C. 339. In order to secure the (liv. 9) names him Artabazes, but in all the others
throne which he had gained by treason and mur. Artaxes.
der, he began his reign with a merciless extirpation 111. The son of Polemon, king of Pontus, was
of the members of his family. He himself was a proclaimed king of Armenia by Germanicus in
cowardly and reckless despot; and the great ad- A. D. 18, at the wish of the Armenians, whose
vantages which the Persian arnis gained during his favour he had gained by adopting their habits and
reign, were owing only to his Greek generals and mode of life. His original name was Zenon, but
mercenaries, and to traitors, or want of skill on the Armenians called him Artaxias on his acces-
the part of his enemies. These advantages con- sion. Upon the death of Artaxias, about A. D. 35,
sisted in the conquest of the revolted satrap Arta- Arsaces, the son of the Parthian king, Artabanus,
bazus (ARTABAZUS, No. 4], and in the reduction was placed upon the Armenian throne by his fa-
of Phoenicia, of several revolted towns in Cyprus, ther. (Tac. Ann. ii. 56, vi. 31. )
and of Egypt, B. C. 350. (Diod. xvi. 40–52. ) ARTAYCTES ('AptaŰKTTS), a Persian, the
From this time Artaxerxes withdrew to his seraglio, son of Cherasmis, commanded the Macrones and
where he passed his days in sensual pleasures. Mosynoeci in the expedition of Xerxes into Greece.
The reins of the government were entirely in the He was at the time governor of the town of Sesius
hands of the eunuch Bagoas, and of Mentor, the and its territory on the Hellespont, where be ruled
Rhodian, and the existence of the king himself as an arbitrary and reckless tyrant.
When Xerxes
was felt by his subjects only in the bloody com- passed through Sestus, Artarctes induced the king
mands which be issued. At last he was killed by fraud to give him the tomb and sacred land of
by poison by Bagoas, and was succeeded by his the hero Protesilaus, which existed at Elaeus near
youngest son, Arses. (Diod. xvii. 5; Plut. De Is. Sestus; he then pillaged the tomb, and made pro-
ct Os. 11; Aelian, V. H. iv. 8, vi. 8, H. A. x. 28; fane use of the sacred land. This sacrilegious act
Justin, x. 3; comp. Clinton, Fast. Hellen. ii. p. 382, was not forgiven him by the Greeks. He did not
&c. ) Respecting Artaxerxes, the founder of the expect to see an enemy at such a distance from
dynasty of the Sassanidae, see SASSANIDAE. [L. S. ] Athens ; when, therefore, in B. C. 479, Xanthippus
ARTA'XIAS ('Aptačías) or ARTAXES ('Ap appeared in the Hellespont with a fleet, Artayctes
Társ), the name of three kings of Armenia. was not prepared for a siege. However the town
1. The founder of the Armenian kingdom, was was strongly fortified and able to resist a besieging
one of the generals of Antiochus the Great, but Xanthippus continued his siege during the
revolted from him soon after his peace with the whole winter, but on the approach of spring the
Romans in B. c. 188, and became an independent famine in the town became insupportable; and
sovereign. (Strab. xi. pp. 528,531, 532. ) Hannibal Artarctes and Oeobazus, a Persinn of high rank,
took refuge at the court of Artaxias when Antio succeeded in making their escape through the lines
chus was no longer able to protect him, and he of the besiegers. As soon as the Greek inhabit-
superintended the building of Artaxata, the capital | ants of Sestus heard of the flight of their gorer
armv.
## p. 373 (#393) ############################################
ARTEMIDORUS.
373
ARTEMIDORUS.
nor, they opened their gates to the Athenians. tain, under the name of Artemidorus, an epigram
The two fugitives were pursued, and Artayctes of two lines on the collection of bucolic poems,
and his son were overtaken and brought before which perhaps belongs to our grammarian. (Theo-
Xanthippus. Artayctes offered 100 talents to the crit. p. 806, ed. Kiessling; Anthol. Gracc. ix. n.
inhabitants of Elaeus as an atonement for the out- 205. )
rage he had committed on the tomb of l’rotesilaus, 2. Of Ascalox, wrote a history of Bithynia,
and 200 more as a ransom for himself and his son. and is mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.
But the inhabitants would not accept any other 'Aonalwv) as one of the distinguished persons of
atonement than his life, and Xanthippus was obliged that place.
to give him up to them. Artayctes was then 3. Or CNIDUS, a son of Theopompns, and a
nailed to a cross, and his son stoned to death before friend of Julius Caesar (Stmb. xiv. p. 656), was a
his eyes. (Herod. vii. 33, 78, ix. 116, 118-120; rhetorician, and taught the Greek language at
Paus. i. 4. § 5. )
(L. S. ] Rome. At the time when the plot was formed
ARTAYNTE ('AptauvTn), a daughter of against the life of Caesar, B. C. 43, Artemidorus,
Masistes, the brother of Xerxes I. Xerxes gave who had heard of it, cautioned Caesar by a letter,
her in marriage to his son Darcius, but he himself and urged him to take care of himself; but the
was in love with her, and on one occasion was warning was not heeded. (Plut. Cacs. 65; Zu-
obliged, by his own imprudent promise, to give her naras, vol. i. p. 491, ed. Paris. )
a robe which he had received as a present from 4. DALDIANUS, was a native of Ephesus, but is
his wife Amastris. Thus the king's paramour be- usually called Daldianus (Aandavós), to distin-
came known, and Amastris, fancying that the love guish him from the geographer Artemidorus (Lu-
affair was the work of the wiſe of Masistes, took cian, Philopatr. 22), since his mother was born at
the most cruel vengeance upon her. (Herod. ix. Daldia or Daldis, a small town in Lydia. Arie-
108-110. ) Maximus Tyrius (xxvi. 7) confounds midorus himself also preferred the surname of
the two women, Amastris and Artaynte. (Comp. Daldianus (Oneirocr. iii. 66), which seems to have
Tzetz, Chil. ii. 6. )
(L. S. ] been a matter of pride with him, as the Daldian
ARTAYNTES ('Aptavrons), one of the gene | Apollo Mystes gave him the especial commission
rals in the army of Xerxes. When Xerxes had to write a work on dreams. (Oncirocr. ii. 70. )
returned to Asia after the battle of Salamis, He lived at Rome in the reign of Antoninus Pius
Artayntes, Ithamitres, and some other generals, and M. Aurelius, as we may infer from several
sailed to Samos in order to watch the Ionians, and passages of his work (i. 28, 66, iv. ? ), though
in the hope that the land-force under Mardonius in some writers have placed him in the reign of Con-
northern Greece might still be successful. But stantine, and others identify him with the friend
after the battles of Plataene and Mycale, in B. C. of Pliny the younger, and son-in-law of Musonius.
479, Artayntes and Ithamitres took to flight. (Plin. Epist. iii. 11. ) But the passages of Artemi-
While Artayntes was passing through Asia, he dorus's own work cited above, place the question
was met by Masistes, the brother of Xerxes, who beyond all doubt. Artemidorus is the author of a
censured him severely for his cowardly flight. work on the interpretation of dreams ('Oveipokp-
Artayntes, enraged, drew his sword and would Tiká), in five books, which is still extant. He
have killed Masistes, had he not been saved by collected the materials for this work by very ex-
Xeinagoras, a Greek, who seized Artayntes at the tensive reading (he asserts that he had read all
moment and threw him on the ground, for which the books on the subject), on his travels through
act he was liberally rewarded. (Herod. viii. 130, Asia, Greece, Italy, and the Grecian islands.
ix. 102, 107. )
(L. S. ] (Oneir. Prooem. lib. i. ) He himself intimates that
ARTEʻMBARES ('Apteubdons), a Median of he had written several works, and from Suidas
noble rank, whose son, according to the story and Eudocia we may infer, that one was called
about the youth of the great Cyrus, was one of the viwvoo Kotiká, and the other xeIPOO Kofoná. Along
playmates of Cyrus. Cyrus chastised him for his with his occupations on these subjects, he also
want of obedience in their play ; and Artembares, practised as a physician. From his work on
indignant at the conduct of Cyrus, who was be dreams, it is clear that he was acquainted with
liered to be a mere shepherd's boy, complained to the principal productions of more ancient writers
king Astyages, and thus became the means of dis- on the subject, and his object is to prove, that
covering that Cyrus was the son of Mandane and in dreams the future is revealed to man, and to
the grandson of Astyages. (Herod. i. 114-116. ) | clear the science of interpreting them from the
Two Persians of this name occur in Herodotus abuses with which the fashion of the time had
(ix. 122), and Aeschylus. (Pers. 29, 204. ) [L. S. ] surrounded it. He does not attempt to establish
ARTEMICHA. (CLEINIS. )
his opinion by philosophical reasoning, but by
ARTEMIDOʻRUS ('Apteuidwpos). 1. Sur appealing to facts partly recorded in history, partly
named ARISTOPHANIUS, and also Pseudo-Aristo derived from oral tradition of the people, and partly
phanius, from his being a disciple of the celebrated from his own experience. On the last point he
grammarian Aristophanes, of Byzantium at Alex. places great reliance, especially as he believed that
andria. Artemidorus himself was, therefore, a he was called to his task by Apollo. (ii. 70. )
contemporary of Aristarchus, and likewise a gram- This makes him conceited, and raises him above
marian. He is mentioned by Athenaeus (iv. p. all fear of censure. The first two books are dedi-
182) as the author of a work hepi Awpidos, the cated to Cassius Maximus. The third and fourth
nature of which is not clear, and of he fees or gwo are inscribed to his son. The fifth book is, pro-
oai dựaptUtikal, that is, a dictionary of technical perly speaking, an independent work, the title of
terms and expressions used in the art of cookery. which is nepi dveipw avabaoewv, and which con-
(Athen. i. p. 5, ix. p. 387, xiv. pp. 602, 603; tains a collection of interesting dreams, which
Suidas, s. tr. , "Apteulowpos and Touaxíðas ; Ero- were believed to have been realized. The style of
tian in Adorov. ) Some MSS. of Theocritus con- the work is simple, correct, and elegant; and this
## p. 374 (#394) ############################################
37+
ARTEMIDORUS.
ARTEMIDORUS.
9
together with the circumstance that Artemidorus or lexicographical works reference is made by the
has often occasion to allude to or explain ancient Scholiast on Aristophanes (l'esp. 1] 39,1164, 1231;
manners and usages, give to it a peculiar value. Comp. Phot. s. 7. Teutateur ; Etym. M. s. rr. apis-
The work has also great interest, because it shews | Kvôns and apuq), though the work or works here
us in what manner the ancients symbolized and in- referred to may also belong to No. 1.
terpreted certain events of ordinary life, which, when 10. Of TRALLES, a celebrated pugilist, who
well understood, throws light on various points of lived about A. D. 69. (Paus. vi.
He ascended the throne after his father, Xerxes 405 to B. c. 362. (Diod. xiii. 104, 108. ) Cyrus,
I. , had been murdered by Artabanus, and after the younger brother of Artaxerxes, was the fa-
he himself had put to death his brother Dareius vourite of his mother Pary satis, and she endeavour-
on the instigation of Artabanus. (Justin. iii. l;ed to obtain the throne for him; but Dareius gare
Ctesias, ap. Phot. Bill. p. 40, a, ed. Bekk. ) His to Cyrus only the satrapy of western Asia, and
reign is characterized by Plutarch and Diodorus Artaxerxes on his accession confirmed his brother
(xi. 71) as wise and temperate, but it was dis- in his satrapy, on the request of Parysatis, although
turbed by several dangerous insurrections of the he suspected him. (Xenoph. Arab. i. 1. § 3;
satraps. At the time of his accession his only Plut. Artar. 3. ) Cyrus, however, revolted against
surviving brother Hystaspes was satrap of Bactria, his brother, and supported by Greek mercenaries
and Artaxerxes had scarcely punished Artabanus invaded Upper Asia. In the neighbourhood of
and his associates, before Hystaspes attempted to Cunaxa, Cyrus gained a great victory over the far
make himself independent. After putting down more numerous army of his brother, B. C. 401, but
this insurrection and deposing several other satraps was slain in the battle. (CYRUS. ] Tissaphernes
who refused to obey his cominands, Artaxerxes was appointed satrap of western Asia in the place
turned his attention to the regulation of the of Cyrus (Xenoph. Hellen. iii. 1. § 3), and was
financial and military affairs of his empire. These actively engaged in wars with the Greeks. [THIM-
beneficent exertions were interrupted in B. c. 462, BRON; DERCYLLIDAS; AGESILAUS. ]
or, according to Clinton, in B. C. 460, by the in- Notwithstanding these perpetual conflicts with
surrection of the Egyptians under Inarus, who was the Greeks, the Persian empire maintained itself
supported by the Athenians. The first army by the disunion among the Greeks themselves,
which Artaxerxes sent under his brother Achae which was fomented and kept up by Persian
menes was defeated, and Achaemenes slain. After money. The peace of Antalcidas, in B. C. 388,
a useless attempt to incite the Spartans to a war gave the Persians even greater power and influence
against Athens, Artaxerxes sent a second army than they had possessed before. (ANTALCIDAS. ]
under Artabazus and Megabyzus into Egypt. But the empire was suffering from internal dis-
A remnant of the forces of Achaemenes, who were turbances and confusion : Artaxerxes himself was
still besieged in a place called the white castle a weak man; bis mother, Parysatis, carried on
(a evkov teixos), near Memphis, was relieved, and her horrors at the court with truly oriental
the fleet of the Athenians destroyed by the Athe-cruelty; and slaves and eunuchs wielded the reins
nians themselves, who afterwards quitted Egypt. of government. Tributary countries and satraps
Inarus, too, was defeated in B. C. 456 or 455, but endeavoured, under such circumstances, to make
Amyrtaeus, another chief of the insurgents, main-themselves independent, and the exertions which
tained himself in the marshes of lower Egypt. it was necessary to make against the rebels ex-
(Thuc. i. 104, 109; Diod. xi. 71, 74, 77. ) In hausted the strength of the empire. Artaxerxes
B. C. 449, Cimon sent 60 of his fleet of 300 ships thus had to maintain a long struggle against Eva-
to the assistance of Amyrtaeus, and with the rest goras of Cyprus, from B. C. 385 to B. C. 376, and
endearoured to wrest Cyprus from the Persians. yet all be could gain was to confine Evagoras to
Notwithstanding the death of Cimon, the Athen his original possession, the town of Salamis and
nians gained two victories, one by land and the its vicinity, and to compel him to pay a moderate
other by sca, in the neigbourhood of Salamis in tribute. (Diod. xv. 9. ) At the same time he had
Cyprus. After this defeat Artaxerxes is said to | to carry on war against the Cardusians, on the
2 B 2
## p. 372 (#392) ############################################
372
ARTAXIAS.
ARTAYCTES.
shores of the Caspian sea ; and after his numerous of Armenin, which was so called in honour of Ar
army was with great difficulty saved from toual taxias. (Strab. xi. p. 523 ; Plut. Lucull. 31. ) Ar-
destruction, he concluded a peace without gain- taxias was included in the peace made between
ing any advantages. (Diod. xv. 9, 10; Plut. Eumenes and Phamaces in B. c. 179 (Polyb. xxvi.
Artax. 24. ) His attempts to recover Egypt 6), but was conquered and taken prisoner by An-
were unsuccessful, and the general insurrection tiochus IV. Epiphanes towards the end of his
of bis subjects in Asia Minor failed only through reign, about B. c. 165. (Appian, Syr. 45, 66. )
treachery among the insurgents themselves. (Diod. II. The son of Artavasdes I. , was made king
xv, 90, &c. ) When Artaxerxes felt that the by the Armenians when his father was taken pri-
end of his life was approaching, he endeavoured soner by Antony in B. c. 34. lle risked a battle
to prevent all quarrels respecting the succession against the Romans, but was defeated and obliged
by fixing upon Dareius, the eldest of his three to fly into Parthin. But with the help of the
legitimate sons (by his concubines he had no less Parthians he regained his kingdom soon afterwards,
than 115 sons, Justin. x. 1), as his successor, and and defeated and took prisoner Artavasdes, king
granted to him all the outward distinctions of of Media, who had opposed him. [ARTAVASDES)
royalty. But Dareius soon after fell out with his On his return to Armenia, he put to death all the
faiher about Aspasia, and formed a plot to assassi- Romans who had remained behind in the country;
nate him. But the plot was betrayed, and Dareius and in consequence of that, Augustus refused to
was put to death with many of his accomplices. restore him his relatives, when he sent an embassy
(Plut. Arta. 26, &c. ; Justin. I. c. ) Of the two to Rome to demand them. When the Armenians
remaining legitimate sons, Ochus and Ariaspes, in B. C. 20 complained to Augustus about Artaxias,
the former now hoped to succeed his father; but and requested as king his brother Tigranes, who
as Ariaspes was beloved by the Persians on account was then at Rome, Augustus sent Tiberius with a
of his gentle and amiable character, and as the large army into Armenia, in order to depose Ar-
aged Artaxerxes appeared to prefer Arsames, the taxias and place Tigranes upon the throne ; but
son of one of his concubines, Ochus contrived by Artaxias was put to death by his relatires before
intrigues to drive Ariaspes to despair and suicide, Tiberius reached the country. Tigranes-was now
and had Arsames assassinated. Artaxerxes died proclaimed king without any opposition ; but
of grief at these horrors in B. C. 362, and was suc- Tiberius took the credit to himself of a successful
ceeded by Ochus, who ascended the throne under expedition : whence Horace (Epist. 1. 12. 25) says,
the name of Artaxerxes 111. (Plut. Life of Arta- " Claudi virtute Neronis Armenius cecidit. " (Dion
aerres ; Diod. xv. 93; Phot. Bill. pp. 42–44, ed. Cass. xlix. 39, 40, 44, li. 16, liv. 9; Tac. Ann. ii. 3;
Bekker; Clinton, Fast. Hellen. ii. p. 381, &c. ) Vell. Pat. ii. 94 ; Joseph. Ant. xv. 4. § 3; Suet.
Artaxerxes III. , also called Ochus, succeeded Tiber. 9. ) Velleius Paterculus (l. c. ) calls this
his father as king of Persia in B. C. 362, and king Artavasdes, and Dion Cassius in one passage
reigned till B. C. 339. In order to secure the (liv. 9) names him Artabazes, but in all the others
throne which he had gained by treason and mur. Artaxes.
der, he began his reign with a merciless extirpation 111. The son of Polemon, king of Pontus, was
of the members of his family. He himself was a proclaimed king of Armenia by Germanicus in
cowardly and reckless despot; and the great ad- A. D. 18, at the wish of the Armenians, whose
vantages which the Persian arnis gained during his favour he had gained by adopting their habits and
reign, were owing only to his Greek generals and mode of life. His original name was Zenon, but
mercenaries, and to traitors, or want of skill on the Armenians called him Artaxias on his acces-
the part of his enemies. These advantages con- sion. Upon the death of Artaxias, about A. D. 35,
sisted in the conquest of the revolted satrap Arta- Arsaces, the son of the Parthian king, Artabanus,
bazus (ARTABAZUS, No. 4], and in the reduction was placed upon the Armenian throne by his fa-
of Phoenicia, of several revolted towns in Cyprus, ther. (Tac. Ann. ii. 56, vi. 31. )
and of Egypt, B. C. 350. (Diod. xvi. 40–52. ) ARTAYCTES ('AptaŰKTTS), a Persian, the
From this time Artaxerxes withdrew to his seraglio, son of Cherasmis, commanded the Macrones and
where he passed his days in sensual pleasures. Mosynoeci in the expedition of Xerxes into Greece.
The reins of the government were entirely in the He was at the time governor of the town of Sesius
hands of the eunuch Bagoas, and of Mentor, the and its territory on the Hellespont, where be ruled
Rhodian, and the existence of the king himself as an arbitrary and reckless tyrant.
When Xerxes
was felt by his subjects only in the bloody com- passed through Sestus, Artarctes induced the king
mands which be issued. At last he was killed by fraud to give him the tomb and sacred land of
by poison by Bagoas, and was succeeded by his the hero Protesilaus, which existed at Elaeus near
youngest son, Arses. (Diod. xvii. 5; Plut. De Is. Sestus; he then pillaged the tomb, and made pro-
ct Os. 11; Aelian, V. H. iv. 8, vi. 8, H. A. x. 28; fane use of the sacred land. This sacrilegious act
Justin, x. 3; comp. Clinton, Fast. Hellen. ii. p. 382, was not forgiven him by the Greeks. He did not
&c. ) Respecting Artaxerxes, the founder of the expect to see an enemy at such a distance from
dynasty of the Sassanidae, see SASSANIDAE. [L. S. ] Athens ; when, therefore, in B. C. 479, Xanthippus
ARTA'XIAS ('Aptačías) or ARTAXES ('Ap appeared in the Hellespont with a fleet, Artayctes
Társ), the name of three kings of Armenia. was not prepared for a siege. However the town
1. The founder of the Armenian kingdom, was was strongly fortified and able to resist a besieging
one of the generals of Antiochus the Great, but Xanthippus continued his siege during the
revolted from him soon after his peace with the whole winter, but on the approach of spring the
Romans in B. c. 188, and became an independent famine in the town became insupportable; and
sovereign. (Strab. xi. pp. 528,531, 532. ) Hannibal Artarctes and Oeobazus, a Persinn of high rank,
took refuge at the court of Artaxias when Antio succeeded in making their escape through the lines
chus was no longer able to protect him, and he of the besiegers. As soon as the Greek inhabit-
superintended the building of Artaxata, the capital | ants of Sestus heard of the flight of their gorer
armv.
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ARTEMIDORUS.
373
ARTEMIDORUS.
nor, they opened their gates to the Athenians. tain, under the name of Artemidorus, an epigram
The two fugitives were pursued, and Artayctes of two lines on the collection of bucolic poems,
and his son were overtaken and brought before which perhaps belongs to our grammarian. (Theo-
Xanthippus. Artayctes offered 100 talents to the crit. p. 806, ed. Kiessling; Anthol. Gracc. ix. n.
inhabitants of Elaeus as an atonement for the out- 205. )
rage he had committed on the tomb of l’rotesilaus, 2. Of Ascalox, wrote a history of Bithynia,
and 200 more as a ransom for himself and his son. and is mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium (s. v.
But the inhabitants would not accept any other 'Aonalwv) as one of the distinguished persons of
atonement than his life, and Xanthippus was obliged that place.
to give him up to them. Artayctes was then 3. Or CNIDUS, a son of Theopompns, and a
nailed to a cross, and his son stoned to death before friend of Julius Caesar (Stmb. xiv. p. 656), was a
his eyes. (Herod. vii. 33, 78, ix. 116, 118-120; rhetorician, and taught the Greek language at
Paus. i. 4. § 5. )
(L. S. ] Rome. At the time when the plot was formed
ARTAYNTE ('AptauvTn), a daughter of against the life of Caesar, B. C. 43, Artemidorus,
Masistes, the brother of Xerxes I. Xerxes gave who had heard of it, cautioned Caesar by a letter,
her in marriage to his son Darcius, but he himself and urged him to take care of himself; but the
was in love with her, and on one occasion was warning was not heeded. (Plut. Cacs. 65; Zu-
obliged, by his own imprudent promise, to give her naras, vol. i. p. 491, ed. Paris. )
a robe which he had received as a present from 4. DALDIANUS, was a native of Ephesus, but is
his wife Amastris. Thus the king's paramour be- usually called Daldianus (Aandavós), to distin-
came known, and Amastris, fancying that the love guish him from the geographer Artemidorus (Lu-
affair was the work of the wiſe of Masistes, took cian, Philopatr. 22), since his mother was born at
the most cruel vengeance upon her. (Herod. ix. Daldia or Daldis, a small town in Lydia. Arie-
108-110. ) Maximus Tyrius (xxvi. 7) confounds midorus himself also preferred the surname of
the two women, Amastris and Artaynte. (Comp. Daldianus (Oneirocr. iii. 66), which seems to have
Tzetz, Chil. ii. 6. )
(L. S. ] been a matter of pride with him, as the Daldian
ARTAYNTES ('Aptavrons), one of the gene | Apollo Mystes gave him the especial commission
rals in the army of Xerxes. When Xerxes had to write a work on dreams. (Oncirocr. ii. 70. )
returned to Asia after the battle of Salamis, He lived at Rome in the reign of Antoninus Pius
Artayntes, Ithamitres, and some other generals, and M. Aurelius, as we may infer from several
sailed to Samos in order to watch the Ionians, and passages of his work (i. 28, 66, iv. ? ), though
in the hope that the land-force under Mardonius in some writers have placed him in the reign of Con-
northern Greece might still be successful. But stantine, and others identify him with the friend
after the battles of Plataene and Mycale, in B. C. of Pliny the younger, and son-in-law of Musonius.
479, Artayntes and Ithamitres took to flight. (Plin. Epist. iii. 11. ) But the passages of Artemi-
While Artayntes was passing through Asia, he dorus's own work cited above, place the question
was met by Masistes, the brother of Xerxes, who beyond all doubt. Artemidorus is the author of a
censured him severely for his cowardly flight. work on the interpretation of dreams ('Oveipokp-
Artayntes, enraged, drew his sword and would Tiká), in five books, which is still extant. He
have killed Masistes, had he not been saved by collected the materials for this work by very ex-
Xeinagoras, a Greek, who seized Artayntes at the tensive reading (he asserts that he had read all
moment and threw him on the ground, for which the books on the subject), on his travels through
act he was liberally rewarded. (Herod. viii. 130, Asia, Greece, Italy, and the Grecian islands.
ix. 102, 107. )
(L. S. ] (Oneir. Prooem. lib. i. ) He himself intimates that
ARTEʻMBARES ('Apteubdons), a Median of he had written several works, and from Suidas
noble rank, whose son, according to the story and Eudocia we may infer, that one was called
about the youth of the great Cyrus, was one of the viwvoo Kotiká, and the other xeIPOO Kofoná. Along
playmates of Cyrus. Cyrus chastised him for his with his occupations on these subjects, he also
want of obedience in their play ; and Artembares, practised as a physician. From his work on
indignant at the conduct of Cyrus, who was be dreams, it is clear that he was acquainted with
liered to be a mere shepherd's boy, complained to the principal productions of more ancient writers
king Astyages, and thus became the means of dis- on the subject, and his object is to prove, that
covering that Cyrus was the son of Mandane and in dreams the future is revealed to man, and to
the grandson of Astyages. (Herod. i. 114-116. ) | clear the science of interpreting them from the
Two Persians of this name occur in Herodotus abuses with which the fashion of the time had
(ix. 122), and Aeschylus. (Pers. 29, 204. ) [L. S. ] surrounded it. He does not attempt to establish
ARTEMICHA. (CLEINIS. )
his opinion by philosophical reasoning, but by
ARTEMIDOʻRUS ('Apteuidwpos). 1. Sur appealing to facts partly recorded in history, partly
named ARISTOPHANIUS, and also Pseudo-Aristo derived from oral tradition of the people, and partly
phanius, from his being a disciple of the celebrated from his own experience. On the last point he
grammarian Aristophanes, of Byzantium at Alex. places great reliance, especially as he believed that
andria. Artemidorus himself was, therefore, a he was called to his task by Apollo. (ii. 70. )
contemporary of Aristarchus, and likewise a gram- This makes him conceited, and raises him above
marian. He is mentioned by Athenaeus (iv. p. all fear of censure. The first two books are dedi-
182) as the author of a work hepi Awpidos, the cated to Cassius Maximus. The third and fourth
nature of which is not clear, and of he fees or gwo are inscribed to his son. The fifth book is, pro-
oai dựaptUtikal, that is, a dictionary of technical perly speaking, an independent work, the title of
terms and expressions used in the art of cookery. which is nepi dveipw avabaoewv, and which con-
(Athen. i. p. 5, ix. p. 387, xiv. pp. 602, 603; tains a collection of interesting dreams, which
Suidas, s. tr. , "Apteulowpos and Touaxíðas ; Ero- were believed to have been realized. The style of
tian in Adorov. ) Some MSS. of Theocritus con- the work is simple, correct, and elegant; and this
## p. 374 (#394) ############################################
37+
ARTEMIDORUS.
ARTEMIDORUS.
9
together with the circumstance that Artemidorus or lexicographical works reference is made by the
has often occasion to allude to or explain ancient Scholiast on Aristophanes (l'esp. 1] 39,1164, 1231;
manners and usages, give to it a peculiar value. Comp. Phot. s. 7. Teutateur ; Etym. M. s. rr. apis-
The work has also great interest, because it shews | Kvôns and apuq), though the work or works here
us in what manner the ancients symbolized and in- referred to may also belong to No. 1.
terpreted certain events of ordinary life, which, when 10. Of TRALLES, a celebrated pugilist, who
well understood, throws light on various points of lived about A. D. 69. (Paus. vi.
