a curiouJ, and
penistent
error of inu.
Hart-Clive-1962-Structure-and-Motif-in-Finnegans-Wake
,.
,.
.
_ ociousknowl~) Joyce",dearlyallowingh",Dreamen,whe>- ewrthey may he, todraw on lhe wbole quaoi-Jungiln coHeelive
\lnconociouI for Ihe lullllan"" o? their fantasies. Secood, she, in common with th" aull>on of the SktinIM Kg, makes the odd error of auuming that Jelry ICes hi. ralhee'. erecl;on, whereas
Ihe leI:llpCci&ally ltate/i that neither Iwin optnl his eyes at aU during the Kene in quation:
'The two prine<< of th" {()we:r royal, daulphin and d""'lin, to lie how lhey are without to 0 << . The dame dowager'. duffgerenl
to p"""'nl wappon, blade drawn {() Ihe full and about wh<< 1 without to be IC"Jl ofthe,,,'. (,~66-'9)
The frightened child;. in fact the daughter, oobel (566. ~8 ff), who, when the notie<:l tlte father'. member, becomes aware of 'pc";""'nvy', fearing that her body is intomplete or thai . 1Ie "' an cm;UC\llued boy:
'What have you Iherefore? . . 1 feu lel1 we have lost oun (nOli grant itl) rapc:cting these wildly para'. (566. 30; hobel is convening with her 'looking-glass girl'. )
Th"
i"ltargeac of lifesiglll over early lived offi' (230-26)
wherell in fact nearly every character in Fi. OIlIIUU Wab is depicted u druming al ""me time or othe:r.
, 'WhoSIn". . tF__ w. . r,,,,. a ? s. . " ,06; ,". u. App<ndilI A.
is, of cou""" one of the moot common of inCantile experi- ences. Third, Mn. . von Phul identifies the Donkey thfO\tgh th" motif'Ab bot' which is, bow<:vcr, the chanctcistic sigb not of the Donkey but of the oecond Old Man, Mark. ' Lastly, Mrs. ""n Phul finds it significant that Shern is described as : 'reminiKcnlil""', at bandstand finale O4l"aOO carriero, d! 'Q. m-
? 1k Dream-Strocturt
In a Letter \0 Mr. J . S. Atherton Mist Weaver Wf'Ol<:':
'In partieular their (the aUlhon of tbe SklMtI "'9] ucription ofthe whole thing \0 a dream ofHCE _IRS10 me nonsclUic:al . . . ~l y v i e w i . t h a t M r . J o y c e d i d n o ! i n t e n d t h o : b o o k t o b e looked upon as the dn:am of any one character, but that be . . . ,garded the drc~m (onn with i" Ihiftingo and chang. . and chane. . as a com"cnio:nt device:, allowing the frttSt se<>pe to introduce any material he wiohed- I n d suited to a night? pie<:t. ' T hiJ it a healthy oorre<:uvc but it dotI seem, nevertheleu, Ihat
Joyce thought ofFinMgus W""'" as a lifl,f/. inl<:graU:d d. . . ,am rather than as the series of drcam-cpiY"kl that M ia W. ". . . . :r'. letter might imply. Usually the lint 10 gi~ hio" \0 his acquain_ lAne. . about abolnlK difficulti. . in IUs works,Joyce: _ _ \0 ha~ paid little alUntion \0 thlt mailer of the Orca""",. J( be had said noching al all about it we might bc:j11Jlified in leaving the question wher. :: Mia Wea1/tf ehOle to \ea"e iI, but OIl at least one occasion he made a pronouncement of relevance. Mn. Adaline Glasheen repom that Dr. O'Brien, a friend of
J oyce, told her in oonvers&. tion that J oyce had told him 'that Fi. NgIUU Wu. was "about" Finn ! yingdying by the river Utrey wilh tbe history of lrebnd and the world cycling through hi.
miBd'. " 'l1Iue is no ~
which would teem to establish tbe imJlO'Ullt point thaI Joyce thought ofF"""lmll WIlL . . . a unified dream? whole centrW on a :tingle mind. Though Or. O'Brien'. claim can represent no more than a part of the 1I'\Ilh, there seem. 10 be a little internal evidence 10 lupport it. . If my ruding of Ihe ninth qUCltiQn of
n \0 doubt the accuracy of the repOl't,
1. 6 it correct, it ooruiou. Qf a diSCwRon of the n"tu. . . , Qf the dream~ituation in FilrMgmu W. ,q and repraenu the Dreamer'. mQlt honea( and dir<<tiy intmWile<! consideration ofhit prescnt dre:aming state. There an:: thm: consecutive four-pan eyel. . in 1. 6,formingamictoo:>JmofJ\oob I-III. Themaleprotagonu" in tbe 6nt question ofeach ofthese cyclCl (quCltiont I, 3. and 9) are aU drcam? rcpracnllloo. lJ of Finn- F. arwickcr at different . taget of his career: fiC$t, the youthful vigour of Finn'. aUotted
, Ad",rtQn, p. '7.
? A. Oto. . llern, '0. , of My Ceoouo', no "~'" DO. XVII, '9~, p. '3.
?
8,
? 1M Dr(am? SlrUClure
( w o hund",d yean of full pow~r (equivalent to the Earwicker of Book I) ; second, }'inn in the decline and decrepitude of his l""t thirty yean (the wiudy but dTete Earwicker of Book 11); finally, the moment of death, the 'auctual fumle pretmting OO$laut' (143. 07) of transition from one world to the next, a . tate 'of su'pen,ive exanimation' (the rimaUy murdore<! Ear. wicker falling aileep ill Book III). In this lau . tltge, Finn, depicted as a 'mall from the city' (Dublin), ;. repr=nted as d",aming of M sc. ~pegoat",urrogate, HeE, and of h;' family and alfai. . . . Joyce's identification ofFinn as the Dream~t would
,,,,,m to corroborate th" ,"ading.
Whatever our oondmioru about the identity of the Dr~amer,
and no matter how many varied caricatures nf him we may find projected into the dream, it is clear that he mu. t alwaY' be ronside",d . . . . """"ntially external to the book, and . hould be left there. Speculation about the 'real penon' behind th~ guises of the dream_surrogate> or about the fnnction of the dream in rela,ion to the un""",lved streoses of thio hypntheti<:al mind . . fruidess, fur the teruiollll and psychological problems inFi""'glmS
Wok concern the dream-figures living within the book itself. The d",am explo,. . ,. all th= penonalities atlei,ure and moves freely among them, considering them from within and without; the characterisation i, thorough and makes no appeal to the p,ychc]ogical peg on which the whole ;" hung. It must be: emphasised that Joyce w. . . . not writing anything remotely like a p"ychoanalytical (a<< -Mtory. Indeed, h~ despised psycho- analysis and uS<<! only So much of its techniques and 1IIt1/all- scMuung M he f"und user,,! . ' In( dream-framework;' employed
because it is a r. onvenient device f"r the ~xplo"'tion ofpenon_ ality and hecau<< it offen a nexibl~ r. . . . nge of mean. < by which t<> 'order and . . . present a given material'. ' I. ike the anony_ mou. narmt<>t of m<>re ronventional 'third_penon' novels, the Dreamer . . <>Inniscient; we a", involved in h" dream aJ we are inV<llv~d in any narrative; in each caSe the narrator'. identity
, F. Budg<-n, 'l"umer RreoIk. o,ioo> ofJ"""" Joy<<', p",,;,. ,. , iU<i<w, Fall, '956, p. 536.
, F. B~n, 'Furtb<r RocoUOCIions of. l>m<iJoy<<', p " " , - Rm-1A1, fall, ,956, P. ~33?
8,
? The Duam-Shl4ture
is . 1DV? ' eotitdy irrekvant. Lib Stepheo'. Artist-God,Joya'. Dreamer has been ? refio. . . . o" t (J{ aistenu'.
One of tM principal difficultiQ in the way of an adequate undUitatldJng of tho: dream-'tnI~rnn: has beer!
a curiouJ, and penistent error of inu. rpretation of the evenlS in nI+ It is reasonably clear from the doscription On p~ 559-60 that the protagonist of We film or nagc aequenoeo which make up the ~hapter, the old man called POTter, iI yet another incamation of HCE, and probably an iDQlmation from . . patt century: 'You can ken tIw. they come or a rarely old family by their costn- maDOC' (560. 32). Since Poru:r is awake during lbe arty boun of the morning, and since he and his bedroom are described wilh considerable n:alistic detail. IUpportcn of the tbCOl')' that E. arwi. tker is the Drumer have usually made the unruxessa. ry aDumption that the dn:am iI broken at this point. However, if Euwieker (or Porter) is the Dreamer, and if he h", been dreaming about his waking self in Boo"- I and II, were is clurly no reason to IUPpose that hi. further appearance in the waking llate in 111. 4 brings us . . . ,y closer to real COnsciOlWlest than do the Kales in the pn:ading Book' The: assumption that the Dreamer wu . ,,"aUentail~ Ihe conclusion Wt the con- tinued usc of dre. . . . . . . . language and d""am_tccbnique through_ out the chapter wat in",nded to ""prescnt We fuddled state of the mind at ,ucil an early hour in the morning. This is the CXpl"CSll position of the SJ:. dtl. ~ KU' and, however "e"'hetically dilpleasing, it i. at le. . . t <;on,inent with Mr. Campbdl'. tn:at-
menl of the whole book u a rympuhetic commentary on the drum. There are, however, . pecifit ir><licatioru in FitrN'~1II W. r. k that the drum ~ CQIltinuous from. lIut to finish. In the
tludy-du. p"'r, for eumple, the children td1 us that . . . . " dn. . n", our dreams k ll Bappy retlll1l$. And Sein anncws' (~77. t8), whicb seema to mean that wo: continue clruming until An. . . (the riV(! " Seine) ;1 rcnewed al her ""'! "te, when we ! hall have
? . . ,arrived' It 'Happy', or HCE, on ~c 3.
Mr. M. J. C. Ilodgart leenu 10 haVl) been the fInt to refu",
the Skdtlc~ li"dl uscrtion that we O. . ,. mer Wikel fur,. while in , S K ' K ~-? S-
'3
? ~ Drttml-Stru&ture
ilL! , but, not being primarily concerned with this question in the context in wbich he mentioned it, be offered no alternative intup~tation of tM way in wbich thiI hijbly individual and importllOt chapter fits into tbe ,true! ure of the book. ' Along with mOlt other entia, Mr. Kenner, fore:umplc, adhcresto th" by nOW almost tnditional view. - Among Ilter commentators, only ~I. . . . von Phul and t. ln. GI:uheen seem to have any ICTious doubu that in III. 1 we a~ nearcr the wallng consc;ou. .
n(:Oll. ' I believ", indt<:d, thai, far from rcpracntiog the waking l! :lte, this d13. ptcr takes place al the deepest level ofd~aming. J oyce p. . . . . bably w" rked out ICveral qu. w-geometrical sdtemes
ofdream<oH~sponden<:el in writingFUwl4JOf Wdt, although no . . :hematie di~m has lurvived among the iucomplete manuscripts at the British Museum or Yale. It is well known that Joy. :. : used ,uch schema! :l in developing the itruetur" of hi. boob. An int. ,. atillg di. gram fur the 'lliro of the Sun' episode of Ulyms i. extant and h~ been . . . ,produced photo- graphica. l. ly in ? disserutiOIl by A. W. UIZ' and of nou. . . : the . 1u:lcton pl. n ror Ihe O/lllnisation of all cigh""''' cbapten is commouly printed iII exege5ts of Ulyms. ' The following analyses of the dream-structure of PU. flillUU W. . u, together with my
conjectural ICCOIIStrucUon ofa d~am-diagnom (ICC below), a~ offered not. . . , a final ""lution to the problem, but me~ly"" One
interpretation which seems to accord with mo. . . , of the facts than any other thaI h. . . , been suggested to date. It is moTe t. b. aa likely that Ihe~ ar<: sevef&l other dream-llructuces, both hori- zontal and vertkal, counterpointed against the simple outline below, rOT, . . . , I I\av" &aid, no ODC way oflooking at anything in P;""'lIIM Waf, can evcr be a mmpletc explanation.
The~ se<:m, in fact, to be three princip:u drum [ayc,. . . in the book. We drop from ooe 10 another, penetnoting ~r <keptr
? ? y",~_ w. . . . . . . ? , n , c-. I",,,l! n',
? The Drtam-S/ruclure
into lhe uncomcio;>lIS in a progr= =a1ling the des<<:nl through the levels of the InftrnO; ~rhe", . . '" sordidly taks within tales, you dearly understand thaI', Joy"" warrul lIS at 5~~. 05. 'lbe first of Ihese dru. m-te~els U $imply the D",amCl"'s dream about everything that occurs in the book from 'riven:un' to 'Ihe'. He ne~er wakes and we arc never o utJide his dreaming mind. Apart from the inevitable epicycles (0<< bdow) the narrative remaim On this simple levd throughout the fint twO Books, which a",
written from an objoxtive view_point and treal the Earwic. ker family =ntiaUy fr(lm without. During these Boob a consecu-
tive tale of a day'. activities fro m l"u: morning to;> midnight iI counterpointed against huge mythic palterns. Earwicker goes about his customary rounds as ho;>U:l_kecper ; the drinkers at the Wake, having like good Dubliners begun their carou. ing before noon on the day of mourning, tdl stories first of malter1 do. e1y connoxu:d with the Jate Tim and then, as the round. of drink . piral on, they givc frett ",in to their imagination. , a\towing lIS 10;> o;>verhear the stone. and legends which fill in the vast U:m_ poral and . patial bru:kgrounw of Fimugl/lU Walt. T he d",am drifta on the tide of stories further and further froIo the titernl
Wake situalion to lake in all the o;>ther members of the family and the . urrounding countryside as well, and condudes with a gradual ",turn to the reality of the pub on the evening of Ihe First Day. We have participated fuUy and at elM( quarters in the libation. of the fir":! ! hour (1. 1) bUI it is not until the last
licensed hour of the day (lI. S) that we arc permitted ano;>ther visit ofany kngth 10 the bar_room, which this time we approacb ,,;,. the child",n's playground jlISt oul3ide (11. 1) and Ihe nu,"",ry immediately abovc (H. o). Having . tarted from lhe public- home in 1. 1 we have now returned to ;t at the end of a lingle alcoholic dream-cycle which includes the fint two Boob of Fimugam Wa. . . . and is rounterpoinU:d against the ""vcral oth. . major cycles contained within them. Yet howe~er rar we are
allowed 10 roam in imagination, we a", quietly reminded by ocCll. 1ional phrases, d ropped here and there in the text, that the tippling never "". . . . "': 'Everything'. going on the same or "" it app.
\lnconociouI for Ihe lullllan"" o? their fantasies. Secood, she, in common with th" aull>on of the SktinIM Kg, makes the odd error of auuming that Jelry ICes hi. ralhee'. erecl;on, whereas
Ihe leI:llpCci&ally ltate/i that neither Iwin optnl his eyes at aU during the Kene in quation:
'The two prine<< of th" {()we:r royal, daulphin and d""'lin, to lie how lhey are without to 0 << . The dame dowager'. duffgerenl
to p"""'nl wappon, blade drawn {() Ihe full and about wh<< 1 without to be IC"Jl ofthe,,,'. (,~66-'9)
The frightened child;. in fact the daughter, oobel (566. ~8 ff), who, when the notie<:l tlte father'. member, becomes aware of 'pc";""'nvy', fearing that her body is intomplete or thai . 1Ie "' an cm;UC\llued boy:
'What have you Iherefore? . . 1 feu lel1 we have lost oun (nOli grant itl) rapc:cting these wildly para'. (566. 30; hobel is convening with her 'looking-glass girl'. )
Th"
i"ltargeac of lifesiglll over early lived offi' (230-26)
wherell in fact nearly every character in Fi. OIlIIUU Wab is depicted u druming al ""me time or othe:r.
, 'WhoSIn". . tF__ w. . r,,,,. a ? s. . " ,06; ,". u. App<ndilI A.
is, of cou""" one of the moot common of inCantile experi- ences. Third, Mn. . von Phul identifies the Donkey thfO\tgh th" motif'Ab bot' which is, bow<:vcr, the chanctcistic sigb not of the Donkey but of the oecond Old Man, Mark. ' Lastly, Mrs. ""n Phul finds it significant that Shern is described as : 'reminiKcnlil""', at bandstand finale O4l"aOO carriero, d! 'Q. m-
? 1k Dream-Strocturt
In a Letter \0 Mr. J . S. Atherton Mist Weaver Wf'Ol<:':
'In partieular their (the aUlhon of tbe SklMtI "'9] ucription ofthe whole thing \0 a dream ofHCE _IRS10 me nonsclUic:al . . . ~l y v i e w i . t h a t M r . J o y c e d i d n o ! i n t e n d t h o : b o o k t o b e looked upon as the dn:am of any one character, but that be . . . ,garded the drc~m (onn with i" Ihiftingo and chang. . and chane. . as a com"cnio:nt device:, allowing the frttSt se<>pe to introduce any material he wiohed- I n d suited to a night? pie<:t. ' T hiJ it a healthy oorre<:uvc but it dotI seem, nevertheleu, Ihat
Joyce thought ofFinMgus W""'" as a lifl,f/. inl<:graU:d d. . . ,am rather than as the series of drcam-cpiY"kl that M ia W. ". . . . :r'. letter might imply. Usually the lint 10 gi~ hio" \0 his acquain_ lAne. . about abolnlK difficulti. . in IUs works,Joyce: _ _ \0 ha~ paid little alUntion \0 thlt mailer of the Orca""",. J( be had said noching al all about it we might bc:j11Jlified in leaving the question wher. :: Mia Wea1/tf ehOle to \ea"e iI, but OIl at least one occasion he made a pronouncement of relevance. Mn. Adaline Glasheen repom that Dr. O'Brien, a friend of
J oyce, told her in oonvers&. tion that J oyce had told him 'that Fi. NgIUU Wu. was "about" Finn ! yingdying by the river Utrey wilh tbe history of lrebnd and the world cycling through hi.
miBd'. " 'l1Iue is no ~
which would teem to establish tbe imJlO'Ullt point thaI Joyce thought ofF"""lmll WIlL . . . a unified dream? whole centrW on a :tingle mind. Though Or. O'Brien'. claim can represent no more than a part of the 1I'\Ilh, there seem. 10 be a little internal evidence 10 lupport it. . If my ruding of Ihe ninth qUCltiQn of
n \0 doubt the accuracy of the repOl't,
1. 6 it correct, it ooruiou. Qf a diSCwRon of the n"tu. . . , Qf the dream~ituation in FilrMgmu W. ,q and repraenu the Dreamer'. mQlt honea( and dir<<tiy intmWile<! consideration ofhit prescnt dre:aming state. There an:: thm: consecutive four-pan eyel. . in 1. 6,formingamictoo:>JmofJ\oob I-III. Themaleprotagonu" in tbe 6nt question ofeach ofthese cyclCl (quCltiont I, 3. and 9) are aU drcam? rcpracnllloo. lJ of Finn- F. arwickcr at different . taget of his career: fiC$t, the youthful vigour of Finn'. aUotted
, Ad",rtQn, p. '7.
? A. Oto. . llern, '0. , of My Ceoouo', no "~'" DO. XVII, '9~, p. '3.
?
8,
? 1M Dr(am? SlrUClure
( w o hund",d yean of full pow~r (equivalent to the Earwicker of Book I) ; second, }'inn in the decline and decrepitude of his l""t thirty yean (the wiudy but dTete Earwicker of Book 11); finally, the moment of death, the 'auctual fumle pretmting OO$laut' (143. 07) of transition from one world to the next, a . tate 'of su'pen,ive exanimation' (the rimaUy murdore<! Ear. wicker falling aileep ill Book III). In this lau . tltge, Finn, depicted as a 'mall from the city' (Dublin), ;. repr=nted as d",aming of M sc. ~pegoat",urrogate, HeE, and of h;' family and alfai. . . . Joyce's identification ofFinn as the Dream~t would
,,,,,m to corroborate th" ,"ading.
Whatever our oondmioru about the identity of the Dr~amer,
and no matter how many varied caricatures nf him we may find projected into the dream, it is clear that he mu. t alwaY' be ronside",d . . . . """"ntially external to the book, and . hould be left there. Speculation about the 'real penon' behind th~ guises of the dream_surrogate> or about the fnnction of the dream in rela,ion to the un""",lved streoses of thio hypntheti<:al mind . . fruidess, fur the teruiollll and psychological problems inFi""'glmS
Wok concern the dream-figures living within the book itself. The d",am explo,. . ,. all th= penonalities atlei,ure and moves freely among them, considering them from within and without; the characterisation i, thorough and makes no appeal to the p,ychc]ogical peg on which the whole ;" hung. It must be: emphasised that Joyce w. . . . not writing anything remotely like a p"ychoanalytical (a<< -Mtory. Indeed, h~ despised psycho- analysis and uS<<! only So much of its techniques and 1IIt1/all- scMuung M he f"und user,,! . ' In( dream-framework;' employed
because it is a r. onvenient device f"r the ~xplo"'tion ofpenon_ ality and hecau<< it offen a nexibl~ r. . . . nge of mean. < by which t<> 'order and . . . present a given material'. ' I. ike the anony_ mou. narmt<>t of m<>re ronventional 'third_penon' novels, the Dreamer . . <>Inniscient; we a", involved in h" dream aJ we are inV<llv~d in any narrative; in each caSe the narrator'. identity
, F. Budg<-n, 'l"umer RreoIk. o,ioo> ofJ"""" Joy<<', p",,;,. ,. , iU<i<w, Fall, '956, p. 536.
, F. B~n, 'Furtb<r RocoUOCIions of. l>m<iJoy<<', p " " , - Rm-1A1, fall, ,956, P. ~33?
8,
? The Duam-Shl4ture
is . 1DV? ' eotitdy irrekvant. Lib Stepheo'. Artist-God,Joya'. Dreamer has been ? refio. . . . o" t (J{ aistenu'.
One of tM principal difficultiQ in the way of an adequate undUitatldJng of tho: dream-'tnI~rnn: has beer!
a curiouJ, and penistent error of inu. rpretation of the evenlS in nI+ It is reasonably clear from the doscription On p~ 559-60 that the protagonist of We film or nagc aequenoeo which make up the ~hapter, the old man called POTter, iI yet another incamation of HCE, and probably an iDQlmation from . . patt century: 'You can ken tIw. they come or a rarely old family by their costn- maDOC' (560. 32). Since Poru:r is awake during lbe arty boun of the morning, and since he and his bedroom are described wilh considerable n:alistic detail. IUpportcn of the tbCOl')' that E. arwi. tker is the Drumer have usually made the unruxessa. ry aDumption that the dn:am iI broken at this point. However, if Euwieker (or Porter) is the Dreamer, and if he h", been dreaming about his waking self in Boo"- I and II, were is clurly no reason to IUPpose that hi. further appearance in the waking llate in 111. 4 brings us . . . ,y closer to real COnsciOlWlest than do the Kales in the pn:ading Book' The: assumption that the Dreamer wu . ,,"aUentail~ Ihe conclusion Wt the con- tinued usc of dre. . . . . . . . language and d""am_tccbnique through_ out the chapter wat in",nded to ""prescnt We fuddled state of the mind at ,ucil an early hour in the morning. This is the CXpl"CSll position of the SJ:. dtl. ~ KU' and, however "e"'hetically dilpleasing, it i. at le. . . t <;on,inent with Mr. Campbdl'. tn:at-
menl of the whole book u a rympuhetic commentary on the drum. There are, however, . pecifit ir><licatioru in FitrN'~1II W. r. k that the drum ~ CQIltinuous from. lIut to finish. In the
tludy-du. p"'r, for eumple, the children td1 us that . . . . " dn. . n", our dreams k ll Bappy retlll1l$. And Sein anncws' (~77. t8), whicb seema to mean that wo: continue clruming until An. . . (the riV(! " Seine) ;1 rcnewed al her ""'! "te, when we ! hall have
? . . ,arrived' It 'Happy', or HCE, on ~c 3.
Mr. M. J. C. Ilodgart leenu 10 haVl) been the fInt to refu",
the Skdtlc~ li"dl uscrtion that we O. . ,. mer Wikel fur,. while in , S K ' K ~-? S-
'3
? ~ Drttml-Stru&ture
ilL! , but, not being primarily concerned with this question in the context in wbich he mentioned it, be offered no alternative intup~tation of tM way in wbich thiI hijbly individual and importllOt chapter fits into tbe ,true! ure of the book. ' Along with mOlt other entia, Mr. Kenner, fore:umplc, adhcresto th" by nOW almost tnditional view. - Among Ilter commentators, only ~I. . . . von Phul and t. ln. GI:uheen seem to have any ICTious doubu that in III. 1 we a~ nearcr the wallng consc;ou. .
n(:Oll. ' I believ", indt<:d, thai, far from rcpracntiog the waking l! :lte, this d13. ptcr takes place al the deepest level ofd~aming. J oyce p. . . . . bably w" rked out ICveral qu. w-geometrical sdtemes
ofdream<oH~sponden<:el in writingFUwl4JOf Wdt, although no . . :hematie di~m has lurvived among the iucomplete manuscripts at the British Museum or Yale. It is well known that Joy. :. : used ,uch schema! :l in developing the itruetur" of hi. boob. An int. ,. atillg di. gram fur the 'lliro of the Sun' episode of Ulyms i. extant and h~ been . . . ,produced photo- graphica. l. ly in ? disserutiOIl by A. W. UIZ' and of nou. . . : the . 1u:lcton pl. n ror Ihe O/lllnisation of all cigh""''' cbapten is commouly printed iII exege5ts of Ulyms. ' The following analyses of the dream-structure of PU. flillUU W. . u, together with my
conjectural ICCOIIStrucUon ofa d~am-diagnom (ICC below), a~ offered not. . . , a final ""lution to the problem, but me~ly"" One
interpretation which seems to accord with mo. . . , of the facts than any other thaI h. . . , been suggested to date. It is moTe t. b. aa likely that Ihe~ ar<: sevef&l other dream-llructuces, both hori- zontal and vertkal, counterpointed against the simple outline below, rOT, . . . , I I\av" &aid, no ODC way oflooking at anything in P;""'lIIM Waf, can evcr be a mmpletc explanation.
The~ se<:m, in fact, to be three princip:u drum [ayc,. . . in the book. We drop from ooe 10 another, penetnoting ~r <keptr
? ? y",~_ w. . . . . . . ? , n , c-. I",,,l! n',
? The Drtam-S/ruclure
into lhe uncomcio;>lIS in a progr= =a1ling the des<<:nl through the levels of the InftrnO; ~rhe", . . '" sordidly taks within tales, you dearly understand thaI', Joy"" warrul lIS at 5~~. 05. 'lbe first of Ihese dru. m-te~els U $imply the D",amCl"'s dream about everything that occurs in the book from 'riven:un' to 'Ihe'. He ne~er wakes and we arc never o utJide his dreaming mind. Apart from the inevitable epicycles (0<< bdow) the narrative remaim On this simple levd throughout the fint twO Books, which a",
written from an objoxtive view_point and treal the Earwic. ker family =ntiaUy fr(lm without. During these Boob a consecu-
tive tale of a day'. activities fro m l"u: morning to;> midnight iI counterpointed against huge mythic palterns. Earwicker goes about his customary rounds as ho;>U:l_kecper ; the drinkers at the Wake, having like good Dubliners begun their carou. ing before noon on the day of mourning, tdl stories first of malter1 do. e1y connoxu:d with the Jate Tim and then, as the round. of drink . piral on, they givc frett ",in to their imagination. , a\towing lIS 10;> o;>verhear the stone. and legends which fill in the vast U:m_ poral and . patial bru:kgrounw of Fimugl/lU Walt. T he d",am drifta on the tide of stories further and further froIo the titernl
Wake situalion to lake in all the o;>ther members of the family and the . urrounding countryside as well, and condudes with a gradual ",turn to the reality of the pub on the evening of Ihe First Day. We have participated fuUy and at elM( quarters in the libation. of the fir":! ! hour (1. 1) bUI it is not until the last
licensed hour of the day (lI. S) that we arc permitted ano;>ther visit ofany kngth 10 the bar_room, which this time we approacb ,,;,. the child",n's playground jlISt oul3ide (11. 1) and Ihe nu,"",ry immediately abovc (H. o). Having . tarted from lhe public- home in 1. 1 we have now returned to ;t at the end of a lingle alcoholic dream-cycle which includes the fint two Boob of Fimugam Wa. . . . and is rounterpoinU:d against the ""vcral oth. . major cycles contained within them. Yet howe~er rar we are
allowed 10 roam in imagination, we a", quietly reminded by ocCll. 1ional phrases, d ropped here and there in the text, that the tippling never "". . . . "': 'Everything'. going on the same or "" it app.
