Sobieski
delivers Vienna and the whole
of Christendom from the Turks.
of Christendom from the Turks.
Poland - 1915 - Poland, a Study in National Idealism - Monica Gardner
net/2027/mdp.
39015005782621 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.
hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd-google
? 224 POLAND
oh, Lord, that Thou shalt rule us as our
King. "
The Complaints of Jeremias touch the highest
point of Ujej ski's national aspirations, and
created a profound impression in his country.
Under the literary aspect, he showed himself here
as a master of lyrical form, whose love of music
gave his poetry a peculiar rhythmic charm. The
patriotic fire that trembles through these poems
never died. Using again the image of the chosen
race, in which so many of the Polish poets saw
the mystic counterpart of their own people,
Ujejski wrote his Biblical Melodies. Albeit the
subjects are scriptural, reading between the lines
and especially in Super Flumina Babylonis, we
know that the Polish singer is in reality writing
of no nation of the past, but of his Poland under
a veil, letting these lessons of fidelity to a national
cause, steadfastness under oppression, hope in the
future, speak for themselves.
But it would be a mistake to imagine that the
nature of Ujejski's patriotism is purely one of
resignation and passive endurance. There is a
strong martial side to it. The Angelus, peaceful
evening picture though it is, has yet a sterner and
a rugged colouring. The mists of the coming
night droop about the hamlet. Homing birds fly,
crying, to their nests. The peasant boy in the
hills is piping on his flute. Then the Angelus rings
out from the village church. The scent of the
flowers, the mist, the murmuring of the stream,
the clamour of the birds, the flute of the boy, all
join their voices in song and prayer. The sound
of the bell reaches the dead in their graves who
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? 7HE IDEALS OF KORNEL UJEJSKI 225
died for Poland, and they, too, pray. Then the
poet asks of fate that when he, in his turn, goes
down into his grave, after having sung to its
depths the sorrow of his nation, with his last
tears given to the mother earth he loved so well,
these same evening sounds may breathe over him,
as his dying lips repeat the Angelus.
"Let them lay me in my coffin on a bloody
shield. Let my songs of war murmur there around
me. Let me dream that, dying, I beheld an armed
people, radiant in their victory. "
Many years later, he prays that when he has
finished his work of song for his nation:
"May that beloved earth, that natal earth, fall
on my bosom as though she mourned for me. She
will not lie heavily on me who loved her. Softly
as a mother's hand, will she rest upon mine eyes. "
And he bids that his bones shall be laid in a
meadow that he knows, where, so popular tra-
dition has it, the sons of Poland fell in the past
fighting for their country, and where a legend
foretells that the final victory of Poland will be
fought. There, says the poet, spring blooms earlier,
the winds blow more freshly and more sweetly
than in any other spot. There, the ghosts of those
who gave up their lives for Poland hold nightly
procession.
"Bear me there. Lay my head there beneath
the turf. Let that great hope be my glory. I reck
not whether they bury me with lamenting and
with weeping; but let that mighty hope be my
death monument. "
"Oh, earth of my songs," cries the poet with
^'all the passion of the Pole for the soil. " Oh, thou
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? 226
POLAND
who art my mother! Thou, who dost lavish
comfort on thy faithful sons, thou wilt not drive
my yearning soul away from thee. "
There he will lie till above his head resounds
the clash of arms, and the peasants rise for Poland,
the nation battles for her freedom. In that day of
triumph, of a conflict such as the world has never
yet seen, in that day " I will arise again. "
The pastoral scenes that he has painted in the
Angelus were the setting of most of UjejsH's life.
He married in 1849, and, as he sings in a poem to
his wife, found in his happy marriage a refuge
from adversity. From that time he spent nearly
all of his tranquil days in the country, surrounded
by domestic joys, devoting himself to unwearied
labour for the welfare of the Galician peasants.
From his youth upwards their condition had
always been a subject dear to his heart. Their
poverty and misfortunes are the theme of more
than one of his poems, written to awake sympathy
for their lot. For the last seventeen years of his
life he wrote little. But his nation was never for-
gotten. Not long before his death, on the celebra-
tion of his poetical jubilee, he said that life had
deceived him, for it had given him what he had
neither sought nor wished, fame and honours,
but it had withheld from him the one desire of
his heart, the resurrection of Poland. His^place
in Polish literature is that of a greatr lyric poet,
and of a teacher who never ceased to urge the
youth of his nation towards the highest ideals,
personal and national, and to inspire them with
an evergreen hope for the restoration of their
beloved and oppressed nation. These two tenets
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? THE IDEALS OF KORNEL UJEJSK1 227
of hope and resurrection were his own cherished
and life-long beacon-lights. We may, indeed,
look upon them as being his last testament, the
last words by which he chose to be remembered.
For it was he who raised the inscription over the
gate of the country graveyard near his home,
where his dust was to lie: "They shall rest and
they shall rise. "
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? TABLE OF VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH
HISTORY
600. Birth of Cracow.
842. Foundation of the Piast dynasty, the
earliest line of Polish sovereigns.
963. Conversion to Christianity of Miecfcys-
law I. , which brings about the conversion
of Poland.
992-1025. Reign of Boleslaw I. He unites
Poland, is victorious over Bohemia, Ger-
many, and Russia, and establishes the
archbishopric of Gnesen.
1079. Murder by Boleslaw II. of St. Stanislas,
'Bishop of Cracow.
1139. Poland is divided into duchies.
iT77-U94- Reign of Casimir II. , the Just, who
reunites Poland, and founds the nucleus
of the Polish senate.
1194. Poland again divided into duchies.
1226. Rise of the Teutonic Knights in Polish
history. Summoned by Conrad, Duke of
Masovia, to assist him against Prussia,
they become the deadliest enemies of
Poland and the founders of modern
Prussia.
1241. First of the Tartar invasions that ravage
Poland for centuries and against which
she stands as the bulwark of Christendom.
1295. Poland is again a kingdom.
1331. First general Diet.
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? VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH HISTORT 229
1333. Accession of Casimir III. , the Great,
whose reign ushers in the golden period
of Polish history, and confers peace and
prosperity on the nation.
1335. Silesia ceded to Bohemia. *
1340. Lw6w and Red Ruthenia (Eastern Galicia)
united to the Polish crown.
1343. Pomerania with Danzig ceded to the
Teutonic Knights.
1347. Statute of Wislica which codifies Polish
laws.
1352. Volhynia annexed by Poland.
1364. Foundation of the University of Cracow.
1370. Extinction of the Piast dynasty with the
death of Casimir III.
1386. The marriage of Jadwiga, Queen of
Poland, with Jagiello, Prince of Lithuania,
unites Lithuania and Ruthenia to Poland,
which latter consequently becomes the
greatest state in Eastern Europe. The
Jagiello dynasty is thus founded.
1410. Victory over the Teutonic Knights at
Granwald which has remained one of the
favourite episodes of Polish history.
1466. Peace of Thorn between Poland and the
Teutonic Knights. Western Prussia with
Danzig revert to Poland, the Teutonic
Knights retaining Eastern Prussia as a
fief under the Polish King.
1473. Birth of Copernicus.
1525. Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master of
* With the exception of two of its duchies that the Poles re-
gained in the fifteenth century, Silesia never returned to Poland.
But to this day a large Polish population is to be found in Silesia
who have remained faithful to their language and their origin.
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? 230 POLAND
the Teutonic Knights, having embraced
Lutheranism, retains Eastern Prussia as
a secular and hereditary state held under
the Polish crown.
1561. Livonia passes to Poland.
1572. Death of Sigismund II. Augustus closes
the Jagiello line, and from being nominally,
the Polish crown becomes practically,
elective.
1574. The Pacta Conventa are drawn up by
which the rule of the state passes from the
hands of the king to those of the nation.
, 15 76-15 86. Reign of Stephen Batory strengthens
Poland. He organizes the Cossacks as a
defence to the Polish frontiers, and is
victorious over Russia and the Turks.
1587. Opening of the Vasa dynasty with the
accession of Sigismund III. , in whose
reign Warsaw becomes the capital and
wars are waged with Sweden, Russia,
Tartars, and Turks.
1595. Union of Brzes6, which unites the Greek
Church of Ruthenia to that of Rome, and
is the origin of the Ruthenian Uniates.
1621. Victory under Chodkiewicz over Turks
and Tartars at Chocim.
1648. Beginning of the Cossack revolt against
Poland.
1648. The disastrous reign of John Casimir
begins during which Poland fights Tar-
tars, Cossacks, Sweden, Russia, and Prussia.
1652. First exercise of the liberum veto by which
at the word of a single deputy the Polish
Diet could be dissolved.
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? VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH HISTORT 231
1655. Repulse of the Swedes at Czenstochowa
by the prior Kordecki, which saves the
whole of Poland.
1660. Treaty of Oliwa, by which Poland yields
most of Livonia to Sweden, and Prussia
formally renounces allegiance to Poland.
^1667. Treaty of Andruszowo, by which Smol-
ensk, Kiev and the left bank of the Dnieper
pass to Russia, and Poland loses her
suzerainty over the Cossacks.
1673. Victory under John Sobieski over the
Turks at Chocim.
1674. Accession of John Sobieski.
1683.
Sobieski delivers Vienna and the whole
of Christendom from the Turks.
1697-1763. Decay of Poland under the rule of
the Electors of Saxony.
1763. With the death of Augustus III. the
struggle for Poland's existence against
Russia, Prussia, and Austria enters its
acute stage.
1764. Accession of Stanislas PoniatowsH, last
King of Poland.
1768-1772. Confederation of Bar, led by the
PulawsHs, fights against Russia in defence
of the national liberty and religion.
1772. First partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1788-1791. The Four Years' Diet, held in what
remained of independent Poland.
1791. On the third of May the Polish Diet
passes the Liberal Constitution of Poland.
1793. Second partition of Poland between
Russia and Prussia.
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? 232 POLAND
1794. Rising led by Kosciuszko for the national
independence.
1794. Defeat at Maciejowice, at which Kos-
ciuszko is taken prisoner, massacre of
Praga, and capture of Warsaw by Suvorov.
1795. Third partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1798. Birth of Adam Mickiewicz.
1807. Treaty of Tilsit, by which Napoleon
creates the Duchy of Warsaw.
1815. Treaty of Vienna, by which Poland is re-
divided between Austria, Russia, and
Prussia; autonomous Kingdom of Poland
under Russia guaranteed; and the Free
Republic of Cracow established.
1830. The first Polish Rising.
1831. Warsaw is taken by the Russians and the
Rising ends.
1846. The Galician massacres.
1846. Annexation of Cracow by Austria.
1855. Death of Adam Mickiewicz.
1861. Species of autonomy granted to Austrian
1863-64. The second Polish Rising. [Poland.
1871. Opening of the Kulturkampf by Bismarck,
and persecution of the national Church
in Prussian Poland.
1885. Expulsion by Bismarck of forty thousand
Poles from Prussian Poland.
1886. The Colonisation Bill passed by the
Prussian Diet for the purchase and Ger-
manization of Polish land.
1908. Expropriation Bill passed by which the
Polish landowner in Prussian Poland is
forcibly evicted.
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? PRESS NOTICES OF
"ADAM MICKIEWICZ, THE NATIONAL
POET OF POLAND"
"Miss Gardner, a devoted and accomplished
student of Polish literature, has performed a con-
siderable service in making better known the life
and work of the most famous of Polish poets. His
pathetic story is told . . . with deep sympathy
by Miss Gardner. . . . Some of her prose render-
ings are of great beauty--often with the wild and
wayward beauty which we associate with Chopin. "
--Manchester Guardian.
"Miss Gardner gives us a remarkably true
picture of the relations between the poet and his
country. . . . Miss Gardner has realized fully
what she attempted, and indeed few countrymen
of the poet could perform the task better. "--
Cambridge Review.
"The work is so admirably done that it would
be welcome, though we had other biographies
or other critical appreciations of the Polish poet.
This remarkable work. . . . "--Tablet.
"This is the first attempt which has been
made in our language to capture the imagination
by a critical study of the fine character and high
achievements of Adam Mickiewicz. Miss Monica
Gardner writes exceedingly well--with know-
ledge, with sympathy, and with vision. "--
Standard.
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? 234 PRESS NOTICES
"Her sympathies with that oppressed nation-
ality, a sinister monument of the triumph of
might over right, and her understanding of the
Polish spirit, make her pages inspiring reading.
Her work will do much to make the fame of a
great poet, already well enough known on the
continent, spread into England. "--Month.
"One would have been grateful for a moderate
biography of Poland's national poet. Miss Gardner's
work merits a more distinguished adjective, and
therefore is doubly worthy of attention. . . She
explains his masterpieces with sympathy and
skill, giving at the same time workmanlike trans-
lations of the more famous passages. "--Athenceum.
"Miss Gardner has not given us a literary book
alone, but the story of a soul, and of a soul which
mirrored in itself the travail and agony of a
nation. . . . This vivid and sympathetic record
. . . . Miss Gardner has done no small service
in making his rare nature and gifts known to the
English world. "--Dublin Review.
"His life Miss Gardner has admirably described.
She is to be congratulated on the courage and
perseverance which have produced such a good
book on a subject which has been too long neg-
lected. "--Times.
"C'est, a notre connaissance, le premier livre
anglais qui traite avec tant d'ampleur et tant
de conscience une question d'histoire litteraire
polonaise. . . . Ce brillant coup d'essai. "--
Bulletin Polonais.
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? INDEX
ALBERT, of
Brandenburg, 229,
230
Alexander, I, of Russia,
Polish hopes of, 3,
4; his death, 4;
friendship with Adam
Czartoryski, 3, 4, 7;
illtreats Poland, 4, 5
Alexander, II, of Rus-
sia, his treatment of
Poland, 11-15; his
agreement with
Prussia, 12, 15
Andruszowo, Treaty of,
231
Augustus, III, 231
BAR, Confeder-
ation of, 89 and
n, 231
Batory, Stephen, 230
Bernhardi, 28
Bismarck, his influence
on Russia, 12; his
persecution of the
Poles, 14-17, 22, 232;
directs Kulturkampf,
16, 232; 19, 28
Bojan, in Spirit of the
Steppe, 202, 205,
206
Boleslaw, I, 228
Boleslaw, II, 228
Brzes'6 Union of, 230
Bulow, his anti-Polish
policy, 19, 20; his
insult to the Poles,
26
Byron, influence on
Mickiewicz, 51, 56,
62; 113; influence
on Slowacki, 176;
UjejsH's use of,
212, 213
CAESAR, Julius, in
Krasinski's theory,
146
Casimir, II, 228
Casimir, III, the Great,
229
Catherine, II, of Rus-
sia, 4, 104
Chocim, battle of, 230
Chodkiewicz, 230
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? 236
INDEX
Chopin, his national-
ism, 30, 31; friend-
ship with Delphina
Potocka, 146, 147,
147 n.
Colonization, Com-
mission of, 16-18,
20, 26, 232
Conrad, Duke of
Masovia, 228
Constantine, Grand
Duke, his treatment
of Poland, 4
Constitution of the
Third of May, 104 <<,
231
Copernicus, 229
Cracow, Free Republic
founded, 3, 232;
condition of Re-
public, 9, 10; head-
quarters of attempted
Rising, 10; annexed
by Austria, 10, 232;
bombarded by Aus-
tria, 10; 92, 96 n,
228, 229
Czarniecki, 151
Czartoryski, Adam,
friendship with
Alexander I, 4, 7;
in the Polish Emi-
gration, 7
Czenstochowa, out-
raged by William IPs
armies, 27, 96 n ; in
Tbaddeus, 96; in
Dawn,i$y, I53>>, 23l
DANTE, 112, 146,
147, 187
Danzig, 3, 229
Dombrowski, 103, 105
Domeyko, Ignacy,63,74
EXP ROPRI -
ATION, Law of,
18-21, 232
FREDERICK,
William, IV, of
Prussia, promises
Poles justice, 15
Frejend, 63, 64, 66
GALICIA, falls to
share of Austria, 3;
Austria's persecu-
tion of, 8, 9; at-
tempted insurrection
in, 9; massacres of,
9, 38, 163, 166, 168,
172, 208, 209, 215-
221, 232; autonomy
granted to, 10, 232;
229
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? INDEX
237
Gaszynski, Constantine,
Krasinski's letters
to, 31, 129, 144, 166,
! 74, l7S, }97', son-
net to his mother
and latter's death, 40
Gnesen, 16, 228
Gortchakov, his treat-
ment of the Poles,
11
Goszczynski, Severyn,
his Prayer of a Poet,
38
Grochow, battle of, 11
Grottger, 30
JADWIGA, Queen,
229
Jagiello, marriage with
Jadwiga, 229; dyn-
asty of, 88, 88 re, 203,
229, 230
Joachim, of Flora, 36
John Casimir, King of
Poland, 151, 153 re,
230
KALISZ, 27
Kallenbach, Dr. ,
on lhaddeus, 96, 100
Kingdom of Poland,
her foundation, 3, 4,
232; her organiza-
tion, 3, 4; Russia's
Kingdom, Poland--cont.
ill-treatment of, 4-7,
11-14, 107; her
name abolished by
Russia, 13
Klaczko, Julian, on the
Undivine Comedy,
115* I25
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus,
his Rising, 1, 30, 93,
232; 88
Kordecki, 231
Kowno, 46, 59
Krasinski, Vincent,
his part in the Polish
legions, 107; rela-
tions with his son,
107-110; attitude
before the Rising,
108; during the Ris-
ing, 109; relations
with Nicholas I, ib. ;
winter with son in
Petersburg, 127; 128
Krasinski, Zygmunt,
on the resurrection
of Poland, 31, 36, 37,
146, 174, 175; his
Temptation, 34, 127,
145; his Irydion, 34,
40, 41, 43, 112, 126-
145; his Summer
Night, 34, 145; 35;
? ? his Dawn, 36, 37,
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? 238 INDEX
Krasinski--continued KrasinsM--continued
112, 144-158, 170,
223; his teaching,
36, 37, 43, 44, in,
146,
174;
Good
121, 128, 145.
158, 162, 170,
his Psalm of
Will, 37, 38, 115,
168-172, 223; his
symbolization of Po-
land, 38, 204; his
grief for Poland, 40,
41, no, 112, 144,
145, 161; his Dream
of Cezara, 39; trag-
edy of position be-
tween patriotism and
filial allegiance, 40,
108-110, 113, 167;
moral influence, 43,
44; his Resurrec-
turis, 43, 112, 172-
174; birth, 107;
childhood, 107, 119;
rank as poet, 107,
ill, 176; episode
in University life,
108; leaves Poland,
108, 150; life at
Geneva and friend-
ship with Henry
Reeve, 108; position
during Rising, 109;
summary of life, 109-
iii; writes for Po-
land's sake, no, in,
158; his search for
light, in, 112, 145;
universal appeal of
his work, in, 148,
158; his sufferings,
in, 112, 126, 168,
174, 208; spiritual
wandering, 112, 144,
145, 147, 156, 157;
his spiritual victory,
112, 145, 156-158,
168, 174; his Psalms
of the Future, 112,
158, 159, 168, 223;
his Undivine Comedy,
112-126, 126 n, 130,
131, 143, 174; con-
ception of poet's call-
ing, 113-115; 113;
his style, 126, 152;
undaunted national
hope, 126, 166, 168,
174, 175; sadness
of poetry, 126, 161;
127; winter in
Petersburg, 127, 130;
temptation to hatred,
127-129, 144; let-
ter to Reeve, 128,
? ? 129; on Irydion, 129,
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? INDEX
239
Krasinski--continued
Mephistopheles, 133,
134; his Three
Thoughts, 145; his
logic, 145; his Bea-
trice, 146-155 ; his
Psalm of Faith, 159-
161; his Psalm of
Hope, 159, 161, 162;
his Psalm of Love,
159, 163-166; polit-
ical foresight, 163;
effect on him of Gal-
ician massacres, 166,
172 ; 167 ; his Psalm
of Grief, 167, 168;
173 n, 174 >>; summing
up of career, 174; on
Anhelli, 176, 177,
197; 208, 209
EDOCHOWSKI,
Cardinal, 16
Liberum Veto, 230
Lithuania, obtained by
Russia, 3; foundation
of its student societ-
ies, 4, 5, 46; perse-
cution of its youth,
5, 46, 49, 62-65, 74>
77, 82, 89; Murav-
iev's reign of terror
in, 13; Polish con-
quest of, 30, 229; in
Lithuania--continued
Mickiewicz's poetry,
34, 48, 51-55, 59,
60, 78, 83, 93-97,
99-103, 105; 39, 45,
89, 91, 94, 204, 205
Livonia, annexed by
Poland, 230; lost by
Poland to Sweden,
231
Louvain, 28
Lytton, Lord, 126 n.
Lw6w, obtained by
Poland, 229
MACIEJOW-
ICE, battle of, 1
Matejko, 30
Messianism, Polish,
35-39, 41* 77, 84,
87, 146, 154, 157,
165, 166, 178, 180,
198, 199, 223
Metternich, his treat-
ment of Austrian
Poland, 8, 9
Mickiewicz, Adam, his
imprisonment, 5, 46,
49, 59, 61-63, 74 5
exile, 5, 38-40, 43,
46, 49-52, 61, 90, 95-
97; his Ancestors, 5,
34, 39, 40, 48, 49,
? ? 59-84, 91-93, 223;
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? 240
INDEX
Mickiewicz--continued
25; conception of
Polish poets' voca-
tion, 33, 56, 114;
his Konrad Walien-
rod, 34, 50-56; 35;
his Books of the Polish
Pilgrimage, 37, 43,
84-90; his ideals for
the Polish Emigra-
tion, 37, 43, 44, 84-
86; his symboliza-
tion of Poland, 39,
77, 204; his grief
for Poland, 39-41, 57,
59, 61, 66, 67, 70,
90, 96; his domestic
troubles, 39, 84, 90;
his Book of the Polish
Nation, 41, 42; in-
fluence on Poland,
43, 44, 56, 84, 2? 9;
45; his rank in Po-
lish literature, 45,107,
in, 176; his life
devoted to Poland,
45, 46, 62, 84, 92;
love of his nation for
him, 45, 57, 84; char-
acter, 45, 50, 57, 84,
86, 90, 92, 97 ; birth,
45, 233 5 boyhood,
45, 46, 101, 102;
youth, 46, 59; his
Mickiewicz--continued
Ode to Youth, 46-
48; his. love for
Maryla, 48, 61, 62;
his Ballads and Graz-
yna, 48; life in Rus-
sia, 49-51, 55; friend-
ship with Russian
Liberals, 50; his To
my Russian Friends,
ib. ; his Crimean
Sonnets, 50, 51; his
Farys, 50; his word-
paintings of nature,
50, 93, 94, 99-101 5
his high morals, 55,
56; escape from
Russia, 55, 56; 57;
his To the Polish
Mother, 57-59; place
of intellect and'heart
in his scheme of
life, 57, 69; 58 n;
66; his Improvisa-
tion, 66-J2; 73 <<;
love for " Eva," 75 n,
76, 93. 5 under
Towianski's influ-
ence, 78, 91, 92;
78; his style, 78,
93, 99, 100, 105; his
genius silenced, 83,
91; life in Paris,
? ? 84, 90; his Chair at
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? INDEX
241
Mickiewicz--continued
Lausanne, 84, 90;
confidence in Poland's
resurrection, 85, 92;
his Ihaddeus, 90-106;
holds Chair in the
College de France,
90, 91; madness of
his wife, 90, 91; ex-
pelled from College
de France, 92; ab-
andons Towian-
ism, ib. ; organizes
Polish Legion in
Turkey, ib. ; death,
92, 232; grave, 92,
96 n; 96; his recol-
lections of 1812, 102,
103; 106; on the
Undivine Comedy,
112-115; 198; on
the Spirit of theSteppe,
207; 208; Ujejski's
poem on his death,
209, 210
Mickiewicz Ladislas,
70
Mieczyslaw, I, 228
Montalembert, 1
Muraviev, his persecu-
tion of Lithuania, 13
T^JA P O L E O N,
J. l| Bonaparte, Polish
Napoleon--continued
legions under, 2, 3,
6, 93, 94; betrays
Poland, 2; creates
Duchy of Warsaw,
2, 233; Polish hopes
of his Russian cam-
paign, 45, 94, 102;
64; 88 <<; passage
on him in Thaddeus,
101; 102, 106; in
Krasinski's theory,
146
Napoleon, III, relations
with Poland, 12, 78;
possibly foretold in
Ancestors, 78
Nicholas, I, of Russia,
4; his persecution
of Poland, 5-7, 72,
211; 108, 109, 127
Nicholas, II, of Russia,
6
Niemojowski, 181, 182
Norris, Frank, 210
Novosiltzov, his perse-
cution of Poland, 4,
5, 49; in Ancestors,
78, 81, 82
OLIWA, Treaty of,
231
Ordon, 6
? ?
? 224 POLAND
oh, Lord, that Thou shalt rule us as our
King. "
The Complaints of Jeremias touch the highest
point of Ujej ski's national aspirations, and
created a profound impression in his country.
Under the literary aspect, he showed himself here
as a master of lyrical form, whose love of music
gave his poetry a peculiar rhythmic charm. The
patriotic fire that trembles through these poems
never died. Using again the image of the chosen
race, in which so many of the Polish poets saw
the mystic counterpart of their own people,
Ujejski wrote his Biblical Melodies. Albeit the
subjects are scriptural, reading between the lines
and especially in Super Flumina Babylonis, we
know that the Polish singer is in reality writing
of no nation of the past, but of his Poland under
a veil, letting these lessons of fidelity to a national
cause, steadfastness under oppression, hope in the
future, speak for themselves.
But it would be a mistake to imagine that the
nature of Ujejski's patriotism is purely one of
resignation and passive endurance. There is a
strong martial side to it. The Angelus, peaceful
evening picture though it is, has yet a sterner and
a rugged colouring. The mists of the coming
night droop about the hamlet. Homing birds fly,
crying, to their nests. The peasant boy in the
hills is piping on his flute. Then the Angelus rings
out from the village church. The scent of the
flowers, the mist, the murmuring of the stream,
the clamour of the birds, the flute of the boy, all
join their voices in song and prayer. The sound
of the bell reaches the dead in their graves who
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? 7HE IDEALS OF KORNEL UJEJSKI 225
died for Poland, and they, too, pray. Then the
poet asks of fate that when he, in his turn, goes
down into his grave, after having sung to its
depths the sorrow of his nation, with his last
tears given to the mother earth he loved so well,
these same evening sounds may breathe over him,
as his dying lips repeat the Angelus.
"Let them lay me in my coffin on a bloody
shield. Let my songs of war murmur there around
me. Let me dream that, dying, I beheld an armed
people, radiant in their victory. "
Many years later, he prays that when he has
finished his work of song for his nation:
"May that beloved earth, that natal earth, fall
on my bosom as though she mourned for me. She
will not lie heavily on me who loved her. Softly
as a mother's hand, will she rest upon mine eyes. "
And he bids that his bones shall be laid in a
meadow that he knows, where, so popular tra-
dition has it, the sons of Poland fell in the past
fighting for their country, and where a legend
foretells that the final victory of Poland will be
fought. There, says the poet, spring blooms earlier,
the winds blow more freshly and more sweetly
than in any other spot. There, the ghosts of those
who gave up their lives for Poland hold nightly
procession.
"Bear me there. Lay my head there beneath
the turf. Let that great hope be my glory. I reck
not whether they bury me with lamenting and
with weeping; but let that mighty hope be my
death monument. "
"Oh, earth of my songs," cries the poet with
^'all the passion of the Pole for the soil. " Oh, thou
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? 226
POLAND
who art my mother! Thou, who dost lavish
comfort on thy faithful sons, thou wilt not drive
my yearning soul away from thee. "
There he will lie till above his head resounds
the clash of arms, and the peasants rise for Poland,
the nation battles for her freedom. In that day of
triumph, of a conflict such as the world has never
yet seen, in that day " I will arise again. "
The pastoral scenes that he has painted in the
Angelus were the setting of most of UjejsH's life.
He married in 1849, and, as he sings in a poem to
his wife, found in his happy marriage a refuge
from adversity. From that time he spent nearly
all of his tranquil days in the country, surrounded
by domestic joys, devoting himself to unwearied
labour for the welfare of the Galician peasants.
From his youth upwards their condition had
always been a subject dear to his heart. Their
poverty and misfortunes are the theme of more
than one of his poems, written to awake sympathy
for their lot. For the last seventeen years of his
life he wrote little. But his nation was never for-
gotten. Not long before his death, on the celebra-
tion of his poetical jubilee, he said that life had
deceived him, for it had given him what he had
neither sought nor wished, fame and honours,
but it had withheld from him the one desire of
his heart, the resurrection of Poland. His^place
in Polish literature is that of a greatr lyric poet,
and of a teacher who never ceased to urge the
youth of his nation towards the highest ideals,
personal and national, and to inspire them with
an evergreen hope for the restoration of their
beloved and oppressed nation. These two tenets
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? THE IDEALS OF KORNEL UJEJSK1 227
of hope and resurrection were his own cherished
and life-long beacon-lights. We may, indeed,
look upon them as being his last testament, the
last words by which he chose to be remembered.
For it was he who raised the inscription over the
gate of the country graveyard near his home,
where his dust was to lie: "They shall rest and
they shall rise. "
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? TABLE OF VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH
HISTORY
600. Birth of Cracow.
842. Foundation of the Piast dynasty, the
earliest line of Polish sovereigns.
963. Conversion to Christianity of Miecfcys-
law I. , which brings about the conversion
of Poland.
992-1025. Reign of Boleslaw I. He unites
Poland, is victorious over Bohemia, Ger-
many, and Russia, and establishes the
archbishopric of Gnesen.
1079. Murder by Boleslaw II. of St. Stanislas,
'Bishop of Cracow.
1139. Poland is divided into duchies.
iT77-U94- Reign of Casimir II. , the Just, who
reunites Poland, and founds the nucleus
of the Polish senate.
1194. Poland again divided into duchies.
1226. Rise of the Teutonic Knights in Polish
history. Summoned by Conrad, Duke of
Masovia, to assist him against Prussia,
they become the deadliest enemies of
Poland and the founders of modern
Prussia.
1241. First of the Tartar invasions that ravage
Poland for centuries and against which
she stands as the bulwark of Christendom.
1295. Poland is again a kingdom.
1331. First general Diet.
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? VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH HISTORT 229
1333. Accession of Casimir III. , the Great,
whose reign ushers in the golden period
of Polish history, and confers peace and
prosperity on the nation.
1335. Silesia ceded to Bohemia. *
1340. Lw6w and Red Ruthenia (Eastern Galicia)
united to the Polish crown.
1343. Pomerania with Danzig ceded to the
Teutonic Knights.
1347. Statute of Wislica which codifies Polish
laws.
1352. Volhynia annexed by Poland.
1364. Foundation of the University of Cracow.
1370. Extinction of the Piast dynasty with the
death of Casimir III.
1386. The marriage of Jadwiga, Queen of
Poland, with Jagiello, Prince of Lithuania,
unites Lithuania and Ruthenia to Poland,
which latter consequently becomes the
greatest state in Eastern Europe. The
Jagiello dynasty is thus founded.
1410. Victory over the Teutonic Knights at
Granwald which has remained one of the
favourite episodes of Polish history.
1466. Peace of Thorn between Poland and the
Teutonic Knights. Western Prussia with
Danzig revert to Poland, the Teutonic
Knights retaining Eastern Prussia as a
fief under the Polish King.
1473. Birth of Copernicus.
1525. Albert of Brandenburg, Grand Master of
* With the exception of two of its duchies that the Poles re-
gained in the fifteenth century, Silesia never returned to Poland.
But to this day a large Polish population is to be found in Silesia
who have remained faithful to their language and their origin.
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? 230 POLAND
the Teutonic Knights, having embraced
Lutheranism, retains Eastern Prussia as
a secular and hereditary state held under
the Polish crown.
1561. Livonia passes to Poland.
1572. Death of Sigismund II. Augustus closes
the Jagiello line, and from being nominally,
the Polish crown becomes practically,
elective.
1574. The Pacta Conventa are drawn up by
which the rule of the state passes from the
hands of the king to those of the nation.
, 15 76-15 86. Reign of Stephen Batory strengthens
Poland. He organizes the Cossacks as a
defence to the Polish frontiers, and is
victorious over Russia and the Turks.
1587. Opening of the Vasa dynasty with the
accession of Sigismund III. , in whose
reign Warsaw becomes the capital and
wars are waged with Sweden, Russia,
Tartars, and Turks.
1595. Union of Brzes6, which unites the Greek
Church of Ruthenia to that of Rome, and
is the origin of the Ruthenian Uniates.
1621. Victory under Chodkiewicz over Turks
and Tartars at Chocim.
1648. Beginning of the Cossack revolt against
Poland.
1648. The disastrous reign of John Casimir
begins during which Poland fights Tar-
tars, Cossacks, Sweden, Russia, and Prussia.
1652. First exercise of the liberum veto by which
at the word of a single deputy the Polish
Diet could be dissolved.
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? VARIOUS DATES IN POLISH HISTORT 231
1655. Repulse of the Swedes at Czenstochowa
by the prior Kordecki, which saves the
whole of Poland.
1660. Treaty of Oliwa, by which Poland yields
most of Livonia to Sweden, and Prussia
formally renounces allegiance to Poland.
^1667. Treaty of Andruszowo, by which Smol-
ensk, Kiev and the left bank of the Dnieper
pass to Russia, and Poland loses her
suzerainty over the Cossacks.
1673. Victory under John Sobieski over the
Turks at Chocim.
1674. Accession of John Sobieski.
1683.
Sobieski delivers Vienna and the whole
of Christendom from the Turks.
1697-1763. Decay of Poland under the rule of
the Electors of Saxony.
1763. With the death of Augustus III. the
struggle for Poland's existence against
Russia, Prussia, and Austria enters its
acute stage.
1764. Accession of Stanislas PoniatowsH, last
King of Poland.
1768-1772. Confederation of Bar, led by the
PulawsHs, fights against Russia in defence
of the national liberty and religion.
1772. First partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1788-1791. The Four Years' Diet, held in what
remained of independent Poland.
1791. On the third of May the Polish Diet
passes the Liberal Constitution of Poland.
1793. Second partition of Poland between
Russia and Prussia.
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? 232 POLAND
1794. Rising led by Kosciuszko for the national
independence.
1794. Defeat at Maciejowice, at which Kos-
ciuszko is taken prisoner, massacre of
Praga, and capture of Warsaw by Suvorov.
1795. Third partition of Poland between Russia,
Prussia, and Austria.
1798. Birth of Adam Mickiewicz.
1807. Treaty of Tilsit, by which Napoleon
creates the Duchy of Warsaw.
1815. Treaty of Vienna, by which Poland is re-
divided between Austria, Russia, and
Prussia; autonomous Kingdom of Poland
under Russia guaranteed; and the Free
Republic of Cracow established.
1830. The first Polish Rising.
1831. Warsaw is taken by the Russians and the
Rising ends.
1846. The Galician massacres.
1846. Annexation of Cracow by Austria.
1855. Death of Adam Mickiewicz.
1861. Species of autonomy granted to Austrian
1863-64. The second Polish Rising. [Poland.
1871. Opening of the Kulturkampf by Bismarck,
and persecution of the national Church
in Prussian Poland.
1885. Expulsion by Bismarck of forty thousand
Poles from Prussian Poland.
1886. The Colonisation Bill passed by the
Prussian Diet for the purchase and Ger-
manization of Polish land.
1908. Expropriation Bill passed by which the
Polish landowner in Prussian Poland is
forcibly evicted.
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? PRESS NOTICES OF
"ADAM MICKIEWICZ, THE NATIONAL
POET OF POLAND"
"Miss Gardner, a devoted and accomplished
student of Polish literature, has performed a con-
siderable service in making better known the life
and work of the most famous of Polish poets. His
pathetic story is told . . . with deep sympathy
by Miss Gardner. . . . Some of her prose render-
ings are of great beauty--often with the wild and
wayward beauty which we associate with Chopin. "
--Manchester Guardian.
"Miss Gardner gives us a remarkably true
picture of the relations between the poet and his
country. . . . Miss Gardner has realized fully
what she attempted, and indeed few countrymen
of the poet could perform the task better. "--
Cambridge Review.
"The work is so admirably done that it would
be welcome, though we had other biographies
or other critical appreciations of the Polish poet.
This remarkable work. . . . "--Tablet.
"This is the first attempt which has been
made in our language to capture the imagination
by a critical study of the fine character and high
achievements of Adam Mickiewicz. Miss Monica
Gardner writes exceedingly well--with know-
ledge, with sympathy, and with vision. "--
Standard.
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? 234 PRESS NOTICES
"Her sympathies with that oppressed nation-
ality, a sinister monument of the triumph of
might over right, and her understanding of the
Polish spirit, make her pages inspiring reading.
Her work will do much to make the fame of a
great poet, already well enough known on the
continent, spread into England. "--Month.
"One would have been grateful for a moderate
biography of Poland's national poet. Miss Gardner's
work merits a more distinguished adjective, and
therefore is doubly worthy of attention. . . She
explains his masterpieces with sympathy and
skill, giving at the same time workmanlike trans-
lations of the more famous passages. "--Athenceum.
"Miss Gardner has not given us a literary book
alone, but the story of a soul, and of a soul which
mirrored in itself the travail and agony of a
nation. . . . This vivid and sympathetic record
. . . . Miss Gardner has done no small service
in making his rare nature and gifts known to the
English world. "--Dublin Review.
"His life Miss Gardner has admirably described.
She is to be congratulated on the courage and
perseverance which have produced such a good
book on a subject which has been too long neg-
lected. "--Times.
"C'est, a notre connaissance, le premier livre
anglais qui traite avec tant d'ampleur et tant
de conscience une question d'histoire litteraire
polonaise. . . . Ce brillant coup d'essai. "--
Bulletin Polonais.
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? INDEX
ALBERT, of
Brandenburg, 229,
230
Alexander, I, of Russia,
Polish hopes of, 3,
4; his death, 4;
friendship with Adam
Czartoryski, 3, 4, 7;
illtreats Poland, 4, 5
Alexander, II, of Rus-
sia, his treatment of
Poland, 11-15; his
agreement with
Prussia, 12, 15
Andruszowo, Treaty of,
231
Augustus, III, 231
BAR, Confeder-
ation of, 89 and
n, 231
Batory, Stephen, 230
Bernhardi, 28
Bismarck, his influence
on Russia, 12; his
persecution of the
Poles, 14-17, 22, 232;
directs Kulturkampf,
16, 232; 19, 28
Bojan, in Spirit of the
Steppe, 202, 205,
206
Boleslaw, I, 228
Boleslaw, II, 228
Brzes'6 Union of, 230
Bulow, his anti-Polish
policy, 19, 20; his
insult to the Poles,
26
Byron, influence on
Mickiewicz, 51, 56,
62; 113; influence
on Slowacki, 176;
UjejsH's use of,
212, 213
CAESAR, Julius, in
Krasinski's theory,
146
Casimir, II, 228
Casimir, III, the Great,
229
Catherine, II, of Rus-
sia, 4, 104
Chocim, battle of, 230
Chodkiewicz, 230
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? 236
INDEX
Chopin, his national-
ism, 30, 31; friend-
ship with Delphina
Potocka, 146, 147,
147 n.
Colonization, Com-
mission of, 16-18,
20, 26, 232
Conrad, Duke of
Masovia, 228
Constantine, Grand
Duke, his treatment
of Poland, 4
Constitution of the
Third of May, 104 <<,
231
Copernicus, 229
Cracow, Free Republic
founded, 3, 232;
condition of Re-
public, 9, 10; head-
quarters of attempted
Rising, 10; annexed
by Austria, 10, 232;
bombarded by Aus-
tria, 10; 92, 96 n,
228, 229
Czarniecki, 151
Czartoryski, Adam,
friendship with
Alexander I, 4, 7;
in the Polish Emi-
gration, 7
Czenstochowa, out-
raged by William IPs
armies, 27, 96 n ; in
Tbaddeus, 96; in
Dawn,i$y, I53>>, 23l
DANTE, 112, 146,
147, 187
Danzig, 3, 229
Dombrowski, 103, 105
Domeyko, Ignacy,63,74
EXP ROPRI -
ATION, Law of,
18-21, 232
FREDERICK,
William, IV, of
Prussia, promises
Poles justice, 15
Frejend, 63, 64, 66
GALICIA, falls to
share of Austria, 3;
Austria's persecu-
tion of, 8, 9; at-
tempted insurrection
in, 9; massacres of,
9, 38, 163, 166, 168,
172, 208, 209, 215-
221, 232; autonomy
granted to, 10, 232;
229
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? INDEX
237
Gaszynski, Constantine,
Krasinski's letters
to, 31, 129, 144, 166,
! 74, l7S, }97', son-
net to his mother
and latter's death, 40
Gnesen, 16, 228
Gortchakov, his treat-
ment of the Poles,
11
Goszczynski, Severyn,
his Prayer of a Poet,
38
Grochow, battle of, 11
Grottger, 30
JADWIGA, Queen,
229
Jagiello, marriage with
Jadwiga, 229; dyn-
asty of, 88, 88 re, 203,
229, 230
Joachim, of Flora, 36
John Casimir, King of
Poland, 151, 153 re,
230
KALISZ, 27
Kallenbach, Dr. ,
on lhaddeus, 96, 100
Kingdom of Poland,
her foundation, 3, 4,
232; her organiza-
tion, 3, 4; Russia's
Kingdom, Poland--cont.
ill-treatment of, 4-7,
11-14, 107; her
name abolished by
Russia, 13
Klaczko, Julian, on the
Undivine Comedy,
115* I25
Kosciuszko, Thaddeus,
his Rising, 1, 30, 93,
232; 88
Kordecki, 231
Kowno, 46, 59
Krasinski, Vincent,
his part in the Polish
legions, 107; rela-
tions with his son,
107-110; attitude
before the Rising,
108; during the Ris-
ing, 109; relations
with Nicholas I, ib. ;
winter with son in
Petersburg, 127; 128
Krasinski, Zygmunt,
on the resurrection
of Poland, 31, 36, 37,
146, 174, 175; his
Temptation, 34, 127,
145; his Irydion, 34,
40, 41, 43, 112, 126-
145; his Summer
Night, 34, 145; 35;
? ? his Dawn, 36, 37,
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? 238 INDEX
Krasinski--continued KrasinsM--continued
112, 144-158, 170,
223; his teaching,
36, 37, 43, 44, in,
146,
174;
Good
121, 128, 145.
158, 162, 170,
his Psalm of
Will, 37, 38, 115,
168-172, 223; his
symbolization of Po-
land, 38, 204; his
grief for Poland, 40,
41, no, 112, 144,
145, 161; his Dream
of Cezara, 39; trag-
edy of position be-
tween patriotism and
filial allegiance, 40,
108-110, 113, 167;
moral influence, 43,
44; his Resurrec-
turis, 43, 112, 172-
174; birth, 107;
childhood, 107, 119;
rank as poet, 107,
ill, 176; episode
in University life,
108; leaves Poland,
108, 150; life at
Geneva and friend-
ship with Henry
Reeve, 108; position
during Rising, 109;
summary of life, 109-
iii; writes for Po-
land's sake, no, in,
158; his search for
light, in, 112, 145;
universal appeal of
his work, in, 148,
158; his sufferings,
in, 112, 126, 168,
174, 208; spiritual
wandering, 112, 144,
145, 147, 156, 157;
his spiritual victory,
112, 145, 156-158,
168, 174; his Psalms
of the Future, 112,
158, 159, 168, 223;
his Undivine Comedy,
112-126, 126 n, 130,
131, 143, 174; con-
ception of poet's call-
ing, 113-115; 113;
his style, 126, 152;
undaunted national
hope, 126, 166, 168,
174, 175; sadness
of poetry, 126, 161;
127; winter in
Petersburg, 127, 130;
temptation to hatred,
127-129, 144; let-
ter to Reeve, 128,
? ? 129; on Irydion, 129,
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? INDEX
239
Krasinski--continued
Mephistopheles, 133,
134; his Three
Thoughts, 145; his
logic, 145; his Bea-
trice, 146-155 ; his
Psalm of Faith, 159-
161; his Psalm of
Hope, 159, 161, 162;
his Psalm of Love,
159, 163-166; polit-
ical foresight, 163;
effect on him of Gal-
ician massacres, 166,
172 ; 167 ; his Psalm
of Grief, 167, 168;
173 n, 174 >>; summing
up of career, 174; on
Anhelli, 176, 177,
197; 208, 209
EDOCHOWSKI,
Cardinal, 16
Liberum Veto, 230
Lithuania, obtained by
Russia, 3; foundation
of its student societ-
ies, 4, 5, 46; perse-
cution of its youth,
5, 46, 49, 62-65, 74>
77, 82, 89; Murav-
iev's reign of terror
in, 13; Polish con-
quest of, 30, 229; in
Lithuania--continued
Mickiewicz's poetry,
34, 48, 51-55, 59,
60, 78, 83, 93-97,
99-103, 105; 39, 45,
89, 91, 94, 204, 205
Livonia, annexed by
Poland, 230; lost by
Poland to Sweden,
231
Louvain, 28
Lytton, Lord, 126 n.
Lw6w, obtained by
Poland, 229
MACIEJOW-
ICE, battle of, 1
Matejko, 30
Messianism, Polish,
35-39, 41* 77, 84,
87, 146, 154, 157,
165, 166, 178, 180,
198, 199, 223
Metternich, his treat-
ment of Austrian
Poland, 8, 9
Mickiewicz, Adam, his
imprisonment, 5, 46,
49, 59, 61-63, 74 5
exile, 5, 38-40, 43,
46, 49-52, 61, 90, 95-
97; his Ancestors, 5,
34, 39, 40, 48, 49,
? ? 59-84, 91-93, 223;
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? 240
INDEX
Mickiewicz--continued
25; conception of
Polish poets' voca-
tion, 33, 56, 114;
his Konrad Walien-
rod, 34, 50-56; 35;
his Books of the Polish
Pilgrimage, 37, 43,
84-90; his ideals for
the Polish Emigra-
tion, 37, 43, 44, 84-
86; his symboliza-
tion of Poland, 39,
77, 204; his grief
for Poland, 39-41, 57,
59, 61, 66, 67, 70,
90, 96; his domestic
troubles, 39, 84, 90;
his Book of the Polish
Nation, 41, 42; in-
fluence on Poland,
43, 44, 56, 84, 2? 9;
45; his rank in Po-
lish literature, 45,107,
in, 176; his life
devoted to Poland,
45, 46, 62, 84, 92;
love of his nation for
him, 45, 57, 84; char-
acter, 45, 50, 57, 84,
86, 90, 92, 97 ; birth,
45, 233 5 boyhood,
45, 46, 101, 102;
youth, 46, 59; his
Mickiewicz--continued
Ode to Youth, 46-
48; his. love for
Maryla, 48, 61, 62;
his Ballads and Graz-
yna, 48; life in Rus-
sia, 49-51, 55; friend-
ship with Russian
Liberals, 50; his To
my Russian Friends,
ib. ; his Crimean
Sonnets, 50, 51; his
Farys, 50; his word-
paintings of nature,
50, 93, 94, 99-101 5
his high morals, 55,
56; escape from
Russia, 55, 56; 57;
his To the Polish
Mother, 57-59; place
of intellect and'heart
in his scheme of
life, 57, 69; 58 n;
66; his Improvisa-
tion, 66-J2; 73 <<;
love for " Eva," 75 n,
76, 93. 5 under
Towianski's influ-
ence, 78, 91, 92;
78; his style, 78,
93, 99, 100, 105; his
genius silenced, 83,
91; life in Paris,
? ? 84, 90; his Chair at
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? INDEX
241
Mickiewicz--continued
Lausanne, 84, 90;
confidence in Poland's
resurrection, 85, 92;
his Ihaddeus, 90-106;
holds Chair in the
College de France,
90, 91; madness of
his wife, 90, 91; ex-
pelled from College
de France, 92; ab-
andons Towian-
ism, ib. ; organizes
Polish Legion in
Turkey, ib. ; death,
92, 232; grave, 92,
96 n; 96; his recol-
lections of 1812, 102,
103; 106; on the
Undivine Comedy,
112-115; 198; on
the Spirit of theSteppe,
207; 208; Ujejski's
poem on his death,
209, 210
Mickiewicz Ladislas,
70
Mieczyslaw, I, 228
Montalembert, 1
Muraviev, his persecu-
tion of Lithuania, 13
T^JA P O L E O N,
J. l| Bonaparte, Polish
Napoleon--continued
legions under, 2, 3,
6, 93, 94; betrays
Poland, 2; creates
Duchy of Warsaw,
2, 233; Polish hopes
of his Russian cam-
paign, 45, 94, 102;
64; 88 <<; passage
on him in Thaddeus,
101; 102, 106; in
Krasinski's theory,
146
Napoleon, III, relations
with Poland, 12, 78;
possibly foretold in
Ancestors, 78
Nicholas, I, of Russia,
4; his persecution
of Poland, 5-7, 72,
211; 108, 109, 127
Nicholas, II, of Russia,
6
Niemojowski, 181, 182
Norris, Frank, 210
Novosiltzov, his perse-
cution of Poland, 4,
5, 49; in Ancestors,
78, 81, 82
OLIWA, Treaty of,
231
Ordon, 6
? ?
