Notable among
his works are: (Tales and Legends of the
North-American Indians) (1871); (American
Sketches) (1876); “Longfellow) (1879); (From
the Wigwam (1880); “Indian Legends); 'Pict-
ures of American Life) (1884).
his works are: (Tales and Legends of the
North-American Indians) (1871); (American
Sketches) (1876); “Longfellow) (1879); (From
the Wigwam (1880); “Indian Legends); 'Pict-
ures of American Life) (1884).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
A German dram-
atist and novelist; born at Prague, 1834; died
at Vienna, Feb. 25, 1888. He was a successful
writer of comedies, of which one of the best
known was Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern)
(1878). Others were: “The Blank Lottery);
(Miss Councillor of Commerce. (The Bank
Barons) (2 vols. , 1877) deserves mention.
Klaproth, Heinrich Julius von (kläp'rot).
A celebrated German Orientalist; born in Ber-
lin, Oct. 11, 1783; died in Paris, Aug. 20, 1835.
He was sent by the Russian government on
a mission to Central Asia, and acquired valua-
ble information concerning Oriental languages
and customs. In 1815 he took up his residence
at Paris, at the same time holding a nomi-
nal professorship at the University of Berlin.
Among his numerous works may be noticed :
( Travels in Caucasus and Georgia) (1812-14);
(Geographico-Historical Description of Eastern
Caucasus) (1814); (Asia Polyglotto) (1823-29);
(Historical View of Asia) (1824).
Klein, Julius Leopold (klin). A German
dramatist and dramatic historian; born at Mis-
kolcz, Hungary, 1810; died at Berlin, Aug. 2,
1876. Prominent among his dramas were the
historical tragedies (Marie de Médicis) (1841;
second part, "Luines, 1842); «Zenobia (1847);
(Strafford (1862): among his comedies, “The
Duchess) (1848); (A Protégé) (1850); Vol-
taire) (1862). Of his dramatic work, it has
been said that it shows him to be a man of
talent working by a mistaken method. His
celebrated History of the Drama) (13 vols. ,
1865-76; index 1886) -- a production of vast scope,
research, and industry -- aimed to give the dra-
matic history of all peoples, but was unfinished
at death.
Kleinpaul, Rudolph (klin'poul). A German
miscellaneous writer; born at Grossgrabe, near
Kamentz, March 9, 1845. He wrote several in-
teresting volumes of travel in Egypt, Italy, and
along the shores of the Mediterranean, of which
(Crucify Him! Adventures of Italian Travel
reached a second edition in 1882. The drama
(The Abduction of the Princes'appeared in 1884.
Kleist, Ewald Christian von (klist). A
German poet; born at Zeblin, Pomerania,
March 7, 1715; died at Frankfort on the Oder,
Aug. 24, 1759. His fame rests upon the poem
(Spring) (1749), which contains description
eminently true to nature, together with an ele-
ment of melancholy; this trait marks also his
odes, elegies, songs, etc. His second-best poem
was the little martial epic 'Cissides and Paches,'
breathing patriotism from every line. A lover
of nature, he was an ardent admirer of the
English poet Thomson. His idyls belong to his
best work.
Kleist, Heinrich von. A German poet ; born
at Frankfort on the Oder, Oct. 18, 1777 ; died at
Wannsee, near Potsdam, Nov. 21, 1811. His
dramas rival those of Goethe and Schiller. The
best are: "Penthesilea) (1808), a tragedy ;
(Kitty of Heilbronn) (1810); 'The Prince of
Homburg) (1821) ;(Hermann's Battle) (1821), -
the last two being his masterpieces; the comedy
(The Broken Jug' (1812). Though known
chiefly as a dramatic poet, he wrote also lyrical
verse that made a deep and lasting impression.
His fine prose story (Michael Kohlhaas, to-
gether with others, all showing marked ability,
appeared in (Tales) (2 vols. , 1810-11). His
fame did not come till after his death. ('Works,
Stuttgart, 1885. ) *
Klemm, Friedrich Gustav (klem). A Ger-
man librarian and historian; born at Chemnitz,
Nov. 12, 1802; died at Dresden, Aug. 26, 1867.
Having studied in Leipsic, he settled in 1825
in Dresden, where he became royal librarian
(1852), retaining that post until 1864. Of special
value are his historical works, such as : Attila
according to History, Sagas, and Legends)
(
:
## p. 308 (#324) ############################################
308
KLICPERA - KNEELAND
(1825); History of Bavaria) (1828); (Hand-
book of German Archäology) (1835); Italica)
(1839), Italian travels; (General History of
Civilization (10 vols. , 1843-52); “Science of Civ-
ilization) (1854-55); (Women) (6 vols. , 1854-59).
Klicpera, Václav Kliment (klich'pe-rä). A
Czech poet and novelist; born at Chlumec,
Bohemia, 1792 ; died at Prague, 1859. He wrote
in a style that was picturesque, but occasionally
somewhat coarse. Of a large number of dramas,
the tragedy (Sobeslav); and the comedies (The
Magic Hat, « Ziska's Sword, (The Liar, (The
Comedy on the Bridge,' were successful. Among
his novels may be named (Tocnik) and “Vil-
kovic. He wrote also patriotic verse, etc.
("Works, 1864. )
Klingemann, Ernst August Friedrich
(kling'e-män). A German dramatist ; born at
Brunswick, Aug. 31, 1777; died there, Jan. 25,
1831. His model was Schiller, and so success-
ful in their day were his dramas, that for years
his name and Schiller's were coupled in popu-
lar speech. Among his works were: (Mar-
tin Luther); (Cromwell); (German Faith);
(Faust. When belonging to the management
of the Brunswick Court Theatre, he was the
first to produce, though sorely against his will,
Goethe's Faust! (1829). (“Works, 2 vols. ,
1817-18. )
Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von (kling'.
er). A German poet and novelist; born at
Frankfort on the Main, Feb. 17, 1752; died
at Dorpat, Feb. 25, 1831. Among his earlier
dramas, including “The Twins) (1776), (Otto)
(1781), (The Suffering Wife, etc. , was (Sturm
und Drang) (Storm and Stress : 1776), which
gave its celebrated name to that period of Ger-
man literature. He was called at the time he
wrote it a “Shakespeare gone mad, and he
himself referred in later life to his early pro-
ductions as (explosions of youthful brains
and ill-humor. ) From them his evolution was
toward moderation and restraint. Of his novels,
best known was the gloomy (Faust's Life, Deeds,
and Journey to Hell? (1791); unless indeed
(The Worldling and the Poet! (1798), consist-
ing of psychological dialogues on the contrast
between the actual and the ideal world, were
its successful competitor. Reflections and
Thoughts on Various Subjects of the World and
Literature) (3 vols. , 1802-5) may also be men-
tioned. Early left an orphan in wretched cir-
cumstances, after various vicissitudes he entered
the service of Russia, where he rose to high
position. (Latest edition of his works, 1841. )
Klonowicz, Sebastián Fabián (klo-nö'vich).
A Neo-Latin and Polish poet; born at Sul-
mierzyce, about 1545; died at Lublin, Aug. 29,
1602. His chief work, (Roxolania) (1584), was
a description in verse of the country and peo-
ple of Red Russia (eastern Galicia). The
didactic poem “The Victory of the Gods)
(1595), also in Latin, and directed against the
privileges of birth and other wrongs, contained
fine passages, but was too long. (Flis) (The
Waterman: 1595), a Polish poem, described
transportation down the Vistula from War-
saw to Dantzic. Judas's Purse) (1600) was a
sharp, satirical poem, directed against theft,
hypocrisy, etc.
Klopp, Onno (klõp). A German historian;
born in Leer, 1822. For a number of years
he was a teacher in the gymnasium at Osna-
brück, and later became a close friend of
George V. of Hanover. A strong anti-Prussian
tendency is the only blemish in a series of
remarkable historical productions, such as a
(History of East Friesland) (1854-58); King
Frederick of Prussia and the German Nation
(2d ed. 1867); (Tilly in the Thirty Years' War)
(1861); (The Fall of the House of Stuart) (14
vols. , 1875-87); (The Thirty Years' War to the
Death of Gustavus Adolphus) (1891).
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (klop'stok).
A celebrated German poet; born at Quedlin-
burg, 1724; died at Hamburg, 1803. In free-
ing German poetry from the exclusive reign of
the Alexandrine verse, he was the founder of
a new era in German literature. His great epic
(Messiah) (1748–73), at first partly written in
prose and changed afterward to hexameters,
made him famous; its effect on German thought
was great, and its influence can be traced down
succeeding German literature. His most fin-
ished work, however, was doubtless his (Odes,
which represent intellectual originality and truth.
Even Schiller and Goethe were artistically in-
debted to him. His dramas were of less worth.
("Works, 1879. ) *
Knapp, Albert (knäp). A German religious
poet; born July 25, 1798; died June 18, 1864.
Many of his hymns can be found in the man-
ual (Christoterpe) (1833-53), a collection which
had previously appeared in small volumes, one
issued each year. His Evangelical Treasury
of Songs for Church and Home (1837; 3d ed.
1865) was taken from the liturgies and hymns
of all Christian countries. He gave great im-
petus to the poetry of devotion in Germany.
Knapp, Arthur May. An American Uni-
tarian divine and writer of travels; born in
Massachusetts, 1841. His home is at Fall River,
Mass. He has written (Feudal and Modern
Japan.
Knapp, Samuel Lorenzo. An American mis-
cellaneous writer; born in Newburyport, Mass. ,
1783; died in Hopkinton, Mass. , 1838. He at.
tained to eminence in law; was editor of the
Boston Gazette and the Boston Monthly Mag-
azine. His works, chiefly biographical, include
(Travels in North America by Ali Béy) (1818);
(Memoirs of General Lafayette) (1824); Lect-
ures on American Literature) (1829); (Lives)
of Daniel Webster, Aaron Burr, and Andrew
Jackson. He edited (The Library of American
History) (1837).
Kneeland, Samuel. An American miscel-
laneous writer and naturalist; born in Boston,
Mass. , 1821 ; died 1888. He was a member of
numerous scientific societies, and has contrib-
uted many articles to medical literature. In
## p. 309 (#325) ############################################
KNIASHNIN - KNOWLES
309
addition to editing (The Annual of Scientific
Discovery) (1886-89), a translation of "Andry's
Diseases of the Heart) (1847), and Smith's
(History of the Human Species,' he wrote
(Science and Mechanism (1854); "The Won-
ders of the Yosemite Valley and of California)
(1871); and (An American in Iceland) (1876).
Kniashnin, Jakov Borissovitch (knē-azh'-
nēn). A Russian poet; born at Pskov, 1742;
died at St. Petersburg, 1791. In his tragedies,
"Dido, (Roslav,' etc. , he tried to imitate Cor-
neille. Vladimir (1793), another tragedy, was
destroyed by order of Catherine II. as imperil.
ing public safety. Of his comedies, two, (The
Queer Fellows) and (The Boaster,' are excel.
lent pieces of work. He wrote also odes,
satires, songs, fables, and other minor poems.
("Works, 2 vols. , 1842. )
Kniaznin, Franciszek Dionizy (knē-azh'-
nên). A Polish poet; born at Witebsk, 1750;
died at Konskawola, 1807. He may be styled
the herald of romanticism in Poland. His
works consisted of lyrics, dramas, and numer-
ous occasional pieces. Among them were the
drama (Spartan Mother, and the tragedy (The-
mistocles, also the opera (The Gipsies. He
translated into Polish some of La Fontaine's
fables. (Works, 7 vols. , 1828. )
Knigge, Adolf Franz Heinrich von, Baron
(knigʻė). A German miscellaneous writer; born
at Bredenbeck, near Hanover, Oct. 16, 1752 ;
died at Bremen, May 6, 1796. The most im-
portant of his works, (On Converse with Men'
(2 vols. , 1788), gave maxims and rules for the
conduct of life, of which it showed profound
knowledge. (The Journey to Brunswick) (1839,
illustrated) was a humorous novel, and has fre-
quently been reprinted. (The Romance of My
Life) (4 vols. , 1781; new ed. 1805) has been a
great favorite. He was one of the “Illumi-
nati"); and published a defense of Illuminism
in his adept's-name “Philo. ” ((Works, 12
vols. , 1804-06. )
Knight, Charles. An English miscellaneous
writer and publisher; born at Windsor, 1791 ;
died at Addlestone, Surrey, 1873. His life was
one of wide activity and increasingly great
usefulness to his country, from the time when
he became publisher of The Etonian for Praed,
Macaulay, Nelson Coleridge, etc. , while they
were students at Eton. He was editor of
Knight's Quarterly Magazine ; superintendent
of publications to the famous Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; publisher of
the Library of Entertaining Knowledge, in
which he wrote several volumes; publisher of
the Penny Magazine (1832) and of the Penny
Cyclopædia (1833). His great work was the
Popular History of England) (8 vols. , 1854-
61), a monument of research, breadth of view,
and devotion to the people. His autobiogra-
phy,“ Passages from a Working Life) (3 vols. ,
1864-65), is one of the most interesting of books.
His Pictorial Shakespeare) (8 vols. , 1839-41),
which he himself probably considered the
work of his life, served a good end; and (The
Shadows of the Old Booksellers) (1865) is a
gem of its kind. He wrote also a historical
novel entitled “Begg’d at Court) (1868).
Knight, Francis Arnold. An English writer
on country life; born at Gloucester, 1852. A
regular contributor, mainly on natural-history
subjects, to the Daily News, Speaker, Spectator,
and other periodicals, he has published four
volumes of essays, entitled By Leafy Ways';
(Idylls of the Field); (Rambles of a Dominie);
(By Moorland and Sea. '
Knight, William Angus. A Scotch philo-
sophical writer and littérateur ; born at Mord-
ington, Berwickshire, Feb. 22, 1836.
He has
been professor of philosophy at the University
of St. Andrews since 1876, and made valuable
additions to philosophical and general liter-
ature. Among numerous publications may be
noticed : Poems from the Dawn of English
Literature to the Year 1699) (1863); “Colloquia
Peripatetica' (1870); “Studies in Philosophy and
Literature) (1879); Memorials of Colenton)
(1887); “Wordsworth's Prose) (1893); (Aspects
of Theism (1894). He has also been the
editor of Philosophical Classics for English
Readers) (15 vols. , 1880-90), and University
Extension Manuals) (18 vols. , 1891-94).
Knorring, Soia Margarete von (knor'ing).
A Swedish novelist; born Sept. 29, 1797 ; died
Feb. 13, 1848. Unlike Fredrika Bremer, who
described middle-class life, she was the novel.
ist of Swedish society; seeing its follies and
frivolities indeed, but lacking that power of
satire which makes, for instance, Thackeray's
handling of similar material so effective. Vivid
and graceful, she wanted simplicity and out-
spokenness. Her best works were :'Kusinerna);
(Axel); Class Parallels); (A Peasant and his
Surroundings,' the only novel in which she
treats of middle or lower class life.
Knortz, Karl (knorts). A German-American
miscellaneous writer; born at Garbenheim, near
Wetzlar, Aug. 28, 1841. Has resided since 1863
in the United States, where he bends his efforts
to upholding German interests.
Notable among
his works are: (Tales and Legends of the
North-American Indians) (1871); (American
Sketches) (1876); “Longfellow) (1879); (From
the Wigwam (1880); “Indian Legends); 'Pict-
ures of American Life) (1884). With Dick-
mann (1880) he collaborated on Modern Amer-
ican Lyrics.
Knowles, Herbert. An English poet; born
at Gomersal, near Leeds, 1798; died there, Feb.
17, 1817. His reputation rests wholly on the
poem (The Three Tabernacles,' known other-
wise as (Stanzas in Richmond Churchyard,
written Oct. 7, 1816, when he was only eighteen
years old. It is a remarkable if not unique
production, since, while being so precocious,
it is mature in thought and feeling, and apart
from one or two blemishes, perfect in form.
Its solemnity and pathos bave seldom been
equaled.
## p. 310 (#326) ############################################
KNOWLES- KOCK
310
Knowles, James Sheridan. An Irish actor,
lecturer, and dramatist; born at Cork, May 21,
1784; died at Torquay, England, Nov. 30, 1862.
He made his first appearance as an actor in
1806, but never attained much eminence in that
profession. Subsequently he taught elocution
for several years at Belfast and Glasgow, and
wrote for the stage. He abandoned dramatic
work in 1845 from religious scruples, devoted
himself to literature, and later became well
known as a Baptist preacher. Of his works
only the tragedy of Virginius,' produced 1820,
and the comedies (The Hunchback (1832)
and (The Love Chase ) (1837), have survived.
They are good «acting plays, and always
popular, but possess little literary value. Among
his other dramas may be mentioned: (Caius
Gracchus) (1815); “William Tell (1825); (Al-
fred the Great) (1831); (The Wife: A Tale of
Mantua) (1833); (The Rose of Aragon' (1842).
Knox, Mrs. Adeline (Trafton). An Amer-
ican novelist, daughter of Mark Trafton; born
at Saccarappa, Me. , about 1845. Her home is
at St. Louis, Mo. She has written : (Katharine
Earle) (1874); His Inheritance) (1878); (An
American Girl Abroad'; etc.
Knox, John. The great Scottish religious
reformer; born at Giffordsgate, near Hadding-
ton, 1505; died at Edinburgh, Nov. 24, 1572.
A pioneer of Puritanism; prisoner of war, for
nineteen months confined in the French gal-
leys; friend of Calvin and Beza; a preacher of
sermons that moved their hearers to demolish
convents; with a price on his head, yet never
faltering; arrested for treason, an armed
congregation” at his heels; burned in effigy,
for years a dictator, -- he spent his life forward-
ing the Reformation in Scotland. His great
work, distinguished in Scottish prose, was his
(History of the Reformation of Religion within
the Realm of Scotland) (1584; new ed. 1831 ).
His famous Letter to the Queen Dowager)
appeared in 1556; the First Trumpet Blast
against the Monstrous Regiment of Women)
- inveighing against women taking part in the
government, and which offended Queen Eliza-
beth - in 1558. ((Works, 6 vols. , 1864. )
Knox, Thomas Wallace. An American
prose-writer and traveler; born in Pembroke,
N. H. , 1835; died in New York city, 1896. He
made a journey around the world as a news-
paper correspondent in 1886. His published
works include: "Cnderground Life) (1873);
How to Travel (1880); (Lives of Blaine and
Logan (1884); (Decisive Battles since Water-
loo) (1887).
Knox, William. A Scotch poet; born at
Roxburgh, in 1789; died in 1825. Except
for the well-known poem beginning «Oh,
why should the spirit of mortal be proud ? »
he is almost forgotten, although Sir Walter
Scott and his contemporaries had consider-
able regard for his talents. Mariamne) and
(The Lonely Hearth) also enjoyed a good
deal of popularity.
Kobbe, Gustav (kob'é). An American mu-
sical and miscellaneous writer; born in New
York, 1857. His home is in New York. He
has written : 'Jersey Coast and Pines); 'Wag.
ner's Ring of the Nibelung); New York City
and its Environs. '
Kobbe, Theodor Christoph August von. A
German poet and novelist; born at Glückstadt,
June 8, 1798; died at Oldenburg, Feb. 22, 1845.
He was a humorous and entertaining writer.
Of his works, we name : (The Student's Mortal
Pilgrimage) (1820); (The Swedes in the Con-
vent at Ütersen (1830), a romance; (Humorous
Sketches and Pictures) (1831); (Recent Tales?
(2 vols. , 1833); (Humorous Reminiscences of
my College Days) (2 vols. , 1840); (Comicalities
from Philistine Life) (2 vols. , 1841).
Kobell, Franz von (koʻbel). A German poet;
born at Munich, July 19, 1803; died there, Nov.
II, 1882. A mineralogist, he made important
contributions to his science. His verse, which
belongs to the best German dialect poetry, was
marked by humor, freshness, and heartiness.
The Upper Bavarian and Palatine dialect
poems, (Schnadahüpfeln und Sprücheln) (2d
ed. 1852); Palatine Tales) (1863); (Schnada-
hüpfeln und Geschichteln) (1872); Hansl o'
Finsterwald,' etc. (2d ed. 1876), were among his
best. A devoted hunter, he was able to depict
attractively the mountain life of the Bavarian
Alps; “Wildanger: Sketches from the Chase and
its History) (1859) pleased sportsmen especially.
Kochanovski, Jan (koch-ä-nof'skē). A Po-
lish poet; born at Sycyna, 1530; died at Lub-
lin, Aug. 22, 1584. He was the most important
Polish poet of the 16th century; and has been
called the Polish Pindar. The influence he
exerted on Polish literature by his endeavor
to introduce into it classic models can scarcely
be overestimated. Writing at first in both
Latin and Polish, he gradually abandoned the
former. He wrote epics, panegyrics, political
satires, ethical discussions, and a drama, (The
Dismissal of the Greek Ambassadors) (1578),
which took high rank. His best poem was
(Lamentations,' written at the death of his
daughter,— whom he called the Slavonic Sap-
pho, and to whom he hoped his genius would
be transmitted, - and breathing bereavement
and prayer. (Works, last and best edition,
4 vols. , 1884. )
Kochovski, Hieronymus Vespasian (ko-
chof'ske). A Polish poet; born at Gaje, San.
domir, 1633; died 1699. His songs written
for the enlivenment of camp life, if occasionally
somewhat wild, are always fresh and gay, A
collection of his satires, odes, and epigrams
appeared in 1674. Among his religious poems
an epic, (The Suffering Christ) (1681),
consisting of 5,000 verses. (Polish Psalmody)
appeared in 1695. He is the best representa-
tive of the Polish poetry of the 17th century.
He wrote also several historical works.
Kock, Charles Paul de (kok). A French nov.
elist and playwright; born at Passy, May 21,
:
((
was
## p. 311 (#327) ############################################
KOCK - KOLTSOV
311
(
ocean.
(
He was
verse.
1794 ; died at Paris, Aug. 29, 1871. A remarkably
prolific writer, his long series of novels, nearly
all of which he worked over for the theatre,
became the fashion with a certain ( emanci-
pated circle of readers on both sides of the
They showed observation and knowl-
edge of their subject, the Parisian lower-class
life of his time, and were emphatically realistic.
Among the most popular were : (Georgette)
(1820); “Gustave) (1821); (Monsieur Dupont)
(1824); (Wife, Husband, and Lover) (1829);
(The Man with Three Pairs of Trousers) (1840);
(A Woman with Three Faces) (1859); (The
Millionaire) (1887). He wrote also popular
songs. He may be called a Balzac on a lower
and narrower stage. ("Works, 56 vols. , 1844. )
Kock, Paul Henri de. A French novelist
and playwright, son of Paul; born at Paris,
April 25, 1819; died at Limeil, April 14, 1892.
He followed closely in his father's footsteps,
producing numerous novels and plays, which
however never enjoyed the same popularity.
Titles of some of his novels are: (The King of
the Students and the Queen of the Grisettes)
(1844); "Kisses Accursed) (1860); (Absinthe
Drinkers) (1863); (The New Manon) (1864);
Mademoiselle Croquemitaine) (1871).
Koehler, Sylvester Rosa. An American
prose-writer; born in Leipsic, Germany, 1837.
He came to this country in 1849. He was the
editor of the American Art Review while it
existed, and is the author of Art Education
and Art Patronage in the United States) (1882).
He wrote a history of color painting.
Kohl, Johann Georg (kõl). A German
traveler and historian ; born at Bremen, April
28, 1808 ; died there, Oct. 28, 1878. Nearly his
entire life was devoted to travel and histor-
ical investigation in Europe and North Amer-
ica, where he spent four years and published
as the fruits of researches : (Travels in Canada)
(1855); (Travels in the Northwestern Parts of
the Cnited States) (1857); “History of the Dis-
covery of America) (1861); and several essays
on American cartography. Other works are :
(Travels in the Interior of Russia and Poland)
(1811); (The British Isles and Their Inhabit-
ants' (1844); "The Rhine (1851); (The Dan-
ube) (1853).
Kohn, Salomon (kon). A German novelist;
born at Prague, March 8, 1825. His first novel,
"Gabriel) (1852; 2d ed. 1875), published anony-
mously, met with considerable success. His
other more important works have been: Mirror
of the Present) (3 vols. , 1875); Prague Ghetto
Pictures) (1886), containing three short stories;
(The Old Grenadier, (The Faithful Old, (The
Life Saver and Other Tales) (all 1893).
Kohut, Alexander (köhöt). A distin-
guished Jewish-American theologian, scholar,
and preacher; born at Félegyházza, Hungary,
May 19, 1842; died in New York, May 25, 1894.
He was one of the greatest Orientalists and
Semitic scholars of his age. He was member
of the Hungarian Parliament; founded the Jew-
ish theological seminary in New York (1886),
in which he was professor (1886-94). His chief
work was 'Complete Dictionary of the Talmud?
(9 vols. , 1878-92). In later years he devoted
himself to Arabic-Hebrew literature as recently
discovered in the MS. fragments from Yemen.
A noble monument has just been raised to him
in (Semitic Studies in Memory of Rev. Dr. A.
Kohut,' Berlin, 1897 ; it is composed of contri-
butions by Max Müller, Canon Cheyne, C. A.
Briggs, M. Steinschneider, M. Heimthal, etc.
Kolár, Josef Jiri (ko'lär). A Czech novelist
and dramatist; born at Prague, Feb. 9, 1812.
Several of his dramas have been successful:
for instance, Monika) (1847); (Ziska's Death)
(1850); (Smirick) (1881); Primator) (1883).
He has also made excellent translations from
the dramatic works of Shakespeare, Goethe,
Schiller, etc. , and written novels.
an actor, very successful in tragic rôles, espe-
cially Shakespearean.
Kölcsey, Ferencz (kėl'chā-i). A Hungarian
poet; born in the county of Middle Szolnok,
Aug. 8, 1790; died at Pesth, Aug. 24, 1838. In
character, life, and writings, he was one of
the noblest of Hungarians. He wrote ballads,
songs, satires, short novels, critical treatises, and
orations, but is best known in literature by his
Its first characteristic was, not so much
strength of thought or warmth of feeling as a
certain melancholy longing for something bet-
ter. Of his short poems, two of the best are
his famous national hymn and the ballad (Beau-
tiful Lena.
Kollár, Jan (kõlſlär). A noted Czech poet;
born at Mossocz, Thurocz (Hungary), July
29, 1793; died at Vienna, Jan. 29, 1852. A
most ardent if not the first Panslavist, he used
his pen to inculcate and spread the doctrine.
His Daughter of Glory) (1821), his most pop-
ular work, a collection of 645 original sonnets
inspired by love, joy, sorrow, patriotism, etc. ,
produced on the nation an enormous effect and
made him famous; it has been pronounced one
of the most remarkable productions of the nine-
teenth century. Dedicated to the same end were
a collection of Popular Songs) (2 vols. , 1827),
and (On the Literary Reciprocity of the Slavic
Races and Dialects) (2d ed. 1844). He was
the first to give the Panslavic idea literary ex-
pression. (Works, incomplete, 4 vols. , 1862-
63. )
Koltsov, or Kolzov, Aleksei Vasilievitch
(kõlt'-sof). A Russian lyric poet; born at Vo-
ronesch, Oct. 14, 1809; died there, Oct. 31, 1842.
A dealer in cattle and wood, devouring books
in a friendly bookseller's store, he became the
Burns of Russia. His poems, few in number
(124), the best of them treating of peasant life,
short and even almost uncouth, introduced a
new form of art. Their diction was inimita-
bly original and natural, their feeling deep and
true; they won their author consideration in
the highest Russian literary circles. Good
specimens of them are: (The Harvest); (The
Young Reaper); (The Forest. ) ("Poetical
Works, 7th ed. 1880. )
(
(
(
## p. 312 (#328) ############################################
312
KONDRATOVICZ-KOROLENKO
((
Kondratovicz, Vladislav (kon-drä-tó'vich).
[ Ladislas Syrokomla. ] A popular Polish
poet; born at Smalkov, Sept. 17, 1823; died at
Vilna, Oct. 15, 1862. His verse (some of it
founded on Polish proverbs), dealing with pa-
triotism, the love, the joy, the sorrow of the
every-day characters, went to the heart of
the nation. He was full of compassion for
the poor and the weak, hard toward worldly
success, pitiless to arrogance and selfishness,
as can be seen in (Chit-Chat and Fugitive
Rhymes) (1853); (John the Gravedigger); etc.
His Philip of Konopi, a sort of Polish (Don
Quixote,' was an original creation. Though he
himself considered Margier) (1855), a dignified
epic founded on early Lithuanian history, his
hest work, beside or even above it must be
placed the epic (John Demborog) (1854), based
on a family legend. He wrote also in prose,
including a (History of Polish Literature) and
several dramas; and made some translations.
He called his pen his “plow. " (Poetical
Works, 10 vols. , 1872. )
König, Ewald August (kė'nig). A German
novelist; born at Barmen, Aug. 22, 1833; died
at Cologne, March 9, 1888. He wrote a long
list of works, most of them dealing with crime.
Some of the best are: (Through Conflict to
Peace) (1869); (Guilty ? ) (4 vols. , 1878); (A
Lost Life) (2 vols. , 1882); (The Golden Cross)
(2 vols. , 1883); (A Modern Vampire) (3 vols. ,
1883); (The Daughter of the Councillor of
Commerce (1886); (Shadows of Life (2 vols. ,
1885); (On Dishonor's Path) (1885).
König, Heinrich Joseph. A German nov-
elist; born at Fulda, March 19, 1790; died
at Wiesbaden, Sept.
atist and novelist; born at Prague, 1834; died
at Vienna, Feb. 25, 1888. He was a successful
writer of comedies, of which one of the best
known was Rosenkrantz and Guildenstern)
(1878). Others were: “The Blank Lottery);
(Miss Councillor of Commerce. (The Bank
Barons) (2 vols. , 1877) deserves mention.
Klaproth, Heinrich Julius von (kläp'rot).
A celebrated German Orientalist; born in Ber-
lin, Oct. 11, 1783; died in Paris, Aug. 20, 1835.
He was sent by the Russian government on
a mission to Central Asia, and acquired valua-
ble information concerning Oriental languages
and customs. In 1815 he took up his residence
at Paris, at the same time holding a nomi-
nal professorship at the University of Berlin.
Among his numerous works may be noticed :
( Travels in Caucasus and Georgia) (1812-14);
(Geographico-Historical Description of Eastern
Caucasus) (1814); (Asia Polyglotto) (1823-29);
(Historical View of Asia) (1824).
Klein, Julius Leopold (klin). A German
dramatist and dramatic historian; born at Mis-
kolcz, Hungary, 1810; died at Berlin, Aug. 2,
1876. Prominent among his dramas were the
historical tragedies (Marie de Médicis) (1841;
second part, "Luines, 1842); «Zenobia (1847);
(Strafford (1862): among his comedies, “The
Duchess) (1848); (A Protégé) (1850); Vol-
taire) (1862). Of his dramatic work, it has
been said that it shows him to be a man of
talent working by a mistaken method. His
celebrated History of the Drama) (13 vols. ,
1865-76; index 1886) -- a production of vast scope,
research, and industry -- aimed to give the dra-
matic history of all peoples, but was unfinished
at death.
Kleinpaul, Rudolph (klin'poul). A German
miscellaneous writer; born at Grossgrabe, near
Kamentz, March 9, 1845. He wrote several in-
teresting volumes of travel in Egypt, Italy, and
along the shores of the Mediterranean, of which
(Crucify Him! Adventures of Italian Travel
reached a second edition in 1882. The drama
(The Abduction of the Princes'appeared in 1884.
Kleist, Ewald Christian von (klist). A
German poet; born at Zeblin, Pomerania,
March 7, 1715; died at Frankfort on the Oder,
Aug. 24, 1759. His fame rests upon the poem
(Spring) (1749), which contains description
eminently true to nature, together with an ele-
ment of melancholy; this trait marks also his
odes, elegies, songs, etc. His second-best poem
was the little martial epic 'Cissides and Paches,'
breathing patriotism from every line. A lover
of nature, he was an ardent admirer of the
English poet Thomson. His idyls belong to his
best work.
Kleist, Heinrich von. A German poet ; born
at Frankfort on the Oder, Oct. 18, 1777 ; died at
Wannsee, near Potsdam, Nov. 21, 1811. His
dramas rival those of Goethe and Schiller. The
best are: "Penthesilea) (1808), a tragedy ;
(Kitty of Heilbronn) (1810); 'The Prince of
Homburg) (1821) ;(Hermann's Battle) (1821), -
the last two being his masterpieces; the comedy
(The Broken Jug' (1812). Though known
chiefly as a dramatic poet, he wrote also lyrical
verse that made a deep and lasting impression.
His fine prose story (Michael Kohlhaas, to-
gether with others, all showing marked ability,
appeared in (Tales) (2 vols. , 1810-11). His
fame did not come till after his death. ('Works,
Stuttgart, 1885. ) *
Klemm, Friedrich Gustav (klem). A Ger-
man librarian and historian; born at Chemnitz,
Nov. 12, 1802; died at Dresden, Aug. 26, 1867.
Having studied in Leipsic, he settled in 1825
in Dresden, where he became royal librarian
(1852), retaining that post until 1864. Of special
value are his historical works, such as : Attila
according to History, Sagas, and Legends)
(
:
## p. 308 (#324) ############################################
308
KLICPERA - KNEELAND
(1825); History of Bavaria) (1828); (Hand-
book of German Archäology) (1835); Italica)
(1839), Italian travels; (General History of
Civilization (10 vols. , 1843-52); “Science of Civ-
ilization) (1854-55); (Women) (6 vols. , 1854-59).
Klicpera, Václav Kliment (klich'pe-rä). A
Czech poet and novelist; born at Chlumec,
Bohemia, 1792 ; died at Prague, 1859. He wrote
in a style that was picturesque, but occasionally
somewhat coarse. Of a large number of dramas,
the tragedy (Sobeslav); and the comedies (The
Magic Hat, « Ziska's Sword, (The Liar, (The
Comedy on the Bridge,' were successful. Among
his novels may be named (Tocnik) and “Vil-
kovic. He wrote also patriotic verse, etc.
("Works, 1864. )
Klingemann, Ernst August Friedrich
(kling'e-män). A German dramatist ; born at
Brunswick, Aug. 31, 1777; died there, Jan. 25,
1831. His model was Schiller, and so success-
ful in their day were his dramas, that for years
his name and Schiller's were coupled in popu-
lar speech. Among his works were: (Mar-
tin Luther); (Cromwell); (German Faith);
(Faust. When belonging to the management
of the Brunswick Court Theatre, he was the
first to produce, though sorely against his will,
Goethe's Faust! (1829). (“Works, 2 vols. ,
1817-18. )
Klinger, Friedrich Maximilian von (kling'.
er). A German poet and novelist; born at
Frankfort on the Main, Feb. 17, 1752; died
at Dorpat, Feb. 25, 1831. Among his earlier
dramas, including “The Twins) (1776), (Otto)
(1781), (The Suffering Wife, etc. , was (Sturm
und Drang) (Storm and Stress : 1776), which
gave its celebrated name to that period of Ger-
man literature. He was called at the time he
wrote it a “Shakespeare gone mad, and he
himself referred in later life to his early pro-
ductions as (explosions of youthful brains
and ill-humor. ) From them his evolution was
toward moderation and restraint. Of his novels,
best known was the gloomy (Faust's Life, Deeds,
and Journey to Hell? (1791); unless indeed
(The Worldling and the Poet! (1798), consist-
ing of psychological dialogues on the contrast
between the actual and the ideal world, were
its successful competitor. Reflections and
Thoughts on Various Subjects of the World and
Literature) (3 vols. , 1802-5) may also be men-
tioned. Early left an orphan in wretched cir-
cumstances, after various vicissitudes he entered
the service of Russia, where he rose to high
position. (Latest edition of his works, 1841. )
Klonowicz, Sebastián Fabián (klo-nö'vich).
A Neo-Latin and Polish poet; born at Sul-
mierzyce, about 1545; died at Lublin, Aug. 29,
1602. His chief work, (Roxolania) (1584), was
a description in verse of the country and peo-
ple of Red Russia (eastern Galicia). The
didactic poem “The Victory of the Gods)
(1595), also in Latin, and directed against the
privileges of birth and other wrongs, contained
fine passages, but was too long. (Flis) (The
Waterman: 1595), a Polish poem, described
transportation down the Vistula from War-
saw to Dantzic. Judas's Purse) (1600) was a
sharp, satirical poem, directed against theft,
hypocrisy, etc.
Klopp, Onno (klõp). A German historian;
born in Leer, 1822. For a number of years
he was a teacher in the gymnasium at Osna-
brück, and later became a close friend of
George V. of Hanover. A strong anti-Prussian
tendency is the only blemish in a series of
remarkable historical productions, such as a
(History of East Friesland) (1854-58); King
Frederick of Prussia and the German Nation
(2d ed. 1867); (Tilly in the Thirty Years' War)
(1861); (The Fall of the House of Stuart) (14
vols. , 1875-87); (The Thirty Years' War to the
Death of Gustavus Adolphus) (1891).
Klopstock, Friedrich Gottlieb (klop'stok).
A celebrated German poet; born at Quedlin-
burg, 1724; died at Hamburg, 1803. In free-
ing German poetry from the exclusive reign of
the Alexandrine verse, he was the founder of
a new era in German literature. His great epic
(Messiah) (1748–73), at first partly written in
prose and changed afterward to hexameters,
made him famous; its effect on German thought
was great, and its influence can be traced down
succeeding German literature. His most fin-
ished work, however, was doubtless his (Odes,
which represent intellectual originality and truth.
Even Schiller and Goethe were artistically in-
debted to him. His dramas were of less worth.
("Works, 1879. ) *
Knapp, Albert (knäp). A German religious
poet; born July 25, 1798; died June 18, 1864.
Many of his hymns can be found in the man-
ual (Christoterpe) (1833-53), a collection which
had previously appeared in small volumes, one
issued each year. His Evangelical Treasury
of Songs for Church and Home (1837; 3d ed.
1865) was taken from the liturgies and hymns
of all Christian countries. He gave great im-
petus to the poetry of devotion in Germany.
Knapp, Arthur May. An American Uni-
tarian divine and writer of travels; born in
Massachusetts, 1841. His home is at Fall River,
Mass. He has written (Feudal and Modern
Japan.
Knapp, Samuel Lorenzo. An American mis-
cellaneous writer; born in Newburyport, Mass. ,
1783; died in Hopkinton, Mass. , 1838. He at.
tained to eminence in law; was editor of the
Boston Gazette and the Boston Monthly Mag-
azine. His works, chiefly biographical, include
(Travels in North America by Ali Béy) (1818);
(Memoirs of General Lafayette) (1824); Lect-
ures on American Literature) (1829); (Lives)
of Daniel Webster, Aaron Burr, and Andrew
Jackson. He edited (The Library of American
History) (1837).
Kneeland, Samuel. An American miscel-
laneous writer and naturalist; born in Boston,
Mass. , 1821 ; died 1888. He was a member of
numerous scientific societies, and has contrib-
uted many articles to medical literature. In
## p. 309 (#325) ############################################
KNIASHNIN - KNOWLES
309
addition to editing (The Annual of Scientific
Discovery) (1886-89), a translation of "Andry's
Diseases of the Heart) (1847), and Smith's
(History of the Human Species,' he wrote
(Science and Mechanism (1854); "The Won-
ders of the Yosemite Valley and of California)
(1871); and (An American in Iceland) (1876).
Kniashnin, Jakov Borissovitch (knē-azh'-
nēn). A Russian poet; born at Pskov, 1742;
died at St. Petersburg, 1791. In his tragedies,
"Dido, (Roslav,' etc. , he tried to imitate Cor-
neille. Vladimir (1793), another tragedy, was
destroyed by order of Catherine II. as imperil.
ing public safety. Of his comedies, two, (The
Queer Fellows) and (The Boaster,' are excel.
lent pieces of work. He wrote also odes,
satires, songs, fables, and other minor poems.
("Works, 2 vols. , 1842. )
Kniaznin, Franciszek Dionizy (knē-azh'-
nên). A Polish poet; born at Witebsk, 1750;
died at Konskawola, 1807. He may be styled
the herald of romanticism in Poland. His
works consisted of lyrics, dramas, and numer-
ous occasional pieces. Among them were the
drama (Spartan Mother, and the tragedy (The-
mistocles, also the opera (The Gipsies. He
translated into Polish some of La Fontaine's
fables. (Works, 7 vols. , 1828. )
Knigge, Adolf Franz Heinrich von, Baron
(knigʻė). A German miscellaneous writer; born
at Bredenbeck, near Hanover, Oct. 16, 1752 ;
died at Bremen, May 6, 1796. The most im-
portant of his works, (On Converse with Men'
(2 vols. , 1788), gave maxims and rules for the
conduct of life, of which it showed profound
knowledge. (The Journey to Brunswick) (1839,
illustrated) was a humorous novel, and has fre-
quently been reprinted. (The Romance of My
Life) (4 vols. , 1781; new ed. 1805) has been a
great favorite. He was one of the “Illumi-
nati"); and published a defense of Illuminism
in his adept's-name “Philo. ” ((Works, 12
vols. , 1804-06. )
Knight, Charles. An English miscellaneous
writer and publisher; born at Windsor, 1791 ;
died at Addlestone, Surrey, 1873. His life was
one of wide activity and increasingly great
usefulness to his country, from the time when
he became publisher of The Etonian for Praed,
Macaulay, Nelson Coleridge, etc. , while they
were students at Eton. He was editor of
Knight's Quarterly Magazine ; superintendent
of publications to the famous Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; publisher of
the Library of Entertaining Knowledge, in
which he wrote several volumes; publisher of
the Penny Magazine (1832) and of the Penny
Cyclopædia (1833). His great work was the
Popular History of England) (8 vols. , 1854-
61), a monument of research, breadth of view,
and devotion to the people. His autobiogra-
phy,“ Passages from a Working Life) (3 vols. ,
1864-65), is one of the most interesting of books.
His Pictorial Shakespeare) (8 vols. , 1839-41),
which he himself probably considered the
work of his life, served a good end; and (The
Shadows of the Old Booksellers) (1865) is a
gem of its kind. He wrote also a historical
novel entitled “Begg’d at Court) (1868).
Knight, Francis Arnold. An English writer
on country life; born at Gloucester, 1852. A
regular contributor, mainly on natural-history
subjects, to the Daily News, Speaker, Spectator,
and other periodicals, he has published four
volumes of essays, entitled By Leafy Ways';
(Idylls of the Field); (Rambles of a Dominie);
(By Moorland and Sea. '
Knight, William Angus. A Scotch philo-
sophical writer and littérateur ; born at Mord-
ington, Berwickshire, Feb. 22, 1836.
He has
been professor of philosophy at the University
of St. Andrews since 1876, and made valuable
additions to philosophical and general liter-
ature. Among numerous publications may be
noticed : Poems from the Dawn of English
Literature to the Year 1699) (1863); “Colloquia
Peripatetica' (1870); “Studies in Philosophy and
Literature) (1879); Memorials of Colenton)
(1887); “Wordsworth's Prose) (1893); (Aspects
of Theism (1894). He has also been the
editor of Philosophical Classics for English
Readers) (15 vols. , 1880-90), and University
Extension Manuals) (18 vols. , 1891-94).
Knorring, Soia Margarete von (knor'ing).
A Swedish novelist; born Sept. 29, 1797 ; died
Feb. 13, 1848. Unlike Fredrika Bremer, who
described middle-class life, she was the novel.
ist of Swedish society; seeing its follies and
frivolities indeed, but lacking that power of
satire which makes, for instance, Thackeray's
handling of similar material so effective. Vivid
and graceful, she wanted simplicity and out-
spokenness. Her best works were :'Kusinerna);
(Axel); Class Parallels); (A Peasant and his
Surroundings,' the only novel in which she
treats of middle or lower class life.
Knortz, Karl (knorts). A German-American
miscellaneous writer; born at Garbenheim, near
Wetzlar, Aug. 28, 1841. Has resided since 1863
in the United States, where he bends his efforts
to upholding German interests.
Notable among
his works are: (Tales and Legends of the
North-American Indians) (1871); (American
Sketches) (1876); “Longfellow) (1879); (From
the Wigwam (1880); “Indian Legends); 'Pict-
ures of American Life) (1884). With Dick-
mann (1880) he collaborated on Modern Amer-
ican Lyrics.
Knowles, Herbert. An English poet; born
at Gomersal, near Leeds, 1798; died there, Feb.
17, 1817. His reputation rests wholly on the
poem (The Three Tabernacles,' known other-
wise as (Stanzas in Richmond Churchyard,
written Oct. 7, 1816, when he was only eighteen
years old. It is a remarkable if not unique
production, since, while being so precocious,
it is mature in thought and feeling, and apart
from one or two blemishes, perfect in form.
Its solemnity and pathos bave seldom been
equaled.
## p. 310 (#326) ############################################
KNOWLES- KOCK
310
Knowles, James Sheridan. An Irish actor,
lecturer, and dramatist; born at Cork, May 21,
1784; died at Torquay, England, Nov. 30, 1862.
He made his first appearance as an actor in
1806, but never attained much eminence in that
profession. Subsequently he taught elocution
for several years at Belfast and Glasgow, and
wrote for the stage. He abandoned dramatic
work in 1845 from religious scruples, devoted
himself to literature, and later became well
known as a Baptist preacher. Of his works
only the tragedy of Virginius,' produced 1820,
and the comedies (The Hunchback (1832)
and (The Love Chase ) (1837), have survived.
They are good «acting plays, and always
popular, but possess little literary value. Among
his other dramas may be mentioned: (Caius
Gracchus) (1815); “William Tell (1825); (Al-
fred the Great) (1831); (The Wife: A Tale of
Mantua) (1833); (The Rose of Aragon' (1842).
Knox, Mrs. Adeline (Trafton). An Amer-
ican novelist, daughter of Mark Trafton; born
at Saccarappa, Me. , about 1845. Her home is
at St. Louis, Mo. She has written : (Katharine
Earle) (1874); His Inheritance) (1878); (An
American Girl Abroad'; etc.
Knox, John. The great Scottish religious
reformer; born at Giffordsgate, near Hadding-
ton, 1505; died at Edinburgh, Nov. 24, 1572.
A pioneer of Puritanism; prisoner of war, for
nineteen months confined in the French gal-
leys; friend of Calvin and Beza; a preacher of
sermons that moved their hearers to demolish
convents; with a price on his head, yet never
faltering; arrested for treason, an armed
congregation” at his heels; burned in effigy,
for years a dictator, -- he spent his life forward-
ing the Reformation in Scotland. His great
work, distinguished in Scottish prose, was his
(History of the Reformation of Religion within
the Realm of Scotland) (1584; new ed. 1831 ).
His famous Letter to the Queen Dowager)
appeared in 1556; the First Trumpet Blast
against the Monstrous Regiment of Women)
- inveighing against women taking part in the
government, and which offended Queen Eliza-
beth - in 1558. ((Works, 6 vols. , 1864. )
Knox, Thomas Wallace. An American
prose-writer and traveler; born in Pembroke,
N. H. , 1835; died in New York city, 1896. He
made a journey around the world as a news-
paper correspondent in 1886. His published
works include: "Cnderground Life) (1873);
How to Travel (1880); (Lives of Blaine and
Logan (1884); (Decisive Battles since Water-
loo) (1887).
Knox, William. A Scotch poet; born at
Roxburgh, in 1789; died in 1825. Except
for the well-known poem beginning «Oh,
why should the spirit of mortal be proud ? »
he is almost forgotten, although Sir Walter
Scott and his contemporaries had consider-
able regard for his talents. Mariamne) and
(The Lonely Hearth) also enjoyed a good
deal of popularity.
Kobbe, Gustav (kob'é). An American mu-
sical and miscellaneous writer; born in New
York, 1857. His home is in New York. He
has written : 'Jersey Coast and Pines); 'Wag.
ner's Ring of the Nibelung); New York City
and its Environs. '
Kobbe, Theodor Christoph August von. A
German poet and novelist; born at Glückstadt,
June 8, 1798; died at Oldenburg, Feb. 22, 1845.
He was a humorous and entertaining writer.
Of his works, we name : (The Student's Mortal
Pilgrimage) (1820); (The Swedes in the Con-
vent at Ütersen (1830), a romance; (Humorous
Sketches and Pictures) (1831); (Recent Tales?
(2 vols. , 1833); (Humorous Reminiscences of
my College Days) (2 vols. , 1840); (Comicalities
from Philistine Life) (2 vols. , 1841).
Kobell, Franz von (koʻbel). A German poet;
born at Munich, July 19, 1803; died there, Nov.
II, 1882. A mineralogist, he made important
contributions to his science. His verse, which
belongs to the best German dialect poetry, was
marked by humor, freshness, and heartiness.
The Upper Bavarian and Palatine dialect
poems, (Schnadahüpfeln und Sprücheln) (2d
ed. 1852); Palatine Tales) (1863); (Schnada-
hüpfeln und Geschichteln) (1872); Hansl o'
Finsterwald,' etc. (2d ed. 1876), were among his
best. A devoted hunter, he was able to depict
attractively the mountain life of the Bavarian
Alps; “Wildanger: Sketches from the Chase and
its History) (1859) pleased sportsmen especially.
Kochanovski, Jan (koch-ä-nof'skē). A Po-
lish poet; born at Sycyna, 1530; died at Lub-
lin, Aug. 22, 1584. He was the most important
Polish poet of the 16th century; and has been
called the Polish Pindar. The influence he
exerted on Polish literature by his endeavor
to introduce into it classic models can scarcely
be overestimated. Writing at first in both
Latin and Polish, he gradually abandoned the
former. He wrote epics, panegyrics, political
satires, ethical discussions, and a drama, (The
Dismissal of the Greek Ambassadors) (1578),
which took high rank. His best poem was
(Lamentations,' written at the death of his
daughter,— whom he called the Slavonic Sap-
pho, and to whom he hoped his genius would
be transmitted, - and breathing bereavement
and prayer. (Works, last and best edition,
4 vols. , 1884. )
Kochovski, Hieronymus Vespasian (ko-
chof'ske). A Polish poet; born at Gaje, San.
domir, 1633; died 1699. His songs written
for the enlivenment of camp life, if occasionally
somewhat wild, are always fresh and gay, A
collection of his satires, odes, and epigrams
appeared in 1674. Among his religious poems
an epic, (The Suffering Christ) (1681),
consisting of 5,000 verses. (Polish Psalmody)
appeared in 1695. He is the best representa-
tive of the Polish poetry of the 17th century.
He wrote also several historical works.
Kock, Charles Paul de (kok). A French nov.
elist and playwright; born at Passy, May 21,
:
((
was
## p. 311 (#327) ############################################
KOCK - KOLTSOV
311
(
ocean.
(
He was
verse.
1794 ; died at Paris, Aug. 29, 1871. A remarkably
prolific writer, his long series of novels, nearly
all of which he worked over for the theatre,
became the fashion with a certain ( emanci-
pated circle of readers on both sides of the
They showed observation and knowl-
edge of their subject, the Parisian lower-class
life of his time, and were emphatically realistic.
Among the most popular were : (Georgette)
(1820); “Gustave) (1821); (Monsieur Dupont)
(1824); (Wife, Husband, and Lover) (1829);
(The Man with Three Pairs of Trousers) (1840);
(A Woman with Three Faces) (1859); (The
Millionaire) (1887). He wrote also popular
songs. He may be called a Balzac on a lower
and narrower stage. ("Works, 56 vols. , 1844. )
Kock, Paul Henri de. A French novelist
and playwright, son of Paul; born at Paris,
April 25, 1819; died at Limeil, April 14, 1892.
He followed closely in his father's footsteps,
producing numerous novels and plays, which
however never enjoyed the same popularity.
Titles of some of his novels are: (The King of
the Students and the Queen of the Grisettes)
(1844); "Kisses Accursed) (1860); (Absinthe
Drinkers) (1863); (The New Manon) (1864);
Mademoiselle Croquemitaine) (1871).
Koehler, Sylvester Rosa. An American
prose-writer; born in Leipsic, Germany, 1837.
He came to this country in 1849. He was the
editor of the American Art Review while it
existed, and is the author of Art Education
and Art Patronage in the United States) (1882).
He wrote a history of color painting.
Kohl, Johann Georg (kõl). A German
traveler and historian ; born at Bremen, April
28, 1808 ; died there, Oct. 28, 1878. Nearly his
entire life was devoted to travel and histor-
ical investigation in Europe and North Amer-
ica, where he spent four years and published
as the fruits of researches : (Travels in Canada)
(1855); (Travels in the Northwestern Parts of
the Cnited States) (1857); “History of the Dis-
covery of America) (1861); and several essays
on American cartography. Other works are :
(Travels in the Interior of Russia and Poland)
(1811); (The British Isles and Their Inhabit-
ants' (1844); "The Rhine (1851); (The Dan-
ube) (1853).
Kohn, Salomon (kon). A German novelist;
born at Prague, March 8, 1825. His first novel,
"Gabriel) (1852; 2d ed. 1875), published anony-
mously, met with considerable success. His
other more important works have been: Mirror
of the Present) (3 vols. , 1875); Prague Ghetto
Pictures) (1886), containing three short stories;
(The Old Grenadier, (The Faithful Old, (The
Life Saver and Other Tales) (all 1893).
Kohut, Alexander (köhöt). A distin-
guished Jewish-American theologian, scholar,
and preacher; born at Félegyházza, Hungary,
May 19, 1842; died in New York, May 25, 1894.
He was one of the greatest Orientalists and
Semitic scholars of his age. He was member
of the Hungarian Parliament; founded the Jew-
ish theological seminary in New York (1886),
in which he was professor (1886-94). His chief
work was 'Complete Dictionary of the Talmud?
(9 vols. , 1878-92). In later years he devoted
himself to Arabic-Hebrew literature as recently
discovered in the MS. fragments from Yemen.
A noble monument has just been raised to him
in (Semitic Studies in Memory of Rev. Dr. A.
Kohut,' Berlin, 1897 ; it is composed of contri-
butions by Max Müller, Canon Cheyne, C. A.
Briggs, M. Steinschneider, M. Heimthal, etc.
Kolár, Josef Jiri (ko'lär). A Czech novelist
and dramatist; born at Prague, Feb. 9, 1812.
Several of his dramas have been successful:
for instance, Monika) (1847); (Ziska's Death)
(1850); (Smirick) (1881); Primator) (1883).
He has also made excellent translations from
the dramatic works of Shakespeare, Goethe,
Schiller, etc. , and written novels.
an actor, very successful in tragic rôles, espe-
cially Shakespearean.
Kölcsey, Ferencz (kėl'chā-i). A Hungarian
poet; born in the county of Middle Szolnok,
Aug. 8, 1790; died at Pesth, Aug. 24, 1838. In
character, life, and writings, he was one of
the noblest of Hungarians. He wrote ballads,
songs, satires, short novels, critical treatises, and
orations, but is best known in literature by his
Its first characteristic was, not so much
strength of thought or warmth of feeling as a
certain melancholy longing for something bet-
ter. Of his short poems, two of the best are
his famous national hymn and the ballad (Beau-
tiful Lena.
Kollár, Jan (kõlſlär). A noted Czech poet;
born at Mossocz, Thurocz (Hungary), July
29, 1793; died at Vienna, Jan. 29, 1852. A
most ardent if not the first Panslavist, he used
his pen to inculcate and spread the doctrine.
His Daughter of Glory) (1821), his most pop-
ular work, a collection of 645 original sonnets
inspired by love, joy, sorrow, patriotism, etc. ,
produced on the nation an enormous effect and
made him famous; it has been pronounced one
of the most remarkable productions of the nine-
teenth century. Dedicated to the same end were
a collection of Popular Songs) (2 vols. , 1827),
and (On the Literary Reciprocity of the Slavic
Races and Dialects) (2d ed. 1844). He was
the first to give the Panslavic idea literary ex-
pression. (Works, incomplete, 4 vols. , 1862-
63. )
Koltsov, or Kolzov, Aleksei Vasilievitch
(kõlt'-sof). A Russian lyric poet; born at Vo-
ronesch, Oct. 14, 1809; died there, Oct. 31, 1842.
A dealer in cattle and wood, devouring books
in a friendly bookseller's store, he became the
Burns of Russia. His poems, few in number
(124), the best of them treating of peasant life,
short and even almost uncouth, introduced a
new form of art. Their diction was inimita-
bly original and natural, their feeling deep and
true; they won their author consideration in
the highest Russian literary circles. Good
specimens of them are: (The Harvest); (The
Young Reaper); (The Forest. ) ("Poetical
Works, 7th ed. 1880. )
(
(
(
## p. 312 (#328) ############################################
312
KONDRATOVICZ-KOROLENKO
((
Kondratovicz, Vladislav (kon-drä-tó'vich).
[ Ladislas Syrokomla. ] A popular Polish
poet; born at Smalkov, Sept. 17, 1823; died at
Vilna, Oct. 15, 1862. His verse (some of it
founded on Polish proverbs), dealing with pa-
triotism, the love, the joy, the sorrow of the
every-day characters, went to the heart of
the nation. He was full of compassion for
the poor and the weak, hard toward worldly
success, pitiless to arrogance and selfishness,
as can be seen in (Chit-Chat and Fugitive
Rhymes) (1853); (John the Gravedigger); etc.
His Philip of Konopi, a sort of Polish (Don
Quixote,' was an original creation. Though he
himself considered Margier) (1855), a dignified
epic founded on early Lithuanian history, his
hest work, beside or even above it must be
placed the epic (John Demborog) (1854), based
on a family legend. He wrote also in prose,
including a (History of Polish Literature) and
several dramas; and made some translations.
He called his pen his “plow. " (Poetical
Works, 10 vols. , 1872. )
König, Ewald August (kė'nig). A German
novelist; born at Barmen, Aug. 22, 1833; died
at Cologne, March 9, 1888. He wrote a long
list of works, most of them dealing with crime.
Some of the best are: (Through Conflict to
Peace) (1869); (Guilty ? ) (4 vols. , 1878); (A
Lost Life) (2 vols. , 1882); (The Golden Cross)
(2 vols. , 1883); (A Modern Vampire) (3 vols. ,
1883); (The Daughter of the Councillor of
Commerce (1886); (Shadows of Life (2 vols. ,
1885); (On Dishonor's Path) (1885).
König, Heinrich Joseph. A German nov-
elist; born at Fulda, March 19, 1790; died
at Wiesbaden, Sept.
