This statement is in
accordance
with
by concubines, and indulging in every species of that 'in the Armenian translation of Eusebius, in
Jicentiousness and effeminacy.
by concubines, and indulging in every species of that 'in the Armenian translation of Eusebius, in
Jicentiousness and effeminacy.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
618).
Draco called Pentameter), and either with or without
Stratonica wrote on her metres (Suid. s. v. Apá- an unaccented introductory or terminal syllable,
Kwv); and Alexander the Sophist lectured on
her poetry (Aristid. Epitaph. p. 85). There were • As a mere matter of convenience the word
also some anonymous υπομνήματα. Portions of accent is used in its English sense, designating the
her eighth book were transferred by a certain stress of the voice on a syllable, and not in its
Sopater into his Eclogae. (Phot. Bibl. Cod. 161. ) proper sense, which it has when used in Greek
It remains to speak of the musical and rhyth- 1 grammars, namely the musical pitch of a syllable.
!
z z 3
## p. 710 (#726) ############################################
710
SAPPHO.
SAPPHO.
V
می "باب بايب "
ب ب ب ب ب ب "
or both you or, when doubled,
The whole system of the Sapphic stanza then
runs thus :
y'uuluu" u Associated with the
"usy! " Uudluhur
choriambus, as its equivalents in time, we have the
double iamb and the double trochee, either com-
Sulhuvalu"url
plete, or catalectic ; and in the latter case the
tiine is made up either by a rest, or by reckoning "Ulul" vu? ". ulvuku
1- . . - . . " . . . "
the beginning and the ending of the verse to-
gether. Thus, in the Sapphic line, we have the where we have not indicated the division of the
time of three of the elementary parts, of metres, feet in the latter part of the third line, for the fol-
the choriambus occupying the middle place, with
a double trochee for an introduction (or bruse) and lowing reason, the completion of the double iamb
a double iamb for a termination, but this last (which is not here catalectic, because the line does
metre wants one syllable, the time of which is not really end here like the first two) and the com-
mencement of the additional metre overlap one
made up by the pause at the end of the line
another, or, in other words, the long syllable is
common to both.
""
y
It still remains to notice the caesura, an element
of metrical poetry quite as important as time and
Or the line might be divided so as to make the accent. By caesura we mean, not precisely what
middle and principal part a choriambus with its the grammarians define it, namely, the division of
catalexis (identical, in fact, with the short final
a foot between two words, because, among other
verse), and the termination a single trochee
objections to this definition, it requires the previous
ulul" Pull
settlement of the question, what the feet of the
verse really are ; but what we call caesura is a
In the Alcaic, we have precisely the same time ; pause in a verse, dividing the verse into parts, just
only the line, instead of beginning with an ac- as the stronger pause at the end of the verse, divides
cented syllable and ending with an unaccented a poem or strophe into verses. Nothing is more
one, begins with an unaccented syllable and ends common in lyric poetry than for the principal cae-
with an accented one, the difference being effected sura in a verse to fall at the end of a foot, as in
by prefixing an unaccented syllable to the base
Māecēnās ātă vīs || ēdítě rēgībūs,
and taking it away from the termination ; and
then the base and termination taken together, or
allowance being made for the rest at the end of Nallam Varě sắcrā || vītě príūs || sēvěrīs arborēm.
the line, fill up the time of two metres,
.
Now, in the Sapphic line, there are no less than
six modes of introducing the caesural pause :-
The difference is precisely analogous to that be- (1. ) In the middle of the choriambus, as
tween the trochaic and iambic metres.
The Sapphic strophe or stanza is composed of
άρμ’ υπαζεύξαισα: || κάλοι δέ σ' άγον.
three Sapphic verses, of which the third is pro-
(2. ) After its first syllable, as
longed by the addition of another metre, which
must be a pure choriambus, to which is appended
τας έμας αύδως || αtoισα πήλυ,
a final unaccented syllable". v Lu. This is (3. ) After the ditrochaic base, as
commonly treated as a separate line, and is called Ποικιλόθρον, η αθάνατ’ 'Αφρόδιτα :
by the grammarians the Versus Adonius, but how
essentially it is a prolongation of the third line is
(4. ) After the third syllable of the base, as
evident from the fact that a word often runs over παι Δίος, | δολοπλοκε, λίσσομαί σε.
from the one into the other, for example,
(5. ) Before the diiambic termination, as
ισδάνει και πλάσιον άδυ φωνεί.
έκλυες, πάτρος δε δόμον || λίποισα.
σας υπακούει,
and, in Horace,
(6. ) Before the last syllable of the choriambus,
Labitur ripa Jove non probante ux-
αλλά τυιδ' έλθ', αι ποτα || κατέρωτα
orius amnis.
Now, it will be seen, by a glance at these eram-
This remark, however, applies only to the ge-ples, that several of the verses have two, or even
nuine original structure, for in Horace sometimes more, of these caesural pauses. In fact, in the
the short verse is separated from its own stanza, last four of the six, this is almost demanded by the
either by an hiatus in the prosody or by a full stop first principles of rhythm, on account of the in-
in the sense, and is read as continuous with the equality which the division would otherwise give.
next stanza, as (Carm. i. 2. 47):-
We must, therefore, regard, not only the caesurae,
Nere te nostris vitiis iniquum
but their combinations ; and it will then be seen
Ocior aura
that the Sapphic verse is divided by its caesural
Tollat.
pauses sometimes into two members, and sometimes
into three ; and since the verse contains six ac-
(Comp. i. 12. 7,31, 22. 15. ) But this is nerer cented syllables (counting as one of them the pause
found in Sappho, nor even in Catullus.
at the end, which, if filled up, as it was in the music,
. اب ب " اي - . " |
ו
a
a
as
## p. 711 (#727) ############################################
-
-
of the verse, as,
SAPPHO.
SARDANAPALUS.
711
would be accented), these two chief modes of divi- l of the Greek poets, 1614, fol. Is. Vossius pub-
sion give respectively two members, each contain- lished an amended text of the two principal frag-
ing three accented syllables, and three members, ments in his edition of Catullus, pp. 113, &c. Lond.
each containing two. In the first case, there are 1684, 4to. Jo. Chr. Wolf edited the fragments,
two subdivisions (Nos. 1 and 2, above), the diffe- with notes, indices, and a life of Sappho, separately
rence being merely that between the feminine and in 1733, 4to. Hamb. , and again in his Novem Il-
masculine caesura, and its effect simply the use of lustrium Foeminarum, Sapphus, &c. , Fragmenta et
a single or a double unaccented syllable as an in- Elogia, Gr. et Lat. Hamb. 1735, 4to. They again
troduction to the second balf of the verse. In the appeared in Brunck's Analecta, vol. i. pp. 54, &c. ,
second mode of division, we get various subdivi- vol. iii. p. 8, &c. , 1772, 8vo. The two chief odes
sions, resulting from the various conibinations of were inserted by G. C. Harless, in his Anthol. Poct.
the caesurae in the examples (3), (4), (5), and (6). Gracc. 1792, 8vo ; and the whole fragments by
When (3) and (5) are combined, the result is a A. Schneider, in his Movo wv 'Avon, Giese, 1802,
line divided into three parts perfectly equal in time, 8vo. Since that period there have been numerous
and which are in fact the three primary elements collections and critical editions of the fragments, of
which those of the greatest pretensions are the two
μειδιάσαισ’ | αθανάτω | προσώπη.
following: - Sapphus Lesbiao Carmina et Frag-
menta recensuit, commcntario illustravit, schemata
When (4) and (5) are combined, the line only musica adjecit et indices confecit H. F. Magnus
differs from the above by having the last syllable Volger, Lips. 1810, 8vo. ; and Sapphonis Mytile-
of the base converted into an introductory syllable nacae Fragmenta, Specimen Operae in omnibus
for the centre, as in the example in No. 5. Verses Artis Graecorum Lyricae Reliquiis, cxcepto Pindaro,
of this form generally have also the principal collocandae, proposuit D. Christianus Fridericus
central caesura, which must be regarded as over- Neue, Berol, 1827, 4to. Of these two editions,
powering the others ; as in the example
. When that of Volger stands at the head of the modern
(3) and (6) are combined, the effect is that the editions in point of date and of cumbrous elabora-
line consists, rhythmically, of a ditrochaic base tion ; that of Neue is by far the first in point of
and a ditrochaic termination, the central member excellence. An important supplement to the edi-
being imperfect ; as in both the examples (3) tion of Neue is Welcker's review of it in Jahn's
and (6). The combination of (4) and (6) produces Jahrbücher for 1828, and in Welcker's Kleino
a verse evidently almost the same as the last ; as Schriften, vol
. i. p. 110. The fragments of Sappho
in the example (4).
have also been edited by Bp. Blomfield, in the
The several effects produced by the caesurae Museum Criticum, vol. i. ; by Gaisford, in his
in the third prolonged line of the stanza, are too Poëtae Minores Graeci ; by Schneidewin, in his
varied to be discussed further : the reader who Delectus Poëseos Graecoruin ; by Bergk, in his
has entered into what has been already said, can Poëtae Lyrici Graeciae ; by Ahrens, in his treatise
easily deduce them for himself. Enough has de Graecae Linguae Dialectis, vol. i. ; and also se-
been said to show the true structure of the parately by A. L. Moebius, in Greek and German,
verse, and the immense variety of rhythm of which Hannov. 1815, 8vo. ; not to mention some other
it is susceptible. How skilfully Sappho avails her-editions of the two chief fragments. There are
self of these varieties is evident from the mere fact, numerous translations both of these two fragments,
that all the above examples are taken from her and of the whole, into English, German, French,
first fragment, which only contains seven stanzas. Italian, and Spanish. (See Hoffmann, Les. Bibl.
The subject of Latin Sapphics cannot be entered Scr. Graec. )
upon here : it must suffice to lay down the princi- Some of the principal modern works upon Sappho
ple, that their laws must be deduced from those of have been incidentally referred to in the course of
the Greek metre ; and to state the fact, that Horace this article. To these should be added Plehn's
confines himself almost entirely to the forms (1) Lesbiaca, Bode and Ulrici, Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichtk. ,
and (2), as in
and Bernhardy, Gesch. d. Griech. Litt. vol. ii. pp.
483_-490.
(P. S. ]
Mércări făcúndě || něpós Atlántis
SARAPIS. (SERAPIS. )
Qui férós cultűs || bỏminám těcēntūm,
SARAS, a freedman of Cleopatra. (Cic. ad Att.
xv. 15, comp. xv. 17, a Siregiro, q a Sara regio. )
using the former very sparingly indeed in his earlier SARANTE'NUS, MANUEL. [Manuel,
odes, but more frequently in his later ones ; his literary, No. 4. ]
taste, it may be presumed, having been improved SARDANAPA'LUS (Lapdavárados), the last
by practice. The other metres used by Sappho king of the Assyrian empire of Ninus or Nineveh,
are fully discussed by Neue, pp. 12, &c.
according to Ctesias. This writer related that the
The first edition of any part of Sappho's frag- Assyriau empire lasted 1306 years * ; that the first
ments was that of the hymn to Aphrodite, by H. king was Ninus, who was succeeded by his wife
Stephanus, in his edition of Anacreon, 1554, Semiramis, and she by her son Ninyas, and that
4to. The subsequent editions of Anacreon, in he was followed by thirty kings, son succeeding
1556, 1660, 1600, 1681, 1684, 1690, 1699, father in uninterrupted order. All these kings,
1700, 1710, 1712, 1716, 1733, 1735, 1740, from Ninyas downwards, were sunk in luxury and
1742, 1744, 1751, 1754, &c. , contained also the
fragments of Sappho in a form more
• In the present copies of Diodorus (ii. 21) we
complete. (See Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliog. Script. have 1360 years, but it appears that Syncellus
Graec. art. Aracieon. ) They were also contained (p. 359, c. ) and Agathias (ii. 25, p. 120) read 1306,
in the Carmina Novem illustrium Foeminarum, and this number is confirmed by Augrstine (de Civ.
Sapphus, &c. , with the Scholia of Fulvius Ursinus, Dei, xviii. 21), who has 1305 years. (See Clin:
Antverp. 1568, 8vo. , and in the Cologne collection | ton, F. 11. vol. i. p. 263, note d. )
1
or less
2 2 4
## p. 712 (#728) ############################################
712
SARDANAPALUS.
SARPEDON.
sloth, till their degradation reached its deepest to have lasted 1306 years ; but Herodotus says
point in the person of their last king Sardanapalus, (i. 95) that the Assyrians had ruled over Upper
who passed his time in his palace unseen by any of Asia for 520 years, when the Medes revolted
his subjects, dressed in female apparel, surrounded from them.
This statement is in accordance with
by concubines, and indulging in every species of that 'in the Armenian translation of Eusebius, in
Jicentiousness and effeminacy. At length Arbaces, which it is recorded that Assyrian kings ruled over
satrap of Media, was admitted into the presence of Babylon for 526 years. Herodotus says, in the
the sovereign, and was so disgusted with what he passage already referred to, that other nations
B! W, that he resolved to throw off his allegiance to imitated the example of the Medes, and revolted
such a worthless monarch. Supported by Beleoya, from the Assyrians, and among these other nations
the noblest of the Chaldaean priests, Arbaces ad- we are doubtless to understand the Babylonians
vanced at the head of a formidable army against This revolt of the Medes occurred in the latter
Sardanapalus. But all of a sudden the effeminate half of the eighth century, probably about B. c. 710.
prince threw off his luxurious habits, and appeared According to Herodotus, however, an Assyrian
an undaunted warrior. Placing himself at the kingdom, of which Nineveh was the capital, still
head of his troops, he twice defeated the rebels, but continued to exist, and was not destroyed till the
was at length worsted and obliged to shut himself capture of Nineveh by the Median king Cyaxares,
up in Nineveh. Here he sustained a siege for two about B. c. 606, that is, nearly three hundred years
years, till at length, finding it impossible to hold nfter the date assigned to its overthrow by Ciesias
out any longer, he collected all his treasures, wives, (Herod. i. 106 ; Clinton, F. II. vol. i. p. 218).
and concubines, and placing them on an immense Further, the writers of the Old Testament repre-
pile which he had constructed, set it on fire, and sent the Assyrian empire in its glory in the eighth
thus destroyed both himself and them. The ene- century before the Christian aera. It was during
mies then obtained possession of the city. The this period that Pul, Tiglath-pileser, Shalmaneser,
account of Cresias has been given at some length and Sennacherib, appear as powerful kings of As-
in Diodorus Siculus (ii. 23-27), and his state- syria, who, not contented with their previous
ments respecting the Assyrian monarchy were dominions, subdued Israel, Phoenicia, and the
followed by most subsequent writers and chrono- surrounding countries. In order to reconcile these
Jogists. (Comp. Justin, i. 1-3 ; Athen. xii. pp. statements with those of Ctesias, modern writers
529, 530. ) Justin places the death of Sardana- have invented two Assyrian kingdoms at Nineveh,
palus in the first half of the ninth century before one which was destroyed on the death of Sarda-
the Christian aera, and according to his chronology napalus, and another which was established after
Ninus therefore falls in the twenty-second century. that event, and fell on the capture of Nineveh by
Clinton gives B. C. 2182 for the commencement, Cyaxares. But this is a purely gratuitous assump-
and B. c. 876 for the close of the Assyrian em- tion, unsnpported by any evidence. We have only
pire.
records of one Assyrian empire, and of one de
Owing to the detailed accounts in Diodorus, struction of Nineveh. On this point some good
many modern writers have repeated his history remarks are made by Loebell, Weltgeschichte, vol. i.
with full confidence, though they have been not a pp. 152, 555—558.
little puzzled to reconcile it with the conflicting SARDO (Eapdu), a daughter of Sthenelus,
statements of other authorities. But the whole from whom the city of Sardes was said to have
narrative of Ctesias is purely mythical, and cannot derived its name. (Hygin. Fab. 275. ) [L. S. )
for one moment be received as a genuine history. SARDUS (Zápoos), a son of Maceris, and
Ctesias, it must be recollected, is the only autho- leader of a colony from Libya to Sardinia, which
rity on which the whole rests, and as he lived at was believed to have derived its name from him.
the beginning of the fourth century before the (Paus. x. 17. § 1. )
(L. S. )
Christian aera, that is, nearly 500 years after the SA'RNACUS, a Greek architect, who wrote
events which he professes to describe, his account on the orders of architecture, praecepta symme-
will not appear of much value to those who are triarum. (Vitruv. vii. Praef. $ 14. ) [P. S. ]
acquainted with the laws of historical evidence. SARON (Lápwv), a mythical king of Troezene,
The fact of thirty effeminate kings reigning in who built a sanctuary of Artemis Saronia on the
succession, from father to son, for such an immense
Once while chasing a stag into the sea
period of time, is of itself sufficient to prove the he was drowned, and his body, which was washed
fabulous nature of the account ; and the legend of on shore in the grove of Artemis, was buried there,
Sardanapalus, who so strangely appears at one and the gulf between Attica and Argolis was,
time sunk in the lowest effeminacy, and imme- from this circumstance, called the Saronic Gulf.
diately afterwards an heroic warrior, has probably (Paus. ii. 30. $ 7. ) Near Troezene there was a
arisen from his being the same with the god | little town called Saron (Steph. Byz. a. v. ), and
Sandon, who was worshipped extensively in Asia, Troezene itself is said at one time to have been
both as an heroic and a female divinity. The called Saronia. (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 287 ; comp.
identity between the god Sandon and the king Schol. ad Eurip. Hipp. 1190. ) [L. S. )
Sardanapalus was first asserted by K. O. Müller, SARO'NIS (Zapwvis), a surname of Artemis
in a very ingenious essay (Sandon und Sardanapal at Troezene, where an annual festival was cele-
in Rheinisches Museum for 1829, pp. 22—39, re-brated in honour of her under the name of Saronia.
printed in Kleine Schriften, vol. ii. pp. 100—113), | (Paus. ii. 30. & 7, 32. $ 9 ; SARON. ) [L. S. )
and has been supported with further arguments by SARPE'DON (Faptýdwv) 1. A son of Zeus
Movers (Die Phönizier, p. 458, &c. ).
by Europa, and a brother of Minos and Rha-
The account of Ctesias, besides its inherent damanthys. Being involved in a quarrel with
improbability, is in direct contradiction to Hero-Minos about Miletus, he took refuge with Cilix,
dotus and the writers of the Old Testament. We whom he assisted against the Lycians; and after-
have seen that Ctesias makes the Assyrian empire ) wards he became king of the Lycians, and Zeus
coast.
## p. 713 (#729) ############################################
SARUS.
713
SASERNA.
granted him the privilege of living three gene the Gothic king of the house of the Balti, whose
rations. (Herod. i. 173 ; Apollod. iii. 1. & 2; hereditary enemy he was. When Alaric approached
Paus. vii. 3. § 4 ; Strab. xii. p. 573 ; comp. Mi- Ravenna with hostile intentions, the reckless Sarus
LETUS, ATYMNIUS. )
sallied out with a body of only three hundred
2. A son of Zeus by Laodameia, or according warriors, cut many of the enemy to pieces, and,
to others of Evander by Deidameia, and a brother on his return within the walls of the capital, had
of Clarus and Themon. (Hom. Il. vi. 199 ; Apol- Alaric proclaimed, by a herald, as a traitor to the
lod. iii. 1. § 1; Diod. v. 79; Virg. Aen. X. 125. ) emperor and the Roman nation. Infuriated at
He was a Lycian prince, and a grandson of No. 1. this public insult, Alaric marched upon Rome, and
In the Trojan war he was an ally of the Trojans, took revenge by sacking it in 410. Sarus left the
and distinguished himself by his valour. (Hom. service of Honorius soon afterwards, and joined
Il. i. 876, v. 479, &c. , 629, &c. , xii. 292, &c. , the usurper Jovinus in Gaul. Ataulphus followed
397, xvi. 550, &c. , xvii
. 152, &c. ; comp. Phi- lim thither, still meditating revenge, and having
lostr. Her. 14 ; Ov. Met. xiii. 255. ) lle was been informed that Sarus scoured the country with
slain at Troy by Patroclus. (nl. xvi. 480, &c. ) only a few followers, surprised him with a superior
Apollo, by the command of Zeus, cleaned Sar- body, and slew him after an heroic resistance.
pedon's body from blood and dust, anointed it (Zosim. v. p. 337, &c. ed. Oxon. 1679; Olym-
with ambrosia, and wrapped it up in an ambrosian piodor. apud Photium, p. 177; Philostorg. xii. 3.
garment. Sleep and Death then carried it into Fragm. ; Sozom. ix. 4. )
[W. P. )
Lycia, to be honourably buried. (I. xvi. 667, &c. ; SASERNA. ), 2. The name of two writers,
comp. Virg. Aen. i. 100.
Stratonica wrote on her metres (Suid. s. v. Apá- an unaccented introductory or terminal syllable,
Kwv); and Alexander the Sophist lectured on
her poetry (Aristid. Epitaph. p. 85). There were • As a mere matter of convenience the word
also some anonymous υπομνήματα. Portions of accent is used in its English sense, designating the
her eighth book were transferred by a certain stress of the voice on a syllable, and not in its
Sopater into his Eclogae. (Phot. Bibl. Cod. 161. ) proper sense, which it has when used in Greek
It remains to speak of the musical and rhyth- 1 grammars, namely the musical pitch of a syllable.
!
z z 3
## p. 710 (#726) ############################################
710
SAPPHO.
SAPPHO.
V
می "باب بايب "
ب ب ب ب ب ب "
or both you or, when doubled,
The whole system of the Sapphic stanza then
runs thus :
y'uuluu" u Associated with the
"usy! " Uudluhur
choriambus, as its equivalents in time, we have the
double iamb and the double trochee, either com-
Sulhuvalu"url
plete, or catalectic ; and in the latter case the
tiine is made up either by a rest, or by reckoning "Ulul" vu? ". ulvuku
1- . . - . . " . . . "
the beginning and the ending of the verse to-
gether. Thus, in the Sapphic line, we have the where we have not indicated the division of the
time of three of the elementary parts, of metres, feet in the latter part of the third line, for the fol-
the choriambus occupying the middle place, with
a double trochee for an introduction (or bruse) and lowing reason, the completion of the double iamb
a double iamb for a termination, but this last (which is not here catalectic, because the line does
metre wants one syllable, the time of which is not really end here like the first two) and the com-
mencement of the additional metre overlap one
made up by the pause at the end of the line
another, or, in other words, the long syllable is
common to both.
""
y
It still remains to notice the caesura, an element
of metrical poetry quite as important as time and
Or the line might be divided so as to make the accent. By caesura we mean, not precisely what
middle and principal part a choriambus with its the grammarians define it, namely, the division of
catalexis (identical, in fact, with the short final
a foot between two words, because, among other
verse), and the termination a single trochee
objections to this definition, it requires the previous
ulul" Pull
settlement of the question, what the feet of the
verse really are ; but what we call caesura is a
In the Alcaic, we have precisely the same time ; pause in a verse, dividing the verse into parts, just
only the line, instead of beginning with an ac- as the stronger pause at the end of the verse, divides
cented syllable and ending with an unaccented a poem or strophe into verses. Nothing is more
one, begins with an unaccented syllable and ends common in lyric poetry than for the principal cae-
with an accented one, the difference being effected sura in a verse to fall at the end of a foot, as in
by prefixing an unaccented syllable to the base
Māecēnās ātă vīs || ēdítě rēgībūs,
and taking it away from the termination ; and
then the base and termination taken together, or
allowance being made for the rest at the end of Nallam Varě sắcrā || vītě príūs || sēvěrīs arborēm.
the line, fill up the time of two metres,
.
Now, in the Sapphic line, there are no less than
six modes of introducing the caesural pause :-
The difference is precisely analogous to that be- (1. ) In the middle of the choriambus, as
tween the trochaic and iambic metres.
The Sapphic strophe or stanza is composed of
άρμ’ υπαζεύξαισα: || κάλοι δέ σ' άγον.
three Sapphic verses, of which the third is pro-
(2. ) After its first syllable, as
longed by the addition of another metre, which
must be a pure choriambus, to which is appended
τας έμας αύδως || αtoισα πήλυ,
a final unaccented syllable". v Lu. This is (3. ) After the ditrochaic base, as
commonly treated as a separate line, and is called Ποικιλόθρον, η αθάνατ’ 'Αφρόδιτα :
by the grammarians the Versus Adonius, but how
essentially it is a prolongation of the third line is
(4. ) After the third syllable of the base, as
evident from the fact that a word often runs over παι Δίος, | δολοπλοκε, λίσσομαί σε.
from the one into the other, for example,
(5. ) Before the diiambic termination, as
ισδάνει και πλάσιον άδυ φωνεί.
έκλυες, πάτρος δε δόμον || λίποισα.
σας υπακούει,
and, in Horace,
(6. ) Before the last syllable of the choriambus,
Labitur ripa Jove non probante ux-
αλλά τυιδ' έλθ', αι ποτα || κατέρωτα
orius amnis.
Now, it will be seen, by a glance at these eram-
This remark, however, applies only to the ge-ples, that several of the verses have two, or even
nuine original structure, for in Horace sometimes more, of these caesural pauses. In fact, in the
the short verse is separated from its own stanza, last four of the six, this is almost demanded by the
either by an hiatus in the prosody or by a full stop first principles of rhythm, on account of the in-
in the sense, and is read as continuous with the equality which the division would otherwise give.
next stanza, as (Carm. i. 2. 47):-
We must, therefore, regard, not only the caesurae,
Nere te nostris vitiis iniquum
but their combinations ; and it will then be seen
Ocior aura
that the Sapphic verse is divided by its caesural
Tollat.
pauses sometimes into two members, and sometimes
into three ; and since the verse contains six ac-
(Comp. i. 12. 7,31, 22. 15. ) But this is nerer cented syllables (counting as one of them the pause
found in Sappho, nor even in Catullus.
at the end, which, if filled up, as it was in the music,
. اب ب " اي - . " |
ו
a
a
as
## p. 711 (#727) ############################################
-
-
of the verse, as,
SAPPHO.
SARDANAPALUS.
711
would be accented), these two chief modes of divi- l of the Greek poets, 1614, fol. Is. Vossius pub-
sion give respectively two members, each contain- lished an amended text of the two principal frag-
ing three accented syllables, and three members, ments in his edition of Catullus, pp. 113, &c. Lond.
each containing two. In the first case, there are 1684, 4to. Jo. Chr. Wolf edited the fragments,
two subdivisions (Nos. 1 and 2, above), the diffe- with notes, indices, and a life of Sappho, separately
rence being merely that between the feminine and in 1733, 4to. Hamb. , and again in his Novem Il-
masculine caesura, and its effect simply the use of lustrium Foeminarum, Sapphus, &c. , Fragmenta et
a single or a double unaccented syllable as an in- Elogia, Gr. et Lat. Hamb. 1735, 4to. They again
troduction to the second balf of the verse. In the appeared in Brunck's Analecta, vol. i. pp. 54, &c. ,
second mode of division, we get various subdivi- vol. iii. p. 8, &c. , 1772, 8vo. The two chief odes
sions, resulting from the various conibinations of were inserted by G. C. Harless, in his Anthol. Poct.
the caesurae in the examples (3), (4), (5), and (6). Gracc. 1792, 8vo ; and the whole fragments by
When (3) and (5) are combined, the result is a A. Schneider, in his Movo wv 'Avon, Giese, 1802,
line divided into three parts perfectly equal in time, 8vo. Since that period there have been numerous
and which are in fact the three primary elements collections and critical editions of the fragments, of
which those of the greatest pretensions are the two
μειδιάσαισ’ | αθανάτω | προσώπη.
following: - Sapphus Lesbiao Carmina et Frag-
menta recensuit, commcntario illustravit, schemata
When (4) and (5) are combined, the line only musica adjecit et indices confecit H. F. Magnus
differs from the above by having the last syllable Volger, Lips. 1810, 8vo. ; and Sapphonis Mytile-
of the base converted into an introductory syllable nacae Fragmenta, Specimen Operae in omnibus
for the centre, as in the example in No. 5. Verses Artis Graecorum Lyricae Reliquiis, cxcepto Pindaro,
of this form generally have also the principal collocandae, proposuit D. Christianus Fridericus
central caesura, which must be regarded as over- Neue, Berol, 1827, 4to. Of these two editions,
powering the others ; as in the example
. When that of Volger stands at the head of the modern
(3) and (6) are combined, the effect is that the editions in point of date and of cumbrous elabora-
line consists, rhythmically, of a ditrochaic base tion ; that of Neue is by far the first in point of
and a ditrochaic termination, the central member excellence. An important supplement to the edi-
being imperfect ; as in both the examples (3) tion of Neue is Welcker's review of it in Jahn's
and (6). The combination of (4) and (6) produces Jahrbücher for 1828, and in Welcker's Kleino
a verse evidently almost the same as the last ; as Schriften, vol
. i. p. 110. The fragments of Sappho
in the example (4).
have also been edited by Bp. Blomfield, in the
The several effects produced by the caesurae Museum Criticum, vol. i. ; by Gaisford, in his
in the third prolonged line of the stanza, are too Poëtae Minores Graeci ; by Schneidewin, in his
varied to be discussed further : the reader who Delectus Poëseos Graecoruin ; by Bergk, in his
has entered into what has been already said, can Poëtae Lyrici Graeciae ; by Ahrens, in his treatise
easily deduce them for himself. Enough has de Graecae Linguae Dialectis, vol. i. ; and also se-
been said to show the true structure of the parately by A. L. Moebius, in Greek and German,
verse, and the immense variety of rhythm of which Hannov. 1815, 8vo. ; not to mention some other
it is susceptible. How skilfully Sappho avails her-editions of the two chief fragments. There are
self of these varieties is evident from the mere fact, numerous translations both of these two fragments,
that all the above examples are taken from her and of the whole, into English, German, French,
first fragment, which only contains seven stanzas. Italian, and Spanish. (See Hoffmann, Les. Bibl.
The subject of Latin Sapphics cannot be entered Scr. Graec. )
upon here : it must suffice to lay down the princi- Some of the principal modern works upon Sappho
ple, that their laws must be deduced from those of have been incidentally referred to in the course of
the Greek metre ; and to state the fact, that Horace this article. To these should be added Plehn's
confines himself almost entirely to the forms (1) Lesbiaca, Bode and Ulrici, Gesch. d. Hellen. Dichtk. ,
and (2), as in
and Bernhardy, Gesch. d. Griech. Litt. vol. ii. pp.
483_-490.
(P. S. ]
Mércări făcúndě || něpós Atlántis
SARAPIS. (SERAPIS. )
Qui férós cultűs || bỏminám těcēntūm,
SARAS, a freedman of Cleopatra. (Cic. ad Att.
xv. 15, comp. xv. 17, a Siregiro, q a Sara regio. )
using the former very sparingly indeed in his earlier SARANTE'NUS, MANUEL. [Manuel,
odes, but more frequently in his later ones ; his literary, No. 4. ]
taste, it may be presumed, having been improved SARDANAPA'LUS (Lapdavárados), the last
by practice. The other metres used by Sappho king of the Assyrian empire of Ninus or Nineveh,
are fully discussed by Neue, pp. 12, &c.
according to Ctesias. This writer related that the
The first edition of any part of Sappho's frag- Assyriau empire lasted 1306 years * ; that the first
ments was that of the hymn to Aphrodite, by H. king was Ninus, who was succeeded by his wife
Stephanus, in his edition of Anacreon, 1554, Semiramis, and she by her son Ninyas, and that
4to. The subsequent editions of Anacreon, in he was followed by thirty kings, son succeeding
1556, 1660, 1600, 1681, 1684, 1690, 1699, father in uninterrupted order. All these kings,
1700, 1710, 1712, 1716, 1733, 1735, 1740, from Ninyas downwards, were sunk in luxury and
1742, 1744, 1751, 1754, &c. , contained also the
fragments of Sappho in a form more
• In the present copies of Diodorus (ii. 21) we
complete. (See Hoffmann, Lex. Bibliog. Script. have 1360 years, but it appears that Syncellus
Graec. art. Aracieon. ) They were also contained (p. 359, c. ) and Agathias (ii. 25, p. 120) read 1306,
in the Carmina Novem illustrium Foeminarum, and this number is confirmed by Augrstine (de Civ.
Sapphus, &c. , with the Scholia of Fulvius Ursinus, Dei, xviii. 21), who has 1305 years. (See Clin:
Antverp. 1568, 8vo. , and in the Cologne collection | ton, F. 11. vol. i. p. 263, note d. )
1
or less
2 2 4
## p. 712 (#728) ############################################
712
SARDANAPALUS.
SARPEDON.
sloth, till their degradation reached its deepest to have lasted 1306 years ; but Herodotus says
point in the person of their last king Sardanapalus, (i. 95) that the Assyrians had ruled over Upper
who passed his time in his palace unseen by any of Asia for 520 years, when the Medes revolted
his subjects, dressed in female apparel, surrounded from them.
This statement is in accordance with
by concubines, and indulging in every species of that 'in the Armenian translation of Eusebius, in
Jicentiousness and effeminacy. At length Arbaces, which it is recorded that Assyrian kings ruled over
satrap of Media, was admitted into the presence of Babylon for 526 years. Herodotus says, in the
the sovereign, and was so disgusted with what he passage already referred to, that other nations
B! W, that he resolved to throw off his allegiance to imitated the example of the Medes, and revolted
such a worthless monarch. Supported by Beleoya, from the Assyrians, and among these other nations
the noblest of the Chaldaean priests, Arbaces ad- we are doubtless to understand the Babylonians
vanced at the head of a formidable army against This revolt of the Medes occurred in the latter
Sardanapalus. But all of a sudden the effeminate half of the eighth century, probably about B. c. 710.
prince threw off his luxurious habits, and appeared According to Herodotus, however, an Assyrian
an undaunted warrior. Placing himself at the kingdom, of which Nineveh was the capital, still
head of his troops, he twice defeated the rebels, but continued to exist, and was not destroyed till the
was at length worsted and obliged to shut himself capture of Nineveh by the Median king Cyaxares,
up in Nineveh. Here he sustained a siege for two about B. c. 606, that is, nearly three hundred years
years, till at length, finding it impossible to hold nfter the date assigned to its overthrow by Ciesias
out any longer, he collected all his treasures, wives, (Herod. i. 106 ; Clinton, F. II. vol. i. p. 218).
and concubines, and placing them on an immense Further, the writers of the Old Testament repre-
pile which he had constructed, set it on fire, and sent the Assyrian empire in its glory in the eighth
thus destroyed both himself and them. The ene- century before the Christian aera. It was during
mies then obtained possession of the city. The this period that Pul, Tiglath-pileser, Shalmaneser,
account of Cresias has been given at some length and Sennacherib, appear as powerful kings of As-
in Diodorus Siculus (ii. 23-27), and his state- syria, who, not contented with their previous
ments respecting the Assyrian monarchy were dominions, subdued Israel, Phoenicia, and the
followed by most subsequent writers and chrono- surrounding countries. In order to reconcile these
Jogists. (Comp. Justin, i. 1-3 ; Athen. xii. pp. statements with those of Ctesias, modern writers
529, 530. ) Justin places the death of Sardana- have invented two Assyrian kingdoms at Nineveh,
palus in the first half of the ninth century before one which was destroyed on the death of Sarda-
the Christian aera, and according to his chronology napalus, and another which was established after
Ninus therefore falls in the twenty-second century. that event, and fell on the capture of Nineveh by
Clinton gives B. C. 2182 for the commencement, Cyaxares. But this is a purely gratuitous assump-
and B. c. 876 for the close of the Assyrian em- tion, unsnpported by any evidence. We have only
pire.
records of one Assyrian empire, and of one de
Owing to the detailed accounts in Diodorus, struction of Nineveh. On this point some good
many modern writers have repeated his history remarks are made by Loebell, Weltgeschichte, vol. i.
with full confidence, though they have been not a pp. 152, 555—558.
little puzzled to reconcile it with the conflicting SARDO (Eapdu), a daughter of Sthenelus,
statements of other authorities. But the whole from whom the city of Sardes was said to have
narrative of Ctesias is purely mythical, and cannot derived its name. (Hygin. Fab. 275. ) [L. S. )
for one moment be received as a genuine history. SARDUS (Zápoos), a son of Maceris, and
Ctesias, it must be recollected, is the only autho- leader of a colony from Libya to Sardinia, which
rity on which the whole rests, and as he lived at was believed to have derived its name from him.
the beginning of the fourth century before the (Paus. x. 17. § 1. )
(L. S. )
Christian aera, that is, nearly 500 years after the SA'RNACUS, a Greek architect, who wrote
events which he professes to describe, his account on the orders of architecture, praecepta symme-
will not appear of much value to those who are triarum. (Vitruv. vii. Praef. $ 14. ) [P. S. ]
acquainted with the laws of historical evidence. SARON (Lápwv), a mythical king of Troezene,
The fact of thirty effeminate kings reigning in who built a sanctuary of Artemis Saronia on the
succession, from father to son, for such an immense
Once while chasing a stag into the sea
period of time, is of itself sufficient to prove the he was drowned, and his body, which was washed
fabulous nature of the account ; and the legend of on shore in the grove of Artemis, was buried there,
Sardanapalus, who so strangely appears at one and the gulf between Attica and Argolis was,
time sunk in the lowest effeminacy, and imme- from this circumstance, called the Saronic Gulf.
diately afterwards an heroic warrior, has probably (Paus. ii. 30. $ 7. ) Near Troezene there was a
arisen from his being the same with the god | little town called Saron (Steph. Byz. a. v. ), and
Sandon, who was worshipped extensively in Asia, Troezene itself is said at one time to have been
both as an heroic and a female divinity. The called Saronia. (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 287 ; comp.
identity between the god Sandon and the king Schol. ad Eurip. Hipp. 1190. ) [L. S. )
Sardanapalus was first asserted by K. O. Müller, SARO'NIS (Zapwvis), a surname of Artemis
in a very ingenious essay (Sandon und Sardanapal at Troezene, where an annual festival was cele-
in Rheinisches Museum for 1829, pp. 22—39, re-brated in honour of her under the name of Saronia.
printed in Kleine Schriften, vol. ii. pp. 100—113), | (Paus. ii. 30. & 7, 32. $ 9 ; SARON. ) [L. S. )
and has been supported with further arguments by SARPE'DON (Faptýdwv) 1. A son of Zeus
Movers (Die Phönizier, p. 458, &c. ).
by Europa, and a brother of Minos and Rha-
The account of Ctesias, besides its inherent damanthys. Being involved in a quarrel with
improbability, is in direct contradiction to Hero-Minos about Miletus, he took refuge with Cilix,
dotus and the writers of the Old Testament. We whom he assisted against the Lycians; and after-
have seen that Ctesias makes the Assyrian empire ) wards he became king of the Lycians, and Zeus
coast.
## p. 713 (#729) ############################################
SARUS.
713
SASERNA.
granted him the privilege of living three gene the Gothic king of the house of the Balti, whose
rations. (Herod. i. 173 ; Apollod. iii. 1. & 2; hereditary enemy he was. When Alaric approached
Paus. vii. 3. § 4 ; Strab. xii. p. 573 ; comp. Mi- Ravenna with hostile intentions, the reckless Sarus
LETUS, ATYMNIUS. )
sallied out with a body of only three hundred
2. A son of Zeus by Laodameia, or according warriors, cut many of the enemy to pieces, and,
to others of Evander by Deidameia, and a brother on his return within the walls of the capital, had
of Clarus and Themon. (Hom. Il. vi. 199 ; Apol- Alaric proclaimed, by a herald, as a traitor to the
lod. iii. 1. § 1; Diod. v. 79; Virg. Aen. X. 125. ) emperor and the Roman nation. Infuriated at
He was a Lycian prince, and a grandson of No. 1. this public insult, Alaric marched upon Rome, and
In the Trojan war he was an ally of the Trojans, took revenge by sacking it in 410. Sarus left the
and distinguished himself by his valour. (Hom. service of Honorius soon afterwards, and joined
Il. i. 876, v. 479, &c. , 629, &c. , xii. 292, &c. , the usurper Jovinus in Gaul. Ataulphus followed
397, xvi. 550, &c. , xvii
. 152, &c. ; comp. Phi- lim thither, still meditating revenge, and having
lostr. Her. 14 ; Ov. Met. xiii. 255. ) lle was been informed that Sarus scoured the country with
slain at Troy by Patroclus. (nl. xvi. 480, &c. ) only a few followers, surprised him with a superior
Apollo, by the command of Zeus, cleaned Sar- body, and slew him after an heroic resistance.
pedon's body from blood and dust, anointed it (Zosim. v. p. 337, &c. ed. Oxon. 1679; Olym-
with ambrosia, and wrapped it up in an ambrosian piodor. apud Photium, p. 177; Philostorg. xii. 3.
garment. Sleep and Death then carried it into Fragm. ; Sozom. ix. 4. )
[W. P. )
Lycia, to be honourably buried. (I. xvi. 667, &c. ; SASERNA. ), 2. The name of two writers,
comp. Virg. Aen. i. 100.
