Curtius calls him “pessimorum carminum
Leonidas was deposed, and was succeeded by his post Choerilum conditor," which probably refers
son-in-law, Cleombrotus, who co-operated with rather to their fattering character than to their
Agis.
Leonidas was deposed, and was succeeded by his post Choerilum conditor," which probably refers
son-in-law, Cleombrotus, who co-operated with rather to their fattering character than to their
Agis.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
C.
413, Agis entered
§ 1. )
(C. P. M. ) Attica with a Peloponnesian army, and fortified
AGIS II. , the 17th of the Eurypontid line Decelcia, a steep eminence about 15 miles north-
(beginning with Procles), succeeded his father east of Athens (Thuc. vii. 19, 27); and in the
Archidamus, B. C. 427, and reigned a little more winter of the same year, after the news of the
than 28 years.
In the summer of B. C. 426, he disastrous fate of ihe Sicilian expedition had
led an army of Peloponnesians and their allies as reached Greece, be marched northwards to levy
far as the isthmus, with the intention of invading contributions on the allies of Sparta for the pur-
Attica ; but they were deterred from advancing pose of constructing a fleet. While at Deceleia he
farther by a succession of earthquakes which har acted in a great measure independently of the Spar-
pened when they had got so far. (Thuc. iii. tan government, and received embassies as we! !
89. ) In the spring of the following year he led from the disaffected allies of the Athenians, as
an army into Attica, but quitted it fifteen days from the Boeotians and other allies of Sparta.
after he had entered it. (Thuc. iv. 2, 6. ) in (Thuc. viii. 3, 5. ) He seems to have remained
B. C. 419, the Argives, at the instigation of Alci- at Deceleia till the end of the Peloponnesian war.
biades, attacked Epidaurus ; and Agis with the In 411, during the administration of the Four
whole force of Lacedaemon set out at the same Hundred, he made an unsuccessful attempt on
time and marched to the frontier city, Leuctra. Athens itself. (Thuc. viii. 71. ) In B. C. 401,
No one, Thucydides tells us, knew the purpose of the command of the war against Elis was entrust-
this expedition. It was probably to make a diver- ed to Agis, who in the third year compelled the
sion in favour of Epidaurus. (Thirlwall
, vol. iii. Eleans to sue for peace. As he was returning
p. 342. ) At Leuctra the aspect of the sacrifices from Delphi, whither he had gone to consecrate a
deterred bim from proceeding. He therefore led tenth of the spoil, he fell sick at Heraea in Arca-
his troops back, and sent round notice to the allies dia, and died in the course of a few days after he
to be ready for an expedition at the end of the reached Sparta. (Xen. Hell. iii. 2. $ 21, &c.
sacred month of the Carnean festival; and when 3. § 1-4) He left a son, Leotychides, who
the Argives repeated their attack on Epidaurus, however was excluded from the throne, as there
the Spartans again marched to the frontier town, was some suspicion with regard to his legitimacy.
Caryae, and again turned back, professedly on While Alcibiades was at Sparta he made Agis his
account of the aspect of the victims. In the mid- implacable enemy. Later writers (Justin, v. 2;
dle of the following summer (B. C. 418) the Epi- Plut. Alcib. 23) assign as a reason, that the latter
daurians being still hard pressed by the Argives suspected him of having dishonoured bis queen
the Lacedaeinonians with their whole force and Timaea. It was probably at the suggestion of
some allies, under the command of Agis, invaded Agis, that orders were sent out to Astrochus to
Argolis. By a skilful manoeuvre he succeeded in put him to death. Alcibiades however received
intercepting the Argives, and posted bis army ad- timely notice, (according to some accounts from
vantageously between them and the city. But Timaea herself) and kept out of the reach of the
just as the battle was about to begin, Thrasyllus, Spartans. (Thuc. viii. 12, 45; Plut. Lysand.
one of the Argive generals, and Alciphron came to 22. Agesil. 3. )
(C. P. M. ]
Agis and prevailed on him to conclude a truce for AGIS III. , the elder son of Archidamus III. , was
four months. Agis, without disclosing his motives, the 20th king of the Eurypontid line. His reign
drew off his army.
On his return he was severely was short, but eventful. He succeeded his father
censured for having thus thrown away the oppor- in B. c. 338. In B. C. 333, we find him going
tunity of reducing Argos, especially as the Argives with a single trireme to the Persian commanders
had seized the opportunity afforded by his return in the Aegean, Pharnabazus and Autophra-
and taken Orchomenos. It was proposed to pull dates, to request money and an armament for car-
down his house, and inflict on him a fine of 100,000 rying on hostile operations against Alexander in
drachmae. But on his earnest entreaty they con- Greece. They gave him 30 talents and 10 tri-
tented themselves with appointing a council of remes. The news of the battle of Issus, however,
war, consisting of 10 Spartans, without whom he put a check upon their plans. He sent the gal-
was not to lead an army out of the city. (Thuc leys to his brother Agesilaus, with instructions to
v. 54, 57, &c. ) Shortly afterwards they received sail with them to Crete, that he might secure
intelligence from Tegea, that, if not promptly suc-that island for the Spartan interest. In this be
coured, the party favourable to Sparta in that city seems in a great measure to have succeeded.
would be compelled to give way. The Spartans Two years afterwards (B. C. 331), the Greek
immediately sent their whole force under the com- states which were leagued together against Alex-
mand of Agis. He restored tranquillity at Tegea, ander, seized the opportunity of the disaster of
and then marched to Mantineia. By turning the Zopyrion and the revolt of the Thracians, to de
waters so as to flood the lands of Mantineia, he clare war against Macedonia. Agis was invested
succeeded in drawing the army of the Mantineans with the command, and with the Lacedaemonian
and Athenians down to the level ground. A bat- troops, and a body of 8000 Greek mercenaries,
tle ensued, in which the Spartans were victorious. who had been present at the battle of Issus,
This was one of the most important battles ever gained a decisive victory over a Macedonian army
fought between Grecian
(Thuc. r. under Corragus. Having been joined by the
1—73. ) In B. C. 417, when news reached Sparta other forces of the league he laid siege to
of the counter-revolution at Argos, in which the Megalopolis. The city held out till Antipater
oligarchical and Spartan faction was overthrown, came to its relief, when a battle ensued, in which
1
1
states.
## p. 73 (#93) ##############################################
AGIS.
73
AGIS.
Agis was defeated and killed. It happened about | late the law. Alarmed at the turn events were
the time of the battle of Arbela. (Arrian, ii. 13; taking, the two latter prevailed on the kings to
Diod. xvi. 63, 68, xvii. 62; Aesch. c. Ctesipla depose the ephors by force and appoint others in
p. 77; Curt. vi. l; Justin, xii. 1. ) [C. P. M. ) their room. Leonidas, who had returned to
AGIS IV. , the elder son of Eudamidas II. , was the city, fled to Tegea, and in his flight was
the 24th king of the Eurypontid line. He suc protected by Agis from the violence meditated
ceeded his father in B. C. 244, and reigned four against him by Agesilaus. The selfish avarice of
years. In B. C. 243, after the liberation of Corinth the latter frustrated the plans of Agis, when there
by Aratus, the general of the Achacan league, Agis now seemed nothing to oppose the execution of
led an army against him, but was defeated. them. He persuaded his nephew and Lysander
(Paus. ii. 8. § 4. ) The interest of his reign, how that the most effectual way to secure the consent
ever, is derived from events of a different kind of the wealthy to the distribution of their lands,
Through the influx of wealth and luxury, with would be, to begin by cancelling the debts. Ac-
their concomitant vices, the Spartans had greatly cordingly all bonds, registers, and securities were
degenerated from the ancient simplicity and piled up in the market place and burnt. Agesi-
severity of manners. Not above 700 families of laus, having secured his own ends, contrived vari-
the genuine Spartan stock remained, and in conse- ous pretexts for delaying the division of the lands.
quence of the innovation introduced by Epitadeus, Meanwhile the Achacans applied to Sparta for
who procured a repeal of the law which secured assistance against the Aetolians. Agis was ac-
to every Spartan head of a family an equal portion cordingly sent at the head of an army. The cau-
of land, the landed property had passed into the tious movements of Aratus gave Agis no opportu-
hands of a few individuals, of whom a great num- nity of distinguishing himself in action, but he
ber were females, so that not above 100 Spartan gained great credit by the excellent discipline he
families possessed estates, wbile the poor were preserved among his troops. During his absence
burdened with debt. Agis, who from his earliest Agesilaus so incensed the poorer classes by his
youth had shewn his attachment to the ancient insolent conduct and the continued postponement
discipline, undertook to reform these abuses, and of the division of the lands, that they made no
re-establish the institutions of Lycurgus. For this opposition when the enemies of Agis openly
end he determined to lay before the Spartan senate brought back Leonidas and set him on the throne.
a proposition for the abolition of all debts and a new Agis and Cleombrotus fled for sanctuary, the
partition of the lands. Another part of his plan was former to the temple of Athene Chalcioecus, the
to give landed estates to the Perioeci. His schemes latter to the temple of Poseidon. Cleombrotus
were warmly seconded by the poorer classes and the was suffered to go into exile. Agis was entrapped
young men, and as strenuously opposed by the by some treacherous friends and thrown into
wealthy. He succeeded, however, in gaining over prison. Leonidas immediately came with a band
three very influential persong-his uncle Agesi- of mercenaries and secured the prison without,
laus (a man of large property, but wbo, being while the ephors entered it, and went through the
deeply involved in debt, hoped to profit by the mockery of a trial. When asked if he did not
innovations of Agis), Lysander, and Mandrocleides. repent of what he had attempted, Agis replied,
Having procured Lysander to be elected one of that he should never repent of so glorious a design,
the ephors, he laid his plans before the senate. even in the face of death. He was condemned,
He proposed that the Spartan territory should be and precipitately executed, the ephors fearing a
divided into two portions, one to consist of 4500 rescue, as a great concourse of people bad assem-
equal lots, to be divided amongst the Spartans, bled round the prison gates. Agis, observing that
whose ranks were to be filled up by the admis- one of his executioners was moved to tears, said,
sion of the most respectable of the Perioeci and Weep not for me: suffering, as I do, unjustly, I
strangers ; the other to contain 15,000 equal lots, am in a happier case than my murderers. ” His
to be divided- amongst the Perioeci. The senate mother Agesistrate and his grandmother were
could not at first come to a decision on the matter. strangled on his body. Agis was the first king of
Lysander, therefore, convoked the assembly of the Sparta who had been put to death by the ephors.
people, to whom Agis submitted his measure, and Pausanias, who, however, is undoubtedly wrong,
offered to make the first sacrifice, by giving up his says (viii. 10. § 4, 27. $ 9), that he fell in battle.
lands and money, telling them that his mother and His widow Agiatis was forcibly married by Leo
grandmother, who were possessed of great wealth, nidas to his son Cleomenes, but nevertheless they
with all his relations and friends, would follow his entertained for each other a mutual affection
example. His generosity drew down the ap- and esteem. (Plutarch, Agis, Cleomenes, Aratus;
plauses of the multitude. The opposite party, Paus vii. 7. § 2. )
(C. P. M. ]
however, beaded by Leonidas, the other king, who AGIS (Agus), a Greek poet, a native of Argos,
had formed his habits at the luxurious court of and a contemporary of Alexander the Great, whom
Seleucus, king of Syria, got the senate to reject he accompanied on his Asiatic expedition. Cur-
the measure, though only by one vote. Agis now tius (viii. 5) as well as Arrian (Anab. iv. 9) and
detennined to rid himself of Leonidas. Lysander Plutarch (De adulat. et amic. discrim. p. 60) de
accordingly accused him of haring violated the laws scribe him as one of the basest flatterers of the
by marrying a stranger and living in a foreign land. king.
Curtius calls him “pessimorum carminum
Leonidas was deposed, and was succeeded by his post Choerilum conditor," which probably refers
son-in-law, Cleombrotus, who co-operated with rather to their fattering character than to their
Agis. Soon afterwards, however, Lysander's term worth as poetry. The Greek Anthology (vi.
of office expired, and the epbors of the following 152) contains an epigram, which is probably the
year were opposed to Agis, and designed to restore work of this flatterer. (Jacobs, Anthol iii. p.
Leonidas. They brought an accusation against 836; Zimmermann, Zeitschrift für die Altertha
Lysander and Mandrocleides, of attempting to rio-1841, p. 164. )
## p. 74 (#94) ##############################################
74
AGNODICE.
AGON.
1
1
Athenaeus (xii. p. 516) mentions one Agis as | philus, — devoting herself chiefly to the study of
the author of a work on the art of cooking midwifery and the diseases of women. After
(όψαρευτικά).
(L. S. ] wards, when she began practice, being very suc
AGLA'IA ('Agnata). 1. (CHARITES. ) cessful in these branches of the profession, she
2. The wife of Charopus and mother of Nireus, excited the jealousy of several of the other prac-
who led a small band from the island of Syme titioners, by whom she was summoned before the
against Troy. (Hom. I. ii. 671; Diod. v. 53. ) Areiopagus, and accused of corrupting the morals
Another Aglaia is mentioned in Apollodorus. (ii
. of her patients. Upon her refuting this charge by
7. & 8. )
(L. S. ) making known her sex, she was immediately ac-
AGLAONI'CE. [AGANICE. )
cused of having violated the existing law, which
AGLAOPHE'ME. (SIRENES. )
second danger she escaped by the wives of the
AGLA'OPHON ('Aglaodáv), a painter, born chief persons in Athens, whom she had attended,
in the island of Thasos, the father and instructor coming forward in her behalf, and succeeding at
of Polygnotus. (Suidas and Photius, s. v. Nonúyra last in getting the obnoxious law abolished. No
70s ; Anth. Gr. ix. 700. ) He had another son date whatever is attached to this story, but several
named Aristophon. (Plat Gorg. p. 448. B. ) As persons have, by calling the tutor of Agnodice by
Polygnotus flourished before the 90th Ol. (Plin. ihe name of Herophilus instead of Hierophilus,
H. N. xxxv. 9. 8. 35), Aglaophon probably lived placed it in the third or fourth century before
about Ol. 70. Quintilian (xii. 10. $ 3) praises his Christ. But this emendation, though at first sight
paintings, which were distinguished by the sim- very easy and plausible, does not appear altogether
plicity of their colouring, as worthy of admiration free from objections. For, in the first place, if the
on other grounds besides their antiquity. There story is to be believed at all upon the authority of
was an Aglaophon who flourished in the 90th Ol. Hyginus, it would seem to belong rather to the
according to Pliny (H. N. xxxv. 9. s. 36), and his fifth or sixth century before Christ than the third
statement is confirmed by a passage of Athenaeus or fourth ; secondly, we have no reason for think-
(xii. p. 543, d. ), from which we learn that he ing that Agnodice was ever at Alexandria, or
painted two pictures, in one of which Olympias Herophilus at Athens; and thirdly, it seems
and Pythias, as the presiding geniuses of the i hardly probable that Hyginus would have called
Olympic and Pythian games, were represented, so celebrated a physician “a certam Herophilus. ”
crowning Alcibiades; in the other Nemes, the pre (Herophilus quidam. )
(W. A. G. )
siding deity of the Nemean games, held Alcibiades AGNON, a Greek rhetorician, who wrote a
on her knees. Alcibiades could not have gained work against rhetoric, which Quintilian (ii. 17.
any victories much before Ol. 91. (B. C. 416. ) It $ 15) calls “ Rhetorices accusatio. " Rhunken
is therefore exceedingly likely that this artist was (Hist. Crit. Orat. Graec. p. xc. ) and after him
the son of Aristophon, and grandson of the older most modern scholars have considered this Agnon
Aglaophon, as among the Greeks the son generally to be the same man as Agnonides, the contempo
bore the name not of his father but of his grand- rary of Phocion, as the latter is in some MSS. of
father. Plutarch (Alcib. 16) kays, that Aristo- Corn. Nepos (Phoc. 3) called Agnon. But the
phon was the author of the picture of Nemea and manner in which Agnon is mentioned by Quin-
Alcibiades. He may perhaps have assisted his lilian, shews that he is a rhetorician, who lived at
This Aglaophon was, according to some, the a much later period. Whether however he is the
first who represented Victory with wings. (Schol. same as the academic philosopher mentioned by
ad Aristoph. Aves, 573. )
[C. P. M. ] Athenaeus (xiii. p. 602), cannot be decided. (L. S. ]
AGLAOSTHENES. (AGAOSTHENES. ] AGNO'NIDES ("Ayvwvídns), an Athenian
AGLAUROS. [AGRAULOS. )
demagogue and sycophant a contemporary of
AGLA'US ('Agdaós), a poor citizen of Psophis | Theophrastus and Phocion. The former was ac-
in Arcadia, whom the Delphic oracle pronounced cused by Agnonides of impiety, but was acquitted
to be happier than Gyges, king of Lydia, on ac- by the Areiopagus, and Theophrastus might bave
count of his contentedness, when the king asked ruined his accuser, had be been less generous. (Diog.
the oracle, if any man was happier than he. (Val. Laert. v. 37. ) Agnonides was opposed to the Ma-
Max. vii
. 1. & 2; Plin. H. N. vii
. 47. ) Pausa- cedonian party at Athens, and called Phocion a traj-
a
nias (viii. 24. § 7) places Aglaus in the time of tor, for which he was exiled, as soon as Alexander,
Croesus.
son of Polysperchon, got possession of Athens.
AGNAPTUS, an architect mentioned by Pau- Afterwards, however, he obtained from Antipater
sanias (v. 15, $ 4, vi. 20. $ 7) as the builder of a permission to return to his country through the
porch in the Altis at Olympia, which was called mediation of Phocion. (Plut. Phoc. 29. ) But
by the Eleans the “ porch of Agnaptus. ” When the sycophant soon forgot what he owed to his
he lived is uncertain.
(C. P. M. ] benefactor, and not only continued to oppose the
A'GNIUS ("Ayvios), the father of Tiphys, who Macedonian party in the most vehement manner,
was the pilot of the ship Argo (Apollod. i. 9. $ 16; but eren induced the Athenians to sentence Pho-
Orph. Argon. 540), whence Tiphys is called cion to death as a traitor, who had delivered the
Agniades.
[L. S. ) Peiraeeus into the bands of Nicanor. (Plut. Phoc.
AGNOʻDICE ('Ayvodikn), the name of the 33, 35; Corn. Nep. Phoc. 3. ) But the Athenians
earliest midwife mentioned among the Greeks. soon repented of their conduct towards Phocion,
She was a native of Athens, where it was and put Agnonides to death to appease his manes.
forbidden by law for a woman a slave to (Plut. Phoc. 38. )
(L. S. )
study medicine. According, however, to Hyginus AGON ('Ayúv), a personification of solemn
(Fab. 274), on whose authority alone the whole contests (dywves). He was represented in a statue
story rests, it would appear that Agodice dis- at Olympia with áltñpes in his hands. This sta-
guised herself in man's clothes, and so contrived 10 tue was a work of Dionysius, and dedicated by
attend the lectures of a physician named Hiero- | Smicythus of Rhegium. (Paus. v. 26. & 3. ) (L. S. ]
son.
or
## p. 75 (#95) ##############################################
AGRAULOS.
75
AGRICOLA.
AGO'NIUS ('Aqarvios), a surname or epithet of king of Athens. By her husband, Cocrops, she
several gods. Aeschylus (Agam. 513) and Sopho became the mother of Erysichthon, Agraulos,
cles (Trach. 26) use it of Apollo and Zeus, and Herse, and Pandrosos. (Apollod. ü. 14. & 2;
apparently in the sense of helpers in struggles and Paus. i. 2. & 5.
§ 1. )
(C. P. M. ) Attica with a Peloponnesian army, and fortified
AGIS II. , the 17th of the Eurypontid line Decelcia, a steep eminence about 15 miles north-
(beginning with Procles), succeeded his father east of Athens (Thuc. vii. 19, 27); and in the
Archidamus, B. C. 427, and reigned a little more winter of the same year, after the news of the
than 28 years.
In the summer of B. C. 426, he disastrous fate of ihe Sicilian expedition had
led an army of Peloponnesians and their allies as reached Greece, be marched northwards to levy
far as the isthmus, with the intention of invading contributions on the allies of Sparta for the pur-
Attica ; but they were deterred from advancing pose of constructing a fleet. While at Deceleia he
farther by a succession of earthquakes which har acted in a great measure independently of the Spar-
pened when they had got so far. (Thuc. iii. tan government, and received embassies as we! !
89. ) In the spring of the following year he led from the disaffected allies of the Athenians, as
an army into Attica, but quitted it fifteen days from the Boeotians and other allies of Sparta.
after he had entered it. (Thuc. iv. 2, 6. ) in (Thuc. viii. 3, 5. ) He seems to have remained
B. C. 419, the Argives, at the instigation of Alci- at Deceleia till the end of the Peloponnesian war.
biades, attacked Epidaurus ; and Agis with the In 411, during the administration of the Four
whole force of Lacedaemon set out at the same Hundred, he made an unsuccessful attempt on
time and marched to the frontier city, Leuctra. Athens itself. (Thuc. viii. 71. ) In B. C. 401,
No one, Thucydides tells us, knew the purpose of the command of the war against Elis was entrust-
this expedition. It was probably to make a diver- ed to Agis, who in the third year compelled the
sion in favour of Epidaurus. (Thirlwall
, vol. iii. Eleans to sue for peace. As he was returning
p. 342. ) At Leuctra the aspect of the sacrifices from Delphi, whither he had gone to consecrate a
deterred bim from proceeding. He therefore led tenth of the spoil, he fell sick at Heraea in Arca-
his troops back, and sent round notice to the allies dia, and died in the course of a few days after he
to be ready for an expedition at the end of the reached Sparta. (Xen. Hell. iii. 2. $ 21, &c.
sacred month of the Carnean festival; and when 3. § 1-4) He left a son, Leotychides, who
the Argives repeated their attack on Epidaurus, however was excluded from the throne, as there
the Spartans again marched to the frontier town, was some suspicion with regard to his legitimacy.
Caryae, and again turned back, professedly on While Alcibiades was at Sparta he made Agis his
account of the aspect of the victims. In the mid- implacable enemy. Later writers (Justin, v. 2;
dle of the following summer (B. C. 418) the Epi- Plut. Alcib. 23) assign as a reason, that the latter
daurians being still hard pressed by the Argives suspected him of having dishonoured bis queen
the Lacedaeinonians with their whole force and Timaea. It was probably at the suggestion of
some allies, under the command of Agis, invaded Agis, that orders were sent out to Astrochus to
Argolis. By a skilful manoeuvre he succeeded in put him to death. Alcibiades however received
intercepting the Argives, and posted bis army ad- timely notice, (according to some accounts from
vantageously between them and the city. But Timaea herself) and kept out of the reach of the
just as the battle was about to begin, Thrasyllus, Spartans. (Thuc. viii. 12, 45; Plut. Lysand.
one of the Argive generals, and Alciphron came to 22. Agesil. 3. )
(C. P. M. ]
Agis and prevailed on him to conclude a truce for AGIS III. , the elder son of Archidamus III. , was
four months. Agis, without disclosing his motives, the 20th king of the Eurypontid line. His reign
drew off his army.
On his return he was severely was short, but eventful. He succeeded his father
censured for having thus thrown away the oppor- in B. c. 338. In B. C. 333, we find him going
tunity of reducing Argos, especially as the Argives with a single trireme to the Persian commanders
had seized the opportunity afforded by his return in the Aegean, Pharnabazus and Autophra-
and taken Orchomenos. It was proposed to pull dates, to request money and an armament for car-
down his house, and inflict on him a fine of 100,000 rying on hostile operations against Alexander in
drachmae. But on his earnest entreaty they con- Greece. They gave him 30 talents and 10 tri-
tented themselves with appointing a council of remes. The news of the battle of Issus, however,
war, consisting of 10 Spartans, without whom he put a check upon their plans. He sent the gal-
was not to lead an army out of the city. (Thuc leys to his brother Agesilaus, with instructions to
v. 54, 57, &c. ) Shortly afterwards they received sail with them to Crete, that he might secure
intelligence from Tegea, that, if not promptly suc-that island for the Spartan interest. In this be
coured, the party favourable to Sparta in that city seems in a great measure to have succeeded.
would be compelled to give way. The Spartans Two years afterwards (B. C. 331), the Greek
immediately sent their whole force under the com- states which were leagued together against Alex-
mand of Agis. He restored tranquillity at Tegea, ander, seized the opportunity of the disaster of
and then marched to Mantineia. By turning the Zopyrion and the revolt of the Thracians, to de
waters so as to flood the lands of Mantineia, he clare war against Macedonia. Agis was invested
succeeded in drawing the army of the Mantineans with the command, and with the Lacedaemonian
and Athenians down to the level ground. A bat- troops, and a body of 8000 Greek mercenaries,
tle ensued, in which the Spartans were victorious. who had been present at the battle of Issus,
This was one of the most important battles ever gained a decisive victory over a Macedonian army
fought between Grecian
(Thuc. r. under Corragus. Having been joined by the
1—73. ) In B. C. 417, when news reached Sparta other forces of the league he laid siege to
of the counter-revolution at Argos, in which the Megalopolis. The city held out till Antipater
oligarchical and Spartan faction was overthrown, came to its relief, when a battle ensued, in which
1
1
states.
## p. 73 (#93) ##############################################
AGIS.
73
AGIS.
Agis was defeated and killed. It happened about | late the law. Alarmed at the turn events were
the time of the battle of Arbela. (Arrian, ii. 13; taking, the two latter prevailed on the kings to
Diod. xvi. 63, 68, xvii. 62; Aesch. c. Ctesipla depose the ephors by force and appoint others in
p. 77; Curt. vi. l; Justin, xii. 1. ) [C. P. M. ) their room. Leonidas, who had returned to
AGIS IV. , the elder son of Eudamidas II. , was the city, fled to Tegea, and in his flight was
the 24th king of the Eurypontid line. He suc protected by Agis from the violence meditated
ceeded his father in B. C. 244, and reigned four against him by Agesilaus. The selfish avarice of
years. In B. C. 243, after the liberation of Corinth the latter frustrated the plans of Agis, when there
by Aratus, the general of the Achacan league, Agis now seemed nothing to oppose the execution of
led an army against him, but was defeated. them. He persuaded his nephew and Lysander
(Paus. ii. 8. § 4. ) The interest of his reign, how that the most effectual way to secure the consent
ever, is derived from events of a different kind of the wealthy to the distribution of their lands,
Through the influx of wealth and luxury, with would be, to begin by cancelling the debts. Ac-
their concomitant vices, the Spartans had greatly cordingly all bonds, registers, and securities were
degenerated from the ancient simplicity and piled up in the market place and burnt. Agesi-
severity of manners. Not above 700 families of laus, having secured his own ends, contrived vari-
the genuine Spartan stock remained, and in conse- ous pretexts for delaying the division of the lands.
quence of the innovation introduced by Epitadeus, Meanwhile the Achacans applied to Sparta for
who procured a repeal of the law which secured assistance against the Aetolians. Agis was ac-
to every Spartan head of a family an equal portion cordingly sent at the head of an army. The cau-
of land, the landed property had passed into the tious movements of Aratus gave Agis no opportu-
hands of a few individuals, of whom a great num- nity of distinguishing himself in action, but he
ber were females, so that not above 100 Spartan gained great credit by the excellent discipline he
families possessed estates, wbile the poor were preserved among his troops. During his absence
burdened with debt. Agis, who from his earliest Agesilaus so incensed the poorer classes by his
youth had shewn his attachment to the ancient insolent conduct and the continued postponement
discipline, undertook to reform these abuses, and of the division of the lands, that they made no
re-establish the institutions of Lycurgus. For this opposition when the enemies of Agis openly
end he determined to lay before the Spartan senate brought back Leonidas and set him on the throne.
a proposition for the abolition of all debts and a new Agis and Cleombrotus fled for sanctuary, the
partition of the lands. Another part of his plan was former to the temple of Athene Chalcioecus, the
to give landed estates to the Perioeci. His schemes latter to the temple of Poseidon. Cleombrotus
were warmly seconded by the poorer classes and the was suffered to go into exile. Agis was entrapped
young men, and as strenuously opposed by the by some treacherous friends and thrown into
wealthy. He succeeded, however, in gaining over prison. Leonidas immediately came with a band
three very influential persong-his uncle Agesi- of mercenaries and secured the prison without,
laus (a man of large property, but wbo, being while the ephors entered it, and went through the
deeply involved in debt, hoped to profit by the mockery of a trial. When asked if he did not
innovations of Agis), Lysander, and Mandrocleides. repent of what he had attempted, Agis replied,
Having procured Lysander to be elected one of that he should never repent of so glorious a design,
the ephors, he laid his plans before the senate. even in the face of death. He was condemned,
He proposed that the Spartan territory should be and precipitately executed, the ephors fearing a
divided into two portions, one to consist of 4500 rescue, as a great concourse of people bad assem-
equal lots, to be divided amongst the Spartans, bled round the prison gates. Agis, observing that
whose ranks were to be filled up by the admis- one of his executioners was moved to tears, said,
sion of the most respectable of the Perioeci and Weep not for me: suffering, as I do, unjustly, I
strangers ; the other to contain 15,000 equal lots, am in a happier case than my murderers. ” His
to be divided- amongst the Perioeci. The senate mother Agesistrate and his grandmother were
could not at first come to a decision on the matter. strangled on his body. Agis was the first king of
Lysander, therefore, convoked the assembly of the Sparta who had been put to death by the ephors.
people, to whom Agis submitted his measure, and Pausanias, who, however, is undoubtedly wrong,
offered to make the first sacrifice, by giving up his says (viii. 10. § 4, 27. $ 9), that he fell in battle.
lands and money, telling them that his mother and His widow Agiatis was forcibly married by Leo
grandmother, who were possessed of great wealth, nidas to his son Cleomenes, but nevertheless they
with all his relations and friends, would follow his entertained for each other a mutual affection
example. His generosity drew down the ap- and esteem. (Plutarch, Agis, Cleomenes, Aratus;
plauses of the multitude. The opposite party, Paus vii. 7. § 2. )
(C. P. M. ]
however, beaded by Leonidas, the other king, who AGIS (Agus), a Greek poet, a native of Argos,
had formed his habits at the luxurious court of and a contemporary of Alexander the Great, whom
Seleucus, king of Syria, got the senate to reject he accompanied on his Asiatic expedition. Cur-
the measure, though only by one vote. Agis now tius (viii. 5) as well as Arrian (Anab. iv. 9) and
detennined to rid himself of Leonidas. Lysander Plutarch (De adulat. et amic. discrim. p. 60) de
accordingly accused him of haring violated the laws scribe him as one of the basest flatterers of the
by marrying a stranger and living in a foreign land. king.
Curtius calls him “pessimorum carminum
Leonidas was deposed, and was succeeded by his post Choerilum conditor," which probably refers
son-in-law, Cleombrotus, who co-operated with rather to their fattering character than to their
Agis. Soon afterwards, however, Lysander's term worth as poetry. The Greek Anthology (vi.
of office expired, and the epbors of the following 152) contains an epigram, which is probably the
year were opposed to Agis, and designed to restore work of this flatterer. (Jacobs, Anthol iii. p.
Leonidas. They brought an accusation against 836; Zimmermann, Zeitschrift für die Altertha
Lysander and Mandrocleides, of attempting to rio-1841, p. 164. )
## p. 74 (#94) ##############################################
74
AGNODICE.
AGON.
1
1
Athenaeus (xii. p. 516) mentions one Agis as | philus, — devoting herself chiefly to the study of
the author of a work on the art of cooking midwifery and the diseases of women. After
(όψαρευτικά).
(L. S. ] wards, when she began practice, being very suc
AGLA'IA ('Agnata). 1. (CHARITES. ) cessful in these branches of the profession, she
2. The wife of Charopus and mother of Nireus, excited the jealousy of several of the other prac-
who led a small band from the island of Syme titioners, by whom she was summoned before the
against Troy. (Hom. I. ii. 671; Diod. v. 53. ) Areiopagus, and accused of corrupting the morals
Another Aglaia is mentioned in Apollodorus. (ii
. of her patients. Upon her refuting this charge by
7. & 8. )
(L. S. ) making known her sex, she was immediately ac-
AGLAONI'CE. [AGANICE. )
cused of having violated the existing law, which
AGLAOPHE'ME. (SIRENES. )
second danger she escaped by the wives of the
AGLA'OPHON ('Aglaodáv), a painter, born chief persons in Athens, whom she had attended,
in the island of Thasos, the father and instructor coming forward in her behalf, and succeeding at
of Polygnotus. (Suidas and Photius, s. v. Nonúyra last in getting the obnoxious law abolished. No
70s ; Anth. Gr. ix. 700. ) He had another son date whatever is attached to this story, but several
named Aristophon. (Plat Gorg. p. 448. B. ) As persons have, by calling the tutor of Agnodice by
Polygnotus flourished before the 90th Ol. (Plin. ihe name of Herophilus instead of Hierophilus,
H. N. xxxv. 9. 8. 35), Aglaophon probably lived placed it in the third or fourth century before
about Ol. 70. Quintilian (xii. 10. $ 3) praises his Christ. But this emendation, though at first sight
paintings, which were distinguished by the sim- very easy and plausible, does not appear altogether
plicity of their colouring, as worthy of admiration free from objections. For, in the first place, if the
on other grounds besides their antiquity. There story is to be believed at all upon the authority of
was an Aglaophon who flourished in the 90th Ol. Hyginus, it would seem to belong rather to the
according to Pliny (H. N. xxxv. 9. s. 36), and his fifth or sixth century before Christ than the third
statement is confirmed by a passage of Athenaeus or fourth ; secondly, we have no reason for think-
(xii. p. 543, d. ), from which we learn that he ing that Agnodice was ever at Alexandria, or
painted two pictures, in one of which Olympias Herophilus at Athens; and thirdly, it seems
and Pythias, as the presiding geniuses of the i hardly probable that Hyginus would have called
Olympic and Pythian games, were represented, so celebrated a physician “a certam Herophilus. ”
crowning Alcibiades; in the other Nemes, the pre (Herophilus quidam. )
(W. A. G. )
siding deity of the Nemean games, held Alcibiades AGNON, a Greek rhetorician, who wrote a
on her knees. Alcibiades could not have gained work against rhetoric, which Quintilian (ii. 17.
any victories much before Ol. 91. (B. C. 416. ) It $ 15) calls “ Rhetorices accusatio. " Rhunken
is therefore exceedingly likely that this artist was (Hist. Crit. Orat. Graec. p. xc. ) and after him
the son of Aristophon, and grandson of the older most modern scholars have considered this Agnon
Aglaophon, as among the Greeks the son generally to be the same man as Agnonides, the contempo
bore the name not of his father but of his grand- rary of Phocion, as the latter is in some MSS. of
father. Plutarch (Alcib. 16) kays, that Aristo- Corn. Nepos (Phoc. 3) called Agnon. But the
phon was the author of the picture of Nemea and manner in which Agnon is mentioned by Quin-
Alcibiades. He may perhaps have assisted his lilian, shews that he is a rhetorician, who lived at
This Aglaophon was, according to some, the a much later period. Whether however he is the
first who represented Victory with wings. (Schol. same as the academic philosopher mentioned by
ad Aristoph. Aves, 573. )
[C. P. M. ] Athenaeus (xiii. p. 602), cannot be decided. (L. S. ]
AGLAOSTHENES. (AGAOSTHENES. ] AGNO'NIDES ("Ayvwvídns), an Athenian
AGLAUROS. [AGRAULOS. )
demagogue and sycophant a contemporary of
AGLA'US ('Agdaós), a poor citizen of Psophis | Theophrastus and Phocion. The former was ac-
in Arcadia, whom the Delphic oracle pronounced cused by Agnonides of impiety, but was acquitted
to be happier than Gyges, king of Lydia, on ac- by the Areiopagus, and Theophrastus might bave
count of his contentedness, when the king asked ruined his accuser, had be been less generous. (Diog.
the oracle, if any man was happier than he. (Val. Laert. v. 37. ) Agnonides was opposed to the Ma-
Max. vii
. 1. & 2; Plin. H. N. vii
. 47. ) Pausa- cedonian party at Athens, and called Phocion a traj-
a
nias (viii. 24. § 7) places Aglaus in the time of tor, for which he was exiled, as soon as Alexander,
Croesus.
son of Polysperchon, got possession of Athens.
AGNAPTUS, an architect mentioned by Pau- Afterwards, however, he obtained from Antipater
sanias (v. 15, $ 4, vi. 20. $ 7) as the builder of a permission to return to his country through the
porch in the Altis at Olympia, which was called mediation of Phocion. (Plut. Phoc. 29. ) But
by the Eleans the “ porch of Agnaptus. ” When the sycophant soon forgot what he owed to his
he lived is uncertain.
(C. P. M. ] benefactor, and not only continued to oppose the
A'GNIUS ("Ayvios), the father of Tiphys, who Macedonian party in the most vehement manner,
was the pilot of the ship Argo (Apollod. i. 9. $ 16; but eren induced the Athenians to sentence Pho-
Orph. Argon. 540), whence Tiphys is called cion to death as a traitor, who had delivered the
Agniades.
[L. S. ) Peiraeeus into the bands of Nicanor. (Plut. Phoc.
AGNOʻDICE ('Ayvodikn), the name of the 33, 35; Corn. Nep. Phoc. 3. ) But the Athenians
earliest midwife mentioned among the Greeks. soon repented of their conduct towards Phocion,
She was a native of Athens, where it was and put Agnonides to death to appease his manes.
forbidden by law for a woman a slave to (Plut. Phoc. 38. )
(L. S. )
study medicine. According, however, to Hyginus AGON ('Ayúv), a personification of solemn
(Fab. 274), on whose authority alone the whole contests (dywves). He was represented in a statue
story rests, it would appear that Agodice dis- at Olympia with áltñpes in his hands. This sta-
guised herself in man's clothes, and so contrived 10 tue was a work of Dionysius, and dedicated by
attend the lectures of a physician named Hiero- | Smicythus of Rhegium. (Paus. v. 26. & 3. ) (L. S. ]
son.
or
## p. 75 (#95) ##############################################
AGRAULOS.
75
AGRICOLA.
AGO'NIUS ('Aqarvios), a surname or epithet of king of Athens. By her husband, Cocrops, she
several gods. Aeschylus (Agam. 513) and Sopho became the mother of Erysichthon, Agraulos,
cles (Trach. 26) use it of Apollo and Zeus, and Herse, and Pandrosos. (Apollod. ü. 14. & 2;
apparently in the sense of helpers in struggles and Paus. i. 2. & 5.
