No More Learning

The snow fell and the
XV-548


## p. 8754 (#370) ###########################################

8754
ÉDOUARD RENÉ LEFEBVRE LABOULAYE
wind blew. She called her mother, she cursed her sister, she
cursed God. The snow fell and the wind blew. Katinka froze,
her limbs stiffened, and she fell motionless. The snow still fell
and the wind still blew.
The mother went without ceasing from the window to the
door, and from the door to the window. The hours passed and
Katinka did not return.
“I must go and look for my daughter,” said she. « The child
has forgotten herself with those hateful apples. ” She took her
fur cloak and hood and hastened to the mountain. Everything
was covered with snow; there was not even a footpath. She
plunged into the forest, calling her daughter. The snow fell and
the wind blew. She walked on with feverish anxiety, shouting
at the top of her voice. The snow still fell and the wind still
blew.
Dobrunka waited through the evening and the night, but no
one returned. In the morning she took her wheel and spun a
whole distaff full; there was still no news. «What can have
happened ? ” said the good girl, weeping. The sun was shining
through an icy mist, and the ground was covered with snow.
Dobrunka prayed for her mother and sister. They did not re-
turn; and it was not till spring that a shepherd found the two
corpses in the forest.
Dobrunka remained the sole mistress of the house, the cow,
and the garden, to say nothing of a piece of meadow adjoining
the house. But when a good and pretty girl has a field under
her window, the next thing that follows is a young farmer, who
offers her his heart and hand. Dobrunka was
soon married.
The Twelve Months did not abandon their child. More than
once, when the north wind blew fearfully and the windows shook
in their frames, old January stopped up all the crevices of the
house with snow, so that the cold might not enter this peaceful
abode.
Dobrunka lived to a good old age, always virtuous and happy,
having, according to the proverb, winter at the door, summer in
the barn, autumn in the cellar, and spring in the heart.


## p. 8755 (#371) ###########################################

ÉDOUARD RENÉ LEFEBVRE LABOULAYE
8755
THE STORY OF COQUERICO
A SPANISH Tale
From the Fairy Book. Translated by Mary L. Booth, and published by
Harper & Brothers
Oi
O
NCE upon a time there was a handsome hen who lived like a
great lady in the poultry-yard of a rich farmer, surrounded
by a numerous family which clucked about her, and none
of which clamored more loudly or picked up the corn faster with
his beak than a poor little deformed and crippled chicken. This
was precisely the one that the mother loved best.
It is the way
with all mothers: the weakest and most unsightly are always
their favorites. This misshapen creature had but one eye, one
wing, and one leg in good condition; it might have been thought
that Solomon had executed his memorable sentence on Coquerico-
for that was the name of the wretched chicken — and cut him in
two with his famous sword. When a person is one-eyed, lame,
and one-armed, he may reasonably be expected to be modest;
but our Castilian ragamuffin was prouder than his father,— the
best spurred, most elegant, bravest, and most gallant cock to be
seen from Burgos to Madrid. He thought himself a phoenix of
grace and beauty, and passed the best part of the day in admir-
ing himself in the brook. If one of his brothers ran against him
by accident, he abused him, called him envious and jealous, and
risked his only remaining eye in battle; if the hens clucked on
seeing him, he said it was to hide their spite because he did not
condescend to look at them.
One day, when he was more puffed up with vanity than usual,
he resolved no longer to remain in such a narrow sphere, but to
go out into the world, where he would be better appreciated.
“My lady mother,” said he, “I am tired of Spain; I am going
to Rome to see the Pope and cardinals. ”
“What are you thinking of, my poor child! ” cried his mother.
«Who has put such a folly into your head ? Never has one of
our family been known to quit his country; and for this reason
are the honor of our race, and are proud of our genealogy.
Where will you find a poultry-yard like this,- mulberry-trees
to shade you, a white-washed hen-roost, a magnificent dunghill,
worms and corn everywhere, brothers that love you, and three
»
we


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8756
ÉDOUARD RENÉ LEFEBVRE LABOULAYE
«Don't you
>
great dogs to guard you from the foxes ? Do you not think
that at Rome itself you will regret the ease and plenty of such
a life? "
Coquerico shrugged his crippled wing in token of disdain.
“You are a simple woman, my good mother,” said he: "every-
thing is accounted worthy of admiration by him who has never
quitted his dunghill. But I have wit enough to see that my
brothers have no ideas, and that my cousins are nothing but
rustics. My genius is stifling in this hole; I wish to roam the
world and seek my fortune. ”
But, my son, have you never looked in the brook ? » resumed
the poor hen.
know that you lack an eye, a leg,
and a wing? To make your fortune, you need the eyes of a
fox, the legs of a spider, and the wings of a vulture. Once out.
side of these walls you are lost. ”
"My good mother,” replied Coquerico, “when a hen hatches
a duck, she is always frightened on seeing it run to the water.
You know me no better. It is my nature to succeed by my wit
and talent. I must have a public capable of appreciating the
charms of my person; my place is not among inferior people. ”
“My son,” said the hen, seeing all her counsels useless,-“my
son, listen at least to your mother's last words. If you go to
Rome, take care to avoid St. Peter's Church; the saint, it is
said, dislikes cocks, especially when they crow. Shun, moreover,
,
certain personages called cooks and scullions; you will know
them by their paper caps, their tucked-up sleeves, and the great
knives which they wear at their sides. They are licensed assas-
sins, who track our steps without pity, and cut our throats with-
out giving us time to cry mercy. And now my child,” she
added, raising her claw, "receive my blessing. May St. James,
the patron saint of pilgrims, protect thee! ”
Coquerico pretended not to see the tear that trembled in his
mother's eye, nor did he trouble himself any more about his
father, who bristled his plumage and seemed about to call him
back. Without caring for those whom he left behind, he glided
through the half-open door, and once outside, flapped his only
wing and crowed three times to celebrate his freedom « Cock-a-
doodle-do!
As he half flew, half hopped over the fields, he came to
the bed of a brook which had been dried up by the sun.
In
the middle of the sands, however, still trickled a tiny thread of
(C


## p. 8757 (#373) ###########################################

ÉDOUARD RENÉ LEFEBVRE LABOULAYE
8757
(
-
»
(
water, so small that it was choked by a couple of dead leaves
that had fallen into it.
“My friend,” exclaimed the streamlet at the sight of our trav-
eler, -«my friend, you see my weakness; I have not even the
strength to carry away these leaves which obstruct my passage,
much less to make a circuit, so completely am I exhausted. With
a stroke of your beak you can restore me to life. I am not an
ingrate; if you oblige me, you may count on my gratitude the
first rainy day, when the water from heaven shall have restored
my strength. ”
“You are jesting,” said Coquerico. « Do I look like one
whose business it is to sweep the brooks ? Apply to those of
your own sort. ” And with his sound leg he leaped across the
streamlet.
You will remember me when you least expect it,” murmured
the brook, but with so feeble a voice that it was lost on the
proud cock.
A little farther on, Coquerico saw the wind lying breathless
on the ground.
“Dear Coquerico, come to my aid,” it cried: "here on earth we
should help each other. You see to what I am reduced by the
heat of the day; I, who in former times uprooted the olive-trees
and lashed the waves to frenzy, lie here well-nigh slain by the
dog-star. I suffered myself to be lulled to sleep by the perfume
of the roses with which I was playing; and lo! here I am,
stretched almost lifeless upon the ground. If you will raise me
a couple of inches with your beak and fan me a little with your
wing, I shall have the strength to mount to yonder white clouds
which I see in the distance, where I shall receive aid enough
from my family to keep me alive till I gain fresh strength from
the next whirlwind. ”
«My lord,” answered the spiteful Coquerico, "your Excellency
has more than once amused himself by playing tricks at my
expense. It is not a week since your Lordship glided like a
traitor behind me, and diverted himself by opening my tail like
a fan and covering me with confusion in the face of nations.
Have patience, therefore, my worthy friend: mockers always have
their turn; it does them good to repent, and to learn to respect
those whose birth, wit, and beauty should screen them from the
jests of a fool. ” And Coquerico, bristling his plumage, crowed
three times in his shrillest voice and proudly strutted onward.
(


## p. 8758 (#374) ###########################################

8758
ÉDOUARD RENÉ LEFEBVRE LABOULAYE
»
(
A little farther on he came to a newly mown field, where the
farmers had piled up the weeds in order to burn them. Coque-
rico approached a smoking heap, hoping to find some stray
kernels of corn, and saw a little flame which was charring the
green stalks without being able to set them on fire.
“My good friend, cried the flame to the new-comer, "you
are just in time to save my life: I am dying for want of air. I
cannot imagine what has become of my cousin the wind, who
cares for nothing but his own amusement. Bring me a few dry
straws to rekindle my strength, and you will not have obliged
an ingrate. "
« Wait a moment,” said Coquerico, “and I will serve you
as you deserve, insolent fellow that dares ask my help! ” And
behold! he leaped on the heap of dry weeds, and trampled it
down till he smothered both flame and smoke; after which he
exultingly shouted three times, Cock-a-doodle-doo! ” and flapped
his wing, as if he had done a great deed.
Proudly strutting onward and crowing, Coquerico at last ar-
rived at Rome, the place to which all roads lead. Scarcely had
he reached the city when he hastened to the great church of St.
Peter. Grand and beautiful as it was, he did not stop to admire
it; but planting himself in front of the main entrance, where he
looked like a fly among the great columns, he raised himself on
tiptoe and began to shout, “Cock-a-doodle-doo! ” only to enrage
the saint and disobey his mother.
He had not yet ended his song
when one of the Pope's
guards, who chanced to hear him, laid hands on the insolent
wretch who dared thus to insult the saint, and carried him home
in order to roast him for supper.
«Quick! ” said he to his wife on entering the house, "give
me some boiling water: here is a sinner to be punished. ”
“Pardon, pardon, Madam Water! ” cried Coquerico. "O good
and gentle water, the best and purest thing in the world, do not
scald me, I pray you! ”
Did you have pity on me when I implored your aid, un-
“
grateful wretch ? ” answered the water, boiling with indignation.
And with a single gush it inundated him from head to foot, and
left not a bit of down on his body.
The unhappy Coquerico stripped of all his feathers, the soldier
took him and laid him on the gridiron.


## p. 8759 (#375) ###########################################

ÉDOUARD RENÉ LEFEBVRE LABOULAYE
8759
“O fire, do not burn me! ” cried he in an agony of terror.
“O beautiful and brilliant fire, the brother of the sun and the
cousin of the diamond, spare an unhappy creature; restrain thy
ardor, and soften thy flame; do not roast me! ”
“ Did you have pity on me when I implored your aid, un-
grateful wretch ? ” answered the fire; and fiercely blazing with
anger, in an instant it burnt Coquerico to a coal.
The soldier, seeing his roast chicken in this deplorable condi-
tion, took him by the leg and threw him out of the window.
The wind bore the unhappy fowl to a dunghill, where it left him
for a moment.
"O wind,” murmured Coquerico, who still breathed, “O kindly
zephyr, protecting breeze, behold me cured of my vain follies;
let me rest on the paternal dunghill. ”
"Let you rest! ” roared the wind. Wait, and I will teach
you how I treat ingrates. ” And with one blast it sent him so
high in the air, that as he fell back he was transfixed by a
steeple.
There St. Peter was awaiting him. With his own hand he
nailed him to the highest steeple in Rome, where he is still
shown to travelers. However high-placed he may be, all despise
him because he turns with the slightest wind; black, dried up,
stripped of his feathers, and beaten by the rain, he is no longer
called Coquerico, but Weathercock: and thus expiates, and must
expiate eternally, his disobedience, vanity, and wickedness.
((


## p. 8760 (#376) ###########################################

8760
JEAN DE LA BRUYÈRE
(1645-1696)
Co.
a
HE great French satirist La Bruyère has left a comprehensive
portrait gallery of his contemporaries, where one searches
Ga vainly for the brilliant collector himself. One feels his
desire to entertain, almost hears his amused ironical laugh at human
follies; but his presence is intangible. He never took the world cor.
dially into confidence, and we know little now of his uneventful life.
He was born at Paris, educated with the Oratorians, and then studied
law; but when about twenty-eight he gave up practice, and bought
treasurership at Caen, which he sold
again twelve years later. To his friend
and admirer Bossuet may be attributed his
literary success; for, recommended by him,
he became in 1684 instructor in history to
the young Duc de Bourbon, grandson of the
famous Condé. He received a salary of a
thousand crowns, and seems to have taught
his charge a variety of subjects. The stormy
Condés liked this genial quiet gentleman-
teacher and his ready tact. They may have
stormed sometimes, after their wont; but
La Bruyère knew how to be amiable while
JEAN DE LA BRUYÈRE preserving his own respect and winning
theirs. When his pupil left him, to marry
the daughter of Louis XIV. and Madame de Montespan, he was asked
to stay on as gentleman-in-waiting; and did so until his death of apo-
plexy at the Hôtel Condé, when only fifty-one.
With the Condés the witty bourgeois had every opportunity to
gather material for his famous Characters. He was a keen observer,
with the clear impartial vision possessed only by an unconcerned
spectator. Though he knew the King and all the powerful noblemen
of France, though he was familiar with every court intrigue, he must
often have been made to feel that he was a recognized inferior.
There was quiet malice in his outward respect for these men and
women, and in the merciless analysis with which he exposed their
misplaced pride and ridiculous foibles.
The Characters) (Les Caractères), suggested as its name indicates
by the work of Theophrastus, and partly modeled after it, appeared



## p. 8761 (#377) ###########################################

JEAN DE LA BRUYÈRE
8761
in 1687; and La Bruyère found his literary pastime, his solace to
wounded vanity, winning an immediate success. It is said that he
had offered to give the manuscript to a bookseller friend, the possible
profits to become a dowry for his child. The hesitating bookseller
finally printed it, and thus made a large fortune.
La Bruyère has definitely stated the purpose of his work: “Of the
sixteen chapters which compose it, there are fifteen wholly employed
in detecting the fallacy and absurdity to be found in the objects of
human passions and inclinations, and in demolishing such obstacles
as at first weaken, and afterwards extinguish, any knowledge of God
in mankind: therefore these chapters are merely preparatory to the
sixteenth and last, wherein atheism is attacked, and perhaps routed;
wherein the proofs of a God, such at least as weak man is capable of
receiving, are produced; wherein the providence of God is defended
against the insults and complaints of free-thinkers. ”
The continuity of the sixteen chapters is not very evident. Each
begins with general moral reflections upon Merit,' Women, the
Affections, and similar subjects; and ends with a series of literary
portraits. La Bruyère was not a profound psychologist, but a careful
superficial observer, with a gift for witty description. Although he
used fictitious names, the sketches were too like living originals to be
mistaken. Naturally they caused resentment and personal enmities,
which twice prevented his election to the Academy, finally achieved
in 1693. Everybody read the Characters,' charmed by the delicate,
forceful style, and by the shrewd moral reasoning which enriched the
language with wise sayings. Key after key appeared, identifying his
personages; but La Bruyère repudiated them all, declaring that he
had represented types, not copied individuals.
The influence of this early realist was very great. But for him
Le Sage's famous novel (Gil Blas' might never have been written.
He is said to have inspired the Persian Letters' (Lettres Persanes)
of Montesquieu. Translated into English as early as 1698, the Char-
acters' had a wide influence upon our literature. « There is no
doubt,” says Saintsbury, “that the English essayists of the Queen
Anne school modeled themselves upon it. ”
Its success called forth many feeble imitations, among them
(The Little La Bruyère, or Characters and Morals of Children of this
Century'; and “The La Bruyère for Domestics,' by Madame de Gen-
lis, besides a La Bruyère for Boys) and a La Bruyère for Girls. '
His other works — a translation of Theophrastus, and an unfinished
work upon Quietism,' materially altered by the Abbé du Pin, and
published after La Bruyère's death -- are not noteworthy. But the
(Characters' still constitute a delightful model of style, and a wise
and witty commentary on social life.


## p. 8762 (#378) ###########################################

8762
JEAN DE LA BRUYÈRE
OF FASHION
From the Characters)
I"
T is very foolish, and betrays what a small mind we have, to
allow fashion to sway us in everything that regards taste; in
our way of living, our health, and our conscience. Game is
out of fashion, and therefore insipid; and fashion forbids to cure
a fever by bleeding. This long while it has also not been fash-
ionable to depart this life shriven by Theotimus; now none but
the common people are saved by his pious exhortations, and he
has already beheld his successor.
To have a hobby is not to have a taste for what is good
and beautiful, but for what is rare and singular and for what
no one else can match; it is not to like things which are per-
fect, but those which are most sought after and fashionable. It
is not an amusement, but a passion; and often so violent that in
the meanness of its object it yields only to love and ambition.
Neither is it a passion for everything scarce and in vogue, but
only for some particular object which is rare and yet in fashion.
The lover of flowers has a garden in the suburbs, where he
spends all his time from sunrise till sunset. You see him stand-
ing there, and would think he had taken root in the midst of
his tulips before his “Solitaire ": he opens his eyes wide, rubs
his hands, stoops down and looks closer at it; it never before
seemed to him so handsome; he is in an ecstasy of joy, and
leaves it to go to the “Orient,” then to the “Veuve," from thence
to the “Cloth of Gold,” on to the "Agatha,” and at last returns
to the “Solitaire,” where he remains, is tired out, sits down, and
forgets his dinner; he looks at the tulip and admires its shade,
shape, color, sheen, and edges,— its beautiful form and calyx: but
God and Nature are not in his thoughts, for they do not go
beyond the bulb of his tulips, which he would not sell for a
thousand crowns, though he will give it to you for nothing when
tulips are no longer in fashion, and carnations are all the rage.
This rational being, who has a soul and professes some religion,
comes home tired and half starved, but very much pleased with
his day's work: he has seen some tulips.
Talk to another of the healthy look of the crops, of a plenti-
ful harvest, of a good vintage, and you will find he only cares
for fruit, and understands not a single word you say. Then turn
»


## p. 8763 (#379) ###########################################

JEAN DE LA BRUYÈRE
8763
to figs and melons; tell him that this year the pear-trees are
so heavily laden with fruit that the branches almost break, that
there is abundance of peaches: and you address him in a lan-
guage he completely ignores, and he will not answer you, for his
sole hobby is plum-trees. Do not even speak to him of your
plum-trees, for he is only fond of a certain kind, and laughs and
sneers at the mention of any others; he takes you to his tree
and cautiously gathers this exquisite plum, divides it, gives you
one half, keeps the other himself, and exclaims, “How delicious!
do you like it? is it not heavenly? You cannot find its equal
anywhere;” and then his nostrils dilate, and he can hardly con-
tain his joy and pride under an appearance of modesty. What
a wonderful person, never enough praised and admired, whose
name will be handed down to future ages! Let me look at his
mien and shape whilst he is still in the land of the living, that I
may study the features and the countenance of a man who, alone
amongst mortals, is the happy possessor of such a plum.
Visit a third, and he will talk to you about his brother col-
lectors, but especially of Diognetes. He admits that he admires
him, but that he understands him less than ever.
Perhaps you
imagine,” he continues, "that he endeavors to learn something
of his medals, and considers them speaking evidences of certain
facts that have happened, - fixed and unquestionable monuments
of ancient history. If you do, you are wholly wrong. Perhaps
you think that all the trouble he takes. to become master of a
medallion with a certain head on it is because he will be de-
lighted to possess an uninterrupted series of emperors.
do, you are more hopelessly wrong than ever. Diognetes knows
when a coin is worn, when the edges are rougher than they
ought to be, or when it looks as if it had been newly struck.
All the drawers of his cabinet are full, and there is only room
for one coin; this vacancy so shocks him that in reality he
spends all his property and literally devotes his whole lifetime to
fill it.
”
Another man criticizes those people who make long voyages
either through nervousness or to gratify their curiosity; who
write no narrative or memoirs, and do not even keep a journal;
who go to see, and see nothing, or forget what they have seen;
who only wish to get a look at towers or steeples they never
saw before, and to cross other rivers than the Seine or the
Loire; who leave their own country merely to return again, and
-
If you


## p. 8764 (#380) ###########################################

8764
JEAN DE LA BRUYÈRE
like to be absent, so that one day it may be said they have come
from afar. So far this critic is right and is worth listening to.
But when he adds that books are more instructive than
traveling, and gives me to understand he has a library, I wish
to see it. I call on this gentleman, and at the very foot of the
stairs I almost faint with the smell of the russia-leather bind-
ings of his books. In vain he shouts in my ears, to encourage
me, that they are all with gilt edges and hand-tooled, that they
are the best editions,- and he names some of them, one after
another,- and that his library is full of them, except a few
places painted so carefully that everybody takes them for shelves
and real books and is deceived. He also informs me that he
never reads, nor sets foot in this library, and now only accom-
panies me to oblige me. I thank him for his politeness, but feel
as he does on the subject, and would not like to visit the tan-pit
which he calls a library.
Some people immoderately thirst after knowledge, and are
unwilling to ignore any branch of it, so they study them all and
master none; they are fonder of knowing much than of knowing
some things well, and had rather be superficial smatterers in sev-
eral sciences than be well and thoroughly acquainted with one.
They everywhere meet with some person who enlightens and cor-
rects them; they are deceived by their idle curiosity, and often,
after very long and painful efforts, can but just extricate them-
selves from the grossest ignorance.
Other people have a master-key to all sciences, but never
enter there; they spend their lives in trying to decipher the
Eastern and Northern languages, those of both the Indies, of
the two Poles, nay, the language spoken in the moon itself. The
most useless idioms, the oddest and most hieroglyphical-looking
characters, are just those which awaken their passion and induce
them to study; they pity those persons who ingenuously content
themselves with knowing their own language, or at most the
Greek and Latin tongues. Such men read all historians and
know nothing of history; they run through all books, but are
not the wiser for any; they are absolutely ignorant of all facts
and principles, but they possess as abundant a store and garner-
house of words and phrases as can well be imagined, which
weighs them down, and with which they overload their memory,
whilst their mind remains a blank.
Who can describe all the different kinds of hobbies ?
.


## p. 8765 (#381) ###########################################

JEAN DE LA BRUYÈRE
8765
A fashionable person is like a certain blue flower which grows
wild in the fields, chokes the corn, spoils the crops, and takes
up the room of something better; it has no beauty nor value but
what is owing to a momentary caprice, which dies out almost as
soon as sprung up. To-day it is all the rage, and the ladies are
decked with it; to-morrow it is neglected and left to the common
herd.
A person of merit, on the contrary, is a flower we do not
describe by its color, but call by its name, - which we cultivate
for its beauty or fragrance, such as a lily or a rose; one of the
charms of nature: one of those things which beautify the world,
belonging to all times, admired and popular for centuries, valued
by our fathers, and by us in imitation of them, and not at all
harmed by the dislike or antipathy of a few.
Every hour in itself, and in respect to us, is unique; when
once it is gone, it is entirely lost, and millions of ages will not
bring it back again; days, months, and years are swallowed up
and irrevocably lost in the abyss of time; time itself shall be
destroyed; it is but a point in the immense space of eternity, and
will be erased. There are several slight and frivolous periods of
time which are unstable, pass away, and may be called fashions:
such as grandeur, favor, riches, power, authority, independence,
pleasure, joy, and superfluities. What will become of such fash-
ions when time itself shall have disappeared ? Virtue alone, now
so little in fashion, will last longer than time.
si
THE CHARACTER OF CYDIAS
From the Characters)
a Hegio
A fuller, and Cydias [the
poet Fontenelle) a wit, for that is
his trade. He has a signboard, a shop, work that is ordered,
and journeymen who work under him; he cannot possibly let you
have those stanzas he has promised you in less than a month,
unless he breaks his word with Dosithea, who has engaged him
to write an elegy; he has also an idyl on the loom which is for
Crantor, who presses him for it, and has promised him a liberal
reward. You can have whatever you like prose or verse, for
he is just as good in one as in the other. If you want a letter
of condolence, or one some person's absence, he will write
on


## p. 8766 (#382) ###########################################

8766
JEAN DE LA BRUYÈRE
a
(C
>>
them: he has them even ready-made; step into his warehouse,
and you may pick and choose. Cydias has a friend who has
nothing else to do but to promise to certain people a long time
beforehand that the great man will come to them, and who
finally introduces him in some society as man seldom to be
met with and exquisite in conversation. Then, just as a vocalist
sings or as a lute-player touches his instrument in a company
where it has been expected, Cydias, after having coughed, puts
back his ruffles, extends his hand, opens his fingers, and very
gravely utters his over-refined thoughts and his sophisticated
arguments. Unlike those persons whose principles agree, and
who know that reason and truth are one and the same thing,
and snatch the words out of one another's mouths to acquiesce
in one another's sentiments, he never opens his mouth but to
contradict: "I think,” he says graciously, it is just the opposite
of what you say; or, "I am not at all of your opinion;" or
else, “Formerly I was under the same delusion as you are now;
but . . . ”; and then he continues, “There are three things to
be considered, to which he adds a fourth. He is an insipid
chatterer; no sooner has he obtained a footing into any society
than he looks out for some ladies whom he can fascinate, before
whom he can set forth his wit or his philosophy, and produce
his rare conceptions: for whether he speaks or writes, he ought
never to be suspected of saying what is true or false, sensible or
ridiculous; his only care is not to express the same sentiments
as sonie one else, and to differ from everybody. Therefore in
conversation, he often waits till every one has given his opinion
on some casual subject, or one which not seldom he has intro-
duced himself, in order to utter dogmatically things which are
perfectly new, but which he thinks decisive and unanswerable.
He is, in a word, a compound of pedantry and formality, to be
admired by cits and rustics; in whom, nevertheless, there is
nothing great except the opinion he has of himself.
Translation of Henri Van Laun.


## p. 8767 (#383) ###########################################

8767
MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
(1634-1693)
N THE history of French fiction the work of Madame de La
Fayette marks the beginning of a new era. Her work is
the first which relies for its interest upon the truth of the
emotions. For the impossible romances of heroic gallantry to which
Cervantes had already given the death-blow, and for the picaresque
tales of adventure which were to find their chief exponent in Defoe,
she substituted the novel in which the study of character and the
analysis of motive were to be the main sources of interest. Her
immediate successors in the next century
were the Abbé Prévost in France and Sam-
uel Richardson in England. She raised the
tone of fiction by simplifying motives, by
deepening the characterization, and by ad-
hering more closely to the facts of history
and to the truth of nature. To these im-
proved methods of treatment was added a
distinction of style, and a carefully chosen
but direct and unassuming language. The
work in which her finest qualities are ex-
hibited in combination is the Princess of
Clèves,' upon which two centuries have
placed the indelible mark of a great French MME. DE LA FAYETTE
classic. With this work the analytical novel
of modern times may be said to have had its origin; and if the text-
ure of motives in the Princess of Clèves) seems thin in comparison
with the complicated and closely woven web of Madame Bovary' or
(Middlemarch, it must be remembered that Madame de La Fayette's
book appeared thirty years before (Gil Blas,' and nearly half a cen-
tury before the time of the great English novelists.
Marie Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne was born in Paris in March
1634. Her brilliant qualities of mind were early displayed in the
literary circle of the Hôtel Rambouillet; but after her marriage in
1655 to the Count de La Fayette, her own home became one of the
chief literary centres of Paris. Madame de Sévigné, La Fontaine,
and Segrais were her close friends; and after the early death of her
husband she established an intimate friendship with the Duke de La

>


## p. 8768 (#384) ###########################################

8768
MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
(
Rochefoucauld. Her character was highly estimable, though long
misunderstood. She survived La Rochefoucauld by thirteen years,
which she was reported to have devoted to a life of penance. In
1880 hitherto unpublished letters were brought to light, which show
that during those years Madame de La Fayette continued to play an
important role at court, and was active for good in many a court
intrigue. She was sincerely attached to her friends, of a restless
activity, honestly frank, and possessed of a keen understanding.
At the time when Madame de La Fayette began to write, women
of talent and learning were in disrepute; ecclesiastics had denounced
them; Molière had ridiculed them. Her first story, (The Princess of
Montpensier,' appeared anonymously and made no stir. Her second,
"Zayde,' bore the name of her friend Segrais, and immediately at-
tracted attention. "The Princess of Clèves, published in the spring of
1678, made a sensation. There was in this case no such close con-
cealment of the authorship, but there was considerable mystification.
Many believed the book to be the work of La Rochefoucauld. In one
of her letters Madame de Scudéry wrote, “The book is an orphan
disowned both by father and mother. ” “The Princess of Clèves' was
the first novel in literature that could be called the romance of a
married woman. There can be no doubt that although the scene is
laid at the court of Henry II. , the heroine is Madame de La Fayette
herself; the Prince de Clèves, the Count de La Fayette; and the Duke
de Nemours, La Rochefoucauld. The inner workings of a woman's
life are here portrayed with purity of feeling and faithfulness of
observation. The Princess's confession to her husband of her love
for another man is related without dramatic fervor, but with a grace-
ful certainty of touch. Two other works require only passing men-
tion: ‘The History of Henrietta of England, published in 1720, and
the Mémoires of the Court of France,' published in 1731. It is the
(Princess of Clèves) alone that renders Madame de La Fayette pre-
eminent among the many brilliant women of France in the seven-
teenth century. “In order to produce it,” says her biographer, “there
were needed a court and a country like the court and France of
Louis XIV. Let us give greeting to these graces that we shall see
no more; but since this flower is not yet faded, let us breathe its per-
fume which awakens in us the dreams of that brilliant time, and let
us adınire its undying freshness. ”
Madame de La Fayette died in Paris on May 25th, 1693.


## p. 8769 (#385) ###########################################

MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
8769
HUSBAND AND WIFE
M
From "The Princess of Clèves. ) Copyright 1891, by Little, Brown & Co.
ONSIEUR felt very bad at not seeing Madame de Clèves again
after the pleasant afternoon he had spent with her, which
had so fired his hopes. His impatience to meet her once
more left him no peace; so that when the King returned to
Paris he determined to make a visit to his sister, the Duchess
of Mercour, who lived in the country not far from Coulommiers.
He proposed to the Vidame to go with him; the latter gladly
consented, to the delight of Monsieur de Nemours, who hoped
to make sure of seeing Madame de Clèves by calling in company
with the Vidame.
Madame de Mercaur was delighted to see them, and at once
began to devise plans for their amusement. While they were
deer-hunting, Monsieur de Nemours lost his way in the forest;
and when he asked what road he should take, he was told that
he was near Coulommiers. When he heard this word, “Coulom-
miers,” he at once, without thinking, without forming any plan,
dashed off in that direction. He got once more into the forest,
and followed such paths as seemed to him to lead to the castle.
These paths led to a summer-house, which consisted of a large
room with two closets: one opening on a flower-garden separated
from the forest by a fence, and the other opening on one of
the walks of the park. He entered the summer-house, and was
about to stop and admire it, when he saw Monsieur and Madame
de Clèves coming along the path, followed by a number of serv-
ants. Surprised at seeing Monsieur de Cièves, whom he had left
with the King, his first impulse was to hide. He entered the
closet near the flower-garden, with the intention of escaping by
a door opening into the forest; but when he saw Madame de
Clèves and her husband sitting in the summer-house, while their
servants stayed in the park, whence they could not reach him
without coming by Monsieur and Madame de Clèves, he could
not resist the temptation to watch her, or overcome his curiosity
to listen to her conversation with her husband, of whom he was
more jealous than of any of his rivals.
He heard Monsieur de Cièves say to his wife: "But why
don't you wish to return to Paris ? What can keep you in the
country? For some time you have had a taste for solitude which
XV-549


## p. 8770 (#386) ###########################################

8770
MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
»
(
surprises me and pains me, because it keeps us apart. I find
you in even lower spirits than usual, and I am afraid something
distresses you. ”
"I have nothing on my mind,” she answered with some
embarrassment; “but the bustle of a court is so great, and our
house is always so thronged, that it is impossible for mind and
body not to be tired and to need rest. ”
“Rest,” he answered, “is not needed by persons of your age.
Neither at home nor at court do you get tired; and I should
be rather inclined to fear that you are glad to get away from
me. ”
"If you thought that, you would do me great injustice," she
replied with ever growing embarrassment; “but I beg of you to
leave me here. If you could stay too I should be very glad;
provided you would stay alone, and did not care for the throng
of people who almost never leave you. "
"Ah, madame,” exclaimed Monsieur de Clèves, your air and
your words show me that you have reasons for wishing to be
alone which I don't know, and which I beg of you to tell me. ”
For a long time the prince besought her to tell him the reason,
but in vain: and after she had refused in a way that only doubled
his curiosity, she stood for some time silent with eyes cast down;
then raising her eyes to his she said suddenly:-
“Don't compel me to confess something which I have often
meant to tell you, but had not the strength. Only remember
that prudence does not require that a woman of my age, who is
mistress of her actions, should remain exposed to the temptations
of the court. ”
"What is it you suggest, madame ? » exclaimed Monsieur de
Clèves. "I should not dare to say, for fear of offending you. ”
Madame de Clèves did not answer, and her silence confirming
her husband's suspicions, he went on:-
“You are silent, and your silence tells me I am not mistaken. ”
“Well, sir,” she answered, falling on her knees, “I am going
to make you a confession such as no woman has ever made to
her husband; the innocence of my actions and of my intentions
gives me strength to do so. It is true that I have reasons for
keeping aloof from the court, and I wish to avoid the perils that
sometimes beset women of my age. I have never given the
slightest sign of weakness; and I should never fear displaying any,
if you would leave me free to withdraw from court, or if Madame


## p. 8771 (#387) ###########################################

MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
8771
>
de Chartres still lived to guide my actions. Whatever the dangers
of the course I take, I pursue it with pleasure, in order to keep
myself worthy of you. I beg your pardon a thousand times if
my feelings offend you; at any rate I shall never offend you by
my actions. Remember that to do what I am now doing requires
more friendship and esteem for a husband than any one has ever
had. Guide me, take pity on me, love me if you can. ”
All the time she was speaking, Monsieur de Clèves sat with
his head in his hands; he was really beside himself, and did not
once think of lifting his wife up. But when she had finished,
and he looked down and saw her, her face wet with tears, and
yet so beautiful, he thought he should die of grief. He kissed
her, and helped her to her feet.
“Do you, madame, take pity on me,” he said, “for I deserve
it; and excuse me if in the first moments of a grief so poignant
as mine I do not respond as I should to your appeal. You seem
to me worthier of esteem and admiration than any woman that
ever lived; but I also regard myself as the unhappiest of men.
The first moment that I saw you, I was filled with love of you;
neither your indifference to me nor the fact that you are my
wife has cooled it: it still lives. I have never been able to make
you love me, and I see that you fear you love another. And
who, madame, is the happy man that inspires this fear? Since
when has he charmed you? What has he done to please you?
What was the road he took to your heart ? I found some conso-
lation for not having touched it, in the thought that it was
beyond any one's reach; but another has succeeded where I have
failed. I have all the jealousy of a husband and of a lover; but
it is impossible to suffer as a husband after what you have told
Your noble conduct makes me feel perfectly secure, and
even consoles me as a lover. Your confidence and your sincerity
are infinitely dear to me; you think well enough of me not to
suppose that I shall take any unfair advantage of this confession.
You are right, madame,- 1 shall not; and I shall not love you
less. You make me happy by the greatest proof of fidelity that
a woman ever gave her husband; but madame, go on and tell
me who it is you are trying to avoid. ”
“I entreat you, do not ask me,” she replied: "I have deter-
mined not to tell you, and I think that the more prudent course. ”
« Have no fear, madame,” said Monsieur de Cièves: “I know
the world too well to suppose that respect for a husband ever
me.
-


## p. 8772 (#388) ###########################################

8772
MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
»
So.
even
prevents men falling in love with his wife. He ought to hate
those who do so, but without complaining; so once more, madame,
I beg of you to tell me what I want to know. ”
“You would urge me in vain,” she answered: "I have strength
enough to keep back what I think I ought not to say. My
avowal is not the result of weakness, and it requires more courage
to confess this truth than to undertake to hide it. "
Monsieur de Nemours lost not a single word of this conversa-
tion, and Madame de Clèves's last remark made him quite as jeal-
ous as it made her husband. He was himself so desperately in
love with her that he supposed every one else was just as much
It was true in fact that he had many rivals, but he imagined
more than there were; and he began to wonder whom
Madame de Clèves could mean. He had often believed that she
did not dislike him, and he had formed his opinion from things
which seemed so slight that he could not imagine he had kindled
a love so intense that it called for this desperate remedy. He
was almost beside himself with excitement, and could not forgive
Monsieur de Clèves for not insisting on knowing the name his
wife was hiding.
Monsieur de Clèves, however, was doing his best to find it
out; and after he had entreated her in vain, she said:-“It seems
to me that you ought to be satisfied with my sincerity; do not
ask me anything more, and do not give me reason to repent what
I have just done. Content yourself with the assurance I give
you that no one of my actions has betrayed my feelings, and
that not a word has ever been said to me at which I could take
offense. ”
"Ah, madame, Monsieur de Clèves suddenly exclaimed, « I
cannot believe you! I remember your embarrassment the day
your portrait was lost. You gave it away,- you gave away that
portrait which was so dear to me, and belonged to me so legiti-
mately. You could not hide your feelings: it is known that
you are in love; your virtue has so far preserved you from the
rest. ”
"Is it possible," the princess burst forth, “that you could
suspect any misrepresentation in a confession like mine, which
there was no ground for my making ? Believe what I say:
purchase at a high price the confidence that I ask of you. I
beg of you, believe that I did not give away the portrait; it is
true that I saw it taken, but I did not wish to show that I saw


## p. 8773 (#389) ###########################################

MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
8773
»
it, lest I should be exposed to hearing things which no one had
yet dared to say. ”
“How then did you see his love ? ” asked Monsieur de Clèves.
«What marks of love were given to you? ”
"Spare me the mortification," was her answer, "of repeating
all the details which I am ashamed to have noticed, and have
only convinced me of my weakness. ”
“You are right, madame,” he said: "I am unjust. Deny me
when I shall ask such things, but do not be angry if I ask
them. "
At this moment some of the servants who were without came
to tell Monsieur de Clèves that a gentleman had come with a
command from the King that he should be in Paris that evening.
Monsieur de Clèves was obliged to leave at once; and he could
say to his wife nothing except that he begged her to return the
next day, and besought her to believe that though he was sorely
distressed, he felt for her an affection and esteem which ought to
satisfy her.
When he had gone, and Madame de Clèves was alone and
began to think of what she had done, she was so amazed that
she could scarcely believe it true. She thought that she had
wholly alienated her husband's love and esteem, and had thrown
herself into an abyss from which escape was impossible. She
asked herself why she had done this perilous thing, and she saw
that she had stumbled into it without intention.
The strange-
ness of such a confession, for which she knew no precedent,
showed her all her danger.
But when she began to think that this remedy, violent as it
was, was the only one that could protect her from Monsieur de
Nemours, she felt that she could not regret it, and that she had
not gone too far. She spent the whole night in uncertainty, ,
anxiety, and fear; but at last she grew calm. She felt a vague
satisfaction in having given this proof of fidelity to a husband
who so well deserved it, who had such affection and esteem for
her, and who had just shown these by the way in which he had
received her avowal.
Meanwhile Monsieur de Nemours had left the place where he
had overheard a conversation which touched him keenly, and had
hastened into the forest. What Madame de Clèves had said about
the portrait gave him new life, by showing him that it was he
whom she did not hate. He first gave himself up to this joy;


## p. 8774 (#390) ###########################################

8774
MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
but it was not of long duration, for he reflected that the same
thing which showed him that he had touched the heart of
Madame de Clèves ought to convince him that he would never
receive any token of it, and that it was impossible to gain any
influence over a woman who resorted to so strange a remedy.
He felt, nevertheless, great pleasure in having brought her to
this extremity. He felt a certain pride in making himself loved
by a woman so different from all others of her sex,- in a word,
he felt a hundred times happier and unhappier. Night came
upon him in the forest, and he had great difficulty in finding the
way back to Madame de Mercoeur's. He reached there at day-
break. He found it very hard to explain what had delayed him;
but he made the best excuses he could, and returned to Paris that
same day with the Vidame.
Monsieur de Nemours was so full of his passion, and so sur-
prised by what he had heard, that he committed a very common
imprudence,- that of speaking in general terms of his own
feelings, and of describing his own adventures under borrowed
names.
On his way back he turned the conversation to love: he
spoke of the pleasure of being in love with a worthy woman; he
mentioned the singular effects of this passion; and finally, not
being able to keep to himself his astonishment at what Madame
de Clèves had done, he told the whole story to the Vidame, with-
out naming her and without saying that he had any part in it.
But he manifested such warmth and admiration that the Vidame
at once suspected that the story concerned the prince himself.
He urged him strongly to acknowledge this; he said that he had
long known that he nourished a violent passion, and that it was
wrong not to trust in a man who had confided to him the secret
of his life. Monsieur de Nemours was too much in love to
acknowledge his love; he had always hidden it from the Vidame,
though he loved him better than any man at court. He answered
that one of his friends had told him this adventure, and had
made him promise not to speak of it, and he besought him to
keep his secret. The Vidame promised not to speak of it; never-
theless Monsieur de Nemours repented having told him.
Meanwhile, Monsieur de Clèves had gone to the King, his heart
sick with a mortal wound. Never had a husband felt warmer
love or higher respect for his wife. What he had heard had not
lessened his respect, but this had assumed a new form. His most
earnest desire was to know who had succeeded in pleasing her.


## p. 8775 (#391) ###########################################

MADAME DE LA FAYETTE
8775
(
Monsieur de Nemours was the first to occur to him, as the most
fascinating man at court, and the Chevalier de Guise and the
Marshal of Saint-André as two men who had tried to please her
and had paid her much attention; so that he decided it must be
one of these three. He reached the Louvre, and the King took
him into his study to tell him that he had chosen him to carry
Madame to Spain; that he had thought that the prince would
discharge this duty better than any one; and that no one would
do so much credit to France as Madame de Clèves. Monsieur
de Clèves accepted this appointment with due respect, and even
looked upon it as something that would remove his wife from
court without attracting any attention; but the date of their de-
parture was still too remote to relieve his present embarrassment.
He wrote at once to Madame de Clèves to tell her what the King
had said, and added that he was very anxious that she should
come to Paris. She returned in obedience to his request; and
when they met, each found the other in the deepest gloom.
Monsieur de Clèves addressed her in the most honorable
terms, and seemed well worthy of the confidence she had placed
in him.
“I have no uneasiness about your conduct,” he said: "you
have more strength and virtue than you think. It is not dread
of the future that distresses me; I am only distressed at seeing
that you have for another feelings that I have not been able to
inspire in you. ”
"I do not know how to answer you,” she said; “I am ready
to die with shame when I speak to you. Spare me, I beg of
you, these painful conversations. Regulate my conduct; let me
see no one,- that is all I ask: but permit me never to speak of
a thing which makes me seem so little worthy of you, and which
i regard as so unworthy of me. "
« You are right, madame," he answered: "I abuse your gen-
tleness and your confidence. But do you too take some pity
on the state into which you have cast me, and remember that
whatever you have told me, you conceal from me a name which
excites an unendurable curiosity. Still, I do not ask you to
gratify it; but I must say that I believe the man I must envy
to be the Marshal of Saint-André, the Duke of Nemours, or the
Chevalier de Guise. »
“I shall not answer,” she said blushing, "and I shall give
you no occasion for lessening or strengthening your suspicions;
(


## p.