, 1,69); but
the Lacedaemonians made use of it afterward to adorn
the more revered image of the Amyclean Apollo.
the Lacedaemonians made use of it afterward to adorn
the more revered image of the Amyclean Apollo.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
, near which was Helicon, one of the mount-
ain* sacred to them. (Vid. Muiae. )
Tmtspis, an early Greek dramatic poet, generally
regarded as the inventor of tragedy. Ho was born at
Icaria, a Diacrian demus or borough, at the begin-
ning of the sixth century B. C. His birthplace de-
rived its name, according to tradition, from the father
of Erigone (Steph. Byz. , s. v. 'lnopia. --Hygin. ,fab. ,
? ? 130), and had always been a sent of the religion of
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? THESSALIA.
r HESS ALIA.
lor pasturing and the cultivation of corn; ita toasts,
especially the Sinus Pagassaus, afforded the best har-
bours for shipping; nature seemed hardly to have left
a wish unratified. It was in Thessaly that the tribe
? if the Hellenes, according to tradition, first appli-
ed themselves to agriculture; and thence its several
branches spread over the more southern landa. ( Vid.
Hellas. ) Almost all the names of its towns recall
some association connected with the primitive history
and heroic age of the nation. --Early traditions, pre-
served by the Greek poets and other writers, ascribe
to Thessaly the more ancient names of Pyrrha, ? mo-
nia, and . Col is. (Khian , ap. Schol. in ApoU. Hkod ,
3, 1089. --Steph. Byz. , t. v. Alpovia -- Herod. , 7,
176. ) Passing over the two former appellations, which
belong rather to the age of mythology, the latter may
afford us matter for historical reflections, as referring
to that remote period when the plains of Thessaly
were occupied by the . Cohan Pelasgi, to whom Greece
was probably indebted for the first dawnings of civili-
zation, and the earliest cultivation of her language.
{Strabo, 230. ) This people originally came, as He-
rodotus informs us, from Thesprotia {Herod. , 7, 176.
--Strab. , 444); but how long they remsined in pos-
session of the country, and at what precise period it
assumed the name of Theasaly, cannot, perhaps, now
be determined. In the poems of Homer it never oc-
ci. rs, although the several principalities and kingdoms
of which it is composed are there distinctly enumera-
ted and described, together with the different chiefs to
whom they were subject: thus Hellas and Phthia are
assigned to Achilles; the Melian and Pagasean terri-
tories to Pro'. esilaus and Eumtlus; Magnesia to Plii-
locletes an>'. Eurypylus; Estimotis and Pelasgia to
Medun ami the sons of . Csculapius, with other petty
leaders. It is from Homer, therefore, that we derive
the earliest information relative to the history of this
fairest portion of Greece. This state of things, how-
ever, was not of long continuance; and a new consti-
tution, dating probably from the period of the Trojan
expedition, seems to have been adopted by the common
consent of the Thessalian states. They agreed to
unite themselves into one confederate body, under the
direction of one supreme magistrate or chief, distin-
guished by the title of Tagus (Tayoc), and elected by
the consent of the whole republic. The details of this
federal system are little known; but Strabo assure* us
that the Thessalian confederacy was the most consider-
able, as well as the earliest, society of the kind establish-
ed in<Jreece. (Srrai,429. ) How far its constitution
was connected with the celebrated Amphictyonic coun-
cil, it seems impossible to determine, since we are so
little acquainted with the origin and history of that an-
cient assembly. There can be little doubt, however,
thst this singular coalition, which embraced matters of
a political as well as a religious nature, first rose
among the states of Thessaly, as we find that the ma-
jority of the nation who had votes in the council were
either actually Thessalians, or connected in some way
with that part of Greece. This mode of government,
however, seems to have succeeded as little in Thessaly
as in the other Hellenic republics where it was adopt-
vd; and that province, which, from its local advanta-
ges ought to have ranked among the most powerful
and leading states of Greece, we find, if wo except a pe-
riod of brilliant but momentary splendour, to have been
one of the most weak and insignificant. We learn from
? ? Heiodotus, that when Xerxes meditated the invasion of
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? THE
THE
wly. succeeded in defeating, and finally expelling these
oppressors of their country; and, by the important
services thus rendered to the Thessalians, secured
their lasting attachment to his interests, and finally ob-
tained the presidency of the Amphictyonic council.
(Polyb. , Etc. , 9, 28. ) ? Under his skilful management,
the troops of Thessaly became a most important addi-
tion to the resources he already possessed; and to this
powerful re-enforcement may probably be attributed
the success which attended bis campaign against the
Bcsotians and Athenians. On the death of Philip, the
states of Thessaly, in order to testify their veneration
for his memory, issued a decree, by which they con-
firmed to his son Alexander the supreme station which
he had held in their councils; and also signified their
intention of supporting his claims to the title of com-
mander-in-chief of the whole Grecian confederacy.
The long absence of that enterprising prince, while
engaged in distant conquests, subsequently afforded
his enemies an opportunity of detaching the Thessa-
lians from his interests; and the I. amiac war, which
was chiefly sustained by that people against his gener-
als Antipater and Craterus, had nearly proved fatal to
the Macedonian influence, not only in Thessaly, but
over the whole continent of Greece. By the conduct
and ability of Antipater, however, the contest was
brought to a successful issue, and Thessaly was pre-
served to the Macedonian crown (Polyb. , 4, 76) un-
til the reign of Philip, son of Demetrius, from whom
it was wrested by the Romans after the victory of
Cynoscephala. All Thessaly was then declared free
by a decree of the senate and people (Lin. . 33,32), but
from that time it may be fairly considered as having
passed under the dominion of Home, though its pos-
session was still disputed by Antiocbus (Lie, 36, 9,
seqq ), and again by Perseus, the son of Philip. Thes-
saly was already a Koman province, when the fate of
the empire of the world was decided in the plains of
Pharsalia--With the exception, perhaps, of Boeotis,
this seems to have been the most fertile and productive
fart of Greece, in wine, oil, and corn, but more espe-
cia. ly the latter, of which it exported a considerable
quantity to foreign countries. (Xt it , Hist. Gr. , 6, 1,
4--Theopkr. , Hist. Plant. , 8, 7, el 10. ) Hence, as
might be expected, the Thessalians were the wealthi-
est people of Greece; nor were they exempt from
those vices which riches and luxury generally bring in
their train. (Alhen. , 12, 5, p. 624. --Theopomp. , ap
twnd. , 6, 17, p. 260. --Plat. , Crit. , p. 50. )--Like the
Lacedaemonians, they employed slaves, who were
named Penestso; these probably were a remnant of
the first tribes that inhabited the country, and that had
been reduced to a state of servitude by thi ir invaders.
The Penesta? formed no inconsiderable pari <f the pop-
ulation, and not (infrequently endeavoured to free
themselves from the state of oppression under which
they groaned. (Xen, Hist. Gr. , 6. I, 4. --Aristot. ,
it Repub. , 2, 9. --Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p.
343, seqq. )
Thessai. iotis, a part of Thessaly lying below the
Peneus, and to the west of Magnesia and Phthiotis.
(Vii. Thessalia, near the beginning of the article )
Thessalonica, I. a city of Macedonia, at the north-
eastern extremity of the Sinus Thcrmaicus. It was
at first an inconsiderable place, under the name of
Therme, by which it was known in the times of Herod-
oVis, Thucydides, ^schines (Fals. Legal. , 29), and
? ? S-'/lax. The latter apeaks also of the Thermean
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? THK
I HRACIA.
nusoand, and returned to her sister Nereides. (Vid.
Achilles, where a fall account is given. )
Thibhida, a town in the interior of Numidia, where
Hiemptal was slain by the soldiers of Jugurtha. (Sail. ,
Jug. , c. IS, 41. ) The site is unknown. (Mannert,
Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 2. p. 372. )
Thisbe, I. a beautiful female of Babylon, between
whom and a youth named Pyramus, a native of the
same place, a strong attachment subsisted. Their pa-
rents, however, being averse to their union, they adopt-
ed the expedient of receiving each other's addresses
through the chink of a wall which separated their
dwellings. In the sequel, they arranged a meeting at
the tomb of Ninus, under a while mulberry-tree.
Thisbe, enveloped in a veil, arrived first at the appoint-
ed place; but, terrified at the appearance of a lioness,
she fled precipitately, and in her flight dropped her
veil, which, lying in the animal's path, was rent by it,
and smeared with the blood that stained the jaws of
tne lioness from the recent destruction of some cattle.
Pyramus, coming soon after to the appointed place, be-
held the torn and bloody veil, and, concluding that
Thisbo had been destroyed by some savage beast,
slew himself in despair. Thisbe, returning after a
short interval to the spot where she had encountered
the lioness, beheld the bleeding form of Pyramus, and
threw herself upon the fatal sword, still warm, as it
was, with the blood of her lover. According to the
poets, the mulberry that overhung the fatal scene
changed the hue of its fruit from snow-white to a
blood-red colour. (Oral, Mel. , 4, 55, seqq. )--II. A
town of Boeotia, northwest of Ascra, and near the
confines of Phocis. It was famed for its* abounding
in wild pigeons. (Horn , II, 2, 502. --Strabo, 411. )
Xenophon writes the name in the plural, Thisbse.
[Hist. Gr. , 6, 4, 3. ) The modern Kakosia marks its
site. Sir W. Gell remarks, that the place is remark-
able for the immense number of rock-pigeons still
found here. This circumstance, he observes, is the
mere striking, as neither the birds, nor rocks so full of
petforations, in which they build their nests, are found
in liny other part of the country. (Itin. , p. 115. )
Thoas, I. a king of the Tauric Chersonese when
Orestes and Pyladcs, in concert with Iphigenia, car-
ried off from that country the statue of the Tauric
Diana. (Vid. Orestes and Iphigenia. )--II. King of
Lcmnos, and father of Hypsipylc. (Vid. Hypaipyle. )
Thorax, I. a mountain near Magnesia ad Mean-
drum, in Lydia, on which the poet Daphidas was cru-
cified for having written some satirical lines against
Attalus, king of Pergamus. Hence the proverb, d>v-
Tmttov top xiupann, " Take care of Thorax. " (Strab. ,
647. --Cic. ,de Fat*, c. 3. --Erasmus, Chil. 2, cent. 4,
n. 52. )
Thornax, a mountain of Laconia, north of Sparta,
and forming part of the range called Menclaium. It
is now Thornika. On this mountain was a temple of
Apollo, with a statue of the god, to which a quantity
of gold was presented by Croesus (Herod.
, 1,69); but
the Lacedaemonians made use of it afterward to adorn
the more revered image of the Amyclean Apollo.
(Pausan. , 3, 10. -- C-amer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3,
p. 219. )
Thoth, an Egypr. av ? <iiiy, corresponding in some
degree to the Grecian Hermes and the Latin Mercu-
rius. (Vid. remarks under 'he article Mercurius. )
Thraces, the inhabitants if Thrace. (Vid. Thra-
? ? cia. )
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? THRACIA.
THR
ficitmtly clear that these Pierians or Thracians, dwell-
ing about Helicon and Parnassus, in the vicinity of
Auica, arc chiefly signified when a Thracian origin is
ascribed to the mythic bards of Attica. (Mutter, Hist.
Gr. Lit. , p. 26, icqq )--II. A large tract of country
between the Strymon and the Euxine from west to
east, and between the chain of Mount Ilaimus and the
chores of the dCgcau and Propontis from north to
south Such, at least, are the limits assigned to it by
Herodotus and Thucydides, though great changes took
place in ages posterior to these historians. That the
Thracians, however, were at one period much more
widely disseminated than the confines here assigned
them would lead us to infer, is evident from the facts
recorded in the earliest annals of Grecian history rela-
tive to their migrations to the southern provinces of
that country. We have the authority of Thucydides
for their establishment in Phocis (2, 49). Strabo (p.
101, 410) certifies their occupation of Bceotia. And
numerous writers attest their settlement in Eleusis of
Attica, under Eumolpus, whose early wars with Erech-
theus are related by Thucydides (2, IS), Pausanias
1. 38), and others. But these, in all probability, are
the Thracians alluded to under No. I. Nor were
their colonies confined to the European continent
alone; for, allured by the richness and beauty of the
Asiatic soil and clime, they crossed in numerous bod-
ies the narrow strait which parted them from Asia Mi-
nor, and occupied the shores of Bithynia, and the fer-
tile plains of Mysia and Phrygia. (Herod. , 7, 73. --
Strabo, 303. ) On the other hand, a great revolution
seems to have been subsequently effected in Thrace
by a vast migration of the Teucri Ad Mysi, who, as
Herodotus asserts, conquered the whole of Thrace,
and penetrated as far as the Adriatic to the west, and
to the river Peneus towards the south, before the Tro-
jan war. --Whence and at what period the name of
Thracians was first applied to the numerous hordes
which inhabited this portion of the European continent,
is left open to conjecture. Bochart and others have
supposed that it was derived from Tiraz, the son of
Japhcth; certain it is, wc find the name already ex-
isting in the time of Homer, who represents the Thra-
cians as joining the forces of Priam in the siege of
Troy, under the conduct of Rhesus, their chief (//. , 10,
435), said to be the sou of the river Strymon. (Eurip ,
Rkes. Arg. )--Herodotus affirms that the Thracians
were, next to the Indians, the most numerous and pow-
erful people in the world; and that, if all the tribes had
been united under one monarch or under the same gov-
ernment, they would have been invincible; but from
their subdivision into petty clans, distinct from each
other, they were rendered insignificant. (Herod, 5,
3. ) They are said by the same historian to have
been first subjugated by Sesostris (2, 103), and, after
the lapse of many centuries, they were reduced under
the subjection of the Persian monarchy, by Megaba-
zus, general of Darius. (Herod. , 5, 2. ) But, on the
failure of the several expeditions undertaken by that
sovereign and his son Xerxes against the Greeks, the
Thracians apparently recovered their independence,
and a new empire was formed in that extensive coun-
try, under the dominion of Sitalces, king of the Odry-
sae, one of the most numerous and warlike of their
tribes. Thucydides, who has entered into considera-
ble detail on this subject, observes, that of all the em-
pires situated between he Ionian Gulf a. id the Eux-
? ? ine, this was the most considerable both in revenue
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? THR
TH (I
oeing condomncd to death. He died A. D. 66, in the
1-lth year of Nero's reign. Tacitus says that Nero
endeavoured to oztirpato virtue itself by the destruc-
tion of I'a'tus and Soranus. ( Jut. , 5, 36. --Martial,
I, 19. --Tac. , Ann. , 15, 16/
Thrasybulus, an Athenian general, one of the
commanders in the naval battle of Arginusee. He
subsequently headed the party from Phyla which
overthrew the government of the thirty tyrants. Thras-
ybulus was afterward sent with an Athenian Sect to
the coast of Asia, where he gained some considerable
advantages. Having, after this, proceeded to the col-
lection of tribute from the towns, and having, in the
course of this, come to the city of Aspendus, the in-
habitants of this place were so exasperated by some
irregularity of his soldiers, that they attacked his camp
at night, and he was killed in his tent. Thrasybulus
was a man of tried honesty and patriotism, and bad
shown uncommon ability in some very trying situa-
tions. The only cloud that rests upon his memory is
an appearance of having concurred with Theramenes
in the accusation of their six colleagues at Arginusss,
if not actively, at least by withholding the testimony
that might have saved them: but the evidence which
we have is not sufficient to warrant us in decidedly
Sxing so dark a stain on a character otherwise so
pure. (Corn. Nep. , Vit. Thrasyb--Diod. Sic, 13, 98.
--Id, 13, 101. --Id. , 14, 33j. 94, 99. )
Thrasyllus, one of the Athenian commanders at
the battle of Argiuuss, condemned to death with his
colleagues for omitting to collect and bury the dead
after the action. (Vid. Arginusas. )
Thrasymenus Lai-US. Vid. Trasymenus I. acus.
Thriambus, one of the surnames of Bacchus.
Thrinakia, an island mentioned in the Odyssey, on
which the flocks and herds of the Sun-god fed, under
the care of his daughters Phaethusa and Lampetia,
and to which Ulysses came immediately after escaping
Sylla and Charybdis. On reaching this sacred island,
lis companions, in defiance of the warning of Ulysses,
slaughtered some of the oxen while he slept. The
? ero, on awaking, was filled with horror and despair at
what they had done; and the displeasure of the gods
xas manifested by prodigies; for the hides crept along
'. he ground, and the flesh lowed on the spits. They fed
for six days on the sacred cattle; on the seventh the
norm which had driven them to Thrinakia fell, and they
left the island: but, as soon as they had lost sight of land,
a terrible west wind, accompanied by thunder, light-
ning, and pitchy darkness, came on. Jupiter struck the
-hip with a thunderbolt: it went to pieces, and all the
sacrilegious crew were drowned. --The resemblance
between Thrinakia and Trinaciia, a name of Sicily,
haa induced both ancients and moderns to acquiesce
in the opinion of the two islands being identical.
Against this opinion it has been observed, that Thri-
nakia was a desert isle (vqeme ipr/fin. -- Od. , 12, 351),
that is, an uninhabited isle; and that, during the whole
time that Ulysses and his men were in it, they did not
meet with any one, and could procure no food but
birds and fish; that it is called "the excellent isle of
the God" [Odyss. , 12, 261), whose peculiar property
. t therefore must have been; that, according to the anal-
ogy of the Odyssey, it must have been a small island,
for such were JEmt, Ogygia, and all we meet; not
jno of which circumstances agrees with Sicily. It
leems, therefore, the more probable supposition, that
? ? he poet regarded Thrinakia as an islet, about the
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? THUCYDIDES.
siherwise it would make his marri>>g< with the Thra-
cian lady of Scaptesylc (by which he obtained rich
properly in mines, dec) an improbably late one.
Whether he was employed in military service in the
first Bevcn years of the war is uncertain; it is prob-
able, however, that he was. In the eighlh year of the
war and ihe forty-seventh of his age, BO. 434, he waa
appointed to the command of the Athenian fleet off the
coast of Thrace, which included the direction of affairs
in the various Athenian colonics there. He occupied
with his fleet a station at Thasus, and, bcn'o suddenly
summoned to the defence of Amphip. ilis, ho hastened
thither; hut, owing to unavoidable circumsiKiirea, was
loo late by only half a day. He, howern, succeeded
in saving Eion, though, had he not arrived ut i! \e time
he did, the place would have been occupied by ftiasi-
das the very next morning. It is plain, that to save
Amphipohs was a physical impossibility, and great ac-
tivity was used in saving Eion. He therefore merit-
ed praise rather than censure. And yet the Athenian
people, out of humour with the turn which things were
taking in Thrace, condemned him to banishment;
though, with a magnanimity scarcely paralleled, he
makes no mention of it in his history of that period,
and only touches upon it incidentally afterward, in or-
der to show his advantages for arriving at the truth,
and then without a word of complaint. Discharged
from all duties, and freed from all public avocations,
he was left without any attachments but to simple
truth, and proceeded to qualify himself for commemo-
rating sxploils in which he could have no share. On
his banishment he retired to Scaptesylc, the property
of his wife, and thus dedicated his leisure to the for-
mation of his great work, and (as Marcellinus, the an-
cient biographer, says) employed his wealth liberally in
procuring the best information of the events of the
--ar, both from Athena and Lacedemon. How he
passed the period of his exile may, then, be very well
imagined; nor is it necessary to till up that space, as
Dodwell docs, with such events as " the death of Per-
diccas, king of Macedon; the accession of Archelaus,
his successor; the end of the if/. tKia oTpaTevai/io( of
Thucydides;" for his military life had virtually been
defunct eighteen years before. As to the period of his
exile, it was, as he himself tells us (5, 26), twenty
years; and his return is, by some, fixed at 403 B. C. ,
at the time when an amnesty was passed for all offen-
ces against the slate; by others, to the year before,
when Athens was taken by Lyaander, and the exiles
mostly returned. The former opinion has been shown
by Krueger to be alone the correct one; '* for," argues
be, " since Thucydides saya that he was banished for
twenty years in the eighth year of the war, which also,
he affirms, lasted twenty-one years, it follows that his
recall must have been in the year after Athens was ta-
ken. " To which it may be added, that the high-mind-
ed historian would have disdained to avail himself of
such an unauthorized way of returning to his country
as that eagerly snatched at by the bulk of the exiles, but
would wait until the public amnesty should give him
? full right to do so. Perhaps, however, the real truth
of the matter is what Pausanias relates, who mentions
among the antiquities a statue to the memory of one
(Euobius, for being the mover of a separate decree of
the assembly for the recall of Thucydides (1,23). It
is probable that, besides the general amnesty by which
the former exiles were permitted to return, a particu-
lar decree was made for Thucydides -, and, considering
? ? the gross injustice of his banishment, this waa no more
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? THUCYDIDES
THO
Krij/ut ec iet. a pollution for everlasting. He was
'sr from the necessity of servile writers, either to fear
or to flatter. In fine, if the truth of a history did ever
appear by the manner of relating, it doth so in this his-
tory. "--Smith also has a discourse on the qualifications
of Thucydides as an historian which merits perusal.
He therein shows him to have had all the qualifica-
tions that can bo thought necessary; namely, " to he
abstracted from every kind of connexion with persons
or things that are the subject matter; to be of no coun-
try, no party; clear of all passion, independent in ev-
ery light; entirely unconcerned who is pleased or dis-
pleased with what he writes; tho servant only of rea-
son and truth. Ho was wholly unconcerned about the
opinion of the generation in which he lived. Ho wrote
for posterity. He appealed to the future world for
the value of the present he had made them. The
judgment of succeeding ages has approved the com-
pliment he thus made to their understandings. So
long as there are truly great princes, able statesmen,
sound politicians--politicians that do not rend asun-
der politics from good order and the general happiness,
he will meet with candid and grateful acknowledg-
ments of his merits. "--Thucydides has been sometimes
censured for the introduction of harangues into his his-
tory, and this has been made an argument, by some,
against his general veracity as an historian. The truth
is, however, that the writer never meant them to be re-
garded by the reader as having been actually pronoun-
ced by the speakers in question: they serve merely
as vehicles for conveying his own sentiments on pass-
ing events, for painting more distinctly the characters
of those whom he brings forward in the course of his
narrative, and for relating circumstances to which he
could not well refer in the main body of his history.
The harangues of Thucydides impart frequently lo
his work a Kind of dramatic character, and agreeably
interrupt the monotony occasioned by his peculiar ar-
rangement of events. Demosthenes was so ardent an
admirer of them, that he is said to have copied them
over ten times, in order to appropriate to himself the
style of this great writer. The finest is the funeral
oration of Pericles, in honour of those who had fallen
in the service of their country. --Another charge made
against Thucydides is the division of his work into
years, and even into seasons, for he divides each year
into two seasons, summer and winter. This arrange-
ment, which Dionysius of Halicarnassus has severely
blamed, imparts to the work a kind of monotonous
character; and yet, on the other hand, it must be con-
fessed, that if this plan be in some respects a defective
one, it is less so for the history of a single war, which
naturally divides itself into campaigns, than it would
be for a work intended to embrace the history of a
people, or of some extended period of time. --Thucyd-
ides wrote in the Attic dialect: after him no histori-
an ventured to employ any other, and his work is re-
garded as the canon, or perfection of Atticism. His
style, however, is not without its faults: his concise-
ness sometimes degenerates into obscurity, particularly
in his harangues; nor does he seem to be always very
solicitous about the elegance of his diction, but more
ambitious to communicate information than to please
the ear. Against these and similar charges, of care-
less collocation, embarrassed periods, and solecistic
phraseology, which Dionysius, in particular, is most
active in adducing, the historian has been very suc-
? ? cessfully defended by one of his recent editors. Poppo.
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? - r Hy
i
ry, the attacks of the Lucani, from whom tlit' sus-
tained a severe defeat, and, at a still later period, the
enmity of the Tarentines, so reduced the power and
prosperity of the Thurians, that they were compelled
to seek the aid of Rome, which was thus involved in
a war with Tareritum. About eighty-eight years af-
terward, Thurii, being nearly deserted, received a Ro-
man cjlony, and took the name of Copia. (Strob. ,
263. --Lit. , 35, 9. ) Cssar, however, calls it Thurii,
and designates it a municipal town. (Bell. Cit. , 3,
S2. ) The remains of ancient Thurii must be placed
between the site of ancient Sybaris and Terra . Vova.
(Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 359. )
THURINUS, a name given to Augustus when he was
young, either because some of his progenitors were
natives of Thurii, or because his father Octavius had
been successful in some military operations near Thu-
rii a short time after the birth of Augustus. (Ki
ton. , Ki/. Aug. , 7. --Consult Oudendorp, ad loc. )
THYAMIS, I. a river of Epirus, anciently dividing
Thresprolia from the district of Cestrine.
ain* sacred to them. (Vid. Muiae. )
Tmtspis, an early Greek dramatic poet, generally
regarded as the inventor of tragedy. Ho was born at
Icaria, a Diacrian demus or borough, at the begin-
ning of the sixth century B. C. His birthplace de-
rived its name, according to tradition, from the father
of Erigone (Steph. Byz. , s. v. 'lnopia. --Hygin. ,fab. ,
? ? 130), and had always been a sent of the religion of
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? THESSALIA.
r HESS ALIA.
lor pasturing and the cultivation of corn; ita toasts,
especially the Sinus Pagassaus, afforded the best har-
bours for shipping; nature seemed hardly to have left
a wish unratified. It was in Thessaly that the tribe
? if the Hellenes, according to tradition, first appli-
ed themselves to agriculture; and thence its several
branches spread over the more southern landa. ( Vid.
Hellas. ) Almost all the names of its towns recall
some association connected with the primitive history
and heroic age of the nation. --Early traditions, pre-
served by the Greek poets and other writers, ascribe
to Thessaly the more ancient names of Pyrrha, ? mo-
nia, and . Col is. (Khian , ap. Schol. in ApoU. Hkod ,
3, 1089. --Steph. Byz. , t. v. Alpovia -- Herod. , 7,
176. ) Passing over the two former appellations, which
belong rather to the age of mythology, the latter may
afford us matter for historical reflections, as referring
to that remote period when the plains of Thessaly
were occupied by the . Cohan Pelasgi, to whom Greece
was probably indebted for the first dawnings of civili-
zation, and the earliest cultivation of her language.
{Strabo, 230. ) This people originally came, as He-
rodotus informs us, from Thesprotia {Herod. , 7, 176.
--Strab. , 444); but how long they remsined in pos-
session of the country, and at what precise period it
assumed the name of Theasaly, cannot, perhaps, now
be determined. In the poems of Homer it never oc-
ci. rs, although the several principalities and kingdoms
of which it is composed are there distinctly enumera-
ted and described, together with the different chiefs to
whom they were subject: thus Hellas and Phthia are
assigned to Achilles; the Melian and Pagasean terri-
tories to Pro'. esilaus and Eumtlus; Magnesia to Plii-
locletes an>'. Eurypylus; Estimotis and Pelasgia to
Medun ami the sons of . Csculapius, with other petty
leaders. It is from Homer, therefore, that we derive
the earliest information relative to the history of this
fairest portion of Greece. This state of things, how-
ever, was not of long continuance; and a new consti-
tution, dating probably from the period of the Trojan
expedition, seems to have been adopted by the common
consent of the Thessalian states. They agreed to
unite themselves into one confederate body, under the
direction of one supreme magistrate or chief, distin-
guished by the title of Tagus (Tayoc), and elected by
the consent of the whole republic. The details of this
federal system are little known; but Strabo assure* us
that the Thessalian confederacy was the most consider-
able, as well as the earliest, society of the kind establish-
ed in<Jreece. (Srrai,429. ) How far its constitution
was connected with the celebrated Amphictyonic coun-
cil, it seems impossible to determine, since we are so
little acquainted with the origin and history of that an-
cient assembly. There can be little doubt, however,
thst this singular coalition, which embraced matters of
a political as well as a religious nature, first rose
among the states of Thessaly, as we find that the ma-
jority of the nation who had votes in the council were
either actually Thessalians, or connected in some way
with that part of Greece. This mode of government,
however, seems to have succeeded as little in Thessaly
as in the other Hellenic republics where it was adopt-
vd; and that province, which, from its local advanta-
ges ought to have ranked among the most powerful
and leading states of Greece, we find, if wo except a pe-
riod of brilliant but momentary splendour, to have been
one of the most weak and insignificant. We learn from
? ? Heiodotus, that when Xerxes meditated the invasion of
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? THE
THE
wly. succeeded in defeating, and finally expelling these
oppressors of their country; and, by the important
services thus rendered to the Thessalians, secured
their lasting attachment to his interests, and finally ob-
tained the presidency of the Amphictyonic council.
(Polyb. , Etc. , 9, 28. ) ? Under his skilful management,
the troops of Thessaly became a most important addi-
tion to the resources he already possessed; and to this
powerful re-enforcement may probably be attributed
the success which attended bis campaign against the
Bcsotians and Athenians. On the death of Philip, the
states of Thessaly, in order to testify their veneration
for his memory, issued a decree, by which they con-
firmed to his son Alexander the supreme station which
he had held in their councils; and also signified their
intention of supporting his claims to the title of com-
mander-in-chief of the whole Grecian confederacy.
The long absence of that enterprising prince, while
engaged in distant conquests, subsequently afforded
his enemies an opportunity of detaching the Thessa-
lians from his interests; and the I. amiac war, which
was chiefly sustained by that people against his gener-
als Antipater and Craterus, had nearly proved fatal to
the Macedonian influence, not only in Thessaly, but
over the whole continent of Greece. By the conduct
and ability of Antipater, however, the contest was
brought to a successful issue, and Thessaly was pre-
served to the Macedonian crown (Polyb. , 4, 76) un-
til the reign of Philip, son of Demetrius, from whom
it was wrested by the Romans after the victory of
Cynoscephala. All Thessaly was then declared free
by a decree of the senate and people (Lin. . 33,32), but
from that time it may be fairly considered as having
passed under the dominion of Home, though its pos-
session was still disputed by Antiocbus (Lie, 36, 9,
seqq ), and again by Perseus, the son of Philip. Thes-
saly was already a Koman province, when the fate of
the empire of the world was decided in the plains of
Pharsalia--With the exception, perhaps, of Boeotis,
this seems to have been the most fertile and productive
fart of Greece, in wine, oil, and corn, but more espe-
cia. ly the latter, of which it exported a considerable
quantity to foreign countries. (Xt it , Hist. Gr. , 6, 1,
4--Theopkr. , Hist. Plant. , 8, 7, el 10. ) Hence, as
might be expected, the Thessalians were the wealthi-
est people of Greece; nor were they exempt from
those vices which riches and luxury generally bring in
their train. (Alhen. , 12, 5, p. 624. --Theopomp. , ap
twnd. , 6, 17, p. 260. --Plat. , Crit. , p. 50. )--Like the
Lacedaemonians, they employed slaves, who were
named Penestso; these probably were a remnant of
the first tribes that inhabited the country, and that had
been reduced to a state of servitude by thi ir invaders.
The Penesta? formed no inconsiderable pari <f the pop-
ulation, and not (infrequently endeavoured to free
themselves from the state of oppression under which
they groaned. (Xen, Hist. Gr. , 6. I, 4. --Aristot. ,
it Repub. , 2, 9. --Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p.
343, seqq. )
Thessai. iotis, a part of Thessaly lying below the
Peneus, and to the west of Magnesia and Phthiotis.
(Vii. Thessalia, near the beginning of the article )
Thessalonica, I. a city of Macedonia, at the north-
eastern extremity of the Sinus Thcrmaicus. It was
at first an inconsiderable place, under the name of
Therme, by which it was known in the times of Herod-
oVis, Thucydides, ^schines (Fals. Legal. , 29), and
? ? S-'/lax. The latter apeaks also of the Thermean
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? THK
I HRACIA.
nusoand, and returned to her sister Nereides. (Vid.
Achilles, where a fall account is given. )
Thibhida, a town in the interior of Numidia, where
Hiemptal was slain by the soldiers of Jugurtha. (Sail. ,
Jug. , c. IS, 41. ) The site is unknown. (Mannert,
Geogr. , vol. 10, pt. 2. p. 372. )
Thisbe, I. a beautiful female of Babylon, between
whom and a youth named Pyramus, a native of the
same place, a strong attachment subsisted. Their pa-
rents, however, being averse to their union, they adopt-
ed the expedient of receiving each other's addresses
through the chink of a wall which separated their
dwellings. In the sequel, they arranged a meeting at
the tomb of Ninus, under a while mulberry-tree.
Thisbe, enveloped in a veil, arrived first at the appoint-
ed place; but, terrified at the appearance of a lioness,
she fled precipitately, and in her flight dropped her
veil, which, lying in the animal's path, was rent by it,
and smeared with the blood that stained the jaws of
tne lioness from the recent destruction of some cattle.
Pyramus, coming soon after to the appointed place, be-
held the torn and bloody veil, and, concluding that
Thisbo had been destroyed by some savage beast,
slew himself in despair. Thisbe, returning after a
short interval to the spot where she had encountered
the lioness, beheld the bleeding form of Pyramus, and
threw herself upon the fatal sword, still warm, as it
was, with the blood of her lover. According to the
poets, the mulberry that overhung the fatal scene
changed the hue of its fruit from snow-white to a
blood-red colour. (Oral, Mel. , 4, 55, seqq. )--II. A
town of Boeotia, northwest of Ascra, and near the
confines of Phocis. It was famed for its* abounding
in wild pigeons. (Horn , II, 2, 502. --Strabo, 411. )
Xenophon writes the name in the plural, Thisbse.
[Hist. Gr. , 6, 4, 3. ) The modern Kakosia marks its
site. Sir W. Gell remarks, that the place is remark-
able for the immense number of rock-pigeons still
found here. This circumstance, he observes, is the
mere striking, as neither the birds, nor rocks so full of
petforations, in which they build their nests, are found
in liny other part of the country. (Itin. , p. 115. )
Thoas, I. a king of the Tauric Chersonese when
Orestes and Pyladcs, in concert with Iphigenia, car-
ried off from that country the statue of the Tauric
Diana. (Vid. Orestes and Iphigenia. )--II. King of
Lcmnos, and father of Hypsipylc. (Vid. Hypaipyle. )
Thorax, I. a mountain near Magnesia ad Mean-
drum, in Lydia, on which the poet Daphidas was cru-
cified for having written some satirical lines against
Attalus, king of Pergamus. Hence the proverb, d>v-
Tmttov top xiupann, " Take care of Thorax. " (Strab. ,
647. --Cic. ,de Fat*, c. 3. --Erasmus, Chil. 2, cent. 4,
n. 52. )
Thornax, a mountain of Laconia, north of Sparta,
and forming part of the range called Menclaium. It
is now Thornika. On this mountain was a temple of
Apollo, with a statue of the god, to which a quantity
of gold was presented by Croesus (Herod.
, 1,69); but
the Lacedaemonians made use of it afterward to adorn
the more revered image of the Amyclean Apollo.
(Pausan. , 3, 10. -- C-amer's Ancient Greece, vol. 3,
p. 219. )
Thoth, an Egypr. av ? <iiiy, corresponding in some
degree to the Grecian Hermes and the Latin Mercu-
rius. (Vid. remarks under 'he article Mercurius. )
Thraces, the inhabitants if Thrace. (Vid. Thra-
? ? cia. )
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? THRACIA.
THR
ficitmtly clear that these Pierians or Thracians, dwell-
ing about Helicon and Parnassus, in the vicinity of
Auica, arc chiefly signified when a Thracian origin is
ascribed to the mythic bards of Attica. (Mutter, Hist.
Gr. Lit. , p. 26, icqq )--II. A large tract of country
between the Strymon and the Euxine from west to
east, and between the chain of Mount Ilaimus and the
chores of the dCgcau and Propontis from north to
south Such, at least, are the limits assigned to it by
Herodotus and Thucydides, though great changes took
place in ages posterior to these historians. That the
Thracians, however, were at one period much more
widely disseminated than the confines here assigned
them would lead us to infer, is evident from the facts
recorded in the earliest annals of Grecian history rela-
tive to their migrations to the southern provinces of
that country. We have the authority of Thucydides
for their establishment in Phocis (2, 49). Strabo (p.
101, 410) certifies their occupation of Bceotia. And
numerous writers attest their settlement in Eleusis of
Attica, under Eumolpus, whose early wars with Erech-
theus are related by Thucydides (2, IS), Pausanias
1. 38), and others. But these, in all probability, are
the Thracians alluded to under No. I. Nor were
their colonies confined to the European continent
alone; for, allured by the richness and beauty of the
Asiatic soil and clime, they crossed in numerous bod-
ies the narrow strait which parted them from Asia Mi-
nor, and occupied the shores of Bithynia, and the fer-
tile plains of Mysia and Phrygia. (Herod. , 7, 73. --
Strabo, 303. ) On the other hand, a great revolution
seems to have been subsequently effected in Thrace
by a vast migration of the Teucri Ad Mysi, who, as
Herodotus asserts, conquered the whole of Thrace,
and penetrated as far as the Adriatic to the west, and
to the river Peneus towards the south, before the Tro-
jan war. --Whence and at what period the name of
Thracians was first applied to the numerous hordes
which inhabited this portion of the European continent,
is left open to conjecture. Bochart and others have
supposed that it was derived from Tiraz, the son of
Japhcth; certain it is, wc find the name already ex-
isting in the time of Homer, who represents the Thra-
cians as joining the forces of Priam in the siege of
Troy, under the conduct of Rhesus, their chief (//. , 10,
435), said to be the sou of the river Strymon. (Eurip ,
Rkes. Arg. )--Herodotus affirms that the Thracians
were, next to the Indians, the most numerous and pow-
erful people in the world; and that, if all the tribes had
been united under one monarch or under the same gov-
ernment, they would have been invincible; but from
their subdivision into petty clans, distinct from each
other, they were rendered insignificant. (Herod, 5,
3. ) They are said by the same historian to have
been first subjugated by Sesostris (2, 103), and, after
the lapse of many centuries, they were reduced under
the subjection of the Persian monarchy, by Megaba-
zus, general of Darius. (Herod. , 5, 2. ) But, on the
failure of the several expeditions undertaken by that
sovereign and his son Xerxes against the Greeks, the
Thracians apparently recovered their independence,
and a new empire was formed in that extensive coun-
try, under the dominion of Sitalces, king of the Odry-
sae, one of the most numerous and warlike of their
tribes. Thucydides, who has entered into considera-
ble detail on this subject, observes, that of all the em-
pires situated between he Ionian Gulf a. id the Eux-
? ? ine, this was the most considerable both in revenue
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? THR
TH (I
oeing condomncd to death. He died A. D. 66, in the
1-lth year of Nero's reign. Tacitus says that Nero
endeavoured to oztirpato virtue itself by the destruc-
tion of I'a'tus and Soranus. ( Jut. , 5, 36. --Martial,
I, 19. --Tac. , Ann. , 15, 16/
Thrasybulus, an Athenian general, one of the
commanders in the naval battle of Arginusee. He
subsequently headed the party from Phyla which
overthrew the government of the thirty tyrants. Thras-
ybulus was afterward sent with an Athenian Sect to
the coast of Asia, where he gained some considerable
advantages. Having, after this, proceeded to the col-
lection of tribute from the towns, and having, in the
course of this, come to the city of Aspendus, the in-
habitants of this place were so exasperated by some
irregularity of his soldiers, that they attacked his camp
at night, and he was killed in his tent. Thrasybulus
was a man of tried honesty and patriotism, and bad
shown uncommon ability in some very trying situa-
tions. The only cloud that rests upon his memory is
an appearance of having concurred with Theramenes
in the accusation of their six colleagues at Arginusss,
if not actively, at least by withholding the testimony
that might have saved them: but the evidence which
we have is not sufficient to warrant us in decidedly
Sxing so dark a stain on a character otherwise so
pure. (Corn. Nep. , Vit. Thrasyb--Diod. Sic, 13, 98.
--Id, 13, 101. --Id. , 14, 33j. 94, 99. )
Thrasyllus, one of the Athenian commanders at
the battle of Argiuuss, condemned to death with his
colleagues for omitting to collect and bury the dead
after the action. (Vid. Arginusas. )
Thrasymenus Lai-US. Vid. Trasymenus I. acus.
Thriambus, one of the surnames of Bacchus.
Thrinakia, an island mentioned in the Odyssey, on
which the flocks and herds of the Sun-god fed, under
the care of his daughters Phaethusa and Lampetia,
and to which Ulysses came immediately after escaping
Sylla and Charybdis. On reaching this sacred island,
lis companions, in defiance of the warning of Ulysses,
slaughtered some of the oxen while he slept. The
? ero, on awaking, was filled with horror and despair at
what they had done; and the displeasure of the gods
xas manifested by prodigies; for the hides crept along
'. he ground, and the flesh lowed on the spits. They fed
for six days on the sacred cattle; on the seventh the
norm which had driven them to Thrinakia fell, and they
left the island: but, as soon as they had lost sight of land,
a terrible west wind, accompanied by thunder, light-
ning, and pitchy darkness, came on. Jupiter struck the
-hip with a thunderbolt: it went to pieces, and all the
sacrilegious crew were drowned. --The resemblance
between Thrinakia and Trinaciia, a name of Sicily,
haa induced both ancients and moderns to acquiesce
in the opinion of the two islands being identical.
Against this opinion it has been observed, that Thri-
nakia was a desert isle (vqeme ipr/fin. -- Od. , 12, 351),
that is, an uninhabited isle; and that, during the whole
time that Ulysses and his men were in it, they did not
meet with any one, and could procure no food but
birds and fish; that it is called "the excellent isle of
the God" [Odyss. , 12, 261), whose peculiar property
. t therefore must have been; that, according to the anal-
ogy of the Odyssey, it must have been a small island,
for such were JEmt, Ogygia, and all we meet; not
jno of which circumstances agrees with Sicily. It
leems, therefore, the more probable supposition, that
? ? he poet regarded Thrinakia as an islet, about the
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? THUCYDIDES.
siherwise it would make his marri>>g< with the Thra-
cian lady of Scaptesylc (by which he obtained rich
properly in mines, dec) an improbably late one.
Whether he was employed in military service in the
first Bevcn years of the war is uncertain; it is prob-
able, however, that he was. In the eighlh year of the
war and ihe forty-seventh of his age, BO. 434, he waa
appointed to the command of the Athenian fleet off the
coast of Thrace, which included the direction of affairs
in the various Athenian colonics there. He occupied
with his fleet a station at Thasus, and, bcn'o suddenly
summoned to the defence of Amphip. ilis, ho hastened
thither; hut, owing to unavoidable circumsiKiirea, was
loo late by only half a day. He, howern, succeeded
in saving Eion, though, had he not arrived ut i! \e time
he did, the place would have been occupied by ftiasi-
das the very next morning. It is plain, that to save
Amphipohs was a physical impossibility, and great ac-
tivity was used in saving Eion. He therefore merit-
ed praise rather than censure. And yet the Athenian
people, out of humour with the turn which things were
taking in Thrace, condemned him to banishment;
though, with a magnanimity scarcely paralleled, he
makes no mention of it in his history of that period,
and only touches upon it incidentally afterward, in or-
der to show his advantages for arriving at the truth,
and then without a word of complaint. Discharged
from all duties, and freed from all public avocations,
he was left without any attachments but to simple
truth, and proceeded to qualify himself for commemo-
rating sxploils in which he could have no share. On
his banishment he retired to Scaptesylc, the property
of his wife, and thus dedicated his leisure to the for-
mation of his great work, and (as Marcellinus, the an-
cient biographer, says) employed his wealth liberally in
procuring the best information of the events of the
--ar, both from Athena and Lacedemon. How he
passed the period of his exile may, then, be very well
imagined; nor is it necessary to till up that space, as
Dodwell docs, with such events as " the death of Per-
diccas, king of Macedon; the accession of Archelaus,
his successor; the end of the if/. tKia oTpaTevai/io( of
Thucydides;" for his military life had virtually been
defunct eighteen years before. As to the period of his
exile, it was, as he himself tells us (5, 26), twenty
years; and his return is, by some, fixed at 403 B. C. ,
at the time when an amnesty was passed for all offen-
ces against the slate; by others, to the year before,
when Athens was taken by Lyaander, and the exiles
mostly returned. The former opinion has been shown
by Krueger to be alone the correct one; '* for," argues
be, " since Thucydides saya that he was banished for
twenty years in the eighth year of the war, which also,
he affirms, lasted twenty-one years, it follows that his
recall must have been in the year after Athens was ta-
ken. " To which it may be added, that the high-mind-
ed historian would have disdained to avail himself of
such an unauthorized way of returning to his country
as that eagerly snatched at by the bulk of the exiles, but
would wait until the public amnesty should give him
? full right to do so. Perhaps, however, the real truth
of the matter is what Pausanias relates, who mentions
among the antiquities a statue to the memory of one
(Euobius, for being the mover of a separate decree of
the assembly for the recall of Thucydides (1,23). It
is probable that, besides the general amnesty by which
the former exiles were permitted to return, a particu-
lar decree was made for Thucydides -, and, considering
? ? the gross injustice of his banishment, this waa no more
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? THUCYDIDES
THO
Krij/ut ec iet. a pollution for everlasting. He was
'sr from the necessity of servile writers, either to fear
or to flatter. In fine, if the truth of a history did ever
appear by the manner of relating, it doth so in this his-
tory. "--Smith also has a discourse on the qualifications
of Thucydides as an historian which merits perusal.
He therein shows him to have had all the qualifica-
tions that can bo thought necessary; namely, " to he
abstracted from every kind of connexion with persons
or things that are the subject matter; to be of no coun-
try, no party; clear of all passion, independent in ev-
ery light; entirely unconcerned who is pleased or dis-
pleased with what he writes; tho servant only of rea-
son and truth. Ho was wholly unconcerned about the
opinion of the generation in which he lived. Ho wrote
for posterity. He appealed to the future world for
the value of the present he had made them. The
judgment of succeeding ages has approved the com-
pliment he thus made to their understandings. So
long as there are truly great princes, able statesmen,
sound politicians--politicians that do not rend asun-
der politics from good order and the general happiness,
he will meet with candid and grateful acknowledg-
ments of his merits. "--Thucydides has been sometimes
censured for the introduction of harangues into his his-
tory, and this has been made an argument, by some,
against his general veracity as an historian. The truth
is, however, that the writer never meant them to be re-
garded by the reader as having been actually pronoun-
ced by the speakers in question: they serve merely
as vehicles for conveying his own sentiments on pass-
ing events, for painting more distinctly the characters
of those whom he brings forward in the course of his
narrative, and for relating circumstances to which he
could not well refer in the main body of his history.
The harangues of Thucydides impart frequently lo
his work a Kind of dramatic character, and agreeably
interrupt the monotony occasioned by his peculiar ar-
rangement of events. Demosthenes was so ardent an
admirer of them, that he is said to have copied them
over ten times, in order to appropriate to himself the
style of this great writer. The finest is the funeral
oration of Pericles, in honour of those who had fallen
in the service of their country. --Another charge made
against Thucydides is the division of his work into
years, and even into seasons, for he divides each year
into two seasons, summer and winter. This arrange-
ment, which Dionysius of Halicarnassus has severely
blamed, imparts to the work a kind of monotonous
character; and yet, on the other hand, it must be con-
fessed, that if this plan be in some respects a defective
one, it is less so for the history of a single war, which
naturally divides itself into campaigns, than it would
be for a work intended to embrace the history of a
people, or of some extended period of time. --Thucyd-
ides wrote in the Attic dialect: after him no histori-
an ventured to employ any other, and his work is re-
garded as the canon, or perfection of Atticism. His
style, however, is not without its faults: his concise-
ness sometimes degenerates into obscurity, particularly
in his harangues; nor does he seem to be always very
solicitous about the elegance of his diction, but more
ambitious to communicate information than to please
the ear. Against these and similar charges, of care-
less collocation, embarrassed periods, and solecistic
phraseology, which Dionysius, in particular, is most
active in adducing, the historian has been very suc-
? ? cessfully defended by one of his recent editors. Poppo.
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? - r Hy
i
ry, the attacks of the Lucani, from whom tlit' sus-
tained a severe defeat, and, at a still later period, the
enmity of the Tarentines, so reduced the power and
prosperity of the Thurians, that they were compelled
to seek the aid of Rome, which was thus involved in
a war with Tareritum. About eighty-eight years af-
terward, Thurii, being nearly deserted, received a Ro-
man cjlony, and took the name of Copia. (Strob. ,
263. --Lit. , 35, 9. ) Cssar, however, calls it Thurii,
and designates it a municipal town. (Bell. Cit. , 3,
S2. ) The remains of ancient Thurii must be placed
between the site of ancient Sybaris and Terra . Vova.
(Cramer's Ancient Italy, vol. 2, p. 359. )
THURINUS, a name given to Augustus when he was
young, either because some of his progenitors were
natives of Thurii, or because his father Octavius had
been successful in some military operations near Thu-
rii a short time after the birth of Augustus. (Ki
ton. , Ki/. Aug. , 7. --Consult Oudendorp, ad loc. )
THYAMIS, I. a river of Epirus, anciently dividing
Thresprolia from the district of Cestrine.
