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From Alexandria he went into Syria. At Caesarea (Diog. Laert. ü. 12, &c. ; Plut. Perid. 32, Nicias,
he was ordained by Theotechnus, who destined 23. ) It seems probable, however, that Anaxagoras
him to be his successor in the bishopric, the duties was accused twice, once on the ground of impiety,
of which he discharged for a short time as the vicar and a second time on that of partiality to Persia
of Theorechnus. Afterwards, while proceeding to In the first case it was only owing to the influence
attend a council at Antioch, he was detained by and eloquence of Pericles that he was not put to
the people of Laodicea, and became their bishop. death ; but he was sentenced to pay a fine of five
Of his subsequent life notbing is known; but by talents and to quit Athens. The philosopher now
some he is said to have suffered martyrdom. He went to Lampsacus, and it seems to have been
wrote a work on the chronology of Easter, a large during his absence that the second charge of
fragment of which is preserved by Eusebius. (1. c. ) undiouds was brought against him, in consequence
The work exists in a Latin translation, which of which he was condemned to death. He is said
some ascribe to Rufinus, under the title of "Volu- to have received the intelligence of his sentence
men de Pascbate,” or “ Canones Paschales," and with a smile, and to have died at Lampsacus at
which was published by Aegidius Bucherius in his the age of seventy-two. The inhabitants of this
Doctrina Temporum, Antverp. , 1634. He also place honoured Anaxagoras not only during his
wrote a treatise on Arithmetic, in ten books (Hie lifetime, but after his death also. (Diog. Laert. ii.
ron. de Vir. Ilust. c. 73), of which some fragments c. 3; Dict. of Ant. s. r. 'Avažayopeia. ).
are preserved in the Θεολογούμενα της 'Αριθμετικής. Diogenes Laertius, Cicero, and other writers,
Some fragments of his mathematical works are call Anaxagoras a disciple of Anaximenes ; but
printed in Fabric. Bib. Graec. iii. p. 462. [P. S. ) this statement is not only connected with some
ANAX ("Avat). 1. A giant, son of Uranus chronological difficulties, but is not quite in accord-
and Gaea, and father of Asterius. The legends of ance with the accounts of other writers. Thus
Miletus, which for two generations bore the name much, however, is certain, that Anaxagoras struck
of Anactoria, described Anax as king of Anactoria; into a new path, and was dissatisfied with the
but in the reign of bis son the town and territory systems of his predecessors, the lonic philosophers.
were conquered by the Cretan Miletus, who changed It is he who laid the foundation of the Attic
the name Anactoria into Miletus. (Paus. i. 35. & 5, philosophy, and who stated the problem which his
vii. 2. $ 3. )
successors laboured to solve. The Ionic philoso-
2. A surname or epithet of the gods in general, pbers had endeavoured to explain nature and its
characterizing them as the rulers of the world; various phenomena by regarding matter in its
but the plural forms, "Avakes, or "Avaktes, or different forms and modifications as the cause of all
"Avaxes raides, were used to designate the Dios things. Apaxagoras, on the other hand, conceived
curi. (Paus. ii. 22. & 7, x. 38. $ 3; Cic. de Nat. the necessity of seeking a higher cause, indepen-
Deor. iii. 31; Aelian. V. H. v. 4; Plut. Thes. 33. ) dent of matter, and this cause he considered to be
In the second of the passages of Pausanias here vous, that is, mind, thought, or intelligence. This
referred to, in which he speaks of a temple of the voús, however, is not the creator of the world, but
'Avakes traides at Amphissa, he states, that it was merely that which originally arranged the world
a doubtful point whether they were the Dioscuri, and gave motion to it; for, according to the axiom
the Curetes, or the Cabeiri ; and from this circum- that out of nothing nothing can come, he supposed
stance a connexion between Amphissa and Samo- the existence of matter from all eternity, though,
thrace has been inferred. (Comp. Eustath. ad Hom. before the vous was exercised upon it, it was in a
pp. 182, 1598. ) Some critics identify the Anaces chaotic confusion. In this original chaos there
with the Enakim of the Hebrews. (L, S. ) was an infinite number of homogeneous parts
ANAXA'GORAS ('Avataopas), a Greek phi- (ouotouepn) as well as heterogeneous ones. The
losopher, was born at Clazomenae in lonia about vous united the former and separated from them
the year & C. 499. His father, Hegesibulus, left what was heterogeneous, and out of this process
him in the possession of considerable property, but I arose the things we see in this world. This


## p. 163 (#183) ############################################

ANAXANDRIDES.
163
ANAXARCHUS.
}
anion and separation, however, were made in such in the Spartans' favour, under Anaxandrides and
a manner, that each thing contains in itself parts Ariston. Under them, too, was mainly carried
of other things or heterogeneous elements, and is on the suppression of the tyrannies, and with it
what it is, only on account of the preponderance the establishment of the Spartan hegemony. Hav-
of certain homogeneous parts which constitute its ing a barren wife whom he would not divorce, the
character. The voûs, which thus regulated and ephors, we are told, made him take with her a
formed the material world, is itself also cognoscent, second. By her he had Cleomeneb; and after this,
and consequently the principle of all cognition : it by his first wife Doriens, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.
alone can see truth and the essence of things, (Herod. i. 65-69, v. 39-41; Paus. iii. 3. ) Several
while our senses are imperfect and often lead us sayings are ascribed to him in Plut. Apophth. Lac.
into error. Anaxagoras explained his dualistic (where the old reading is Alexandridas). With
system in a work which is now lost, and we know the reign of Anaxandrides and Ariston commences
it only from such fragments as are quoted from it the period of certain dates, the chronology of their
by later writers, as Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, predecessors being doubtful and the accounts in
Diogenes Laertius, Cicero, and others. For a many ways suspicious ; the only certain point be-
more detailed account see Ritter, Gesch. d. Ionisch. ing the coincidence of Polydorus and Theopompus
Philos. p. 203, &c. ; Brandis, Rhein. Mus. i. p. 117, with the first Messenian war, which itself cannot
&c. , Handb. der Gesch. der Philos. i. p. 232, &c. ; be fixed with certainty. (See for all this period
J. T. Hemsen, Anaxagoras Clazomenius, sive de Clinton's Fasti, i. app. 2 and 6, ii. p. 205, and
Vita eius atque Philosophia, Götting. 1821, 8vo. ; Müller's Dorians, bk. i. c. 7. ) (A. H. C. )
Breier, Die Philosophie des Anaxagoras von Klazo- ANAXANDRIDES('Avatav&pidns), of Delphi,
menä nach Aristoteles, Berlin, 1840. The frag- a Greek writer, probably the same as Alexandrides.
ments of Anaxagoras have been collected by [ALEXANDRIDES, and Plut. Quaest. Graec. c. 9. ]
Schaubach: Anaxagorae Fragmenta collegit, C. , ANAXANDRIDES ('Avačavdpíons), an Athe
Leipzig, 1827, 8vo. , and much better by Schorn, nian comic poet of the middle comedy, was the son
Anaxagorae Fragmenta dispos. et illustr. , Bonn, of Anaxander, a native of Cameirus in Rhodes.
1829, 8vo.
(L. S. ] He began to exhibit comedies in B. C. 376 (Marm.
ANAXAGORAS ('Avatarópas), of Aegina, a Par. Ep. 34), and 29 years later he was present,
sculptor, flourished about B. C 480, and executed and probably exhibited, at the Olympic games
the statue of Jupiter in bronze set up at Olympia celebrated by Philip at Dium. Aristotle held him
by the states which had united in repelling the in- in high esteem. (Rhet. ii. 10–12; Eth. Eud.
vasion of Xerxes. (Paus. v. 23. & 2. ) He is sup vi. 10; Nicom. vii. 10. ) He is said to have been
posed to be the same person as the sculptor men- the first poet who made love intrigues a prominent
tioned in an epigram by Anacreon (Anthol. Graec. part of comedy. He gained ten prizes, the whole
p. 55, No. 6, Jacobs), but not the same as the number of his comedies being sixty-five. Though
writer on scene-painting mentioned by Vitruvius. he is said to have destroyed several of his plays in
(AGATHARCHUS. )
[P. S. ) anger at their rejection, we still have the titles of
ANAXANDER ('Aváčavapos), king of Sparta, thirty-three.
12th of the Agids, son of Eurycrates, is named by Anaxandrides was also a dithyrambic poet, but
Pausanias as commanding against Aristomenes, we have no remains of his dithyrambs. (Suidas,
and to the end of the second Messenian war, B. C. 8. O. ; Athen. ix. p. 374; Meineke; Bode. ) (P. S.
)
668; but probably on mere conjecture from the ANAXARCHUS ('Avašápxos), a philosopher
statement of Tyrtaeus (given by Strabo, viii. p. of Abdera, of the school of Democritus, flourished
362), that the grandfathers fought in the first, the about 340 B. C. and onwards. (Diog. Laert. ix. 58,
grandsons in the second. (Paus. iii. 3, 14. § 4, p. 667, Steph. ) He accompanied Alexander into
iv. 15. § 1, 16. 5, 22. $ 3; Plut Apophth. Asia, and gained his favour by fiattery and wit.
Lac. )
(A. H. C. ) From the easiness of his temper and his love of
ANAXANDRA (Αναξάνδρα) and her sister | pleasure he obtained the appellation of ευδαιμονικός.
Lathria, twin daughters of Thersander, Heraclide | When Alexander bad killed Cleitus, Anaxarchus
king of Cleonae, are said to have been married to consoled him with the maxim "a king can do no
the twin-born kings of Sparta, Eurysthenes and wrong. ” After the death of Alexander, Anaxar-
Procles; Anaxandra, it would seem, to Procles. chus was thrown by shipwreck into the power of
An altar sacred to them remained in the time of Nicocreon, king of Cyprus, to whom he bad given
Pausanias. (iii. 16. § 5. )
[A. H. C. ) mortal offence, and who had him pounded to death
ANAXANDRA, the daughter of the painter | in a stone mortar. The philosopher endured his
Nealces, was herself a painter about B. C. 228. sufferings with the utmost fortitude. Cicero (Tusc.
(Didymus, ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. p. 523, b. , ii. 21, de Nat. Deor. iii. 33) is the earliest autho-
Sylb. )
[P. S. ] rity for this tale. Of the philosophy of Anaxar.
ANAXA'NDRIDES ('Avačavopisns). 1. Sonchus we know nothing. Some writers understand
of Theopompus, the 9th Eurypontid king of Sparta; his title evdaluovikos as meaning, that he was the
himself never reigned, but by the accession of teacher of a philosophy which made the end of life
Leotychides became from the seventh generation to be evda povía, and they made him the founder
the father of the kings of Sparta of that branch. of a sect called rusaluovikoi, of which, however,
(See for his descendants in the interval Clinton's he himself is the only person mentioned. Strabo
Fasti, ii. p. 204, and Herod. viii. 131. )
(p. 594) ascribes to Anaxarchus and Callisthenes
2. King of Sparta, 15th of the Agids, son of the recension of Homer, which Alexander kept in
Leon, reigned from about 560 to 5:20 B. C. At Darius's perfume-casket, and which is generally
the time when Croesus sent his embassy to form attributed to Aristotle. (Arrian, Anab. iv. 10;
alliance with “ the mightiest of the Greeks," i. e. Plut. Aler. 52; Plin. vii. 23; Aelian, V. H. ix.
about 554, the war with Tegea, which in the late c. 37 ; Brucker, Ilist. Philos. i. p. 1207 ; Dathe,
reigns went against them, had now been decided | Prolusio de Anuxurcho, Lips. 1762. )
[P. S. )
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## p. 164 (#184) ############################################

164
ANAXIBIUS.
ANAXILAUS.
ANAXA'RETE (Avatapétn), a maiden of the the year 389, Anaxibius was sent out from Sparta
island of Cyprus, who belonged to the ancient fa- to supersede Dereyllidas in the command at Abye
mily of Teucer. She remained unmoved by the dus, and to check the rising fortunes of Athens in
professions of love and lamentations of Iphis, who the Hellespont. llere he met at first with some
at last, in despair, hung himself at the door of her successes, till at length Iphicrates, who had been
residence. When the unfortunate youth was sent against him by the Athenians, contrived to
going to be buried, she looked with indifference intercept him on his return from Antandrus, which
from her window at the funeral procession ; but had promised to revolt to him, and of which he
Venus punished her by changing her into a stone had gone to take possession. Anaxibius, coming
statue, which was preserved at Salamis in Cyprus, suddenly on the Athenian ambuscade, and foresee-
in the temple of Venus Prospiciens. (Ov. Mct. xiv. ing the certainty of his own defcat, desired his
698, &c. ) Antoninus Liberalis (39), who relates men to save themselves by flight. His own duty,
the same story, calls the maiden Arsinoe, and her he said, required him w die there ; and, with a
lover Arccopbon.
(L. S. ) small body of comrades, he remained on the spot,
ANA'XIAS or ANAXIS ('Avatías or "Avalis), fighting till be fell, B. C. 388. (Xen. Hel. iv. 8.
a son of Castor and Elaeira or Hilacira, and bro- $ 32-39. )
[E. E. )
ther of Mnasinus, with whom he is usually men- ANAXI'CRATES ('Avalikpatns), a Greek
tioned. The temple of the Diosciui at Argos con- writer of uncertain date, one of whose statements
tained also the statues of these two sons of Castor is compared with one of Cleitodenus. He wrote
(Paus. ii. 22. $ 6), and on the throne of Amyclae a work on Argolis. (Schol. ad Eurip. Med. 19,
both were represented riding on horseback. (iii. ad Andron. 2. 2. )
18. $ 7. )
(LS. ) ANAXIDA MUS('Avatidanos), king of Sparta,
ANAXI'BIA ('Avašicia). 1. A daughter of | 11th of the Eurypontids, son of Zeuxidamus, con-
Bias and wife of Pelias, by whom she became the temporary with Anaxander, and lived to the con-
mother of Acastus, Peisidice, Pelopia, Hippothoë, clusion of the second Messenian war, B. C. 668.
and Alcestis. (Apollod. i. 9. § 10. )
(Paus. iii. 7. $ 5. )
(A. H. C. )
2. A daughter of Cratieus, and second wife of ANAXIDAMUS ('Arašidanos), an Achacan
Nestor. (Apollod. i. 9. & 9. )
ambassador, sent to Rome in B. c. 164, and again
3. A daughter of Pleisthenes, and sister of Agar in B. c. 155. (Polyb. xxxi. 6, 8, xxxi. 2. )
memnon, married Strophius and became the mo- ANA XILAS or ANAXILAUS ('Avažiaas,
ther of Pylades. (Paus. i. 29. $ 4; Schol. ad Eurip. | 'Avačinaos), an Athenian comic poet of the middle
Orest. 764, 1235. ) Hyginus (Fab. 117) calls the comedy, contemporary with Plato and Demos-
wife of Strophius Astyochea. Eustathius (ad Il. thenes, the former of whom he attacked in one of
ii. 296) confounds Agamemnon's sister with the his plays. (Diog. Laert. iii. 28. ) We have a few
daughter of Cratieus, saying that the second wife fragments and the titles of nineteen of his comedies,
of Nestor was a sister of Agamemnon. There is eight of which are on mythological subjects. (Pol.
another Anaxibia in Plut. de Flum. 4. [L. S. ] lux, ii. 29, 31; x. 190 ; Athen. pp. 95, 171, 374,
ANAXIBIUS ('Avašicios), was the Spartan 416, 655; Meineke; Bode. )
(P. S. ]
admiral stationed at Byzantium, to whom the Cy- ANAXILA'US ('Avasiaaos), a Greek historian,
rean Greeks, on their arrival at Trapezus on the of uncertain date. (Dionys. Ant.