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Adams: Civilization in the Middle Ages.
A. PECULIAR CHARACTERISTICS OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION.
The commingling and interaction of conflicting principles.
(Contrast with ancient civilizations. )
Secured by
1. Physical separation of nations which regenerate each
other (geographical divisions of Europe).
2. Intermingling of Roman and Teutonic civilizations. -
B. ELEMENTS OF EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION.
1. Roman (essentially urban): Municipal institutions, law
and organization, centralized and irresponsible power, a
universal language. (Rome accumulates and selects from
all the past. )
2. Teutonic (essentially rural): Personal independence and
personal loyalty ; germ of representative government in
the tribal democratic organization (a possibility, perhaps,
rather than a germ).
3. The Church : moral principles and the theocratic machin-
ery.
C. THE MIDDLE AGES A THOUSAND YEARS OF TRANSITION
Between the progress of ancient civilization and the progress
of modern civilization a period of fusion of the diverse ele-
ments, and of reorganization.
1. The period of mixture fifth to eighth centuries a chaos
of creative forces.
2. Attempts to organize society eighth to fifteenth centuries,
a. On a universal scale continuity of the old empire.
1) The Byzantine empire (relation to the West).
2) Charles the Great.
3) Holv Roman Emi
nan Empire.
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? b. Feudalism aristocratic organization from countless
local centers; feudal form of society becomes universal
in tenth to twelfth centuries; other principles survive
to find their opportunity when the crusades have
weakened feudalism.
c. The papacy attempt at theocratic organization ; ob-
stacles in
1) Celibacy of the clergy.
2) Tendency toward national churches.
3) Assertion of individual freedom of thought (the
Reformation and its forerunners).
d. The free cities democratic attempt ; lacked unity and
permanence.
e. The systems of "estates"' in "parliaments" an attempt
to reconcile these conflicting principles.
3. Success finally attained by the National Monarchies, fif-
teenth century, which consolidated these elements into
modern nations.
a. France (typical): victory apparent at close of the Hun-
dred Years War (middle of fifteenth century).
Causes and results
Consolidation of territory
Consciousness of nationality (Joan of Arc)
Standing army (artillery)
Estates dropped
Royal courts
Changed character of rule intellectual power re-
places physical force (diplomacy).
b. Parallels in other countries.
D. GENERAL RESULT AT CLOSE OF THE MIDDLE AGES.
Centralized despotisms on the ruins of ancient local but un-
organizable liberties.
Germany and Italy divide into multitudes of petty despotisms.
These countries not nationalized; lost their liberties and
gained nothing in return.
E. CHARACTER OF EUROPEAN HISTORY FROM 1500 TO THE
FRENCH REVOLUTION.
Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the Reformation and
religious wars.
Eighteenth centur}' *' Philistinism;" dynastic and mercantile
wars.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR FRANCE.
GENERAL WORKS USEFUL THROUGH THE YEAR:
*Fyffe: Modern Europe.
* Mueller: Political History of Recent Times.
*Judson: Europe in the Nineteenth Century.
* Lodge: History of Modern Europe.
*Grant-Duff: Studies in European Politics.
Maurice: Revolutionary Movements of '48.
Wilson: The State.
*Burgess: Political Science and Constitutional Law.
Borgeaud: Adoption and Amendment of Constitutions.
*Murdock: Re-organization of Europe.
May: Democracy in Europe.
* Alison: History of Europe.
*Goodnow: Comparative Administrative Law.
Baron Stockmar's Memoirs.
Lord's Lectures: Modern Statesmen.
Freeman: Historical Geography.
Latimer: Europe in Africa.
Irving and Fyffe: Annals of our Time, 1837-1892.
Larnard's History for Ready Reference.
Statesman's Year Book.
Annual Encyclopaedias.
Annual Register.
Poolers Index for Periodicals.
Fyffe's is the best one work to cover the whole field. Mueller
gives a satisfactory treatment after Waterloo. Judson is briefer
and compact, but is by far the most^readable, and his summaries
and introductions to periods are valuable. Members of the class
ought ro own or to have constant access to one of the three ;
perhaps volume I. of Fyffe and the work of Mueller make the most
desirable combination.
FRANCE:
Guizot: History of France.
*Taine: Ancient Regime.
*Tocqueville: France before the Revolution.
Kitchen: History of France, III.
*Stephens: French Revolution.
* Lowell: Eve of the French Revolution.
Lecky: Eighteenth Century, Y.
Buckle: History of Civilization.
* 'Gardiner: French Revolution.
Von Sybel: Revolutionary Times.
*This star always means that there are several copies of the work in the
Lihrarv.
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? Bax: French Revolution.
Bax: Life of Marat.
Dumas: Memoirs.
*Carlyle: French Revolution.
Thiers: The French Revolution.
Morris: French Revolution.
*Taine: French Revolution.
Von Hoist: French Revolution.
* Burke: On the French Revolution.
Mignet: French Revolution.
Michelet : French Revolution.
*Lamartine: Girondists.
Morley, Voltaire and Rousseau : Miscellanies: I. Robespierre;
II. Turgot; III. France in the Eighteenth Century.
Say: Turgot.
Sorel: Montesquieu.
Rosenthal: France and America.
Taine: Modern Regime.
*Van Laun: French Revolutionary Epoch.
Lanfrey: Napoleon.
Seeley: Napoleon.
Ropes: Napoleon.
Sloan: Life of Napoleon Bonaparte (Century, 1894-5. )
Masson's Napoleon.
Memoirs of Baron de Meneval.
Thiers: Consulate and Empire.
*Latimer: France in the Nineteenth Century.
*Lamartine: The Restoration.
Guizot: France and Louis Philippe.
Mill: French Revolution of 1848 Dissertations, vol. III.
Adams: Democracy and Monarchy in France.
Louis Blanc: France Under Louis Philippe. (History of Ten
Years).
Louis Blanc: The Revolution.
*Lamartine: Revolution of Forty- Eight.
St. Armand: Revolution of Forty-Eight.
Normandy: Year of Revolution in France.
Senior. Conversations, etc. , under the Second Empire.
Lisagary: History of the Commune.
Fetridge: The Paris Commune.
King: French Political Leaders.
Memoirs ofTocqueville and Guizot.
Correspondence ofTallyrand.
Simon: The Government of Thiers.
Stephens: Lectures on French History.
Marziall: Gambetta.
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*Lebon and Pelet: France as It Is.
Betham-Edwards: France Today.
Colquehoun: The Truth about Tonquin.
Elton: With the French in Mexico.
Scott: France and Tongking.
Laveleye: Socialism of Today.
Ely: French and German Socialism.
A large number of other works on the French Revolution and
the Consulate and Empire. Students who read French will
find a large amount of valuable original material in the seminar
room, and there is a considerable amount of further material in
the stack room.
1. Taine's "Ancient Regime" and Tocqueville should be
studied by the student specially interested in the conditions which
brought about the French Revolution. Buckle has the best treat-
ment of the literary factor, though he exaggerates its influence.
Lecky's survey is admirable; and perhaps Lowell embodies in one
popular volume the best results of a comparative study of these
greater authorities.
2. Mrs. Gardiner's compact little book is the best text-book
upon the French Revolution, and must be in the hands of the
class, each of whom will be expected to own also Number 3 of
Volume I, "European History from Contemporary Sources" (10
cents). For those who can give further study, Carlyle (the most
vivid picture), Taine (a great work, strongly anti-democratic),
and Stephens (by far the most trustworthy work), should be spec-
ially mentioned. Von Sybel is the only writer who does justice to
outside Europe. Bax gives the extreme socialist view. For the
Napoleonic Regime, Theirs' "Consulate and Empire" is the clear-
est and fullest account though sometimes ludicrously French, and
often inaccurate.
3. For France from 1815 to 1871 : One of the general works
answers all strict requirements, except for topics and for the '4-8
period.
Van Laun gives a readable summary. Latimer is gos-
sipy, but unreliable. For the important period 184-8-52, see syl-
labus.
4. Wilson or Burgess (the more critical account) should be
used for present constitutions. Members of the class will be ex-
pected to own Wilson.
5. Recent problems must be hunted down in annual encyclo-
paedias and periodicals.
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I. FRANCE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION.
A. CLASSES.
1. An aristocracy privileged, wealthy, non-resident, scepti-
cal, corrupt and useless all in the "age of vanity"
140,000 nobles, 130,000 clergy (70,000 monks and
nuns).
2. A wealthy middle class (third estate) wanting elsewhere
in continental Europe.
Serf-like peasantry and proletariat 23,000,000.
a. Their misery.
1) Testimony of La Bruyere, in 1689. Cf. Lowell, chs.
13 and 14 for criticism of an extreme view.
2) A century of famine. Taine, "Ancient Regime," 386.
b. Causes of these conditions.
1 ) Peasantiy.
a) Extortionate taxation (50 to 80 per cent of
peasant's crop); exemptions of privileged class-
es; methods of collection ; indirect taxation; etc.
b) Feudal dues.
Irredeemable burdens on land.
Rights to justice fees, intestate's property.
Tolls roads, bridge, ferry, market, mill, oven.
Game laws.
2) Workingmen in the towns machinery, guilds, etc.
c. Improved condition, nevertheless, of the peasantry.
1) Practical abolition of personal serfdom.
2) Ownership of land. Tocqueville, bk. II. , ch. 1.
B. GOVERNMENT.
(Wilson, 176-95, and Tocqueville. )
1. Highty centralized.
Irresponsible king; appointed council ; comptroller general.
Thirty-six intendants for the thirty-six provinces.
Sub-delegates in each canton.
2. Powers and responsibility.
3. Appearance of complexity and partial checks from the
shadows of oid local and class jurisdictions.
(Pays d'etats and pays d 'election. )
4. "The good machine left to run itself. "
C. IMMEDIATE CAUSES OF REVOLUTION.
1. The revolution in French opinion from 1770 the philoso-
phersVoltaire and Rousseau a humanitarian aristoc-
rac\ r and a benevolent king.
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2. Influence of England. Buckle, I, 518-528.
3. Mismanagement of finances.
4. Long continued failures of harvests.
5. Lack of repression of disorders; attempts at reform which
incited to more rebellion.
D. REVOLUTION UNEXPECTED.
1. Old prophecies the cry of "wolf. "
2. The movement confounded at first with the other tenden-
cies toward reform by the enlightened nionarchs of the
century from which it is to be distinguished by its pop-
ular initiative and control.
3. A destructive revolution was not inevitable in the nature
of things, but resulted from the incapacity of the rulers
and nobility.
Taine: "Ancient Regime," especially pp. 13-85 and 329-402.
Van Laun: "French Revolutionary Epoch," 1-32. (A sum-
mary from Taine, chiefly, but less graphic and powerful. )
Tocqueville: "France Before the Revolution" ("The Old
Regime and the Revolution" is a translation of the same work
under another name) very excellent and judicial, especially bk.
II, chs. 1-6, 9 and 12.
Adams: "Democracy and Monarchy in France," 32-135.
Stephens; Kitchin; Morris; Lowell; Lecky, V; Gardiner;
Von Sybel; Buckle, chs. 8-14. ("If but one thing can be read on
the events introducing the Revolution, this (Buckle) should be
that one thing," said President White, some years ago. )
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/I. FRANCE-IMPORTANT FEATURES OF THE
REVOLUTION.
The influence of national bankruptcy ; the deficit the immediate
impulse to reform from the court side. "It is spiritual bank-
ruptcy long tolerated, now verging toward economic(al) Bank-
ruptcy, and become intolerable. " (Connection with the Amer-
ican war. )
CHIEF MINISTERS OF Louis XVI.
Turgot: despotic reforms; vastness and multiplicity of his
aims.
Necker: the American war.
Calonne: the Notables.
Brienne: the Parliaments.
(attempt of all sooner or later to introduce equal taxa-
tion).
Necker again, and the
A. STATES GENERAL (May 9, 1789).
Methods of election ; problems of organization double re-
presentation and individual voting. The NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
(Mirabeau and Sieyes). Court plan for coup cT etat defeated
by rising of Paris. The
FALL OF THE BASTILE. Sovereignty of the bourgeoisie (rep-
resented by the Assembly).
1. Spontaneous anarchy and spontaneous local organization.
a. Municipal governments from electoral colleges.
b. National guards.
2. National character of the movement. France now becomes
France fused in this Revolutionary furnace. All France,
not Paris alone, the revolutionary force.
3. This new national consciousness, despite isolated separatist
tendencies, leads a little later to the FEDERATION, July 14,
1790.
4. The various jacqueries.
5. The composition of the Assembly. Early reforms of the
Assembly at Versailles ;
a. the declaration of rights the fall of feudalism night
of Aug. 4, 1789;
b. the veto power.
6. Second court plot (or justifiable suspicion of one "O
Richard, my king! ") leads to The March of the Maenads
and the removal of the king and Assembly to Paris, Oct. 5,,
1789.
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a. 2nd and main flight of emigrants \ The Desertion
b. Secession of the Right / of the Nobility.
c. Increase of , popular influence over the Assembly
(shifting of parties).
1) The Clubs and Salons.
2) The Galleries and street mobs.
7. The Constitution.
Civil equality.
Extreme decentralization with an "orgie of elections"
(clergy, judges, and officers of the National guard).
Political power, by system of property qualifications and
indirect elections, in the hands of the bourgeoisie.
Abolition of privileges and titles equality before the law;
trial by jury; freedom of conscience; freedom of the
press; elective legislature with responsible government,
power of taxation, etc. ; suspensive veto.
A constitutional monarchy resting on local self-govern-
ment.
8. Mirabeau and his plans; his death, April 2, '91, and ac-
cession of influence to the "thirty-voices" (Robespierre).
9. The flight to Varennes,
a. Split of the patriots into Constitutional Monarchists
and Republicans.
b. "Massacre of the Champ du Mars. "
c. General conservative tendency of the closing days of
the Assembly.
General result, to be more clearly seen after the close of this
first Assembty. Not a revolution of government but a
dissolution of society; emergence of rascaldom, stupid-
ity, and fanaticism; society to be terrorized and ruled
by minorities until finally reconstructed by Napoleon.
B. THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, Sept. '91-A. ug. '92.
1. Election. The conquest of the Jacobin clubs. Victory of
the "passive" citizens. Therule of minorities. (Terrorism
and lack of civic virtue).