His intention
was to restrain the unlimited power of the popular ad-
ministration, (which cannot properly be called a go-
vernment, but, as Plato terms it, a warehouse of go-
vernments,) and to establish the constitution on the La-
cedaemonian and Cretan plan.
was to restrain the unlimited power of the popular ad-
ministration, (which cannot properly be called a go-
vernment, but, as Plato terms it, a warehouse of go-
vernments,) and to establish the constitution on the La-
cedaemonian and Cretan plan.
Plutarch - Lives - v7
If I cannot save it, I will, at least, hasten
thither, and fall beneath the ruins of my country: for
you, if you can yet persuade yourselves to assist the
most unfortunate and inconsiderate of men, it may be
in your power to save from destruction a city which
was the work of your own hands. But if your pity
for the Syracusans be sacrificed to your resentment,
may the gods reward your fidelity, your kindness to
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? DIoN.
Dion! And remember, that as he would not desert
you, when you were injured, so neither could he aban-
don his falling country! '
He had hardly , ended when the soldiers signified
their readiness for the service by loud acclamations,
and called on him to march directly to the relief of
Syracuse. The messengers embraced them, and in-
treated the gods to shower their blessings on Dion and
the Peloponnesians. When the noise subsided Dion
gave orders that the men should repair to their quarters,
and, after the necessary refreshments, assemble in the
same place completely armed; for he intended to march
that very night.
The soldiers of Dionysius, after ravaging the city
during the whole day, retired at night, with the loss of
a few men, into the citadel. This small respite once
more encouraged the demagogues of the city, who, pre-
suming that the enemy would not repeat their hostili-
ties, dissuaded the people from admitting Dion and his
foreign soldiers. They advised them not to give up the
honor of saving the city to strangers, but to defend their
liberty themselves. On this the generals sent other
messengers to Dion to countermand his march; while,
on the other hand, the cavalry, and many of the prin-
cipal citizens, sent their requests that he would hasten
it. Thus invited by one party, and rejected by another,
he came forward but slowly; and, at night, the faction
that opposed him set a guard on the gates to prevent
his entering.
Nypsius now made a fresh sally from the citadel,
with still greater numbers, and greater fury than be-
fore. After totally demolishing the remaining part of
the fortification, he fell to ravaging the city. The
slaughter was dreadful; men, women, and children,
fell indiscriminately by the sword: for the object of
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? 128
PLUTARCH.
the enemy was not so much plunder as destruction.
Dionysius despaired of regaining his lost empire, and,
in his mortal hatred of the Syracusans, he determined
to hury it in the ruins of their city. It was resolved
therefore that, before Dion's succors could arrive, they
should destroy it the quickest way, by laying it in
ashes. Accordingly they set fire to those parts that
were at hand by brands and torches, and to the re-
moter parts by shooting flaming arrows. The citizens,
in the utmost consternation, fled every where before
them. Those who, to avoid the fire, had fled from
their houses, were put to the sword in the streets;
and they who sought for refuge in their houses were
again driven out by the flames: many were burnt to
death, and many perished beneath the ruins of the
houses.
This terrible distress, by universal consent, opened
the gates for Dion. After being informed that the
enemy had retreated into the citadel, he had made no
great haste: but early in the morning some horsemen
carried him the news of a fresh assault. These were
followed by some, even of those who had recently op-
posed his coming, but who now implored him to fly to
their relief. As the conflagration and destruction in-
creased, Heraclides despatched his brother, and after
him his uncle Theodotes, to intreat the assistance of
Dion; for they were now no longer in a capacity of op-
posing the enemy: he was wounded himself, and great
part of the city was laid in ashes.
When Dion received this news he was about sixty
furlongs from the city. After he had acquainted his
soldiers with the dreadful exigency, and exhorted them
to behave with resolution, they no longer marched, but
ran ; and in their way they were met by numbers, who
intreated them, if possible, to go still faster. By the
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? DIoN.
eager and vigorous speed of the soldiers, Dion quickly-
arrived at the city; and, entering by the part called
Hecatompedon, he ordered his light troops immediately
to charge the enemy, that the Syracusans might take
courage at the sight of them. In the mean while he
drew up his heavy-armed men, with such of the citi-
zens as had joined him, and divided them into several
small bodies, of greater depth than breadth, that he
might intimidate the enemy, by attacking them in seve-
ral quarters at once. He advanced to the engagement
at the head of his men, amidst a confused noise of shouts,
plaudits, prayers, and vows, which the Syracusans of-
fered up for their deliverer, their tutelary deity; for
so they termed him now; and his foreign soldiers they
called their brethren and fellow-citizens. At this time,
perhaps, there was not one wretch so selfishly fond of
life, that he did not hold Dion's safety dearer than his
own, or that of all his fellow-citizens, while they saw
him advancing first in the front of danger, through
blood and fire, and over heaps of the slain.
There was, indeed, something terrible in the appear-
ance of the enemy, who, animated by rage and despair,
had posted themselves in the ruins of the ramparts, so
that it was extremely dangerous and difficult to ap-
proach them. But the apprehensions of fire discouraged
Dion's men the most, and distressed them in their
march. They were surrounded by flames that raged
on every side; and while they walked over burning
ruins, through clouds of ashes and smoke, they were
every moment in danger of being burned beneath the
fall of half consumed buildings. In all these diffi-
culties they took infinite pains to keep close together,
and maintain their ranks. When they came up to the
enemy, a few only could engage at a time, on account
of the narrowness and inequality of the ground. They
. ^LUT. VoL. VII. I
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? 130
PLUTARCH.
fought, however, with great bravery, and, encouraged
by the acclamations of the citizens, at length they
routed Nypsius, and most of his men escaped into the
citadel, which was near at hand. Such of them as
were dispersed and could not get in were pursued and
put to the sword. The present deplorable state of the
city afforded neither time nor propriety for that joy
and thpse congratulations which usually follow victory.
All were busy in saving the remains of the conflagra-
tions; and though they labored hard during the whole
night, it was with great difficulty the fire was ex-
tinguished.
Not one orator of the popular faction durst any
longer remain in the city. By their flight they at once
confessed their guilt, and avoided punishment. Hera-
clides, however, and Theodotes, surrendered them-
selves to Dion. They acknowleged their error, and
intreated that he would not imitate them in the cruel
treatment they had shown him. They forgot not to
add how much it would be for his honor, who was un-
equalled in other virtues, to restrain his resentments;
and, by forgiving the ungrateful, to testify that supe-
riority of spirit for which they had contended with
him. His friends, however, advised him by no means
to pardon these factious and invidious men, but to
give them up to his soldiers, and to rid the common-
wealth of the ambition of demagogues, no less destruc-
tive than that of tyrants. Dion, on the other hand,
endeavored to mitigate their resentments. --' Other
generals,' said he, ' employ themselves chiefly in mili-
tary studies; but, by being long conversant in the
academy, I have learned to subdue my passions, and
to restrain the impulses of enmity and anger. To prove
that I have really gained such a victory over myself,
it is not sufficient merely to be kind to men of virtue,
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? DIoN.
131
but to be indulgent and reconcileable to the injurious.
If I have excelled Heraclides in military and political
abilities, I am resolved not to be inferior to him in
justice and clemency; since to have the advantage in
those is the first degree of excellence. The honors of
conquest are never wholly our own; for though the
conqueror may stand unrivalled, Fortune will claim
her share in his success. Heraclides may be treacher-
ous, invidious, and malicious; but must Dion therefore
sully his glories by the indulgence of resentment? The
laws, indeed, allow the revenge of an injury to be
more justifiable than the commission of it; but both
proceed originally from the infirmity of human na-
ture. Besides, there is hardly any malignity so in-
veterate, that it may not be overcome by kindness,
and softened by repeated favors. ' Agreeably to these
sentiments, Dion pardoned Heraclides and dismissed
him.
His first object was to repair the wall which he had
formerly erected around the citadel; and, for this pur-
pose, he ordered each of the citizens to furnish a pali-
sade, and bring it to the works. When they had done
this he sent them to their repose, and employed his
own men the whole night in drawing a line of circum-
vallation around the citadel, which both the enemy
and the citizens were astonished to find completed in
the morning.
After the dead were buried, and the prisoners, to
the amount of two thousand, ransomed, he summoned
an assembly. Heraclides moved that Dion should be
declared commander-in-chief, both at sea and land.
This motion was approved by the nobility, and the
commons were desired to confirm it; but the sailors
and artificers opposed it in a tumultuous manner.
They were unwilling that Heraclides should lose his
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? PLUTARCH.
command at sea; for though they had no good opinion
of his principles, they knew that he would be more in-
dulgent than Dion, and more ready to gratify their in-
clinations. Dion therefore gave up his point, and
agreed that Heraclides should continue admiral. But
when the equal distribution of lands was moved for,
he opposed it, and repealed all the decrees which had
formerly passed on that measure, by which means he
once more incurred the displeasure of the people.
Heraclides again made his advantage of this, and
harangued the soldiers and sailors at Messana, ac-
cusing Dion of a design to make himself absolute. At
the same time he privately corresponded with Diony-
sius, by means of Pharax, a Spartan. When the no-
bility got intelligence of this, there was a sedition in
the army, and the city was greatly distressed by want
of provisions. Dion was novv at a loss what measures
to pursue; and all his friends condemned him for
strengthening the hands of so perverse and invidious a
wretch as Heraclides.
Pharax was encamped at Neopolis, in the territory
of Agrigentum; and Dion drew out the Syracusans,
but not with an intent to engage him, till he found a
convenient opportunity. This gave Heraclides and his
seamen an occasion of exclaiming that he delayed
fighting only that he might the longer continue in com-
mand. He was forced to action, therefore, contrary to
his inclinations, and was beaten. His loss indeed was
small, and his defeat was owing more to a misunder-
standing in his own army, than to the superior courage
of the enemy: he therefore resolved to renew the en-
gagement, and, after animating and encouraging his
men to redeem their lost credit, he drew them up in
form of battle. In the evening, however, he received
intelligence that Heraclides was sailing for Syracuse,
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? DIoN.
with an intent to possess himself of the city, and to
shut him out. On this he made a draught of the
bravest and most active of the cavalry, and rode with
such expedition, that he reached the city by nine in
the morning, after a march of seven hundred furlongs.
Heraclides, though he made all the sail he could, was
too late, and he therefore tacked about, and stood out to
sea. While he was undetermined what course to steer,
he met Gaesilus the Spartan, who informed him that
he was sent to command in chief in Sicily, as Gylippus
had done before. Heraclides immediately accepted
him, and boasted to his allies that he had found in this
Spartan an antidote to the power of Dion. At the
same time he sent a herald to Syracuse, ordering the
citizens to receive Gaesilus for their general. Dion
answered, that the Syracusans had already a sufficient
number of generals; and that, if it were necessary
for them to have a Spartan, he was himself a citizen
of Sparta.
Gaesilus having now no hopes of the command,
waited on Dion, and, by his mediation, reconciled him
to Heraclides. This reconciliation was confirmed by
the most solemn oaths, and Gaesilus himself was gua-
rantee of the treaty, and undertook to punish Hera-
clides, in case of any future breach of faith. The
Syracusans on this discharged their navy, as they
found no advantages from it, equal to the expense of
keeping it on foot, and to those inconveniences it
brought on them, by being a continual source of sedi-
tions. At the same time they continued the siege, and
invested the city with another wall. As the besieged
were cut off from farther supplies, when provisions
failed, the soldiers began to mutiny, so that Apollo-
crates found himself under a necessity of coming to
terms with Dion, and offered to deliver up the citadel
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? PLUTARCH.
to him, with all the arms and stores, on condition that
he might have five galleys, and be permitted to retire
in safety with his mother and sisters. Dion granted
his request, and with these he sailed to Dionysius.
He was no sooner under sail than the whole city of
Syracuse assembled to behold the joyful sight. Their
hearts were so full of this interesting event, that they
even expressed their anger against those who were ab-
sent, and could not be witnesses with what glory the
sun that day rose on Syracuse, delivered at last from
the chains of slavery. As this flight of Dionysius was
one of the most memorable vicissitudes of fortune that
is recorded in history, and as no tyranny was ever
more effectually established than his, how great must
their joy and their self-complacency have been, after
they had destroyed it by such inconsiderable means!
When Apollocrates was gone, and Dion went to take
possession of the citadel, the women could not wait
till he entered, but ran to meet him at the gate. Aris-
tomache came first, leading Dion's son, and Arete fol-
lowed her in tears, fearful and apprehensive of meet-
ing her husband, after she had been so long in the
possession of another. Dion first embraced his sister,
then his son : after which Aristomache presented Arete
to him, with this address: 'Your banishment, Dion,
made us all equally miserable. Your return, and
your success, have made us all happy, except her whom
I had the misfortune to see, by cruel compulsion,
given to another, while you were yet alive. We are
now intirely in your disposal; but how will you de-
termine concerning this unhappy woman? And how
must she salute you? as her uncle, or as her husband? '
Dion was affected by this tender intercession, and wept.
He embraced Arete with great affection, put his son
into her hands, and desired her to retire to his own
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? DIoN.
135
bouse, where he purposed to reside; for the city he
immediately delivered up to the Syracusans.
All things had now succeeded to his wish: but he
by no means sought to reap the first advantages of his
good fortune. His first object was to gratify his
friends, to reward his allies, and to give his fellow-
citizens and foreign soldiers proper marks of his fa-
vor, in which his munificence even exceeded his abili-
ties. As to himself, he lived in a plain and frugal
manner, which, on this occasion in particular, was
universally admired: for while the fame of his actions,
and the reputation of his valor was spread through
Sicily and Greece, he seemed rather to live with Plato
in the sparing simplicity of the academic life, than
among soldiers, who look on every species of luxury
as a compensation for the toils and dangers of war.
Though Plato himself wrote to him, that the eyes of
the whole world were on him, he seems not to have
carried his attentions beyond one particular part of one
city, the academy. His judges in that society, he
knew, would not so much regard the greatness of his
performances, his courage, or his victories, as that
temper of mind with which he bore prosperity, and
that moderation with which he sustained his happier
fortunes. He did not in the least relax the severity
of his manners; he kept the same reserve to the peo-
ple, though condescension was, at this time, politically
necessary; and though Plato, as we have already ob-
served, had expostulated with him on this account, and
told him that austerity was the companion of solitude.
He had certainly a natural antipathy to complaisance;
and he had moreover a design, by his own example, to
reform the manners of the Syracusans, which were be-
come vain, dissolute, and immodest. Heraclides once
more began to oppose him. Dion sent for him to at-
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? 136
PLUTARCH.
tend at the council; and he made answer, that he
would not attend in any other capacity than as a private
citizen at a public assembly. Soon after this he im-
peached Dion of declining to demolish the citadel, and
of preventing the people from opening the tomb of
Dionysius, and dragging out the body. He accused
him likewise of sending for counsellors and ministers
to Corinth, in contempt of his fellow-citizens. And it
is true that he had engaged some Corinthians to assist
him in settling his plan of government.
His intention
was to restrain the unlimited power of the popular ad-
ministration, (which cannot properly be called a go-
vernment, but, as Plato terms it, a warehouse of go-
vernments,) and to establish the constitution on the La-
cedaemonian and Cretan plan. This was a mixture of
the regal and popular governments, or rather an aristo-
cracy. Dion knew that the Corinthians were governed
chiefly by the nobility, and that the influence of the
people rather interfered. He foresaw that Heraclides
would be no inconsiderable impediment to his scheme.
He knew him to be factious, turbulent, and inconstant;
and he therefore gave him up to those who advised to
kill him, though he had before saved him out of their
hands. Accordingly they broke into his house, and
murdered him. His death was, at first, resented by the
citizens; but when Dion gave him a magnificent fu-
neral, attended the dead body with his soldiers, and
pronounced an oration to the" people, their resentment
went off. Indeed they were sensible that the city
would never be at peace whilst the competitions of
Dion and Heraclides subsisted.
Dion had a friend named Calippus, an Athenian,
with whom he first became acquainted, not on account
of his literary merit, but, according to Plato, because
he happened to be introduced by him to some religious
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? DIoN.
137
mysteries. He had always attended him in the army,
and was in great esteem. He was the first of his
friends who marched along with him into Syracuse,
with a garland on his head, and he had distinguished
himself in every action. This man finding that Dion's
chief friends had fallen in the war; that, since the
death of Heraclides, the popular party was without a
leader, and that he himself stood in great favor with
the army, formed an execrable design against the life
of his benefactor. His object was certainly the su-
preme command in Sicily, though some say he was
bribed to it with twenty talents: for this purpose he
drew several of the soldiers into a conspiracy against
Dion, and his plot was conducted in a most artful
manner. He constantly informed Dion of what he
heard, or pretended to hear said against him in the
army. By this means he obtained such confidence,
that he was allowed to converse privately with whom
he thought proper, and to speak with the utmost free-
dom against Dion, that he might discover his secret
enemies. Thus, in a short time, he drew about him
all the seditious and discontented citizens; and if any
one of different principles informed Dion that his in-
tegrity had been tried, he gave himself no concern
about it, as that point had already been settled with
Calippus.
While this conspiracy was on foot Dion had a mon-
strous and dreadful apparition. As he was meditating
one evening alone in the portico before his house, he
heard a sudden noise, and, turning about, perceived
(for it was not yet dark) a woman of gigantic size at
the end of the portico, in the form of one of the furies,
as they are represented in the theatre, sweeping the
floor with a broom. In his terror and amazement he
sent for some of his friends, and, informing them of
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? 138
PLUTARCH.
this prodigy, desired they would stay with him during
the night. His mind was in the utmost disorder, and
he was apprehensive that, if they left him, the spectre
would appear again; but he saw it no more. Soon
after this his only son, who was now almost grown up
to manhood, on some childish displeasure, or frivolous
affront, threw himself from the top of the house, and
was killed on the spot.
While Dion was in this distress Calippus was ripen-
ing the conspiracy; and, for this purpose, he propa-
gated a report in Syracuse, that Dion, being now child-
less, had determined to adopt Apollocrates, the son of
Dionysius, who was nephew to his wife, and grandson
to bis sister. The plot however was now suspected
both by Dion, his wife, and sister. Dion, who had
stained his honor, and tarnished his glories, by the
murder of Heraclides, had, as we may suppose, his
anxieties on that account; and he would frequently
declare, that rather than live, not only in fear of his
enemies, but in suspicion of his friends, he would die
a thousand deaths, and freely open his bosom to the
assassin.
When Calippus found the women inquisitive and
suspicious, he was afraid of the consequence, and as-
serted, with tears, his own integrity, offering to give
them any pledge of his fidelity they might desire.
They required that he would take the great oath; the
form of which is as follows: the person who takes it
goes down into the temple of the Thesmophori, where,
after the performance of some religious ceremonies,
he puts on the purple robe of Proserpine, and, holding
a flaming torch in his hand, proceeds on the oath. All
this Calippus did without hesitation; and, to show
with what contempt he held the goddess, he appointed
the execution of his conspiracy on the day of her fes-
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? DIoN.
139
trad. Indeed, he could hardly think that even this
would enhance his guilt, or render him more obnoxious
to the goddess, when he was the very person who had
before initiated Dion in her sacred mysteries.
The conspiracy was now supported by numbers; and
as Dion was surrounded by his friends, in the apart-
ment where he usually entertained them, the conspira-
tors invested the house, some securing the doors, and
others the windows. The assassins, who were Zacyn-
thians, came in unarmed, in their ordinary dress.
Those who remained without made fast the doors.
The Zacynthians then fell on Dion, and endeavored to
strangle him; but not succeeding in this, they called
for a sword. No one, however, durst open the door;
for Dion had many friends about him: yet they had,
in effect, nothing to fear from these; for each con-
cluded that, by giving up Dion, he should consult his
own safety. When they had waited some time, Ly-
con, a Syracusan, put a short sword through the win-
dow into the hands of a Zacynthian, who fell on Dion,
already stunned and senseless, and cut his throat like
a victim at the altar. His sister, and his wife, who
was pregnant, they imprisoned. In this unhappy situ-
ation she fell in labor, and was delivered of a son,
whom they ventured to preserve; for Calippus was
too much embroiled by his own affairs to attend to
them, and the keepers of the prison were prevailed on
to connive at it.
After Dion was cut off, and Calippus had the whole
government of Syracuse in his hands, he had the pre-
sumption to write to the Athenians, whom, after the
gods, he ought of all others to have dreaded, polluted
as he was with the murder of his benefactor. But it
has been observed, with great truth, of that state, that
its good men are the best, and its bad men the worst,
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? 140 PLUTARCH.
in the world; as the soil of Attica produces the finest
honey, and the most fatal poisons. The success of
Calippus did not long reproach the indulgence of the
gods. He soon received the punishment he deserved;
for, in attempting to take Catana, he lost Syracuse; on
which occasion he said that he had lost a city, and got
a cheese-grater. Afterwards, at the siege of Messana,
most of his men were cut off, and, amongst the rest,
the murderers of Dion. As he was refused admission
by every city in Sicily, and universally hated and
despised, he passed into Italy, and made himself mas-
ter of Rhegium; but being no longer able to maintain
his soldiers, he was slain by Leptines and Polyperchon
with the very same sword with which Dion had been
assassinated; for it was known by the size, (being short,
like the Spartan swords,) and by the curious workman-
ship. Thus Calippus received the punishment due to
his crimes.
When Aristomache and Arete were released out of
prison, they were received by Icetes, a Syracusan, a
friend of Dion's, who, for some time, entertained them
with hospitality and good faith. Afterwards, however,
being prevailed on by the enemies of Dion, he put them
on board a vessel, under pretence of sending them to
the Peloponnesus; but privately ordered the sailors to
kill them in the passage, and throw the bodies over-
board. Others say that they and the infant were thrown
alive into the sea. This wretch, too, paid the forfeit
of his villany; for he was put to death by Timoleon;
and the Syracusans, to revenge Dion, slew his two
daughters ; of which I have made more particular men-
tion in the life of Timoleon.
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? M. BBMJTUJS.
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? I
MARCUS BRUTUS.
The great ancestor of Marcus Brutus was that Junius
Brutus to whom the ancient Romans erected a statue
of brass, and placed it in the capitol amongst their
kings. He was represented with a drawn sword in his
hand, to signify the spirit and firmness with which he
vanquished the Tarquins: but hard tempered, like the
steel of which that sword was composed, and in no de-
gree humanised by education, the same obdurate seve-
rity which impelled him against the tyrant shut up his
natural affection from his children, when he found those
children conspiring for the support of tyranny. On
the contrary, that Brutus, whose life we are now
writing, had all the advantages that arise from the
cultivation of philosophy. To his spirit, which was
naturally sedate and mild, he gave vigor and activity
by constant application. On the whole, he was hap-
pily formed to virtue, both by nature and education.
Even the partisans of Caesar ascribed to him every
thing that had the appearance of honor or generosity
in the conspiracy; and all that was of a contrary com-
plexion they laid to the charge of Cassius; who was,
indeed, the friend and relation of Brutus, but by no
means resembled him in the simplicity of his manners.
It is universally allowed that his mother, Servilia, was
descended from Servilius Ahala, who, when Spurius
Maelius seditiously aspired to the monarchy, went up
to him in the forum, under a pretence of business, and,
as Maelius inclined his head to hear what he would say,
stabbed him with a dagger, which he had concealed for
the purpose. But the partisans of Caesar would not
allow that be was descended from Junius Brutus,
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PLUTARCH.
whose family, they said, was extinct with his two sons.
Marcus Brutus, according to them, was a plebeian, de-
scended from one Brutus, a steward, of mean extrac-
tion, and that the family had but lately risen to any
dignity in the state. On the contrary, Posidonius, the
philosopher, agrees with those historians who say that
Junius Brutus had a third son, who was an infant when
his brothers were put to death, and that Marcus Bru-
tus was descended from him. He farther tells us that
there were several illustrious persons of that family in
his time, with whom he was well acquainted, and who
very much resembled the statue of Junius Brutus.
Cato the philosopher was brother to Servilia, the
mother of Brutus, who greatly admired and imitated
the virtues of his uncle, and married his daughter
Porcia.
Brutus was acquainted with all the sects of the G reek
philosophers, and understood their doctrines; but the
Platonists stood highest in his esteem. He had no
great opinion either of the new or of the middle aca-
demy, but applied himself wholly to the studies of the
ancient. Autiochus of Ascalon was therefore his fa-
vorite, and he entertained his brother Ariston in his own
house; a man who, though inferior to some of the phi-
losophers in learning, was equal to the first of them in
modesty, prudence, and gentleness of manners. Era-
pylus, who likewise lived with Brutus, as we find in
his own epistles, and in those of his friends, was an
orator, and left a short but a well written narrative of
the death of Caesar, intitled Brutus.
Brutus spoke with great ability in Latin, both in the
field and at the bar. In Greek he affected the senten-
tious and laconic way. There are several instances of
this in his epistles. Thus, in the beginning of the war,
he wrote to the Pergamenians: 'I hear you have given
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? MARCUS BRUTUS.
143
money to Dolabella. If you gave it willingly, yon
must own you injured me; if unwillingly, show it by
giving willingly to me. ' Thus, on another occasion, to
the Samians: 'Your deliberations are tedious; your
actions slow: what, think you, will be the conse-
quence V Of the Pataraeans thus: 'The Xanthians
rejected my kindness, and desperately made their coun-
try their grave. The Pataraeans confided in me, and
retained their liberty. It is in your own choice to
imitate the prudence of the Pataraans, or to suffer the
fate of the Xanthians. ' And such is the style of his
most remarkable letters.
While he was yet very young he accompanied Cato
to Cyprus in the expedition against Ptolemy. After
Ptolemy had killed himself, Cato, being detained by
business in the isle of Rhodes, sent Caninius to secure
the king's treasure; but suspecting his fidelity, he
wrote to Brutus to sail immediately to Cyprus from
Pamphylia ; where, after a fit of sickness, he stayed for
the re-establishment of bis health. He obeyed the order
with reluctance, both out of respect to Caninius, who
was superseded with disgrace, and because he thought
the employment illiberal, and by no means proper for
a young man who was in pursuit of philosophy. Ne-
vertheless he executed the commission with such dili-
gence, that he had the approbation of Cato; and hav-
ing turned the effects of Ptolemy into ready money, he
brought the greatest part of it to Rome.
When Rome was divided into two factions, and
Pompey and Caesar were in arms against each other,
it was generally believed that Brutus would join Cae-
sar, because his father had been put to death by Pom-
pey. However, he thought it his duty to sacrifice his
resentments to the interest of his country; and judg-
ing Pompey's to be the better cause, he joined his
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PLUTARCH.
party, though before he would not even salute Pompey
when he met him, esteeming it a crime to have any
conversation with the murderer of his father. He now
looked on him as the head of the commonwealth; and
therefore, enlisting under his banner, he sailed for Sicily
in quality of lieutenant to Sestius, who was governor
of the island. There however he found no opportunity
to distinguish himself; and being informed that Pom-
pey and Caesar were encamped near each other, and
preparing for that battle on which the whole empire
depended, he went voluntarily into Macedonia to have
his share in the danger. Pompey, it is said, was so
much surprised and pleased with his coming, that he
rose to embrace him in the presence of his guards, and
treated him with as much respect as if he had been his
superior. During the time that he was in camp, those
hours that he did not spend with Pompey he employed
in reading and study; and thus he passed the day be-
fore the battle of Pharsalia. It was the middle of
summer; the heats were intense, the marshy situation
of the camp disagreeable, and his tent-bearers were
long in coming. Nevertheless, though extremely ha-
rassed and fatigued, he did not anoint himself till
noon; and then, taking a morsel of bread, while others
were at rest, or musing on the event of the ensuing
day, he employed himself till the evening in writing
an epitome of Polybius.
Caesar, it is said, had so high an esteem for him,
that he ordered his officers by all means to save him,
if he would surrender himself; and, if he refused, to
let him escape with his life. Some have placed this
kindness to the account of Servilia, the mother of
Brutus, with whom Caesar had connexions of a tender
uature in the early part of his life. Besides, as this
affair was in full blow about the time when Brutus was
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? MARCUS BRUTUS.
145
born, Caesar had some reason to believe he might be
his son. The intrigue was notorious: when the senate
was debating on the dangerous conspiracy of Catiline,
Cato and Caesar, who took different sides of the ques-
tion, happened to sit near each other. In the midst of
the business a note was brought to Caesar from without,
which he read silently to himself. Cato, hereon, loudly
accused Caesar of receiving letters from the enemies of
the commonwealth; and Caesar finding that it had oc-
casioned a disturbance in the senate, delivered the
note to Cato as he had received it. Cato, when he
found it to be nothing but a frivolous letter from his
own sister Servilia, threw it back again to Caesar.
'Take it, you sot/ said he, and went on with the public
business.
After the battle of Pharsalia, when Pompey had fled
towards the sea, and Caesar was storming the camp,
Brutus escaped through one of the gates, and fled into
a watery marsh, where he hid himself amongst the
reeds. From thence he ventured out in the night, aud
got safe to Larissa. From Larissa he wrote to Caesar,
who expressed the greatest pleasure in hearing of his
safety, sent for him, and entertained him amongst the
first of his friends. When no one could give account
which way Pompey had fled, Caesar walked for some
time alone with Brutus, to consult his opinion; and
finding that it was for Egypt, he rejected the opinions
of the rest, and directed his march for that country.
Pompey had, indeed, taken the route of Egypt, as
Brutus conjectured; but he had already met his fate.
Brutus had so much influence with Caesar, that he
reconciled him to his friend Cassius; and when he
spoke in behalf of the king of Africa, though there
were many impeachments against him, he obtained for
PLUT. VoL. VII. K
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thither, and fall beneath the ruins of my country: for
you, if you can yet persuade yourselves to assist the
most unfortunate and inconsiderate of men, it may be
in your power to save from destruction a city which
was the work of your own hands. But if your pity
for the Syracusans be sacrificed to your resentment,
may the gods reward your fidelity, your kindness to
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? DIoN.
Dion! And remember, that as he would not desert
you, when you were injured, so neither could he aban-
don his falling country! '
He had hardly , ended when the soldiers signified
their readiness for the service by loud acclamations,
and called on him to march directly to the relief of
Syracuse. The messengers embraced them, and in-
treated the gods to shower their blessings on Dion and
the Peloponnesians. When the noise subsided Dion
gave orders that the men should repair to their quarters,
and, after the necessary refreshments, assemble in the
same place completely armed; for he intended to march
that very night.
The soldiers of Dionysius, after ravaging the city
during the whole day, retired at night, with the loss of
a few men, into the citadel. This small respite once
more encouraged the demagogues of the city, who, pre-
suming that the enemy would not repeat their hostili-
ties, dissuaded the people from admitting Dion and his
foreign soldiers. They advised them not to give up the
honor of saving the city to strangers, but to defend their
liberty themselves. On this the generals sent other
messengers to Dion to countermand his march; while,
on the other hand, the cavalry, and many of the prin-
cipal citizens, sent their requests that he would hasten
it. Thus invited by one party, and rejected by another,
he came forward but slowly; and, at night, the faction
that opposed him set a guard on the gates to prevent
his entering.
Nypsius now made a fresh sally from the citadel,
with still greater numbers, and greater fury than be-
fore. After totally demolishing the remaining part of
the fortification, he fell to ravaging the city. The
slaughter was dreadful; men, women, and children,
fell indiscriminately by the sword: for the object of
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PLUTARCH.
the enemy was not so much plunder as destruction.
Dionysius despaired of regaining his lost empire, and,
in his mortal hatred of the Syracusans, he determined
to hury it in the ruins of their city. It was resolved
therefore that, before Dion's succors could arrive, they
should destroy it the quickest way, by laying it in
ashes. Accordingly they set fire to those parts that
were at hand by brands and torches, and to the re-
moter parts by shooting flaming arrows. The citizens,
in the utmost consternation, fled every where before
them. Those who, to avoid the fire, had fled from
their houses, were put to the sword in the streets;
and they who sought for refuge in their houses were
again driven out by the flames: many were burnt to
death, and many perished beneath the ruins of the
houses.
This terrible distress, by universal consent, opened
the gates for Dion. After being informed that the
enemy had retreated into the citadel, he had made no
great haste: but early in the morning some horsemen
carried him the news of a fresh assault. These were
followed by some, even of those who had recently op-
posed his coming, but who now implored him to fly to
their relief. As the conflagration and destruction in-
creased, Heraclides despatched his brother, and after
him his uncle Theodotes, to intreat the assistance of
Dion; for they were now no longer in a capacity of op-
posing the enemy: he was wounded himself, and great
part of the city was laid in ashes.
When Dion received this news he was about sixty
furlongs from the city. After he had acquainted his
soldiers with the dreadful exigency, and exhorted them
to behave with resolution, they no longer marched, but
ran ; and in their way they were met by numbers, who
intreated them, if possible, to go still faster. By the
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? DIoN.
eager and vigorous speed of the soldiers, Dion quickly-
arrived at the city; and, entering by the part called
Hecatompedon, he ordered his light troops immediately
to charge the enemy, that the Syracusans might take
courage at the sight of them. In the mean while he
drew up his heavy-armed men, with such of the citi-
zens as had joined him, and divided them into several
small bodies, of greater depth than breadth, that he
might intimidate the enemy, by attacking them in seve-
ral quarters at once. He advanced to the engagement
at the head of his men, amidst a confused noise of shouts,
plaudits, prayers, and vows, which the Syracusans of-
fered up for their deliverer, their tutelary deity; for
so they termed him now; and his foreign soldiers they
called their brethren and fellow-citizens. At this time,
perhaps, there was not one wretch so selfishly fond of
life, that he did not hold Dion's safety dearer than his
own, or that of all his fellow-citizens, while they saw
him advancing first in the front of danger, through
blood and fire, and over heaps of the slain.
There was, indeed, something terrible in the appear-
ance of the enemy, who, animated by rage and despair,
had posted themselves in the ruins of the ramparts, so
that it was extremely dangerous and difficult to ap-
proach them. But the apprehensions of fire discouraged
Dion's men the most, and distressed them in their
march. They were surrounded by flames that raged
on every side; and while they walked over burning
ruins, through clouds of ashes and smoke, they were
every moment in danger of being burned beneath the
fall of half consumed buildings. In all these diffi-
culties they took infinite pains to keep close together,
and maintain their ranks. When they came up to the
enemy, a few only could engage at a time, on account
of the narrowness and inequality of the ground. They
. ^LUT. VoL. VII. I
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PLUTARCH.
fought, however, with great bravery, and, encouraged
by the acclamations of the citizens, at length they
routed Nypsius, and most of his men escaped into the
citadel, which was near at hand. Such of them as
were dispersed and could not get in were pursued and
put to the sword. The present deplorable state of the
city afforded neither time nor propriety for that joy
and thpse congratulations which usually follow victory.
All were busy in saving the remains of the conflagra-
tions; and though they labored hard during the whole
night, it was with great difficulty the fire was ex-
tinguished.
Not one orator of the popular faction durst any
longer remain in the city. By their flight they at once
confessed their guilt, and avoided punishment. Hera-
clides, however, and Theodotes, surrendered them-
selves to Dion. They acknowleged their error, and
intreated that he would not imitate them in the cruel
treatment they had shown him. They forgot not to
add how much it would be for his honor, who was un-
equalled in other virtues, to restrain his resentments;
and, by forgiving the ungrateful, to testify that supe-
riority of spirit for which they had contended with
him. His friends, however, advised him by no means
to pardon these factious and invidious men, but to
give them up to his soldiers, and to rid the common-
wealth of the ambition of demagogues, no less destruc-
tive than that of tyrants. Dion, on the other hand,
endeavored to mitigate their resentments. --' Other
generals,' said he, ' employ themselves chiefly in mili-
tary studies; but, by being long conversant in the
academy, I have learned to subdue my passions, and
to restrain the impulses of enmity and anger. To prove
that I have really gained such a victory over myself,
it is not sufficient merely to be kind to men of virtue,
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? DIoN.
131
but to be indulgent and reconcileable to the injurious.
If I have excelled Heraclides in military and political
abilities, I am resolved not to be inferior to him in
justice and clemency; since to have the advantage in
those is the first degree of excellence. The honors of
conquest are never wholly our own; for though the
conqueror may stand unrivalled, Fortune will claim
her share in his success. Heraclides may be treacher-
ous, invidious, and malicious; but must Dion therefore
sully his glories by the indulgence of resentment? The
laws, indeed, allow the revenge of an injury to be
more justifiable than the commission of it; but both
proceed originally from the infirmity of human na-
ture. Besides, there is hardly any malignity so in-
veterate, that it may not be overcome by kindness,
and softened by repeated favors. ' Agreeably to these
sentiments, Dion pardoned Heraclides and dismissed
him.
His first object was to repair the wall which he had
formerly erected around the citadel; and, for this pur-
pose, he ordered each of the citizens to furnish a pali-
sade, and bring it to the works. When they had done
this he sent them to their repose, and employed his
own men the whole night in drawing a line of circum-
vallation around the citadel, which both the enemy
and the citizens were astonished to find completed in
the morning.
After the dead were buried, and the prisoners, to
the amount of two thousand, ransomed, he summoned
an assembly. Heraclides moved that Dion should be
declared commander-in-chief, both at sea and land.
This motion was approved by the nobility, and the
commons were desired to confirm it; but the sailors
and artificers opposed it in a tumultuous manner.
They were unwilling that Heraclides should lose his
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? PLUTARCH.
command at sea; for though they had no good opinion
of his principles, they knew that he would be more in-
dulgent than Dion, and more ready to gratify their in-
clinations. Dion therefore gave up his point, and
agreed that Heraclides should continue admiral. But
when the equal distribution of lands was moved for,
he opposed it, and repealed all the decrees which had
formerly passed on that measure, by which means he
once more incurred the displeasure of the people.
Heraclides again made his advantage of this, and
harangued the soldiers and sailors at Messana, ac-
cusing Dion of a design to make himself absolute. At
the same time he privately corresponded with Diony-
sius, by means of Pharax, a Spartan. When the no-
bility got intelligence of this, there was a sedition in
the army, and the city was greatly distressed by want
of provisions. Dion was novv at a loss what measures
to pursue; and all his friends condemned him for
strengthening the hands of so perverse and invidious a
wretch as Heraclides.
Pharax was encamped at Neopolis, in the territory
of Agrigentum; and Dion drew out the Syracusans,
but not with an intent to engage him, till he found a
convenient opportunity. This gave Heraclides and his
seamen an occasion of exclaiming that he delayed
fighting only that he might the longer continue in com-
mand. He was forced to action, therefore, contrary to
his inclinations, and was beaten. His loss indeed was
small, and his defeat was owing more to a misunder-
standing in his own army, than to the superior courage
of the enemy: he therefore resolved to renew the en-
gagement, and, after animating and encouraging his
men to redeem their lost credit, he drew them up in
form of battle. In the evening, however, he received
intelligence that Heraclides was sailing for Syracuse,
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? DIoN.
with an intent to possess himself of the city, and to
shut him out. On this he made a draught of the
bravest and most active of the cavalry, and rode with
such expedition, that he reached the city by nine in
the morning, after a march of seven hundred furlongs.
Heraclides, though he made all the sail he could, was
too late, and he therefore tacked about, and stood out to
sea. While he was undetermined what course to steer,
he met Gaesilus the Spartan, who informed him that
he was sent to command in chief in Sicily, as Gylippus
had done before. Heraclides immediately accepted
him, and boasted to his allies that he had found in this
Spartan an antidote to the power of Dion. At the
same time he sent a herald to Syracuse, ordering the
citizens to receive Gaesilus for their general. Dion
answered, that the Syracusans had already a sufficient
number of generals; and that, if it were necessary
for them to have a Spartan, he was himself a citizen
of Sparta.
Gaesilus having now no hopes of the command,
waited on Dion, and, by his mediation, reconciled him
to Heraclides. This reconciliation was confirmed by
the most solemn oaths, and Gaesilus himself was gua-
rantee of the treaty, and undertook to punish Hera-
clides, in case of any future breach of faith. The
Syracusans on this discharged their navy, as they
found no advantages from it, equal to the expense of
keeping it on foot, and to those inconveniences it
brought on them, by being a continual source of sedi-
tions. At the same time they continued the siege, and
invested the city with another wall. As the besieged
were cut off from farther supplies, when provisions
failed, the soldiers began to mutiny, so that Apollo-
crates found himself under a necessity of coming to
terms with Dion, and offered to deliver up the citadel
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? PLUTARCH.
to him, with all the arms and stores, on condition that
he might have five galleys, and be permitted to retire
in safety with his mother and sisters. Dion granted
his request, and with these he sailed to Dionysius.
He was no sooner under sail than the whole city of
Syracuse assembled to behold the joyful sight. Their
hearts were so full of this interesting event, that they
even expressed their anger against those who were ab-
sent, and could not be witnesses with what glory the
sun that day rose on Syracuse, delivered at last from
the chains of slavery. As this flight of Dionysius was
one of the most memorable vicissitudes of fortune that
is recorded in history, and as no tyranny was ever
more effectually established than his, how great must
their joy and their self-complacency have been, after
they had destroyed it by such inconsiderable means!
When Apollocrates was gone, and Dion went to take
possession of the citadel, the women could not wait
till he entered, but ran to meet him at the gate. Aris-
tomache came first, leading Dion's son, and Arete fol-
lowed her in tears, fearful and apprehensive of meet-
ing her husband, after she had been so long in the
possession of another. Dion first embraced his sister,
then his son : after which Aristomache presented Arete
to him, with this address: 'Your banishment, Dion,
made us all equally miserable. Your return, and
your success, have made us all happy, except her whom
I had the misfortune to see, by cruel compulsion,
given to another, while you were yet alive. We are
now intirely in your disposal; but how will you de-
termine concerning this unhappy woman? And how
must she salute you? as her uncle, or as her husband? '
Dion was affected by this tender intercession, and wept.
He embraced Arete with great affection, put his son
into her hands, and desired her to retire to his own
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? DIoN.
135
bouse, where he purposed to reside; for the city he
immediately delivered up to the Syracusans.
All things had now succeeded to his wish: but he
by no means sought to reap the first advantages of his
good fortune. His first object was to gratify his
friends, to reward his allies, and to give his fellow-
citizens and foreign soldiers proper marks of his fa-
vor, in which his munificence even exceeded his abili-
ties. As to himself, he lived in a plain and frugal
manner, which, on this occasion in particular, was
universally admired: for while the fame of his actions,
and the reputation of his valor was spread through
Sicily and Greece, he seemed rather to live with Plato
in the sparing simplicity of the academic life, than
among soldiers, who look on every species of luxury
as a compensation for the toils and dangers of war.
Though Plato himself wrote to him, that the eyes of
the whole world were on him, he seems not to have
carried his attentions beyond one particular part of one
city, the academy. His judges in that society, he
knew, would not so much regard the greatness of his
performances, his courage, or his victories, as that
temper of mind with which he bore prosperity, and
that moderation with which he sustained his happier
fortunes. He did not in the least relax the severity
of his manners; he kept the same reserve to the peo-
ple, though condescension was, at this time, politically
necessary; and though Plato, as we have already ob-
served, had expostulated with him on this account, and
told him that austerity was the companion of solitude.
He had certainly a natural antipathy to complaisance;
and he had moreover a design, by his own example, to
reform the manners of the Syracusans, which were be-
come vain, dissolute, and immodest. Heraclides once
more began to oppose him. Dion sent for him to at-
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PLUTARCH.
tend at the council; and he made answer, that he
would not attend in any other capacity than as a private
citizen at a public assembly. Soon after this he im-
peached Dion of declining to demolish the citadel, and
of preventing the people from opening the tomb of
Dionysius, and dragging out the body. He accused
him likewise of sending for counsellors and ministers
to Corinth, in contempt of his fellow-citizens. And it
is true that he had engaged some Corinthians to assist
him in settling his plan of government.
His intention
was to restrain the unlimited power of the popular ad-
ministration, (which cannot properly be called a go-
vernment, but, as Plato terms it, a warehouse of go-
vernments,) and to establish the constitution on the La-
cedaemonian and Cretan plan. This was a mixture of
the regal and popular governments, or rather an aristo-
cracy. Dion knew that the Corinthians were governed
chiefly by the nobility, and that the influence of the
people rather interfered. He foresaw that Heraclides
would be no inconsiderable impediment to his scheme.
He knew him to be factious, turbulent, and inconstant;
and he therefore gave him up to those who advised to
kill him, though he had before saved him out of their
hands. Accordingly they broke into his house, and
murdered him. His death was, at first, resented by the
citizens; but when Dion gave him a magnificent fu-
neral, attended the dead body with his soldiers, and
pronounced an oration to the" people, their resentment
went off. Indeed they were sensible that the city
would never be at peace whilst the competitions of
Dion and Heraclides subsisted.
Dion had a friend named Calippus, an Athenian,
with whom he first became acquainted, not on account
of his literary merit, but, according to Plato, because
he happened to be introduced by him to some religious
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? DIoN.
137
mysteries. He had always attended him in the army,
and was in great esteem. He was the first of his
friends who marched along with him into Syracuse,
with a garland on his head, and he had distinguished
himself in every action. This man finding that Dion's
chief friends had fallen in the war; that, since the
death of Heraclides, the popular party was without a
leader, and that he himself stood in great favor with
the army, formed an execrable design against the life
of his benefactor. His object was certainly the su-
preme command in Sicily, though some say he was
bribed to it with twenty talents: for this purpose he
drew several of the soldiers into a conspiracy against
Dion, and his plot was conducted in a most artful
manner. He constantly informed Dion of what he
heard, or pretended to hear said against him in the
army. By this means he obtained such confidence,
that he was allowed to converse privately with whom
he thought proper, and to speak with the utmost free-
dom against Dion, that he might discover his secret
enemies. Thus, in a short time, he drew about him
all the seditious and discontented citizens; and if any
one of different principles informed Dion that his in-
tegrity had been tried, he gave himself no concern
about it, as that point had already been settled with
Calippus.
While this conspiracy was on foot Dion had a mon-
strous and dreadful apparition. As he was meditating
one evening alone in the portico before his house, he
heard a sudden noise, and, turning about, perceived
(for it was not yet dark) a woman of gigantic size at
the end of the portico, in the form of one of the furies,
as they are represented in the theatre, sweeping the
floor with a broom. In his terror and amazement he
sent for some of his friends, and, informing them of
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PLUTARCH.
this prodigy, desired they would stay with him during
the night. His mind was in the utmost disorder, and
he was apprehensive that, if they left him, the spectre
would appear again; but he saw it no more. Soon
after this his only son, who was now almost grown up
to manhood, on some childish displeasure, or frivolous
affront, threw himself from the top of the house, and
was killed on the spot.
While Dion was in this distress Calippus was ripen-
ing the conspiracy; and, for this purpose, he propa-
gated a report in Syracuse, that Dion, being now child-
less, had determined to adopt Apollocrates, the son of
Dionysius, who was nephew to his wife, and grandson
to bis sister. The plot however was now suspected
both by Dion, his wife, and sister. Dion, who had
stained his honor, and tarnished his glories, by the
murder of Heraclides, had, as we may suppose, his
anxieties on that account; and he would frequently
declare, that rather than live, not only in fear of his
enemies, but in suspicion of his friends, he would die
a thousand deaths, and freely open his bosom to the
assassin.
When Calippus found the women inquisitive and
suspicious, he was afraid of the consequence, and as-
serted, with tears, his own integrity, offering to give
them any pledge of his fidelity they might desire.
They required that he would take the great oath; the
form of which is as follows: the person who takes it
goes down into the temple of the Thesmophori, where,
after the performance of some religious ceremonies,
he puts on the purple robe of Proserpine, and, holding
a flaming torch in his hand, proceeds on the oath. All
this Calippus did without hesitation; and, to show
with what contempt he held the goddess, he appointed
the execution of his conspiracy on the day of her fes-
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? DIoN.
139
trad. Indeed, he could hardly think that even this
would enhance his guilt, or render him more obnoxious
to the goddess, when he was the very person who had
before initiated Dion in her sacred mysteries.
The conspiracy was now supported by numbers; and
as Dion was surrounded by his friends, in the apart-
ment where he usually entertained them, the conspira-
tors invested the house, some securing the doors, and
others the windows. The assassins, who were Zacyn-
thians, came in unarmed, in their ordinary dress.
Those who remained without made fast the doors.
The Zacynthians then fell on Dion, and endeavored to
strangle him; but not succeeding in this, they called
for a sword. No one, however, durst open the door;
for Dion had many friends about him: yet they had,
in effect, nothing to fear from these; for each con-
cluded that, by giving up Dion, he should consult his
own safety. When they had waited some time, Ly-
con, a Syracusan, put a short sword through the win-
dow into the hands of a Zacynthian, who fell on Dion,
already stunned and senseless, and cut his throat like
a victim at the altar. His sister, and his wife, who
was pregnant, they imprisoned. In this unhappy situ-
ation she fell in labor, and was delivered of a son,
whom they ventured to preserve; for Calippus was
too much embroiled by his own affairs to attend to
them, and the keepers of the prison were prevailed on
to connive at it.
After Dion was cut off, and Calippus had the whole
government of Syracuse in his hands, he had the pre-
sumption to write to the Athenians, whom, after the
gods, he ought of all others to have dreaded, polluted
as he was with the murder of his benefactor. But it
has been observed, with great truth, of that state, that
its good men are the best, and its bad men the worst,
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? 140 PLUTARCH.
in the world; as the soil of Attica produces the finest
honey, and the most fatal poisons. The success of
Calippus did not long reproach the indulgence of the
gods. He soon received the punishment he deserved;
for, in attempting to take Catana, he lost Syracuse; on
which occasion he said that he had lost a city, and got
a cheese-grater. Afterwards, at the siege of Messana,
most of his men were cut off, and, amongst the rest,
the murderers of Dion. As he was refused admission
by every city in Sicily, and universally hated and
despised, he passed into Italy, and made himself mas-
ter of Rhegium; but being no longer able to maintain
his soldiers, he was slain by Leptines and Polyperchon
with the very same sword with which Dion had been
assassinated; for it was known by the size, (being short,
like the Spartan swords,) and by the curious workman-
ship. Thus Calippus received the punishment due to
his crimes.
When Aristomache and Arete were released out of
prison, they were received by Icetes, a Syracusan, a
friend of Dion's, who, for some time, entertained them
with hospitality and good faith. Afterwards, however,
being prevailed on by the enemies of Dion, he put them
on board a vessel, under pretence of sending them to
the Peloponnesus; but privately ordered the sailors to
kill them in the passage, and throw the bodies over-
board. Others say that they and the infant were thrown
alive into the sea. This wretch, too, paid the forfeit
of his villany; for he was put to death by Timoleon;
and the Syracusans, to revenge Dion, slew his two
daughters ; of which I have made more particular men-
tion in the life of Timoleon.
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? M. BBMJTUJS.
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? I
MARCUS BRUTUS.
The great ancestor of Marcus Brutus was that Junius
Brutus to whom the ancient Romans erected a statue
of brass, and placed it in the capitol amongst their
kings. He was represented with a drawn sword in his
hand, to signify the spirit and firmness with which he
vanquished the Tarquins: but hard tempered, like the
steel of which that sword was composed, and in no de-
gree humanised by education, the same obdurate seve-
rity which impelled him against the tyrant shut up his
natural affection from his children, when he found those
children conspiring for the support of tyranny. On
the contrary, that Brutus, whose life we are now
writing, had all the advantages that arise from the
cultivation of philosophy. To his spirit, which was
naturally sedate and mild, he gave vigor and activity
by constant application. On the whole, he was hap-
pily formed to virtue, both by nature and education.
Even the partisans of Caesar ascribed to him every
thing that had the appearance of honor or generosity
in the conspiracy; and all that was of a contrary com-
plexion they laid to the charge of Cassius; who was,
indeed, the friend and relation of Brutus, but by no
means resembled him in the simplicity of his manners.
It is universally allowed that his mother, Servilia, was
descended from Servilius Ahala, who, when Spurius
Maelius seditiously aspired to the monarchy, went up
to him in the forum, under a pretence of business, and,
as Maelius inclined his head to hear what he would say,
stabbed him with a dagger, which he had concealed for
the purpose. But the partisans of Caesar would not
allow that be was descended from Junius Brutus,
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PLUTARCH.
whose family, they said, was extinct with his two sons.
Marcus Brutus, according to them, was a plebeian, de-
scended from one Brutus, a steward, of mean extrac-
tion, and that the family had but lately risen to any
dignity in the state. On the contrary, Posidonius, the
philosopher, agrees with those historians who say that
Junius Brutus had a third son, who was an infant when
his brothers were put to death, and that Marcus Bru-
tus was descended from him. He farther tells us that
there were several illustrious persons of that family in
his time, with whom he was well acquainted, and who
very much resembled the statue of Junius Brutus.
Cato the philosopher was brother to Servilia, the
mother of Brutus, who greatly admired and imitated
the virtues of his uncle, and married his daughter
Porcia.
Brutus was acquainted with all the sects of the G reek
philosophers, and understood their doctrines; but the
Platonists stood highest in his esteem. He had no
great opinion either of the new or of the middle aca-
demy, but applied himself wholly to the studies of the
ancient. Autiochus of Ascalon was therefore his fa-
vorite, and he entertained his brother Ariston in his own
house; a man who, though inferior to some of the phi-
losophers in learning, was equal to the first of them in
modesty, prudence, and gentleness of manners. Era-
pylus, who likewise lived with Brutus, as we find in
his own epistles, and in those of his friends, was an
orator, and left a short but a well written narrative of
the death of Caesar, intitled Brutus.
Brutus spoke with great ability in Latin, both in the
field and at the bar. In Greek he affected the senten-
tious and laconic way. There are several instances of
this in his epistles. Thus, in the beginning of the war,
he wrote to the Pergamenians: 'I hear you have given
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? MARCUS BRUTUS.
143
money to Dolabella. If you gave it willingly, yon
must own you injured me; if unwillingly, show it by
giving willingly to me. ' Thus, on another occasion, to
the Samians: 'Your deliberations are tedious; your
actions slow: what, think you, will be the conse-
quence V Of the Pataraeans thus: 'The Xanthians
rejected my kindness, and desperately made their coun-
try their grave. The Pataraeans confided in me, and
retained their liberty. It is in your own choice to
imitate the prudence of the Pataraans, or to suffer the
fate of the Xanthians. ' And such is the style of his
most remarkable letters.
While he was yet very young he accompanied Cato
to Cyprus in the expedition against Ptolemy. After
Ptolemy had killed himself, Cato, being detained by
business in the isle of Rhodes, sent Caninius to secure
the king's treasure; but suspecting his fidelity, he
wrote to Brutus to sail immediately to Cyprus from
Pamphylia ; where, after a fit of sickness, he stayed for
the re-establishment of bis health. He obeyed the order
with reluctance, both out of respect to Caninius, who
was superseded with disgrace, and because he thought
the employment illiberal, and by no means proper for
a young man who was in pursuit of philosophy. Ne-
vertheless he executed the commission with such dili-
gence, that he had the approbation of Cato; and hav-
ing turned the effects of Ptolemy into ready money, he
brought the greatest part of it to Rome.
When Rome was divided into two factions, and
Pompey and Caesar were in arms against each other,
it was generally believed that Brutus would join Cae-
sar, because his father had been put to death by Pom-
pey. However, he thought it his duty to sacrifice his
resentments to the interest of his country; and judg-
ing Pompey's to be the better cause, he joined his
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PLUTARCH.
party, though before he would not even salute Pompey
when he met him, esteeming it a crime to have any
conversation with the murderer of his father. He now
looked on him as the head of the commonwealth; and
therefore, enlisting under his banner, he sailed for Sicily
in quality of lieutenant to Sestius, who was governor
of the island. There however he found no opportunity
to distinguish himself; and being informed that Pom-
pey and Caesar were encamped near each other, and
preparing for that battle on which the whole empire
depended, he went voluntarily into Macedonia to have
his share in the danger. Pompey, it is said, was so
much surprised and pleased with his coming, that he
rose to embrace him in the presence of his guards, and
treated him with as much respect as if he had been his
superior. During the time that he was in camp, those
hours that he did not spend with Pompey he employed
in reading and study; and thus he passed the day be-
fore the battle of Pharsalia. It was the middle of
summer; the heats were intense, the marshy situation
of the camp disagreeable, and his tent-bearers were
long in coming. Nevertheless, though extremely ha-
rassed and fatigued, he did not anoint himself till
noon; and then, taking a morsel of bread, while others
were at rest, or musing on the event of the ensuing
day, he employed himself till the evening in writing
an epitome of Polybius.
Caesar, it is said, had so high an esteem for him,
that he ordered his officers by all means to save him,
if he would surrender himself; and, if he refused, to
let him escape with his life. Some have placed this
kindness to the account of Servilia, the mother of
Brutus, with whom Caesar had connexions of a tender
uature in the early part of his life. Besides, as this
affair was in full blow about the time when Brutus was
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? MARCUS BRUTUS.
145
born, Caesar had some reason to believe he might be
his son. The intrigue was notorious: when the senate
was debating on the dangerous conspiracy of Catiline,
Cato and Caesar, who took different sides of the ques-
tion, happened to sit near each other. In the midst of
the business a note was brought to Caesar from without,
which he read silently to himself. Cato, hereon, loudly
accused Caesar of receiving letters from the enemies of
the commonwealth; and Caesar finding that it had oc-
casioned a disturbance in the senate, delivered the
note to Cato as he had received it. Cato, when he
found it to be nothing but a frivolous letter from his
own sister Servilia, threw it back again to Caesar.
'Take it, you sot/ said he, and went on with the public
business.
After the battle of Pharsalia, when Pompey had fled
towards the sea, and Caesar was storming the camp,
Brutus escaped through one of the gates, and fled into
a watery marsh, where he hid himself amongst the
reeds. From thence he ventured out in the night, aud
got safe to Larissa. From Larissa he wrote to Caesar,
who expressed the greatest pleasure in hearing of his
safety, sent for him, and entertained him amongst the
first of his friends. When no one could give account
which way Pompey had fled, Caesar walked for some
time alone with Brutus, to consult his opinion; and
finding that it was for Egypt, he rejected the opinions
of the rest, and directed his march for that country.
Pompey had, indeed, taken the route of Egypt, as
Brutus conjectured; but he had already met his fate.
Brutus had so much influence with Caesar, that he
reconciled him to his friend Cassius; and when he
spoke in behalf of the king of Africa, though there
were many impeachments against him, he obtained for
PLUT. VoL. VII. K
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