Juno, incensed at this,
deprived
the
?
?
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
?
decorated its banks: among these may be mentioned
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? T ! fc-
Humble employment, he set up as t. teacher of rheto-
ric, and met with brilliant success. His society was
much sought after on account of his agreeable manners
? nd intellectual qualities; but his passion for uttering
IHHIX mots ruined all his prospects. Augustus, it seeins,
nad appointed him his historiographer, and extended
his favour to him in a marked degree, until, offended
by a nitty speech of Timagenes, he forbade him his
presence. In the resentment of the moment, Timag-
enes burned the history which he had composed of the
leign of Augustus, and retired to Tusculum, where he
enjoyed the patronage and protection of Asinius Pol-
lio. In this retreat he wrote a History of Alexander
and his successors, entitled ncpl paoMuv (" Of
Kings"). This work formed one of the principal
sources whence Quiiitus Curtius drew the materials
of his historical romance. Timagenes, after this, fixed
his residence at the very extremity of the empire, in
Drapanum, a city of Osrhoene, where he ended his
days. It is on account of his residence in this part of
the East that some authors give him the epithet of
"the Syrian. " Besides his History of Alexander,
Timagenes also published a work on the Gauls, which
is cited by Ammianus Marcellinus and Plutarch.
(Bonamy, Recherckes sur I'kiatoricn Timagent. --
Mem. de I'Acad. dcs Inscr. , &c. , vol. 13, p. 35. )
Vossius distinguishes between Timagenes the Alexan-
dreen and f imageries the Syrian, but in this he is
wrong. (Sc/ioll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 4, p. 75. )
TIMANTHES, I. a painter, said by Eustalhius (ml 11. ,
34,163) to have been a native of Sicyon, but by Quin-
tilian (2, 13). of Cylhnus. He was a contemporary
of Zeuxis and Parrhasius (Plin. , 35, 9, 36), and must,
consequently, have lived about Olymp 96. The most
important passage relating to him is in Pliny (35, 10,
36). --Timantlies has not been so much brought for-
ward in the annals of art as Zeuxis and Parrhasius;
but, as far as we have means given us of judging, he
was, at least, inferior to neither in genius. He seems
ID have thrown a large share of intellect and thought
'j;to his productions. He appears to have been une-
qualled both in ingenuity and feeling, of which we
have some remarkable examples. One of these was
displayed in the picture on the noble subject of the
sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which he represented the
tender and beautiful virgin standing before the altar
awaiting her doom, and surrounded by her afflicted
relatives. All these last he depicted as moved by va-
rious degrees of sorrow, and grief seemed to have
reached its utmost expression in the face of Mcnelaus;
out that of Agamemnon was left; and the painter,
heightening the interest of the piece by a forbearance
of judgment, often erroneously regarded as a confess-
ion of the inadequacy of his art, covered the head of
the father with bis mantle, and left his agony to the
imagination of the spectators. --In Fuseli's Lecture on
Ancient Art, this painting of Timanthes is made the
subject of a full and very able criticism, in the course
of which he dissents expressly from the opinion of Sir
Joshua Reynolds, who agreed with M. Falconet in re-
garding the circumstance of the mantle-enveloped face
of Agamemnon as little better than a mere trick on
(he part of the artist. The remarks of Fuselt, in
? nswer to this and similar animadversions, are worthy
of being quoted: "Neither the French nor the Eng-
lish critic appears to me to have comprehended the
real motive of Timanthes; they ascribe to impotence
what was the forbearance of judgment. Timanthes
? ? felt like a father; he did not hide the face of Aga-
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? TIMOLEON
TIM
sy the aid of a mercenary force, made himself tyrant of
Corinth, Timoleon, after vain remonstrance, came to
him with a kinsman of his brother to the wife of Ti-
mophanes, ond a friend named Theopompus, and, cov-
ering his own face, stood by while the others slew him.
When the Syracusan ambassadors arrived to seek aid
from Corinth against their tyrants, the deed was recent,
and alt Corinth was in a ferment; some extolling Ti-
moleon as the most magnanimous of patriots, others
execrating him as a fratricide. The request of the
Syracusans offered to the Corinthians the means of
calming their dissensions by the removal of the ob-
noxious individual, and to Timoleon a held of honour-
ible action, in which he might escape from the misgiv-
ings of his own mind and the reproaches of his moth-
er, who never forgave him. Timoleon proceeded to
Sicily with a small band of mercenaries, principally
raised by his own credit. On arriving he received
considerable re-enforcements, and soon gained a foot-
ing in Syracuse. The greater part of the city had al-
ready been taken by Hicetes from Dionysius, and the
whole was divided between three parties, each hostile
to both the others. Timoleon was, in the end, success-
ful. Hicetes withdrew to Leontini, and Dionysius
surrendered, himself and his friends retiring to Cor-
inth; while two thousand mercenaries of the garrison
engaged in the service of Timoleon. This final ex-
pulsion of Dionysius took place fifty years after the rise
of his father, and four years after the landing of Ti-
moleon in Sicily (B. C. 343). Timoleon remained mas-
ter of a city, the largest of all in the Grecian settle-
ments; but almost a desert, through the multitudes
slain or driven into banishment in successive revolu-
tions. So great, it is said, was the desolation, that
the horses of the cavalry grazed in the market-place,
while the grooms slept at their ease on the luxuriant
herbage. The winter was passed in assigning desert-
ed lands and houses is a provision to the few remain-
ing Syracusans of the Corinthian party and to the mer-
cenaries instead of pay, which the general had not to
give. In winter, when Grecian warfare was slackened
or interrupted, the possession of good houses would
doubtless be gratifying; but to men unused to peace-
ful labour, lands without slaves and cattle were of lit-
tle worth; and it was necessary, in the spring, to find
them some profitable employment. Unable sufficient-
ly to supply the wants of his soldiers from any Gre-
cian enemy, Timoleon sent one thousand men into the
territory belonging to Carthage, and gathered thence
abundance of spoil. The measure may seem rash,
but he probably knew that an invasion was preparing,
and that quiescence would not avert the storm, while
? rich booty would make his soldiers meet it better.
The Carthaginians landed in Sicily. Their force is
stated at seventy thousand foot and ten thousand horse;
while Timoleon could only muster three thousand
Syracusans and nine thousand mercenaries. Never-
theless, he advanced to meet them in their own pos-
sessions ; and, by the union of admirable conduct with
singular good fortune, won a glorious victory, which
was soon followed by an honourable peace. Timoleon,
professing to be tho liberator of Sicily, next directed
his arms against the various chiefs or tyrants who held
dominion in the towns. In this he may probably have
teen actuated by a sincere hatred of such governments;
nut he frequently seems to have little consulted the
wishes of the people, whoso deliverer he declared him-
? ? self. Most of the smaller chiefs withdrew; the more
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? TIMON.
nl the public professors in the school of Pyrrho. The
fragmiinls of Timon were edited, in 1820, by \V6lke,
Varaav. , 8vo, and in 1821, by Paul, Berol. , 8vo. --II.
Surnamcd the ifinnthrope, was a native of the bor-
ough of Colyttus in Attica, and remarkable for the
whimsical severity of his temper, and his hatred of
mankind. Born some time before the commencement
of the Peloponnesian war, it is possible that the vices
and crimes of which he was an eyewitness during this
period of trouble may have contributed to the develop-
ment of that morose spirit which procured for him the
turname by which he is always known. It appears
from the ancient writers, and indireclly from the testi-
mony of Plato himself (Phadon, p. 67, ed. 1602), tint
this hatred towards his fellow-men was originally exci-
ted by the false and ungrateful conduct of others. He
lavished upon those around him a large fortune in
presents and in services of alt kinds, and, when his
wealth was all expended, he found that he hid lost not
only his property, but his friends. Misanthropy thru
tucceeded to unbounded liberality; and, stunning the
<<ociety of his fellow-men, and retiring to a small spot
of ground in the suburbs, he gave himself up to the
workings of an irritated and deeply disappointed spirit;
or, if ever he did mix on any occasion with the busy
world at Athens, it was only to applaud, with cruel
irony, the errors and follies of his fellow-citizens.
Cold and repulsive to all others, he appeared to take
a lively interest in the young Alcibiades; but it was
only because he saw in him the future author of evil
to his country. He even publicly declared the mo-
tives that prompted him to this singular attachment;
for, happening one day to meet Alcibiades returning
from the place of assembly, accompanied by a large
concourse, in place of turning away and avoiding him
as he avoided others, he came directly up, and, grasp-
ing his hand, exclaimed, '? Go on, my son; you do
well to augment your own power, for you are only
augmenting it to the lasting injury of these. " One
account says that Timon, having subsequently become
possessed of a new fortune, probably by agriculture,
changed to a complete miser, and shut himself up, to-
gether with hia riches, in a kind of tower, which was
called, for a long time afterward, the lower of Timon.
This tradition is not, it is true, very consistent with the
rank which Pliny ( 7,19) assigns him among the "<<uc-
tores maxima sapicntia," nor with the apophthegm
ascribed to him by Siobajus (Serm. , 7, p. 107), that
'? cupidity and avarice are the cause of all human ills;"
but. nothing ought to surprise us in so whimsical a
character; and besides, if in the folly of avarice we
<<ee nothing of the sage, we certainly see enough of
ihe misanthrope. The end of Timon was worthy of
his life. Having broken a limb by a fall, and having,
in his aversion fur his fellow-men, refused all assist-
ance, a gangrene set in and he died. But this was
not all. Nature herself seems to have seconded the
intentions of T. itnon, by separating him, even after
death, from the habitable world ; for his tomb having
teen erected near the seashore, the ground around it
was gradually covered by the water, and the spot thus
rt'tidrri'd inaccessible. The character of Timon is
made a frequent subject for epigrams in the Greek
Anthology, and many sayings of his are quoted by the
ancient writers. The <we tallowing are the best:
Timon, after having renounced the society of his fel-
low-men, still kept up a kind of intimacy with another
misanthrope named Apimantus. During a repast in
? ? which they were celebrating the second day of the
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? TI it
particularly in playing on the flute; and his perform-
ance is saiJ to have animated the monarch in so pow-
erful a degree, that he started up and seized his arms;
an incident which Dryden has so beautifully intro-
duced into English poetry. (Burette,Recherche; e\e.
-- Weiss, Biogr. Univ. , vol. 46, p. 93. )--III. An Athe-
nian commander, son of Conon, inherited the valour
and abilities of his father. In 375 B. C. he gained a
signal victory over the Lacedaemonian fleet off Cor-
cyra, and made himself master of this island. Then
Greeting his course towards Thrace, he took several
important cities in this quarter, and afterward deliv-
ered Cyzicus from the foe. He subsequently shared
the command of the fleet with Iphicrates. The latter,
having wished to attack the enemy during a violent
U-mpest, and not obtaining the consent of Timothcus
to so hazardous a step, caused him to be brought to
trial at Athens. Timothcus was condemned to pay
a fine of 100 talents; but, being unable to raise so
large a sum, he retired to Chalcis, where he ended his
Jays. His disinterestedness equalled his courage and
military talents. He never appropriated to himself
any portion of the booty taken from the foe. On one
occasion he paid into the public treasury 1200 talents.
There existed a very close intimacy between Timo-
thcus and Plato. (Corn. Nep. , in Vil. -- Mlian, V.
H. , 2, 10. --JEschin. , vol. 1, p. 247, ed. Reiskc. --Ck. ,
Off. , 1, 32. --Id. , de Oral. , 3,34. )
Tinois, the capital of Mauritania Tingitnna, on the
northwestern coast of Africa, and a short distance to
the east of the Ampelusian promontory. It was fa-
bled to have been built by the giant Antaeus. Serto-
rius took it; and as the tomb of the founder was near
the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in it a
skeleton sis cubits long. Some editions of Plutarch
read iffaovra (60) instead of If (6); the latter, how-
ever, is decidedly the true reading. Plutarch copies
here, according to Strabo, the fable of Gabinius re-
specting the stature of Antaeus. --The modern name
of the place is Tangier. (Mela, 1, 5. --Id. , 2, 6. --
Plat. , 5, 1. )
Tiphys, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was
von of Hagnius, or, according to some, of Phorbas.
He died before the Argonauts reached Colchis, at the
court of Lycus, in tho Propontis, and Erginus was
chosen in his place. (Apollod. , 1, 9. --Hygin. , fab. ,
14, 18. )
Tiresias, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of
Encres and the nymph Chariclo, of the race of Udssus,
one of the Sparti. (Vid. Sparti. ) Various accounts
aro given as to the cause of his blindness: one as-
cribes it to his having seen Minerva bathing (Phere-
eyd. , ap. Apollod. , 3, 6, 7. -- Callim. , Lav. Pall. , 75,
seqq. ); another to his having divulged to mankind the
secrets of the gods. (ApoUod. , I. c) The Melam-
jiodia related that Tiresias, happening to see two ser-
pents together on Mount Cithaeron, killed the female,
and was suddenly changed into a woman. In this
state he continued for seven years; at the end of
which period, observing two serpents similarly cir-
cumstanced, he killed the male, and thus returned to
his pristine state. On some occasion, Jupiter and Ju-
no fell into a dispute as to which derived more pleas-
ure from the conjugal state, the male or female. Un-
able to settle it to their satisfaction, they agreed to
refer the matter to Tiresias, who had known both
states. His answer was, that of ten parts but one
falls to man.
Juno, incensed at this, deprived the
? ? guiltless arbitrator of the power of vision. Jupiter
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? TIT
TIT
jives, probably about the same time with the city of
Mycotic. Strabo reports that, on abandoning their
homes, tho Tirynthians retired to the neighbouring
town of Epidaurus. (Slrai. , 373. ) But Pausanias
affirms that the greater part were removed to Argos.
The last-mentioned writer describes the remains of the
walls of Tiryns as exhibiting a specimen of remarkably
solid masonry. (Compare Dodwell, Tour, vol. 2, p.
iSO. --Gdl, Itin. of the Morea and Argolis. )---Sir W.
Gell (Itin. of Argolis, p. 169) corrects an error of
D'Anville with regard to this place. "A mistake,"
he observes, " occurs on the subject of Tiryns, and a
place named by him Vathia, but of which nothing can
be understood. It is possible that Vat hi, or the pro-
found valley, may be a name sometimes used for the
Valley of Barbilsa, and that the place named Claustra
by D'Anville may be the outlet uf that valley, called
Kleisour, which has a corresponding signification. "
Tirynthia, a name given to Alcmena, as being a
native of Tiryns. (Vid. Tiryna. )
Tisamenus, a son of Orestes and Hcrmione the
daughter of Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne of
Argos and Lacedesmon. The Heraclide entered his
kingdom in the third year of his reign, and he was
obliged to retire with his family into Achaia. He was
some lime after killed in a battle against the Ionians
near Helice. (Apollod. , 2, 7. --Pansan. , 3, 1. )
Tisiphone, one of the Furies. (Vid. Furise. )
Tissaphernes, a satrap of Persia, commander of
pert of the forces of Artaxerxes at the battle of Cu-
r. ana against Cyrus, and the one who first gave infor-
mation to Artaxerxes of the designs of his brother.
He afterward obtained a daughter of Artaxerxes in
marriage, and all the provinces over which Cyrus had
been governor. This was the same Tissaphernes who
seized Alcibiades, and sent him prisoner to Sardis, af-
ter the naval victory which the latter had gained over
the Lacedemonians. Tissaphernes was afterward de-
feated by Agesilaus, upon which the King of Persia
acnt Tithraustes, another satrap, against him, who cut
? ff his head. (Plut. , Vit. Alcib. --Id. , Vit. Ages --
Xen, Anab. . 1, 2 )
Titan or Titanus, I. a son of Ccelus (or Uranus)
and Vesta (or Terra), brother to Saturn and Hyperion.
He was the eldest of the children of Cactus; but he
gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of the world, pro-
vided he raised no male children. When the births
of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto were concealed from
him, Titan, on discovering the deception, made war
against Saturn, and imprisoned him till he was replaced
on his throne by his son Jupiter. (Lactantius, de Fals.
Rel, 1, 14. ) This legend differs, it will be perceived,
from tho ordinary one, as given under the article Ti-
tanes. --II. A name applied to the sun, as the offspring
of Hyperion, one of the Titans. (Tibvll. , 4, 1, 50. --
Virg. , Mn. , 4, 118. )--III. An epithet sometimes ap-
plied to Prometheus by the poets. (Soph. , (Ed. Col. ,
66. --Juvenal, 14, 34. -- Vid. Prometheus. )
Titanes, a name given to the sons of Caelus (or
Uranusi and Terra. They were six males, Oceanus,
Coios, Crios, Hyperion, Iapetus, and the youngest of
them Cronus; and six females, Theia, Rheia (or
Rhea), Themis, Mnemosyne, Phcebe, and Tethys.
These children, according to the commonly-received
legend, were hated by their father, who, as soon as
they were born, thrust them out of sight into a cavern
of Earth, who, grieved at his unnatural conduct, pro-
? ? duced the "substance of hoary steel," and, forming
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? TIT
T1TU8.
from each other; beirg situate as the towns of Aiatr
in Piedmont, and Martinach in the Vallais, are with
regard to Mori St. Bernard. The whole district on
the southern side was the Delphic ; while all the coun-
try on the northern side received its name from Tithu-
rea. The olives of this city were so highly esteemed
that they were conveyed as presents to the Roman
emperors; they still maintain their ancient reputation,
being sent as an acceptable offering to the pashas and
other grandees of Turkey. The ruins of Titliorea
vfrc first observed by Dr. Clarke, near the modern
village of Vililza. "We arrived,"says that traveller,
"at the walls of Tithorea, extending in a surprising
manner up the prodigious precipice of Parnassus,
which rises behind the village of Velilza. These re-
mains are visible to a considerable height upon the
rocks" (Travels, vol. 7, p. 274. --Compare Dodwell,
Tour, vol. 2, p. 139. --Gell's Itin. , p. 214. )
TITHRAUSTES, a Persian satrap, B. C. 395, ordered
by Artaxerxes to put to death Tissaphernes. (Vid.
Timphernos. )
TITIANUS, Julianus, a Latin geographical writer,
who flourished about the commencement of the third
century. Julius Capitolinus informs us that he was
called " the ape of his time," from his possessing, in a
high degree, the talent of imitation. From a passage
in Sidonius Apolhnaris (1, 1) we learn in what this
imitation consisted. Titianus imitated the style of the
writers of antiquity. Thus he took Cicero for his
model in the letters which he published under the
names of certain illustrious females. (Schott, Hist.
Lit. Rom. , vol. 3, p. 246. )
TITOKMUS, a herdsman remarkable for his strength,
in which he it said to have far surpassed even Milo.
The latter having met him on one occasion, and having
observed his great size of body, wished to make trial of
his strength; but Titormus declined at first, saying
that he was not possessed of much power ol body. At
length, however, descending into the river Evenus, he
Jelect. -d a slonc of enormous size, and for three or four
times in succession drew it towards him and then
pushed it back again. After this he raised it up as
high as his knees, and finally took it up on his shoul-
ders and carried it for some distance; at last he flung
it from him. Milo, on the other hand, could with dif-
ficulty even roll the same stone. Titormus gave a
second proof of his vast strength by going to a herd
of cattle, seizing a bull, the largest of the whole num-
ber, and fierce withal, by the foot, and holding it so
firmly that it could not escape. Having then grasped
another one, while in the act of passing, with the other
hand, he held it in a similar manner. Milo, on seeing
this, raised his hands to the heavens and exclaimed,
"Oh, Jupiter! hast thon begotten in this man another
Hercules for us? " Hence, says . Khan, came the
common expression, "This is another Hercules. "
(JEtian, Var. Hiit, 23, 23. --Herod. , 6, 187. --Lu-
cian, de conscrib. Hi>>L, p. 690. --Eustcuh. ad Horn. ,
Od. 5,p 2116. )
TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS, son of Vespasian,
succeeded his father on the imperial throne. Previous
to his accession, his military talents had been proved
by the successful issue to which he had brought the
sanguinary and protracted war which was waged with
the Jews, and which ended in the destruction of Jeru-
salem. At the close of the Jewish war he was re-
ceived at Rome with the title of Cesar, and admitted
? ? to the honour of a joint triumph with his father the
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? TIT
fOL
tns to the pollution which was supposed to have in-
fected the air in consequence of the eruption of the
mountain; but it is more probable that it originated
in the poverty and filth occasioned by the sudden in-
crease made to the population of the capital, when the
fugitives from the ruined towns and villages of Cam-
pania sought an asylum within its walla. Such mis-
fortunes wounded deeply the compassionate heart of
Titus. He fell, says Suetonius, not only like a prince,
but as a father, for the sufferings of his people, and
spared neither labour nor expense to relieve their dis-
tress. Hastening in person to Campania for the pur-
pose of assisting the sufferers in that, quarter, Titus
was recalled to his capital by another frightful calam-
ity. A fire broke out at Rome, which raged three
days and nights with the greatest violence, destroying
1:1 immense number of buildings both public and pri-
>>ate. Among the former were the Pantheon, the Oc-
Bvian Library, and the Capitol, which last had been
tut recently rebuilt after the demolition which it had
sustained at the hands of the infuriated Germans du-
ring the reign of Vitellius. No sooner had this af-
flicting event reached the ears of the emperor, than he
made known his determination to indemnify, out of his
own coffers, all the losses which had accrued either to
the slate or individuals. So unwilling, in fact, was
he that any one besides himself should have a share in
the honour of relieving the fortunes of Rome, that he
is said to have refused the contributions which were
offered by some of his royal allies, by other cities of
the empire, and by certain of the richest among the
nobiliiy. Such was now the constitution of Roman
society, that attention to the amusements of the lower
class of citizens in time of peace had become no less
essential to the tranquillity of the empire than military
talents during the pressure of war. With this view
Titus proceeded to finish the amphitheatre, of which
his father had laid the foundation; adding to it baths
ind other comforts for the gratification of the popu-
'ace. This was the famous Colosseum, or Flavian
Vmphitheatrc, the remains of which, at the present
. iay, still present so striking a feature among the an-
:iquities of Rome. The dedication of this superb edi-
fice was celebrated by games of the most magnificent
character. The sports lasted a hundred days, during
? which invention was racked to discover new modes of
pleasing the eye, and of stimulating the depraved fan-
cy of the multitude. It was observed that, on the
last day of the games, the emperor appeared greatly
: in ire], and even shed tears. Hoping that his nerves
would be strengthened by the purer air of the country,
he retired to the neighbourhood of Reate, whence his
family originally sprang, and whither he was accom-
panied by his brother Domitian. A fever with which
he was seized was unduly checked by the use of the
bath, to which he had become much addicted; and it
is added by Suetonius, that the symptoms of the dis-
ease were greatly aggravated by adopting a suggestion
of Domitian's, that the patient should be put into a
tub filled with snow. Thus died, on the 13th day of
September, A. D. 81, Titus, in the same house where
his father had expired, after a pacific reign of two
years and nearly three months. The character of this
prince has been given in the history of his actions ,
and his name, even at the present day, conveys to the
reader all those ideas of justice, clemency, wisdom,
and benevolence, which enter into the conception of a
? ? good sovereign; and his virtues were prized slill more
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? TOM
TK \
had a rich temple there, which Cappio the const], p. un-
iiprtil; and as he was never after fortunate, the words
turum Tolosanum became proverbial. Cspio is said
to have plundered 15,000 talents. This wealth seems
to have belonged, for the most part, to private individ-
uals, who had placed it in the temple for safe kec|i-
inf {Mtla, 2, 6. --Cic, N. D. , 3, 20. --Cat. , B. G. ,
3, 20. )
Tolumnius. Vid. Lars Tolumnius.
Tomarus, a mountain of Epirus, on the declivity
or at the foot of which stood the celebrated Dodo-
na. Callimachus (Hymn, in Cer. , 52) calls it Tma-
rui. Pliny (4, 1), on the authority of Theopompus,
assigns it a hundred springs around its base. Cramer
makes it the same with the modern Mount Chamouri.
(Consult remarks under the article Dodona, page 451,
col. 1, and also Cramer'* Anc.
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? T ! fc-
Humble employment, he set up as t. teacher of rheto-
ric, and met with brilliant success. His society was
much sought after on account of his agreeable manners
? nd intellectual qualities; but his passion for uttering
IHHIX mots ruined all his prospects. Augustus, it seeins,
nad appointed him his historiographer, and extended
his favour to him in a marked degree, until, offended
by a nitty speech of Timagenes, he forbade him his
presence. In the resentment of the moment, Timag-
enes burned the history which he had composed of the
leign of Augustus, and retired to Tusculum, where he
enjoyed the patronage and protection of Asinius Pol-
lio. In this retreat he wrote a History of Alexander
and his successors, entitled ncpl paoMuv (" Of
Kings"). This work formed one of the principal
sources whence Quiiitus Curtius drew the materials
of his historical romance. Timagenes, after this, fixed
his residence at the very extremity of the empire, in
Drapanum, a city of Osrhoene, where he ended his
days. It is on account of his residence in this part of
the East that some authors give him the epithet of
"the Syrian. " Besides his History of Alexander,
Timagenes also published a work on the Gauls, which
is cited by Ammianus Marcellinus and Plutarch.
(Bonamy, Recherckes sur I'kiatoricn Timagent. --
Mem. de I'Acad. dcs Inscr. , &c. , vol. 13, p. 35. )
Vossius distinguishes between Timagenes the Alexan-
dreen and f imageries the Syrian, but in this he is
wrong. (Sc/ioll, Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 4, p. 75. )
TIMANTHES, I. a painter, said by Eustalhius (ml 11. ,
34,163) to have been a native of Sicyon, but by Quin-
tilian (2, 13). of Cylhnus. He was a contemporary
of Zeuxis and Parrhasius (Plin. , 35, 9, 36), and must,
consequently, have lived about Olymp 96. The most
important passage relating to him is in Pliny (35, 10,
36). --Timantlies has not been so much brought for-
ward in the annals of art as Zeuxis and Parrhasius;
but, as far as we have means given us of judging, he
was, at least, inferior to neither in genius. He seems
ID have thrown a large share of intellect and thought
'j;to his productions. He appears to have been une-
qualled both in ingenuity and feeling, of which we
have some remarkable examples. One of these was
displayed in the picture on the noble subject of the
sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which he represented the
tender and beautiful virgin standing before the altar
awaiting her doom, and surrounded by her afflicted
relatives. All these last he depicted as moved by va-
rious degrees of sorrow, and grief seemed to have
reached its utmost expression in the face of Mcnelaus;
out that of Agamemnon was left; and the painter,
heightening the interest of the piece by a forbearance
of judgment, often erroneously regarded as a confess-
ion of the inadequacy of his art, covered the head of
the father with bis mantle, and left his agony to the
imagination of the spectators. --In Fuseli's Lecture on
Ancient Art, this painting of Timanthes is made the
subject of a full and very able criticism, in the course
of which he dissents expressly from the opinion of Sir
Joshua Reynolds, who agreed with M. Falconet in re-
garding the circumstance of the mantle-enveloped face
of Agamemnon as little better than a mere trick on
(he part of the artist. The remarks of Fuselt, in
? nswer to this and similar animadversions, are worthy
of being quoted: "Neither the French nor the Eng-
lish critic appears to me to have comprehended the
real motive of Timanthes; they ascribe to impotence
what was the forbearance of judgment. Timanthes
? ? felt like a father; he did not hide the face of Aga-
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? TIMOLEON
TIM
sy the aid of a mercenary force, made himself tyrant of
Corinth, Timoleon, after vain remonstrance, came to
him with a kinsman of his brother to the wife of Ti-
mophanes, ond a friend named Theopompus, and, cov-
ering his own face, stood by while the others slew him.
When the Syracusan ambassadors arrived to seek aid
from Corinth against their tyrants, the deed was recent,
and alt Corinth was in a ferment; some extolling Ti-
moleon as the most magnanimous of patriots, others
execrating him as a fratricide. The request of the
Syracusans offered to the Corinthians the means of
calming their dissensions by the removal of the ob-
noxious individual, and to Timoleon a held of honour-
ible action, in which he might escape from the misgiv-
ings of his own mind and the reproaches of his moth-
er, who never forgave him. Timoleon proceeded to
Sicily with a small band of mercenaries, principally
raised by his own credit. On arriving he received
considerable re-enforcements, and soon gained a foot-
ing in Syracuse. The greater part of the city had al-
ready been taken by Hicetes from Dionysius, and the
whole was divided between three parties, each hostile
to both the others. Timoleon was, in the end, success-
ful. Hicetes withdrew to Leontini, and Dionysius
surrendered, himself and his friends retiring to Cor-
inth; while two thousand mercenaries of the garrison
engaged in the service of Timoleon. This final ex-
pulsion of Dionysius took place fifty years after the rise
of his father, and four years after the landing of Ti-
moleon in Sicily (B. C. 343). Timoleon remained mas-
ter of a city, the largest of all in the Grecian settle-
ments; but almost a desert, through the multitudes
slain or driven into banishment in successive revolu-
tions. So great, it is said, was the desolation, that
the horses of the cavalry grazed in the market-place,
while the grooms slept at their ease on the luxuriant
herbage. The winter was passed in assigning desert-
ed lands and houses is a provision to the few remain-
ing Syracusans of the Corinthian party and to the mer-
cenaries instead of pay, which the general had not to
give. In winter, when Grecian warfare was slackened
or interrupted, the possession of good houses would
doubtless be gratifying; but to men unused to peace-
ful labour, lands without slaves and cattle were of lit-
tle worth; and it was necessary, in the spring, to find
them some profitable employment. Unable sufficient-
ly to supply the wants of his soldiers from any Gre-
cian enemy, Timoleon sent one thousand men into the
territory belonging to Carthage, and gathered thence
abundance of spoil. The measure may seem rash,
but he probably knew that an invasion was preparing,
and that quiescence would not avert the storm, while
? rich booty would make his soldiers meet it better.
The Carthaginians landed in Sicily. Their force is
stated at seventy thousand foot and ten thousand horse;
while Timoleon could only muster three thousand
Syracusans and nine thousand mercenaries. Never-
theless, he advanced to meet them in their own pos-
sessions ; and, by the union of admirable conduct with
singular good fortune, won a glorious victory, which
was soon followed by an honourable peace. Timoleon,
professing to be tho liberator of Sicily, next directed
his arms against the various chiefs or tyrants who held
dominion in the towns. In this he may probably have
teen actuated by a sincere hatred of such governments;
nut he frequently seems to have little consulted the
wishes of the people, whoso deliverer he declared him-
? ? self. Most of the smaller chiefs withdrew; the more
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? TIMON.
nl the public professors in the school of Pyrrho. The
fragmiinls of Timon were edited, in 1820, by \V6lke,
Varaav. , 8vo, and in 1821, by Paul, Berol. , 8vo. --II.
Surnamcd the ifinnthrope, was a native of the bor-
ough of Colyttus in Attica, and remarkable for the
whimsical severity of his temper, and his hatred of
mankind. Born some time before the commencement
of the Peloponnesian war, it is possible that the vices
and crimes of which he was an eyewitness during this
period of trouble may have contributed to the develop-
ment of that morose spirit which procured for him the
turname by which he is always known. It appears
from the ancient writers, and indireclly from the testi-
mony of Plato himself (Phadon, p. 67, ed. 1602), tint
this hatred towards his fellow-men was originally exci-
ted by the false and ungrateful conduct of others. He
lavished upon those around him a large fortune in
presents and in services of alt kinds, and, when his
wealth was all expended, he found that he hid lost not
only his property, but his friends. Misanthropy thru
tucceeded to unbounded liberality; and, stunning the
<<ociety of his fellow-men, and retiring to a small spot
of ground in the suburbs, he gave himself up to the
workings of an irritated and deeply disappointed spirit;
or, if ever he did mix on any occasion with the busy
world at Athens, it was only to applaud, with cruel
irony, the errors and follies of his fellow-citizens.
Cold and repulsive to all others, he appeared to take
a lively interest in the young Alcibiades; but it was
only because he saw in him the future author of evil
to his country. He even publicly declared the mo-
tives that prompted him to this singular attachment;
for, happening one day to meet Alcibiades returning
from the place of assembly, accompanied by a large
concourse, in place of turning away and avoiding him
as he avoided others, he came directly up, and, grasp-
ing his hand, exclaimed, '? Go on, my son; you do
well to augment your own power, for you are only
augmenting it to the lasting injury of these. " One
account says that Timon, having subsequently become
possessed of a new fortune, probably by agriculture,
changed to a complete miser, and shut himself up, to-
gether with hia riches, in a kind of tower, which was
called, for a long time afterward, the lower of Timon.
This tradition is not, it is true, very consistent with the
rank which Pliny ( 7,19) assigns him among the "<<uc-
tores maxima sapicntia," nor with the apophthegm
ascribed to him by Siobajus (Serm. , 7, p. 107), that
'? cupidity and avarice are the cause of all human ills;"
but. nothing ought to surprise us in so whimsical a
character; and besides, if in the folly of avarice we
<<ee nothing of the sage, we certainly see enough of
ihe misanthrope. The end of Timon was worthy of
his life. Having broken a limb by a fall, and having,
in his aversion fur his fellow-men, refused all assist-
ance, a gangrene set in and he died. But this was
not all. Nature herself seems to have seconded the
intentions of T. itnon, by separating him, even after
death, from the habitable world ; for his tomb having
teen erected near the seashore, the ground around it
was gradually covered by the water, and the spot thus
rt'tidrri'd inaccessible. The character of Timon is
made a frequent subject for epigrams in the Greek
Anthology, and many sayings of his are quoted by the
ancient writers. The <we tallowing are the best:
Timon, after having renounced the society of his fel-
low-men, still kept up a kind of intimacy with another
misanthrope named Apimantus. During a repast in
? ? which they were celebrating the second day of the
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? TI it
particularly in playing on the flute; and his perform-
ance is saiJ to have animated the monarch in so pow-
erful a degree, that he started up and seized his arms;
an incident which Dryden has so beautifully intro-
duced into English poetry. (Burette,Recherche; e\e.
-- Weiss, Biogr. Univ. , vol. 46, p. 93. )--III. An Athe-
nian commander, son of Conon, inherited the valour
and abilities of his father. In 375 B. C. he gained a
signal victory over the Lacedaemonian fleet off Cor-
cyra, and made himself master of this island. Then
Greeting his course towards Thrace, he took several
important cities in this quarter, and afterward deliv-
ered Cyzicus from the foe. He subsequently shared
the command of the fleet with Iphicrates. The latter,
having wished to attack the enemy during a violent
U-mpest, and not obtaining the consent of Timothcus
to so hazardous a step, caused him to be brought to
trial at Athens. Timothcus was condemned to pay
a fine of 100 talents; but, being unable to raise so
large a sum, he retired to Chalcis, where he ended his
Jays. His disinterestedness equalled his courage and
military talents. He never appropriated to himself
any portion of the booty taken from the foe. On one
occasion he paid into the public treasury 1200 talents.
There existed a very close intimacy between Timo-
thcus and Plato. (Corn. Nep. , in Vil. -- Mlian, V.
H. , 2, 10. --JEschin. , vol. 1, p. 247, ed. Reiskc. --Ck. ,
Off. , 1, 32. --Id. , de Oral. , 3,34. )
Tinois, the capital of Mauritania Tingitnna, on the
northwestern coast of Africa, and a short distance to
the east of the Ampelusian promontory. It was fa-
bled to have been built by the giant Antaeus. Serto-
rius took it; and as the tomb of the founder was near
the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in it a
skeleton sis cubits long. Some editions of Plutarch
read iffaovra (60) instead of If (6); the latter, how-
ever, is decidedly the true reading. Plutarch copies
here, according to Strabo, the fable of Gabinius re-
specting the stature of Antaeus. --The modern name
of the place is Tangier. (Mela, 1, 5. --Id. , 2, 6. --
Plat. , 5, 1. )
Tiphys, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was
von of Hagnius, or, according to some, of Phorbas.
He died before the Argonauts reached Colchis, at the
court of Lycus, in tho Propontis, and Erginus was
chosen in his place. (Apollod. , 1, 9. --Hygin. , fab. ,
14, 18. )
Tiresias, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of
Encres and the nymph Chariclo, of the race of Udssus,
one of the Sparti. (Vid. Sparti. ) Various accounts
aro given as to the cause of his blindness: one as-
cribes it to his having seen Minerva bathing (Phere-
eyd. , ap. Apollod. , 3, 6, 7. -- Callim. , Lav. Pall. , 75,
seqq. ); another to his having divulged to mankind the
secrets of the gods. (ApoUod. , I. c) The Melam-
jiodia related that Tiresias, happening to see two ser-
pents together on Mount Cithaeron, killed the female,
and was suddenly changed into a woman. In this
state he continued for seven years; at the end of
which period, observing two serpents similarly cir-
cumstanced, he killed the male, and thus returned to
his pristine state. On some occasion, Jupiter and Ju-
no fell into a dispute as to which derived more pleas-
ure from the conjugal state, the male or female. Un-
able to settle it to their satisfaction, they agreed to
refer the matter to Tiresias, who had known both
states. His answer was, that of ten parts but one
falls to man.
Juno, incensed at this, deprived the
? ? guiltless arbitrator of the power of vision. Jupiter
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? TIT
TIT
jives, probably about the same time with the city of
Mycotic. Strabo reports that, on abandoning their
homes, tho Tirynthians retired to the neighbouring
town of Epidaurus. (Slrai. , 373. ) But Pausanias
affirms that the greater part were removed to Argos.
The last-mentioned writer describes the remains of the
walls of Tiryns as exhibiting a specimen of remarkably
solid masonry. (Compare Dodwell, Tour, vol. 2, p.
iSO. --Gdl, Itin. of the Morea and Argolis. )---Sir W.
Gell (Itin. of Argolis, p. 169) corrects an error of
D'Anville with regard to this place. "A mistake,"
he observes, " occurs on the subject of Tiryns, and a
place named by him Vathia, but of which nothing can
be understood. It is possible that Vat hi, or the pro-
found valley, may be a name sometimes used for the
Valley of Barbilsa, and that the place named Claustra
by D'Anville may be the outlet uf that valley, called
Kleisour, which has a corresponding signification. "
Tirynthia, a name given to Alcmena, as being a
native of Tiryns. (Vid. Tiryna. )
Tisamenus, a son of Orestes and Hcrmione the
daughter of Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne of
Argos and Lacedesmon. The Heraclide entered his
kingdom in the third year of his reign, and he was
obliged to retire with his family into Achaia. He was
some lime after killed in a battle against the Ionians
near Helice. (Apollod. , 2, 7. --Pansan. , 3, 1. )
Tisiphone, one of the Furies. (Vid. Furise. )
Tissaphernes, a satrap of Persia, commander of
pert of the forces of Artaxerxes at the battle of Cu-
r. ana against Cyrus, and the one who first gave infor-
mation to Artaxerxes of the designs of his brother.
He afterward obtained a daughter of Artaxerxes in
marriage, and all the provinces over which Cyrus had
been governor. This was the same Tissaphernes who
seized Alcibiades, and sent him prisoner to Sardis, af-
ter the naval victory which the latter had gained over
the Lacedemonians. Tissaphernes was afterward de-
feated by Agesilaus, upon which the King of Persia
acnt Tithraustes, another satrap, against him, who cut
? ff his head. (Plut. , Vit. Alcib. --Id. , Vit. Ages --
Xen, Anab. . 1, 2 )
Titan or Titanus, I. a son of Ccelus (or Uranus)
and Vesta (or Terra), brother to Saturn and Hyperion.
He was the eldest of the children of Cactus; but he
gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of the world, pro-
vided he raised no male children. When the births
of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto were concealed from
him, Titan, on discovering the deception, made war
against Saturn, and imprisoned him till he was replaced
on his throne by his son Jupiter. (Lactantius, de Fals.
Rel, 1, 14. ) This legend differs, it will be perceived,
from tho ordinary one, as given under the article Ti-
tanes. --II. A name applied to the sun, as the offspring
of Hyperion, one of the Titans. (Tibvll. , 4, 1, 50. --
Virg. , Mn. , 4, 118. )--III. An epithet sometimes ap-
plied to Prometheus by the poets. (Soph. , (Ed. Col. ,
66. --Juvenal, 14, 34. -- Vid. Prometheus. )
Titanes, a name given to the sons of Caelus (or
Uranusi and Terra. They were six males, Oceanus,
Coios, Crios, Hyperion, Iapetus, and the youngest of
them Cronus; and six females, Theia, Rheia (or
Rhea), Themis, Mnemosyne, Phcebe, and Tethys.
These children, according to the commonly-received
legend, were hated by their father, who, as soon as
they were born, thrust them out of sight into a cavern
of Earth, who, grieved at his unnatural conduct, pro-
? ? duced the "substance of hoary steel," and, forming
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? TIT
T1TU8.
from each other; beirg situate as the towns of Aiatr
in Piedmont, and Martinach in the Vallais, are with
regard to Mori St. Bernard. The whole district on
the southern side was the Delphic ; while all the coun-
try on the northern side received its name from Tithu-
rea. The olives of this city were so highly esteemed
that they were conveyed as presents to the Roman
emperors; they still maintain their ancient reputation,
being sent as an acceptable offering to the pashas and
other grandees of Turkey. The ruins of Titliorea
vfrc first observed by Dr. Clarke, near the modern
village of Vililza. "We arrived,"says that traveller,
"at the walls of Tithorea, extending in a surprising
manner up the prodigious precipice of Parnassus,
which rises behind the village of Velilza. These re-
mains are visible to a considerable height upon the
rocks" (Travels, vol. 7, p. 274. --Compare Dodwell,
Tour, vol. 2, p. 139. --Gell's Itin. , p. 214. )
TITHRAUSTES, a Persian satrap, B. C. 395, ordered
by Artaxerxes to put to death Tissaphernes. (Vid.
Timphernos. )
TITIANUS, Julianus, a Latin geographical writer,
who flourished about the commencement of the third
century. Julius Capitolinus informs us that he was
called " the ape of his time," from his possessing, in a
high degree, the talent of imitation. From a passage
in Sidonius Apolhnaris (1, 1) we learn in what this
imitation consisted. Titianus imitated the style of the
writers of antiquity. Thus he took Cicero for his
model in the letters which he published under the
names of certain illustrious females. (Schott, Hist.
Lit. Rom. , vol. 3, p. 246. )
TITOKMUS, a herdsman remarkable for his strength,
in which he it said to have far surpassed even Milo.
The latter having met him on one occasion, and having
observed his great size of body, wished to make trial of
his strength; but Titormus declined at first, saying
that he was not possessed of much power ol body. At
length, however, descending into the river Evenus, he
Jelect. -d a slonc of enormous size, and for three or four
times in succession drew it towards him and then
pushed it back again. After this he raised it up as
high as his knees, and finally took it up on his shoul-
ders and carried it for some distance; at last he flung
it from him. Milo, on the other hand, could with dif-
ficulty even roll the same stone. Titormus gave a
second proof of his vast strength by going to a herd
of cattle, seizing a bull, the largest of the whole num-
ber, and fierce withal, by the foot, and holding it so
firmly that it could not escape. Having then grasped
another one, while in the act of passing, with the other
hand, he held it in a similar manner. Milo, on seeing
this, raised his hands to the heavens and exclaimed,
"Oh, Jupiter! hast thon begotten in this man another
Hercules for us? " Hence, says . Khan, came the
common expression, "This is another Hercules. "
(JEtian, Var. Hiit, 23, 23. --Herod. , 6, 187. --Lu-
cian, de conscrib. Hi>>L, p. 690. --Eustcuh. ad Horn. ,
Od. 5,p 2116. )
TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS, son of Vespasian,
succeeded his father on the imperial throne. Previous
to his accession, his military talents had been proved
by the successful issue to which he had brought the
sanguinary and protracted war which was waged with
the Jews, and which ended in the destruction of Jeru-
salem. At the close of the Jewish war he was re-
ceived at Rome with the title of Cesar, and admitted
? ? to the honour of a joint triumph with his father the
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? TIT
fOL
tns to the pollution which was supposed to have in-
fected the air in consequence of the eruption of the
mountain; but it is more probable that it originated
in the poverty and filth occasioned by the sudden in-
crease made to the population of the capital, when the
fugitives from the ruined towns and villages of Cam-
pania sought an asylum within its walla. Such mis-
fortunes wounded deeply the compassionate heart of
Titus. He fell, says Suetonius, not only like a prince,
but as a father, for the sufferings of his people, and
spared neither labour nor expense to relieve their dis-
tress. Hastening in person to Campania for the pur-
pose of assisting the sufferers in that, quarter, Titus
was recalled to his capital by another frightful calam-
ity. A fire broke out at Rome, which raged three
days and nights with the greatest violence, destroying
1:1 immense number of buildings both public and pri-
>>ate. Among the former were the Pantheon, the Oc-
Bvian Library, and the Capitol, which last had been
tut recently rebuilt after the demolition which it had
sustained at the hands of the infuriated Germans du-
ring the reign of Vitellius. No sooner had this af-
flicting event reached the ears of the emperor, than he
made known his determination to indemnify, out of his
own coffers, all the losses which had accrued either to
the slate or individuals. So unwilling, in fact, was
he that any one besides himself should have a share in
the honour of relieving the fortunes of Rome, that he
is said to have refused the contributions which were
offered by some of his royal allies, by other cities of
the empire, and by certain of the richest among the
nobiliiy. Such was now the constitution of Roman
society, that attention to the amusements of the lower
class of citizens in time of peace had become no less
essential to the tranquillity of the empire than military
talents during the pressure of war. With this view
Titus proceeded to finish the amphitheatre, of which
his father had laid the foundation; adding to it baths
ind other comforts for the gratification of the popu-
'ace. This was the famous Colosseum, or Flavian
Vmphitheatrc, the remains of which, at the present
. iay, still present so striking a feature among the an-
:iquities of Rome. The dedication of this superb edi-
fice was celebrated by games of the most magnificent
character. The sports lasted a hundred days, during
? which invention was racked to discover new modes of
pleasing the eye, and of stimulating the depraved fan-
cy of the multitude. It was observed that, on the
last day of the games, the emperor appeared greatly
: in ire], and even shed tears. Hoping that his nerves
would be strengthened by the purer air of the country,
he retired to the neighbourhood of Reate, whence his
family originally sprang, and whither he was accom-
panied by his brother Domitian. A fever with which
he was seized was unduly checked by the use of the
bath, to which he had become much addicted; and it
is added by Suetonius, that the symptoms of the dis-
ease were greatly aggravated by adopting a suggestion
of Domitian's, that the patient should be put into a
tub filled with snow. Thus died, on the 13th day of
September, A. D. 81, Titus, in the same house where
his father had expired, after a pacific reign of two
years and nearly three months. The character of this
prince has been given in the history of his actions ,
and his name, even at the present day, conveys to the
reader all those ideas of justice, clemency, wisdom,
and benevolence, which enter into the conception of a
? ? good sovereign; and his virtues were prized slill more
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? TOM
TK \
had a rich temple there, which Cappio the const], p. un-
iiprtil; and as he was never after fortunate, the words
turum Tolosanum became proverbial. Cspio is said
to have plundered 15,000 talents. This wealth seems
to have belonged, for the most part, to private individ-
uals, who had placed it in the temple for safe kec|i-
inf {Mtla, 2, 6. --Cic, N. D. , 3, 20. --Cat. , B. G. ,
3, 20. )
Tolumnius. Vid. Lars Tolumnius.
Tomarus, a mountain of Epirus, on the declivity
or at the foot of which stood the celebrated Dodo-
na. Callimachus (Hymn, in Cer. , 52) calls it Tma-
rui. Pliny (4, 1), on the authority of Theopompus,
assigns it a hundred springs around its base. Cramer
makes it the same with the modern Mount Chamouri.
(Consult remarks under the article Dodona, page 451,
col. 1, and also Cramer'* Anc.
