If the pudgala exists as a thing, to this
question
"What is the bearer?
AbhidharmakosabhasyamVol-4VasubandhuPoussinPruden1991
The reading pasya pasya is recommended by the Chinese versions: jo kuan nei chih kung ^ffip9 ~?
jQ , "If you visualize that the interior is empty" (Paramartha); chi kuan gf j?
| (Hsiian-tsang).
The Gaudakdrikd, very likely written under Buddhist influence, has: tattvam ddhydtmikam drstvd tattvam drstvd tu bdhyatah (ii.
38).
Hsiian-tsang translates the last line, "A seer capable of meditating on emptiness is not to be found. " The Vydkhya glosses: yogy api ndstiyah iunyatdm abhyasyati.
53. This text (according to Stcherbatski, from the Ksudrdgama) is quoted in the Sutrdlamkdra, xviii. 101 (p. 158) as an extract from the "Pentades" (pancakesu, Chinese: "In the Ts'eng-wu ? ? Sutra- Pancottara? " S. Le'vi): pancakesu pancddinavd dtmopa- lambha iti de/itdh / dtmadrstir bhavati jivadrstih / nirviseso bhavati tirthikaih / unmdrgapratipanno bhavati / s'ihnyatdydm asya cittam na praskandati na prasidati na santisthate nadhimucyate / dryadharmd asya na vyavaddyante.
These readings are confirmed by the Tibetan and the Vydkhya, so close in fact that the Tibetan corresponds to an original dtmadrstir bhavati sattvadrstir jivadrstih; the same for the Vydkhya: dtmadrstir bhavati ydvaj jivadfstir iti prathama ddinavah. Hsuan-tsang and Paramartha replace jivadrsti with "to fall into the drstigatas. " The phraseology praskandhati . . . in the Anguttara, iii. 246; Digha, iii. 240, Samyutta, iii. 133: . . . me nibbdne cittam na pakkhandati nappasidati na samtifthati na vimuccati (var. nddhimuccati) / paritassand upaddnam uppajjati paccuddvattati mdnasam. (The editor of the Samyutta punctuates after paritassand).
54. Vydkhya: kendpy adhydropitdny etdni sutrdnity abhiprdyah.
a. "Sutras promulgated by the Tathagata (tathdgatabhdsita), profound, of profound
meaning, supermundane (lokuttara), teaching emptiness (sufinatdpatisamyutta): they do not listen to them with faith, they do not lend them an ear, they do not recognize them as true (aHndcittam na upapthdpessanti) . . . But the Sutras made by poets (kavikata), poetical (kdveyya)y of artistic syllable and phonemes, external (bdhiraka), promulgated by disciples (sdvaka-bhdsita)y these they believe . . . It is thus that the Sutras of the first category will disappear. . . " (Samyutta, 11267).
Astasdhasrikd, 52&:yad etat tvayeddnim srutam naitad buddhavacanam kavikrtam kdvyam etat / yat punar idam aharh bhase etad buddhabhdsitam etad buddhavacanam.
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b. See Sarhghabhadra, Tokyo, xxiii. 3,6a, 25b (translated in Nirvana, 1925, p. 23); mulasamgitibhramsa, Kosa, iii. l2d, 13a (Dreams of Krkin); muktaka sutra, iii. 4c; apdpha eva, see below note 65.
Discussion on the text of the Sutras, iii. 30b, and elsewhere.
55. Vydkhyd: Tdmrapdrniyanikdyddisu. (The school of Taprobane is named in Vydkhyd ad i. l7a, English trans, p. 75, note 85).
56. See the texts on the four mahapadesas (Digha, ii. 123, Dialogues, ii. 133, note, Anugttara, ii. 167, Nettippakarana, 21-22; Rhys Davids-Stede break this up as mahd-padesa, against the commentator of the Netti) and the rule, "That which is in the Sutra . . . that which does not contradict dharmatd" (that is to say the papiccasamuppdda, Netti), Sutrdlamkdra, i. 10, Bodhicarydvatdra, ix. 42, p. 431, Abhisamaydlamkdrdloka. kdldpadesa, above note 43.
57. sarve dharmd andtmdnah (Samyukta, TD 2, p. 66bl4ff. ) Vydkhyd: na caita dtmasvab- havdh na caitesv dtmd vidyata ity andtmdnah.
Sutrdlamkdra, xviii. 101 (p. 158): dharmodddnesu sarve dharmd andtmdna iti desitam. 58. If the mental consciousness bears on the pudgala, it will arise from the pudgala in the
quality of being its object; thus it would arise from three conditions. 59. Anguttara, ii. 52; Kosa, v. 9.
60. The thesis: ndtmd skandhdyatanadhdtavah, contradicts the thesis: no tu vaktavyam rupdni vd no vd (see above note 24).
61. Samyutta, iii. 46:ye keci bhikkhave samand vd brdhmand vd anekavahitam attdnam samanupassamand samanupassanti sabbe te pancupdddnakkhandhe samanupassanti etesarh vd annataram. Same text quoted in the Madhyamakdvatdra, vi. 126c-d.
62. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 38a7. The dtman is supposed to be abhinnalaksana, aviiistalaksana, nitya, avikdra, without arising-old age-sickness-death. How is it that theTirthika says, "Gautama, I think that rupa is dtman . . . ? " Why rupa is not dtman, vii. 13a.
63. Samyukta, TD 2, p. I l b 2 3 : (ye kecid anekavidham purvanivdsam . . . ) iman eva pancopdddnaskandhdn samanusmarantah samanvasmdrsuh samanusmaranti samanusmari- syanti vd.
64. Only the pudgala can be designated by the word "I," aham.
65. If the word "I" is understood as you say, the Buddha, when he says "I," is evidently defiled by satkdyadrsti, "the view of personalism. " This, as we know, is of some twenty points (vimsatikotika): rupam dtmeti samanupasyati / rupavantam dtmdnam . . . / dtmiyam rupam . . . / rupe dtmdnam . . . (Mahdvyutpatti 208; Madhyama TD 1, p. 788a25; Samyutta iii. 3,16, etc. ) The Vibhdsd gives four examples reproduced in the Mahdvyutpatti: svdmivat, alamkdravat, bhrtyavat, bhdjanavat.
66. Vydkhyd: ekasmin ksane samavahitdndm bahundm rdiih / bahusu ksanesu samvahi- tdndmdhdrd/ rdsidrstdntenabahusudharmesupudgalaprajnaptimdarsayati/dhdrddrstdn- tena bahutve sati rupavedanddindm skandhdndm pravdhe pudgalaprajnaptim darsayati. There are other examples as the word ddi indicates, for example, the chariot (ydnaka).
61. Saeki quotes the Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 42c20: "As the Vatsiputrlyas say, it is the pudgala that knows, not knowledge (jndna)"
68. According to the commentary on the Samayabheda, the Mahasarhghikas think that the Buddha, having cultivated his mind during numerous kalpas, can, in a single moment of thought, know sarvadharmasvabhdvaviiesa.
Saeki quotes the Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 43all, "Is there a knowledge {jndna) capable of knowing all the dharmas? Y es, lokasamvrtijndna . . . " (See Kosa, vii. 18c). The
? Samyuktahrdaya (see above note 51), "One says universal knowledge (sarvajridna) because he knows all. By "all" one should understand the twelve ayatanas, their specific characteristics and their general characteristics. " See vii. p. 1146 On the omniscience of the Buddha, his knowledge of the future, etc. , see Kos'a i. l, ii. 62 (p. 300), vii. 30, 34, p. 1146, 37a.
69. The Buddhabhumi, TD 26, p. 309c9, refutes this stanza.
"Those are vain words. The paracittajnana (knowledge of the mind of another), at the moment when it grasps a thing, does not grasp other things; because it does not know other things, it is not universal knowledge. The series also does not grasp (all), because it knows present being. In your system, it knows solely the general characteristics of a part of the dharmas. And if this is the case, it is only by metaphor that the Tathagata is called omniscient. . . "
70. Mahdvastu, iii. 327.
ye cdbhyatitasambuddhdye ca buddhd hy andgatdh / yai cdpy etarhi sambuddho bahundm /okandsakdh //
Vddnavarga, xxi. 10, frag. Stein, JRAS. Aprii, 1924. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 322a22, Samyutta, i. 40, Anguttara, ii. 21.
If the Buddha is a "self," it should enter into the fifth category, "the ineffable," distinct from the three time periods and from asamskrta (see above p. 1318).
71. Bhdrahdrasutra (Sutrdlamkdra, xviii. 102) or simply the Bhdrasutta (Visuddhi, 479, 512). bhdram ca vo bhiksavo desayisydmi bhardddnam ca bhdraniksepanam ca bhdrahdram /
tacchrnutasddhucasusthucamanasikurutabhdsisye/ bhdrahkatamah/pancopdddnas- kandhdh / bhardddnam katamat / trsnd paunarbhaviki nandirdgasahagatd tatra tatrdbhinandini/ bhdraniksepanam katamat /yadasyd eva trsndydh paunarbhavikyd nandirdgasahagatdyds tatra tatrdbbinandinyd as'esaprahdnam pratinihsargo vyantibhdvah ksayo virago nirodho vyupasamo'staihgamah / bhdrahdrah katamah / pudgala iti sydd vacaniyam ? o'sdv dyusmdn evamndmd evamjdtya evamgotra evamdhdra evamsukhaduh- khapratisamvedi evamdirghdyur evamcirasthitika evam dyusparyanta iti (Vydkhyd; without doubt the text of the Ekottara, TD 2, p. 631cl6).
In the Samyutta, iii. 25, there is the order: bhdra, bhdhdra, bbaradana, bhdranikkhepana. Numerous variants. The "bearer" is defined: puggalo ti ssa vacaniyam /? ? yam evamndmo evamgotto ayam vuccati bhikkhave bhdrahdro.
Discussed by Sarhghabhadra, xxiii. 3, fol. 56a.
Nydyavdrttika (Bib. Ind. ) p. 342; Bodhicarydvatdra, ix. 72, Madhyamakdvatdra, vi. 42, Bodhisattvabhumi, I. xvii, Warren, 159, 240, Minayev, Recherches, 225; E. Hardy, JRAS. , 1901, 573 (who explains the Sutra like Vasubandhu), Dialogues, i. 27. The prdnas and the burden, Deussen-Geden, Upanisads, 221.
72. The phrases between parentheses are the additions by Hsiian-tsang.
Vydkhyd: yadi dravyasan sydt pud galah / bhdrahdrah katamah / pudgala iti sydd vacaniyam ity etdvad evoktam sydt / tatra sutre parena sa na vibhaktavyah sydt yo'sdv dyusmdn iti vistarena ydvad evamdyusparyanta iti / prajfiaptisatpudgalapratipattyartham hy etat parena visesanam ity abhiprdyah.
If the pudgala exists as a thing, to this question "What is the bearer? ", the Buddha would simply respond, "What is suitable to be called the pudgala"; he would not add the explanations, "It is such a venerable one, of such a name . . . of such an end of life. " The aim of these is to show that the pudgala exists only through designation.
73. The Tibetan, according to Stcherbatski, gives, "The earlier skandhas torment the later ones; they are thus called burden and bearer of the burden. " Paramartha: the skandhas torment (lit. destroy) the skandhas, namely the earlier ones torment the later ones; in order to indicate that they present the characteristic of bearer and of burden, the text employs
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expressions. " It is thus that the Vydkhyd is understood: "The text has: among the skandbas, etc. The skandhas which cause one to suffer, the causes of suffering, receive for this reason the name of burden. The following, those which are tormented, receive for this reason the name of bearer of the burden. " (skandhdndm iti vistarah / tatraye upaghdtdya samvartante duhkhahetavah skandhds te bhdra iti krtvoktah / uttareye pidyante te bhdrahara iti krtvoktdh).
74. On apparitional beings and the intermediate existence, see iii. 8c.
75. According to the Sdmmitiyanikdya/dstra, the Third Chapter.
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 988a14, "This world does not exist; the other world does not exist;
there are no apparitional beings"; this is a false view, a negation of causes (Compare iv. 78, 79b and v. 7, p. 777). "There are no apparitional beings": there are some non-Buddhist (bdhya) masters who say that all beings arise by reason of seed and blood, etc. ; that there are no beings who arise without pratyayas, suddenly, of themselves . . . According to some, apparitional beings are beings in the intermediate existence (antardbhava); to deny this world and the other world is to deny upapattibhava; to deny apparitional beings is to deny antardbhava.
The text of the Karmaprajn*ddpti (chap. iv. Mdo, 62 fol. 218) differs from the usual version, "There is neither gift, nor sacrifice, nor oblation, nor good action, nor evil action, nor retributive result of good and evil actions. This world does not exist, nor does the other one. There is neither father, nor mother, nor apparitional beings. There is not in this world any well gone, well come Arhat, who knows and realizes by himself this world and the other, thinking, 'My births are destroyed, the religious life well practiced
76. Kola, Chap, v and vi, p. xvi. The pudgala, as you understand it, is not contained within the Truths: it is not Suffering (=the skandhas of attachment), nor Arising, nor Extinction, nor Path. Thus if the negation of the pudgala is, as you say, a false view (mithyddrstt), this false view cannot be expelled by Seeing the Truths. In fact a "view" idrsti) is expelled through Seeing the Truth with which it is in contradiction (yasmin sat ye vipratipanna). On the other hand, a defilement is abandoned through Meditation (bhdvand) when this defilement has for its object a thing abandoned through Meditation, a thing which is necessarily included within the Truth of Suffering or of Arising (bhdvandprahatavyo hi kief? bhdvandprahdtavyam eva vastu duhkham samudayam vdlambate) . . . Moreover no "view" is abandoned through Meditation.
77. Ekottara, TD 2, p. 561al8, p. 569b20. Paramartha: "A pudgala arises in this world; arisen, it is for the use, profit, and happiness of many"= Anguttara, i. 22, ekapuggalo bhikkhave loke uppajjamdno uppajjati bahujanahitdya. . .
This text is used in the Sdmmitiyanikdydidstra.
78. The grain of tila is made up of eight substances, a word is made up of syllables. 79. Thus we recognize that it arises; but it is not, for that, "conditioned. "
80. Paramdrthaiunyatdsutra in the Samyukta, TD 2, p. 92cl5: When the eye arises, Oh Bhiksus, there is no place from whence it comes, and when it perishes, there is no place to which it goes. In this manner the eye is not real and yet it arises (pu shih erh sheng yff^ ? ^ ); having arisen, it perishes. There is retribution for action, yet there is no agent: when these skandhas are destroyed, other skandhas continue (hsiang hsu ? ? ): outside of any dharmasamketa. The ear . . . By dharmasamketa (su shu fa ? ? ? ) w e understand: if this is, then that exists . . . If ignorance exists, then the samskdras exist. . .
By bringing together the different fragments preserved in our sources, we obtain a section of the Sutra: caksur bhiksava utpadyamdnam na kutaf rid dgacchati / nirudhya- mdnarh ca na kva cit samnicayam gacchati / iti hi bhiksava/ caksur abhutvd bhavati bhutva
? ca prativigacchati {? ? fa, v. 27, trans, p. 814) / asti karma asti vipdkah / kdrakas tu nopalabhyate ? a imdmi ca skandhdn niksipati anydms ca skandhdn pratisamdadhdti anyatra dharmasamketdt (the text that we have here, and also Kofa, iii. 18, Sutrdlamkdra, xviii. 101, Bodhicaryavatdra, ix. 73 which presents some variants) / atrayam dharmasamketo yad utdsmin satidam bhavati asyotpdddd idam utpadyate {Kosa, iii. 18, Bodhicaryavatdra, ibid. ) / avidydpratyaydh samskdrdh . . .
81. See Koia, v. 27, p. 814; Buddhaghosa, Visuddhi, 602, quotes the Ancients {Pordna): kammassa kdrako natthi vipdkassa ca vedako. (We see, p. 513, that dukkha, kamma, nibbuti, and magga exist, but not dukkin, kdraka, nibbuta . . . )
Same doctrine, or same text, in the sources of the Mahayuna, Madhyamakdvatdra, vi. 84, Siksdmuccaya, 244, 262, Sutrdlamkdra (which depends on Vasubandhu), xviii. 101.
82. The meaning of the expression anyatra dharmasamketdt {chos su brdar brtags pa ma gtogs pa) is not in doubt. The Vydkhyd explains: dharmasamketdd iti prdtityasamutpddala- ksandt: "outside of the combination of the dharmas, that is to say, outside of the successive causation of the dharmas"\ and elsewhere {ad iii. 18): samketa- hetuphalasambandhavyavas- thd. But Paramartha understands samketa as "metaphorical designation," from whence the translation, "One does not maintain the existence of an agent. . . except when, conforming to worldly usage, one says that the dharmas are a pudgala. "
83. Sarhyukta, TD 2, p. 182al7; Samyutta, ii. 14. Paramartha: "I do not say that a being, apart from the series of the dharmas, takes up the elements. " The Sanskrit edition has: upddatta iti ph dig una na v ad ami / aharh ced evarh vadeyam upddatta iti atra te kalpah sydd vac an ay a ko nu bhadanta upddatta iti.
Note nevertheless that the Bhagavat speaks of the man "who casts off this body and takes up another body," tarn ca kdyam nikkhipati annarh ca kdyam upddiyati {Samyutta, iv. 60). (In the way that the flame which goes far without fuel has for the mind its support (updddna) so too the being who casts off this body and has not (yet) taken up another body has thirst for his support, ibid. 400). We have seen above, note 41, the etymology of pudgala: punah punar. . .
84. Saeki quotes the Sammitiyanikdya Sdstra, i. 7 (fol. 2b).
85. Parinantum means to transform oneself, anyathdtvamdpattum.
On parindma, iii. 43a, lOOa-b, v. 26, p. 809; the samtatiparindma of the Sautrantikas is
very different, ii. 36c, iv. 4a.
86. On the relationship between the primary elements {mahdbhuta) and secondary matter
{updddyarupa, bhautika rupa), see i. 35, ii. 22,65.
87. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 66lcl4: "Buddhadeva maintains that rupa is solely mahdbhutas, that mental states {caittas) are solely mind {citta)\ he says: updddyarupa is solely a type {viiesa) of the mahdbhutas; the mental states are solely a type of mind . . . The mahdbhutas see (when they form the organ of the e y e ) . . . There is no upddayasabda apart from the primary elements (that is to say: sound, iabda, is not a separate thing existing independently of the primary elements). It is the primary elements which are called upaddyafabda. "
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 730b26: Buddhadeva says: Twenty-two names {mahdbhumikas, etc. ), but solely one real thing, the mana-indriya. . . The conditioned dharmas are of two natures, mahdbhutas and citta. Apart from the mahdbhutas, there is no updddyarupa: apart from citta, there are no caittas.
Compare i, note 146; ii, p. 188.
Saeki: "Vasubandhu mentions the opinion of Buddhadeva, etc. , that the primary elements and secondary matter do not differ; but, as this is not the "correct meaning" {ch'eng # ? ? ) ? * t r i e Sarvastivadins, he says that it is dosa, an "error. "
88. The Sutra of Vatsagotra, Sarhyukta, TD 2, p. 245cl0. The Bhagavat said to the monk
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Vatsagotra, "If one is of this opinion (drsti), The world is eternal; this is true; any other theory is false,' this is drspiviparydsa (v. 9d), this is kuan-ts'a chien jjjjjjf? , (drspipardmarla, v. p. 778). 'The world is not eternal. . . the Tathagata neither exists nor does not exist after death': this is drspiviparydsa"
89. On the "questions to be rejected," Kosa, v. 22, Nirvana, 1925, p. 108, where we see that Malebranche reasons quite closely to Vasubandhu.
90. We have Divya, 358: bahubollaka idkyaputriya.
91. The present passage of the Ko? a has been pointed out by S. Levi, AIBL. , 1893, 232. Chavannes has translated a very similar recension in Cinq Cents Contes, iii. 120 (according to Nanjio 1329, Ratnakaranda Sutra (? ), Tokyo, xiv. 10, fol. 39), the same recension in Takakusu, "Chinese translations of the Milindapanho," JRAS, 1896, p. 7. See Pelliot, "Les noms propres du Milinda,"JAS, 1914, ii. 380-381. (It appears indeed that the "Milindra" of the Tibetan text of the Avaddnakalpalatd is a rash correction by the editor). Finally, Paul Demieville, in a fine article on the Chinese versions of the Milinda, BEFEO, 1924, p. 64, completes our information.
92.
Hsiian-tsang translates the last line, "A seer capable of meditating on emptiness is not to be found. " The Vydkhya glosses: yogy api ndstiyah iunyatdm abhyasyati.
53. This text (according to Stcherbatski, from the Ksudrdgama) is quoted in the Sutrdlamkdra, xviii. 101 (p. 158) as an extract from the "Pentades" (pancakesu, Chinese: "In the Ts'eng-wu ? ? Sutra- Pancottara? " S. Le'vi): pancakesu pancddinavd dtmopa- lambha iti de/itdh / dtmadrstir bhavati jivadrstih / nirviseso bhavati tirthikaih / unmdrgapratipanno bhavati / s'ihnyatdydm asya cittam na praskandati na prasidati na santisthate nadhimucyate / dryadharmd asya na vyavaddyante.
These readings are confirmed by the Tibetan and the Vydkhya, so close in fact that the Tibetan corresponds to an original dtmadrstir bhavati sattvadrstir jivadrstih; the same for the Vydkhya: dtmadrstir bhavati ydvaj jivadfstir iti prathama ddinavah. Hsuan-tsang and Paramartha replace jivadrsti with "to fall into the drstigatas. " The phraseology praskandhati . . . in the Anguttara, iii. 246; Digha, iii. 240, Samyutta, iii. 133: . . . me nibbdne cittam na pakkhandati nappasidati na samtifthati na vimuccati (var. nddhimuccati) / paritassand upaddnam uppajjati paccuddvattati mdnasam. (The editor of the Samyutta punctuates after paritassand).
54. Vydkhya: kendpy adhydropitdny etdni sutrdnity abhiprdyah.
a. "Sutras promulgated by the Tathagata (tathdgatabhdsita), profound, of profound
meaning, supermundane (lokuttara), teaching emptiness (sufinatdpatisamyutta): they do not listen to them with faith, they do not lend them an ear, they do not recognize them as true (aHndcittam na upapthdpessanti) . . . But the Sutras made by poets (kavikata), poetical (kdveyya)y of artistic syllable and phonemes, external (bdhiraka), promulgated by disciples (sdvaka-bhdsita)y these they believe . . . It is thus that the Sutras of the first category will disappear. . . " (Samyutta, 11267).
Astasdhasrikd, 52&:yad etat tvayeddnim srutam naitad buddhavacanam kavikrtam kdvyam etat / yat punar idam aharh bhase etad buddhabhdsitam etad buddhavacanam.
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b. See Sarhghabhadra, Tokyo, xxiii. 3,6a, 25b (translated in Nirvana, 1925, p. 23); mulasamgitibhramsa, Kosa, iii. l2d, 13a (Dreams of Krkin); muktaka sutra, iii. 4c; apdpha eva, see below note 65.
Discussion on the text of the Sutras, iii. 30b, and elsewhere.
55. Vydkhyd: Tdmrapdrniyanikdyddisu. (The school of Taprobane is named in Vydkhyd ad i. l7a, English trans, p. 75, note 85).
56. See the texts on the four mahapadesas (Digha, ii. 123, Dialogues, ii. 133, note, Anugttara, ii. 167, Nettippakarana, 21-22; Rhys Davids-Stede break this up as mahd-padesa, against the commentator of the Netti) and the rule, "That which is in the Sutra . . . that which does not contradict dharmatd" (that is to say the papiccasamuppdda, Netti), Sutrdlamkdra, i. 10, Bodhicarydvatdra, ix. 42, p. 431, Abhisamaydlamkdrdloka. kdldpadesa, above note 43.
57. sarve dharmd andtmdnah (Samyukta, TD 2, p. 66bl4ff. ) Vydkhyd: na caita dtmasvab- havdh na caitesv dtmd vidyata ity andtmdnah.
Sutrdlamkdra, xviii. 101 (p. 158): dharmodddnesu sarve dharmd andtmdna iti desitam. 58. If the mental consciousness bears on the pudgala, it will arise from the pudgala in the
quality of being its object; thus it would arise from three conditions. 59. Anguttara, ii. 52; Kosa, v. 9.
60. The thesis: ndtmd skandhdyatanadhdtavah, contradicts the thesis: no tu vaktavyam rupdni vd no vd (see above note 24).
61. Samyutta, iii. 46:ye keci bhikkhave samand vd brdhmand vd anekavahitam attdnam samanupassamand samanupassanti sabbe te pancupdddnakkhandhe samanupassanti etesarh vd annataram. Same text quoted in the Madhyamakdvatdra, vi. 126c-d.
62. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 38a7. The dtman is supposed to be abhinnalaksana, aviiistalaksana, nitya, avikdra, without arising-old age-sickness-death. How is it that theTirthika says, "Gautama, I think that rupa is dtman . . . ? " Why rupa is not dtman, vii. 13a.
63. Samyukta, TD 2, p. I l b 2 3 : (ye kecid anekavidham purvanivdsam . . . ) iman eva pancopdddnaskandhdn samanusmarantah samanvasmdrsuh samanusmaranti samanusmari- syanti vd.
64. Only the pudgala can be designated by the word "I," aham.
65. If the word "I" is understood as you say, the Buddha, when he says "I," is evidently defiled by satkdyadrsti, "the view of personalism. " This, as we know, is of some twenty points (vimsatikotika): rupam dtmeti samanupasyati / rupavantam dtmdnam . . . / dtmiyam rupam . . . / rupe dtmdnam . . . (Mahdvyutpatti 208; Madhyama TD 1, p. 788a25; Samyutta iii. 3,16, etc. ) The Vibhdsd gives four examples reproduced in the Mahdvyutpatti: svdmivat, alamkdravat, bhrtyavat, bhdjanavat.
66. Vydkhyd: ekasmin ksane samavahitdndm bahundm rdiih / bahusu ksanesu samvahi- tdndmdhdrd/ rdsidrstdntenabahusudharmesupudgalaprajnaptimdarsayati/dhdrddrstdn- tena bahutve sati rupavedanddindm skandhdndm pravdhe pudgalaprajnaptim darsayati. There are other examples as the word ddi indicates, for example, the chariot (ydnaka).
61. Saeki quotes the Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 42c20: "As the Vatsiputrlyas say, it is the pudgala that knows, not knowledge (jndna)"
68. According to the commentary on the Samayabheda, the Mahasarhghikas think that the Buddha, having cultivated his mind during numerous kalpas, can, in a single moment of thought, know sarvadharmasvabhdvaviiesa.
Saeki quotes the Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 43all, "Is there a knowledge {jndna) capable of knowing all the dharmas? Y es, lokasamvrtijndna . . . " (See Kosa, vii. 18c). The
? Samyuktahrdaya (see above note 51), "One says universal knowledge (sarvajridna) because he knows all. By "all" one should understand the twelve ayatanas, their specific characteristics and their general characteristics. " See vii. p. 1146 On the omniscience of the Buddha, his knowledge of the future, etc. , see Kos'a i. l, ii. 62 (p. 300), vii. 30, 34, p. 1146, 37a.
69. The Buddhabhumi, TD 26, p. 309c9, refutes this stanza.
"Those are vain words. The paracittajnana (knowledge of the mind of another), at the moment when it grasps a thing, does not grasp other things; because it does not know other things, it is not universal knowledge. The series also does not grasp (all), because it knows present being. In your system, it knows solely the general characteristics of a part of the dharmas. And if this is the case, it is only by metaphor that the Tathagata is called omniscient. . . "
70. Mahdvastu, iii. 327.
ye cdbhyatitasambuddhdye ca buddhd hy andgatdh / yai cdpy etarhi sambuddho bahundm /okandsakdh //
Vddnavarga, xxi. 10, frag. Stein, JRAS. Aprii, 1924. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 322a22, Samyutta, i. 40, Anguttara, ii. 21.
If the Buddha is a "self," it should enter into the fifth category, "the ineffable," distinct from the three time periods and from asamskrta (see above p. 1318).
71. Bhdrahdrasutra (Sutrdlamkdra, xviii. 102) or simply the Bhdrasutta (Visuddhi, 479, 512). bhdram ca vo bhiksavo desayisydmi bhardddnam ca bhdraniksepanam ca bhdrahdram /
tacchrnutasddhucasusthucamanasikurutabhdsisye/ bhdrahkatamah/pancopdddnas- kandhdh / bhardddnam katamat / trsnd paunarbhaviki nandirdgasahagatd tatra tatrdbhinandini/ bhdraniksepanam katamat /yadasyd eva trsndydh paunarbhavikyd nandirdgasahagatdyds tatra tatrdbbinandinyd as'esaprahdnam pratinihsargo vyantibhdvah ksayo virago nirodho vyupasamo'staihgamah / bhdrahdrah katamah / pudgala iti sydd vacaniyam ? o'sdv dyusmdn evamndmd evamjdtya evamgotra evamdhdra evamsukhaduh- khapratisamvedi evamdirghdyur evamcirasthitika evam dyusparyanta iti (Vydkhyd; without doubt the text of the Ekottara, TD 2, p. 631cl6).
In the Samyutta, iii. 25, there is the order: bhdra, bhdhdra, bbaradana, bhdranikkhepana. Numerous variants. The "bearer" is defined: puggalo ti ssa vacaniyam /? ? yam evamndmo evamgotto ayam vuccati bhikkhave bhdrahdro.
Discussed by Sarhghabhadra, xxiii. 3, fol. 56a.
Nydyavdrttika (Bib. Ind. ) p. 342; Bodhicarydvatdra, ix. 72, Madhyamakdvatdra, vi. 42, Bodhisattvabhumi, I. xvii, Warren, 159, 240, Minayev, Recherches, 225; E. Hardy, JRAS. , 1901, 573 (who explains the Sutra like Vasubandhu), Dialogues, i. 27. The prdnas and the burden, Deussen-Geden, Upanisads, 221.
72. The phrases between parentheses are the additions by Hsiian-tsang.
Vydkhyd: yadi dravyasan sydt pud galah / bhdrahdrah katamah / pudgala iti sydd vacaniyam ity etdvad evoktam sydt / tatra sutre parena sa na vibhaktavyah sydt yo'sdv dyusmdn iti vistarena ydvad evamdyusparyanta iti / prajfiaptisatpudgalapratipattyartham hy etat parena visesanam ity abhiprdyah.
If the pudgala exists as a thing, to this question "What is the bearer? ", the Buddha would simply respond, "What is suitable to be called the pudgala"; he would not add the explanations, "It is such a venerable one, of such a name . . . of such an end of life. " The aim of these is to show that the pudgala exists only through designation.
73. The Tibetan, according to Stcherbatski, gives, "The earlier skandhas torment the later ones; they are thus called burden and bearer of the burden. " Paramartha: the skandhas torment (lit. destroy) the skandhas, namely the earlier ones torment the later ones; in order to indicate that they present the characteristic of bearer and of burden, the text employs
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expressions. " It is thus that the Vydkhyd is understood: "The text has: among the skandbas, etc. The skandhas which cause one to suffer, the causes of suffering, receive for this reason the name of burden. The following, those which are tormented, receive for this reason the name of bearer of the burden. " (skandhdndm iti vistarah / tatraye upaghdtdya samvartante duhkhahetavah skandhds te bhdra iti krtvoktah / uttareye pidyante te bhdrahara iti krtvoktdh).
74. On apparitional beings and the intermediate existence, see iii. 8c.
75. According to the Sdmmitiyanikdya/dstra, the Third Chapter.
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 988a14, "This world does not exist; the other world does not exist;
there are no apparitional beings"; this is a false view, a negation of causes (Compare iv. 78, 79b and v. 7, p. 777). "There are no apparitional beings": there are some non-Buddhist (bdhya) masters who say that all beings arise by reason of seed and blood, etc. ; that there are no beings who arise without pratyayas, suddenly, of themselves . . . According to some, apparitional beings are beings in the intermediate existence (antardbhava); to deny this world and the other world is to deny upapattibhava; to deny apparitional beings is to deny antardbhava.
The text of the Karmaprajn*ddpti (chap. iv. Mdo, 62 fol. 218) differs from the usual version, "There is neither gift, nor sacrifice, nor oblation, nor good action, nor evil action, nor retributive result of good and evil actions. This world does not exist, nor does the other one. There is neither father, nor mother, nor apparitional beings. There is not in this world any well gone, well come Arhat, who knows and realizes by himself this world and the other, thinking, 'My births are destroyed, the religious life well practiced
76. Kola, Chap, v and vi, p. xvi. The pudgala, as you understand it, is not contained within the Truths: it is not Suffering (=the skandhas of attachment), nor Arising, nor Extinction, nor Path. Thus if the negation of the pudgala is, as you say, a false view (mithyddrstt), this false view cannot be expelled by Seeing the Truths. In fact a "view" idrsti) is expelled through Seeing the Truth with which it is in contradiction (yasmin sat ye vipratipanna). On the other hand, a defilement is abandoned through Meditation (bhdvand) when this defilement has for its object a thing abandoned through Meditation, a thing which is necessarily included within the Truth of Suffering or of Arising (bhdvandprahatavyo hi kief? bhdvandprahdtavyam eva vastu duhkham samudayam vdlambate) . . . Moreover no "view" is abandoned through Meditation.
77. Ekottara, TD 2, p. 561al8, p. 569b20. Paramartha: "A pudgala arises in this world; arisen, it is for the use, profit, and happiness of many"= Anguttara, i. 22, ekapuggalo bhikkhave loke uppajjamdno uppajjati bahujanahitdya. . .
This text is used in the Sdmmitiyanikdydidstra.
78. The grain of tila is made up of eight substances, a word is made up of syllables. 79. Thus we recognize that it arises; but it is not, for that, "conditioned. "
80. Paramdrthaiunyatdsutra in the Samyukta, TD 2, p. 92cl5: When the eye arises, Oh Bhiksus, there is no place from whence it comes, and when it perishes, there is no place to which it goes. In this manner the eye is not real and yet it arises (pu shih erh sheng yff^ ? ^ ); having arisen, it perishes. There is retribution for action, yet there is no agent: when these skandhas are destroyed, other skandhas continue (hsiang hsu ? ? ): outside of any dharmasamketa. The ear . . . By dharmasamketa (su shu fa ? ? ? ) w e understand: if this is, then that exists . . . If ignorance exists, then the samskdras exist. . .
By bringing together the different fragments preserved in our sources, we obtain a section of the Sutra: caksur bhiksava utpadyamdnam na kutaf rid dgacchati / nirudhya- mdnarh ca na kva cit samnicayam gacchati / iti hi bhiksava/ caksur abhutvd bhavati bhutva
? ca prativigacchati {? ? fa, v. 27, trans, p. 814) / asti karma asti vipdkah / kdrakas tu nopalabhyate ? a imdmi ca skandhdn niksipati anydms ca skandhdn pratisamdadhdti anyatra dharmasamketdt (the text that we have here, and also Kofa, iii. 18, Sutrdlamkdra, xviii. 101, Bodhicaryavatdra, ix. 73 which presents some variants) / atrayam dharmasamketo yad utdsmin satidam bhavati asyotpdddd idam utpadyate {Kosa, iii. 18, Bodhicaryavatdra, ibid. ) / avidydpratyaydh samskdrdh . . .
81. See Koia, v. 27, p. 814; Buddhaghosa, Visuddhi, 602, quotes the Ancients {Pordna): kammassa kdrako natthi vipdkassa ca vedako. (We see, p. 513, that dukkha, kamma, nibbuti, and magga exist, but not dukkin, kdraka, nibbuta . . . )
Same doctrine, or same text, in the sources of the Mahayuna, Madhyamakdvatdra, vi. 84, Siksdmuccaya, 244, 262, Sutrdlamkdra (which depends on Vasubandhu), xviii. 101.
82. The meaning of the expression anyatra dharmasamketdt {chos su brdar brtags pa ma gtogs pa) is not in doubt. The Vydkhyd explains: dharmasamketdd iti prdtityasamutpddala- ksandt: "outside of the combination of the dharmas, that is to say, outside of the successive causation of the dharmas"\ and elsewhere {ad iii. 18): samketa- hetuphalasambandhavyavas- thd. But Paramartha understands samketa as "metaphorical designation," from whence the translation, "One does not maintain the existence of an agent. . . except when, conforming to worldly usage, one says that the dharmas are a pudgala. "
83. Sarhyukta, TD 2, p. 182al7; Samyutta, ii. 14. Paramartha: "I do not say that a being, apart from the series of the dharmas, takes up the elements. " The Sanskrit edition has: upddatta iti ph dig una na v ad ami / aharh ced evarh vadeyam upddatta iti atra te kalpah sydd vac an ay a ko nu bhadanta upddatta iti.
Note nevertheless that the Bhagavat speaks of the man "who casts off this body and takes up another body," tarn ca kdyam nikkhipati annarh ca kdyam upddiyati {Samyutta, iv. 60). (In the way that the flame which goes far without fuel has for the mind its support (updddna) so too the being who casts off this body and has not (yet) taken up another body has thirst for his support, ibid. 400). We have seen above, note 41, the etymology of pudgala: punah punar. . .
84. Saeki quotes the Sammitiyanikdya Sdstra, i. 7 (fol. 2b).
85. Parinantum means to transform oneself, anyathdtvamdpattum.
On parindma, iii. 43a, lOOa-b, v. 26, p. 809; the samtatiparindma of the Sautrantikas is
very different, ii. 36c, iv. 4a.
86. On the relationship between the primary elements {mahdbhuta) and secondary matter
{updddyarupa, bhautika rupa), see i. 35, ii. 22,65.
87. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 66lcl4: "Buddhadeva maintains that rupa is solely mahdbhutas, that mental states {caittas) are solely mind {citta)\ he says: updddyarupa is solely a type {viiesa) of the mahdbhutas; the mental states are solely a type of mind . . . The mahdbhutas see (when they form the organ of the e y e ) . . . There is no upddayasabda apart from the primary elements (that is to say: sound, iabda, is not a separate thing existing independently of the primary elements). It is the primary elements which are called upaddyafabda. "
Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 730b26: Buddhadeva says: Twenty-two names {mahdbhumikas, etc. ), but solely one real thing, the mana-indriya. . . The conditioned dharmas are of two natures, mahdbhutas and citta. Apart from the mahdbhutas, there is no updddyarupa: apart from citta, there are no caittas.
Compare i, note 146; ii, p. 188.
Saeki: "Vasubandhu mentions the opinion of Buddhadeva, etc. , that the primary elements and secondary matter do not differ; but, as this is not the "correct meaning" {ch'eng # ? ? ) ? * t r i e Sarvastivadins, he says that it is dosa, an "error. "
88. The Sutra of Vatsagotra, Sarhyukta, TD 2, p. 245cl0. The Bhagavat said to the monk
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Vatsagotra, "If one is of this opinion (drsti), The world is eternal; this is true; any other theory is false,' this is drspiviparydsa (v. 9d), this is kuan-ts'a chien jjjjjjf? , (drspipardmarla, v. p. 778). 'The world is not eternal. . . the Tathagata neither exists nor does not exist after death': this is drspiviparydsa"
89. On the "questions to be rejected," Kosa, v. 22, Nirvana, 1925, p. 108, where we see that Malebranche reasons quite closely to Vasubandhu.
90. We have Divya, 358: bahubollaka idkyaputriya.
91. The present passage of the Ko? a has been pointed out by S. Levi, AIBL. , 1893, 232. Chavannes has translated a very similar recension in Cinq Cents Contes, iii. 120 (according to Nanjio 1329, Ratnakaranda Sutra (? ), Tokyo, xiv. 10, fol. 39), the same recension in Takakusu, "Chinese translations of the Milindapanho," JRAS, 1896, p. 7. See Pelliot, "Les noms propres du Milinda,"JAS, 1914, ii. 380-381. (It appears indeed that the "Milindra" of the Tibetan text of the Avaddnakalpalatd is a rash correction by the editor). Finally, Paul Demieville, in a fine article on the Chinese versions of the Milinda, BEFEO, 1924, p. 64, completes our information.
92.
