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168, sessed a considerable naval power, with which they
he was upwards of sixty years of age. He was one were in the habit of plundering the merchant-
of the best specimens of the high Roman nobles. vessels as far as the Atlantic. These people he
He inherited all the aristocratical prejudices of his entirely subdued, razed their fortifications, and
father, would not condescend to court and flatter carried off their shipping; and in consequence of
the people for the offices of the state, maintained his success he obtained a triumph on his return to
with strictness severe discipline in the army, was Rome.
deeply skilled in the lore of the augurs, to whose For the next thirteen years Aemilius Panlus
college he belonged, and maintained throughout lived quietly at Rome, deroting most of his time
life a pure and unspotted character, notwith to the education of his children. During the latter
standing the temptations to which his integrity part of this time Rome was at war with Perseus, .


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PAULUS
PAULUS.
155
king of Macedonia ; but as the Roman commanders out at the funcral games exhibited in honour of
had hitherto failed to bring the contest to a con. Aemilius Paulus.
clusion, the people demanded a general of greater Aemilius Paulus was married twice. By his
experience and abilities, and unanimously pressed first wife, Papiria, the daughter of C. Papirius
Paulus to undertake the conduct of the war. At Maso, consul B. c. 231, he had four children, who
first he was not disposed to comply with their are given in the preceding stenima. He after-
request, as he was upwards of sixty, and still wards divorced Papiria ; and by his second wife,
reinembered with bitterness their former rejection whose name is not mentioned, he had two sons,
of him at the consular comitia. But he yielded at whose death has been mentioned above, and a
length to the general solicitation, and was accord-daughter, who was a child at the time that her
ingly elected consul a second time, B, 103, with father was elected to his second consulship. [AE-
c. Licinius Crassus. Age had not in the least MILIA, No. 3. ] (Plutarch, Life of Acmilius l'av
impaired his vigour or his faculties. He arrived lus; Liv. xxxiv. 45, xxxv. 10, 24, xxxvi. 2, xxxvii.
at Macedonia early in the summer of this year, 46, 57, xxxix. 56, xl. 25—28, 31, xliv. 17-xlv.
and on the 22nd of June completely defeated the 41, Epit. 46 ; Polyb. xxix. —xxxii. ; Aur. Vict.
Macedonian monarch near Pydna. This battle de-de l'ir. III. 56 ; Val. Max. v. 10. & 2; Vell. Pat.
cided the war, and Perseus shortly afterwards i. 9, 10 ; Orelli, Onom. Tull. vol. ii. p. 16).
surrendered himself and was brought to Paulus, PAULUS, AVIDIE'NUS, a rhetorician men-
who treated him with great kindness and courtesy. tioned by the elder Seneca (Controv. 17).
A detailed account of this campaign is given under PAULUS CATE'NA, one of the ministers of
PERSBUS. Paulus remained in Macedonia during the tyranny of the court under the emperor
the greater part of the following year as proconsul, Constantius 11. He was a native either of His-
and in the course of B. c. 167 he made a journey | pania or Dacia (comp. Amm. Marc. xiv. 5, xv.
through Greece, in which he redressed many griev- 3), and held the office of notary. Ammianus de-
ances of which the states complained, and made scribes him as a "smooth-faced” sycophant, who
them various presents from the royal treasury. | being sent into Britain, after the overthrow of Mag-
On his return to Macedonia he held a court at nentius, treated the officers of the province with
Amphipolis, where he arranged the affairs of Ma- great cruelty, and enriched himself with their spoils.
cedonia, in conjunction with ten Roman commis- His cruelty provoked Martinus, pro-praefect of the
sioners, whom the senate had despatched for the province, whom he had accused and thrown into
purpose, and passed sentence upon the various fetters, to attempt his life ; but the blow did not
parties that had espoused the cause of Perseus. take effect. Paulus acquired his cognomen Catena,
He concluded the business by the celebration of “the fetter," from the skill with which he wound
most splendid games, for which preparations had the chains of falsehood and calumny round his
been making a long time previously. But before victims. After the death of Constantius, A. D. 361,
leaving Greece, Paulus marched into Epeirus, Paul and some other of the ministers of his cruelty
where, in accordance with a cruel command of the were burnt alive by order of Julian the Apostate.
senate, he gave to his soldiers seventy towns to be (Amm. Marc. Il. cc. and xxii. 3. ) (J. C. M. ]
pillaged, because they had been in alliance with PAULUS, JU'LIUS, the brother or Claudius
Perseus. He then straightway proceeded to Ori-Civilis, who was the leader of the Batavi in their
cuin, where he embarked his troops, and crossed revolt from Rome, A. D. 69–70. On a false
over to Italy.
charge of treason Julius Paulus had been pre-
Aemilius Paulus arrived in Italy towards the viously put to death by Nero's legate, Fonteius
close of B. C. 167. The booty which he brought Capito, in A. D. 67 or 68. (Tac. Hist. iv. 13, 32. )
with him from Macedonia, and which he paid into [Civilis. )
the Roman treasury, was of enormous value ; but PAULUS, JU'LIUS, one of the most distin-
the soldiers were indignant that they had obtained guished of the Roman jurists, has been supposed,
so small a share in the plunder ; and it was there without any good reason, to be of Greek origin,
fore not without considerable opposition that and from a Phoenician town. Others conjecture
obtained his triumph. This triumph, which was that he was a native of Patavium (Padua), because
celebrated at the end of November, B. c. 167, was there is a statue there, with an inscription, Paulus
the most splendid that Rome had yet seen ; it but the statue and inscription may refer to another
lasted three days, and is described at length by Paulus (Gellius, v. 4, xix. 7). . Paulus was in the
Plutarch. Before the triumphal car of Aemilius auditorium of Papinian (Dig. 29. tit. 2. s. 97; 49.
walked the captive monarch of Macedonia and his tit. 14. 8. 50), and consequently was acting as a
children, and behind it were his two illustrious jurist in the joint reigns of Septimius Severus and
Bons, Q. Fabius Maximus and P. Scipio Africanus Antoninus Caracalla, and also during the reign of
the younger, both of whom had been adopted into Caracalla. Paulus was exiled by Elagabalus, but
other families. But the glory of the conqueror he was recalled by Alexander Severus when he
was clouded by family misfortune. At this very became emperor, and was made a member of his
time he lost his two younger sons ; one, twelve years consilium (Aurel. Vict. De Caes. xxiv. ; Lamprid.
of age, died only five days before his triumph, and Alex. 25). Paulus also held the office of prae
the other, fourteen years of age, three days only fectus praetorio: he survived his contemporary
after his triumph. The loss was all the severer, Ulpian. In two passages of the Digest which have
since he had no other son left to carry his name been already referred to, Paulus (Libro tertio De-
down to posterity.
cretorum) speaks of two cases in which he gave an
In B. c. 164 Paulus was censor with Q. Marcius opinion contrary to Papinian, but the emperor
Philippus, and died in B. c. 160, after a long and decided according to Papinian's opinion.
tedious illness. The fortune he left behind him was Paulus was perhaps the most fertile of all the
80 small as scarcely to be sufficient to pay his wife's Roman law writers, and there is more excerpted
dow:y. The “ Adelphi ” of Terence was brought from him in the Digest than from any other jurist,


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156
PAULUS.
PAULU'S.
except Ulpian. It is said that there are 2462 ex- of credit, into whose hands this book had come
cerpts from Ulpian, in the Digest, and 2083 from entire, had affirmed that this work was almost en-
Paulus, or 2080, according to Puchta (Cursus, &c. I tirely given in the 10th fragment De Gradibus **
vol. i. p. 458), which make about one sixth of the i (Dig. 38. tit. 10); which fach, if true, shows that
whole Digest.
The excerpts from Paulus and many of these single treatises were no more than
Ulpian together make about one half of the Digest. chapters. 6. De Jure Codicillorum. 7. De Er
Cervidius Scaevola, Paulus, and Ulpian, are named cusationibus Tutelarum (Pat. Frag. $ 246). 8. Ad
by Modestinus (Dig. 27. tit. 2. s. 13. $ 2), who was Regulam Catonianam. 9. Ad Sct. Orfitianum.
the last of the great jurists, Tây vou! KWv kopvpalovs: 10. Ad Sct. Tertullianum. 11. Ad Sct. Suania-
Paulus is honoured by Gordian with the title “pru- num. 12. Ad Sct. Velicianum. 13. Ad Sct. Lilo
dentissimus" (Cod. 5. tit. 4. 6. 6). It has been nianum, seu Cluulianum ; thus it stands in
objected to him that his style is too condensed, and the Index. 14. De Officio Praefecti l'igilum,
that he is sometimes obscure ; but his style is as 15. De Officio Praefreti Urbi. 16. De Oficio
good as that of other writers of the period, though | Praetoris Tutelaris : there is no excerpt from this
not so easy as that of Ulpian. Some writers have work in the Digest, but there are two excerpts
discovered something of Grecism in him, which is in the Fragmenta l'uticana, $S 244, 245. 17. De
made an argument in favour of his Greek origin.
extraordinariis Criminibus : there is no excerpt in
The writings, like those of all the Roman jurists the Digest. 18. Hypothecaria, which should be
who are known to us only by excerpts, require a Ad Hypothecariam Formulam: there is no excerpt
careful study, as we have the fragments detached in the Digest. 19. Ad Municipalem : there is no
from their context.
excerpt in the Digest, but there is an excerpt in
Paulus commented on Jarolenus, Labeo, Salvius the Fragmenta Vaticana, § 237, the commence-
Julianus, C. Scaevola, and Papinian. He is cited ment of which is also in the Digest (27. tit. l.
by Macer and Modestinus.
5. 46. $ 1), but it is cited from the Liber de Coup
The writings of Paulus mentioned in the Flo- nitionibus ; there is also another excerpt in the
rentine Index are the following ; from some of Fragmenta Vaticana, $ 243. 20. De Publicis
which there is only a single excerpt or a few, and Judiciis. 21. De Inofficioso Testamento. 22. Le
from some not one in the Digest. 1. His great Septemriralibus Judiciis, which, as has been sug-
work, Ad Edictum, in 80 books. 2. Quaestiones, gested by Gronovius, 'should doubtless be De
in 26 books; both these works are commented on Centumriralibus Judiciis. 23. De Jure Siu-
by Cujacius (Op. tom. v. ). 3. Responsa, in 23 gulari. 24. De Secundis Tabulis. 25. Ad Oru-
books. 4. Brevia, in 23 books. 5. Ad Plautium, in tionem D. Severi. 26. Ad Orationem D. Marci.
18 books. 6. Libri ad Sabinum, in 16 books. 7. Ad | 27. Ad Legem Velleiam: there is no excerpt in
Leges Jul. et Pap. , in 10 books. 8. Regularia, the Digest. 28. Ad Legem Cinciam. 29. Ad
in 7 books, and 9. Liber Singularis Regularium, Legem Falcidiam. 30. De tacito Fudeicommisso.
both of which are excerpted in the Digest : the 31. De Portionibus quae Liberis Damnatorum
Index also mentions Regularium Bibiiověv. 10. Sen- conceduntur. 32. De Juris et Facti Ignorantia.
tentiae sive Factu, in 6 books, but there is no ex- 33. De Adulteriis (Dig. 48. tit. 16. s. 16);
cerpt in the Digest ; and this work is conjectured yet there are excerpts from the Tres Libri de
to be the same as the Sex Libri Imperialiumn Sen- Adulteriis, which lead to the inference that there
tentiarum, which are mentioned afterwards in this may be some error as to the Liber Singularis de
article. 11. Sententiar. Libri quinque, dedicated to Adulteriis. 34. De Instructo et Instrumento. 35. De
his son: this work was used in the Visigoth col. Appellationibus : there is no excerpt from this work
lection called the Breviarium, where it is divided in the Digest. 36. De Jure Libellorum. 37. De
into titles, and called Sententiae Receptac, a name Testamentis, by which is intended the Liber de
which may have been given to it on account of its Forma Testamenti (Dig. 32. s. 98). 38. De Jure
importance, and in consequence of the sanction of Patronatus. 39. De Jure Patronatus quod ex Lege
Constantine and Valentinian. 12. Ad Vitellium, Julia et Papia venit. 40. De Actionibus. 41. De
in 4 books. 13. Ad Neratium, in 4 books. 14. Fi- Concurrentibus Actionibus. 42. De Intercessionibus
deicommissa, in 3 books. 15. Decretorum Libri III. , Feminarum ; which is conjectured by Zimmern to
of which it is conjectured that the Decretorum be the same as the Ad Sct. Velleianum. 43. De
Libri sex, or Imperialium Sententiarum in Cogni- Donationibus inter Tirum et l'xorem. 44. De
tionibus prolatarum Libri sex, or Sententiae sive De Legibus. 45. De Legitimis Hereditatibus: there
creta, may be a second edition. 16. De Adulteriis, are no excerpts from the three last works in the
in 3 books. 17. Libri tres Manualium. 18. In- Digest. 46. De Libertatibus dandis. 47. De
stitutiones, in 2 books, from which there is a frag- Senatus Consultis.
ment in Boëthius, Ad Ciceronis Topica, lib. 2 (ad The Index does not contain the following works,
c. 4). 19. De Officio Proconsulis, in 2 books. unless, as Zimmern remarks, they ought to stand
20. Ad Legem Aeliam Sentiam, in 3 books. 21. Ad in place of some of the works which are named in
Legem Juliam, in two books : there is only a single the Index, and from which there are no excerpts ,-
excerpt in the Digest (48. tit. 9. s. 15). 22. De 1. Libri ad Edictum Aedil. Curul. 2. The excerpts
Jure Fisci, in 2 books : there is only one excerpt from Alfenus and Labeo. 3. Libri de Otħcio Con-
from this work (Dig. 34. tit. 9. s. 5). 23. Regu- sulis. 4. And the following Libri Singulares : De
larium Liber Singularis, which has been already re- Liberali Causa, De Articulis Liberalis Causae (which
ferred to. 24. De Censibus, in 2 books, written in seems to be the same work), De Assignatione Liber-
the time of Elagabalus (Dig. 50. tit. 15. 6. 8). torum, De Conceptione Formularum, De Dotis Re-
All the following treatises were in single books: petitione, Ad Legem Fusiam Caniniam, De Officiis
-1. De Poenis Paganorum. 2. De Poenis Mili- Assessorum, Ad Sch. Turpillianum, De Variis Lec-
tum. 3. De Poenis omnium Legum. 4. De Usuris. tionibus, and De Cognitionibus ; and the notes to
5. De Gradibus et Affinibus : Cujacius (Op. tom. Julian, Papinian, and Scaevola, which lash, however,
ii. Observ. vi. c. 40) says that “ a person worthy are merely cited. There is also a passage in the
3


## p. 157 (#173) ############################################

LUS.
ads this book had con
this work was almost es
fragment De Gradio"
h fach, if true, sbons ia
eatises fere no matt ta
Codicilloris. 7. D. Es
Pat. Frag. $ 216)
. & 41
9. Ad Sea Orrean.
arm, 11. Ad Su Sara
deianum. 13. Ad & Lás
zum ; thus it stands in
Ojcio Praefecti Pizza
Ecti Urbi, 16. De er
here is no excerpt from the
but there are 150 esceno
icana, SS 244, 215. 17. De
Rilus: there is no earn a
espoilecaria, which sbond be
ormulam: there is DO EICRITÉ
Ad Municipales: there a se
Et, but there is an excerpt 23
Ecana, § 237, the content
also in the Digest (27. til
cited from the Liter de la
also another excerpt in
2, § 243. 20. De Publica
Inofficioso Testamenta la
dicits, which, as has been for
jus, should doubtless be De
udiciis. 23. De Jare &
Secundis Tabulis 25. Ad line
26.