How to manage it, was a nice and
difficult
matter.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v04 - Bes to Bro
Blair had
been presented to him by Dr. James Fordyce. At this time the
controversy concerning the pieces published by Mr. James Mac-
pherson as translations of Ossian was at its height. Johnson had
## p. 2236 (#434) ###########################################
2236
JAMES BOSWELL
all along denied their authenticity; and what was still more pro-
voking to their admirers, maintained that they had no merit.
The subject having been introduced by Dr. Fordyce, Dr. Blair,
relying on the internal evidence of their antiquity, asked Dr.
Johnson whether he thought any man of a modern age could
have written such poems. Johnson replied, "Yes, sir, many
men, many women, and many children. " Johnson, at this time,
did not know that Dr. Blair had just published a Dissertation,
not only defending their authenticity, but seriously ranking them
with the poems of Homer and Virgil; and when he was after-
wards informed of this circumstance, he expressed some dis-
pleasure at Dr. Fordyce's having suggested the topic, and said,
"I am not sorry that they got thus much for their pains. Sir,
it was like leading one to talk of a book when the author is
concealed behind the door. "
He received me very courteously; but it must be confessed
that his apartment and furniture and morning dress were suf-
ficiently uncouth. His brown suit of clothes looked very rusty;
he had on a little shriveled unpowdered wig, which was too
small for his head; his shirt-neck and the knees of his breeches
were loose; his black worsted stockings ill drawn up; and he
had a pair of unbuckled shoes by way of slippers. But all these
slovenly particularities were forgotten the moment that he began
to talk. Some gentlemen, whom I do not recollect, were sitting
with him; and when they went away, I also rose; but he said
to me, "Nay, don't go. ". "Sir" (said I), "I am afraid that I
intrude upon you.
It is benevolent to allow me to sit and hear
you. "
He seemed pleased with this compliment, which I sin-
cerely paid him, and answered, "Sir, I am obliged to any man
who visits me. "
-
In February, 1767, there happened one of the most remark-
able incidents of Johnson's life, which gratified his monarchical
enthusiasm, and which he loved to relate with all its circum-
stances, when requested by his friends. This was his being
honored by a private conversation with his Majesty, in the
library at the Queen's house. He had frequently visited those
splendid rooms and noble collection of books, which he used
to say was more numerous and curious than he supposed any
person could have made in the time which the King had em-
ployed. Mr. Barnard, the librarian, took care that he should have
## p. 2237 (#435) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2237
every accommodation that could contribute to his ease and con-
venience, while indulging his literary taste in that place; so that
he had here a very agreeable resource at leisure hours.
His Majesty, having been informed of his occasional visits,
was pleased to signify a desire that he should be told when Dr.
Johnson came next to the library. Accordingly, the next time.
that Johnson did come, as soon as he was fairly engaged with
the book, on which, while he sat by the fire, he seemed quite
intent, Mr. Barnard stole round to the apartment where the
King was, and in obedience to his Majesty's commands men-
tioned that Dr. Johnson was then in the library. His Majesty
said that he was at leisure, and would go to him; upon which
Mr. Barnard took one of the candles that stood on the King's
table and lighted his Majesty through a suite of rooms, till they
came to a private door into the library of which his Majesty
had the key. Being entered, Mr.
Being entered, Mr. Barnard stepped forward
hastily to Dr. Johnson, who was still in a profound study, and
whispered him, "Sir, here is the King. " Johnson started up,
and stood still. His Majesty approached him, and at once was
courteously easy.
His Majesty began by observing that he understood he came
sometimes to the library; and then mentioned his having heard
that the Doctor had been lately at Oxford, and asked him if he
was not fond of going thither. To which Johnson answered that
he was indeed fond of going to Oxford sometimes, but was like-
wise glad to come back again. The King then asked him what
they were doing at Oxford. Johnson answered, he could not
much commend their diligence, but that in some respect they
were mended, for they had put their press under better regula-
tions, and at that time were printing Polybius. He was then
asked whether there were better libraries at Oxford or Cam-
bridge. He answered, he believed the Bodleian was larger than
any they had at Cambridge; at the same time adding, "I hope,
whether we have more books or not than they have at Cam-
bridge, we shall make as good use of them as they do. " Being
asked whether All-Souls or Christ-Church library was the largest,
he answered, "All-Souls library is the largest we have, except
the Bodleian. " "Ay" (said the King), “that is the public library. ”
His Majesty inquired if he was then writing anything. He
answered he was not, for he had pretty well told the world
what he knew, and must now read to acquire more knowledge.
## p. 2238 (#436) ###########################################
2238
JAMES BOSWELL
The King, as it should seem with a view to urge him to rely on
his own stores as an original writer, and to continue his labors,
then said, "I do not think you borrow much from anybody. "
Johnson said he thought he had already done his part as a
writer. "I should have thought so too" (said the King), “if
you had not written so well. "-Johnson observed to me, upon
this, that "No man could have paid a handsomer compliment;
and it was fit for a King to pay. It was decisive. " When asked
by another friend, at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, whether he made.
any reply to this high compliment, he answered, "No, sir. When
the King had said it, it was to be so. It was not for me to
bandy civilities with my Sovereign. " Perhaps no man who had
spent his whole life in courts could have shown a more nice and
dignified sense of true politeness than Johnson did in this
instance.
His Majesty having observed to him that he supposed he
must have read a good deal, Johnson answered that he thought
more than he read; that he had read a great deal in the early
part of his life, but having fallen into ill health, he had not
been able to read much compared with others: for instance, he
said, he had not read much compared with Dr. Warburton.
Upon which the King said that he heard Dr. Warburton was a
man of much general knowledge; that you could scarce talk with
him on any subject on which he was not qualified to speak: and
that his learning resembled Garrick's acting in its universality.
His Majesty then talked of the controversy between Warburton
and Lowth, which he seemed to have read, and asked Johnson
what he thought of it. Johnson answered, "Warburton has the
most general, most scholastic learning; Lowth is the more cor-
rect scholar. I do not know which of them calls names best. "
The King was pleased to say he was of the same opinion: add-
ing, "You do not think then, Dr. Johnson, that there was much
argument in the case? " Johnson said he did not think there was.
"Why, truly" (said the King), "when once it comes to calling
names, argument is pretty well at an end. "
His Majesty then asked him what he thought of Lord Lyttel
ton's history, which was just then published. Johnson said he
thought his style pretty good, but that he had blamed Henry the
Second rather too much. "Why" (said the King), "they seldom
do these things by halves. " "No, sir" (answered Johnson), “not
to kings. " But fearing to be misunderstood, he proceeded to
## p. 2239 (#437) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2239
explain himself; and immediately subjoined, "That for those who
spoke worse of kings than they deserved, he could find no
excuse; but that he could more easily conceive how some one
might speak better of them than they deserved, without any ill
intention: for as kings had much in their power to give, those
who were favored by them would frequently, from gratitude,
exaggerate their praises; and as this proceeded from a good
motive, it was certainly excusable as far as error could be
excusable. "
The King then asked him what he thought of Dr. Hill.
Johnson answered that he was an ingenious man, but had no
veracity; and immediately mentioned as an instance of it an
assertion of that writer, that he had seen objects magnified to a
much greater degree by using three or four microscopes at a
time than by using one. "Now" (added Johnson), "every one
acquainted with microscopes knows that the more of them he
looks through, the less the object will appear. " "Why" (replied
the King), "this is not only telling an untruth, but telling it
clumsily; for if that be the case, every one who can look through
a microscope will be able to detect him. "
"I now" (said Johnson to his friends, when relating what
had passed) "began to consider that I was depreciating this
man in the estimation of his Sovereign, and thought it was
time for me to say something that might be more favorable. ”
He added, therefore, that Dr. Hill was notwithstanding a very
curious observer; and if he would have been contented to tell
the world no more than he knew, he might have been a very
considerable man, and needed not to have recourse to such
mean expedients to raise his reputation.
The King then talked of literary journals, mentioned particu-
larly the Journal des Savants, and asked Johnson if it was well
done. Johnson said it was formerly very well done, and gave
some account of the persons who began it, and carried it on for
some years; enlarging at the same time on the nature and use
of such works. The King asked him if it was well done now.
Johnson answered he had no reason to think that it was. The
King then asked him if there were any other literary journals.
published in this kingdom except the Monthly and Critical
Reviews; and on being answered there was no other, his Maj-
esty asked which of them was the best. Johnson answered that
the Monthly Review was done with most care, the Critical upon
## p. 2240 (#438) ###########################################
2240
JAMES BOSWELL
the best principles; adding that the authors of the Monthly
Review were enemies to the Church. This the King said he
was sorry to hear.
The conversation next turned on the Philosophical Trans-
actions, when Johnson observed that they had now a better
method of arranging their materials than formerly. "Ay" (said
the King), "they are obliged to Dr. Johnson for that;" for his
Majesty had heard and remembered the circumstance, which
Johnson himself had forgot.
His Majesty expressed a desire to have the literary biography
of this country ably executed, and proposed to Dr. Johnson to
undertake it. Johnson signified his readiness to comply with his
Majesty's wishes.
During the whole of this interview, Johnson talked to his
Majesty with profound respect, but still in his firm, manly man-
ner, with a sonorous voice, and never in that subdued tone which
is commonly used at the levee and in the drawing-room. After
the King withdrew, Johnson showed himself highly pleased with
his Majesty's conversation and gracious behavior. He said to
Mr. Barnard, "Sir, they may talk of the King as they will; but
he is the finest gentleman that I have ever seen. " And he
afterwards observed to Mr. Langton, "Sir, his manners are those
of as fine a gentleman as we may suppose Lewis the Fourteenth
or Charles the Second. "
At Sir Joshua Reynolds's, where a circle of Johnson's friends
were collected round him to hear his account of this memorable
conversation, Dr. Joseph Warton, in his frank and lively manner,
was very active in pressing him to mention the particulars.
"Come now, sir, this is an interesting matter; do favor us with
it. " Johnson, with great good humor, complied.
He told them:-"I found his Majesty wished I should talk,
and I made it my business to talk. I find it does a man good
to be talked to by his Sovereign. In the first place, a man can-
not be in a passion-" Here some question interrupted him;
which is to be regretted, as he certainly would have pointed out
and illustrated many circumstances of advantage, from being in
a situation where the powers of the mind are at once excited to
vigorous exertion and tempered by reverential awe.
Mr. Macpherson little knew the character of Dr. Johnson if
he supposed that he could be easily intimidated; for no man was
ever more remarkable for personal courage. He had indeed an
1
## p. 2241 (#439) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2241
awful dread of death, or rather "of something after death"; and
what rational man, who seriously thinks of quitting all that he
has ever known and going into a new and unknown state of
being, can be without that dread? But his fear was from reflec-
tion; his courage natural. His fear, in that one instance, was
the result of philosophical and religious consideration. He feared
death, but he feared nothing else, not even what might occasion
death. Many instances of his resolution may be mentioned. One
day, at Mr. Beauclerk's house in the country, when two large
dogs were fighting, he went up to them and beat them till they
separated; and at another time, when told of the danger there
was that a gun might burst if charged with many balls, he put
in six or seven and fired it off against a wall. Mr. Langton
told me that when they were swimming together near Oxford,
he cautioned Dr. Johnson against a pool which was reckoned
particularly dangerous; upon which Johnson directly swam into
it. He told me himself that one night he was attacked in the
street by four men, to whom he would not yield, but
cept them
all at bay till the watch came up and carried both him and
them to the round-house. In the play-house at Lichfield, as Mr.
Garrick informed me, Johnson having for a moment quitted a
chair which was placed for him between the side-scenes, a gen-
tleman took possession of it, and when Johnson on his return
civilly demanded his seat, rudely refused to give it up; upon
which Johnson laid hold of it and tossed him and the chair into
the pit. Foote, who so successfully revived the old comedy by
exhibiting living characters, had resolved to imitate Johnson on
the stage, expecting great profits from his ridicule of so cele-
brated a man. Johnson being informed of his intention, and
being at dinner at Mr. Thomas Davies's the bookseller, from
whom I had the story, he asked Mr. Davies "what was the
common price of an oak stick "; and being answered sixpence,
"Why then, sir" (said he), "give me leave to send your servant
to purchase a shilling one. I'll have a double quantity; for I am
told Foote means to take me off, as he calls it, and I am deter-
mined the fellow shall not do it with impunity. " Davies took care
to acquaint Foote of this, which effectually checked the wanton-
ness of the mimic. Mr. Macpherson's menaces made Johnson
provide himself with the same implement of defense; and had he
been attacked, I have no doubt that, old as he was, he would have
made his corporal prowess be felt as much as his intellectual.
IV-141
## p. 2242 (#440) ###########################################
2242
JAMES BOSWELL
Mr. Hector was so good as to accompany me to see the great
works of Mr. Bolton [Boulton], at a place which he has called
Soho, about two miles from Birmingham, which the very ingen-
ious proprietor showed me himself to the best advantage. I
wished Johnson had been with us; for it was a scene which I
should have been glad to contemplate by his light. The vastness
and the contrivance of some of the machinery would have
"matched his mighty mind. " I shall never forget Mr. Bolton's
expression to me, "I sell here, sir, what all the world desires to
have-power. " He had about seven hundred people at work.
I contemplated him as an iron chieftain, and he seemed to be
a father to his tribe. One of them came to him, complaining
grievously of his landlord for having distrained his goods.
"Your landlord is in the right, Smith" (said Bolton). "But I'll
tell you what: find you a friend who will lay down one-half of
your rent, and I'll lay down the other half; and you shall have
your goods again. "
From Mr. Hector I now learned many particulars of Dr.
Johnson's early life, which, with others that he gave me at dif-
ferent times since, have contributed to the formation of this
work.
Dr. Johnson said to me in the morning, "You will see, sir, at
Mr. Hector's, his sister Mrs. Careless, a clergyman's widow.
She was the first woman with whom I was in love. It dropped
out of my head imperceptibly; but she and I will always have a
kindness for each other. " He laughed at the notion that a man
can never really be in love but once, and considered it as a mere
romantic fancy.
On our return from Mr. Bolton's, Mr. Hector took me to his
house, where we found Johnson sitting placidly at tea with his
first love; who, though now advanced in years, was a genteel
woman, very agreeable and well-bred,
Johnson lamented to Mr. Hector the state of one of their
schoolfellows, Mr. Charles Congreve, a clergyman, which he thus
described: "He obtained, I believe, considerable preferment in
Ireland, but now lives in London, quite as a valetudinarian,
afraid to go into any house but his own. He takes a short air-
ing in his post-chaise every day. He has an elderly woman,
whom he calls cousin, who lives with him, and jogs his elbow
when his glass has stood too long empty, and encourages him in
drinking, in which he is very willing to be encouraged; not that
## p. 2243 (#441) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2243
he gets drunk, for he is a very pious man, but he is always
muddy. He confesses to one bottle of port every day, and he
probably drinks more. He is quite unsocial; his conversation is
quite monosyllabical; and when at my last visit I asked him
what o'clock it was, that signal of my departure had so pleasing
an effect upon him that he sprung up to look at his watch like
a greyhound bounding at a hare. " When Johnson took leave of
Mr. Hector, he said, "Don't grow like Congreve; nor let me
grow like him, when you are near me. "
When he talked again of Mrs. Careless to-night, he seemed to
have had his affection revived; for he said, "If I had married
her, it might have been as happy for me. "
Boswell - Pray, sir, do you not suppose that there are fifty
women in the world, with any one of whom a man may be as
happy as with any one woman in particular?
Johnson-Ay, sir, fifty thousand.
Boswell-Then, sir, you are not of opinion with some that
imagine that certain men and certain women are made for each
other; and that they cannot be happy if they miss their counter-
parts.
Fohnson To be sure not, sir. I believe marriages would in
general be as happy, and often more so, if they were all made
by the Lord Chancellor, upon a due consideration of the char-
acters and circumstances, without the parties having any choice
in the matter.
-
I am now to record a very curious incident in Dr. Johnson's
life which fell under my own observation; of which pars magna
fui, and which I am persuaded will, with the liberal-minded, be
much to his credit.
My desire of being acquainted with celebrated men of every
description had made me, much about the same time, obtain an
introduction to Dr. Samuel Johnson and to John Wilkes, Esq. .
Two men more different could perhaps not be selected out of all
mankind. They had even attacked one another with some asperity
in their writings; yet I lived in habits of friendship with both.
I could fully relish the excellence of each; for I have ever
delighted in that intellectual chymistry which can separate good
qualities from evil in the same person.
Sir John Pringle, "mine own friend and my father's friend,"
between whom and Dr. Johnson I in vain wished to establish
## p. 2244 (#442) ###########################################
2244
JAMES BOSWELL
an acquaintance, as I respected and lived in intimacy with both
of them, observed to me once very ingeniously, "It is not in
friendship as in mathematics, where two things, each equal to a
third, are equal between themselves. You agree with Johnson
as a middle quality, and you agree with me as a middle quality;
but Johnson and I should not agree. " Sir John was not suffi-
ciently flexible, so I desisted: knowing indeed that the repulsion
was equally strong on the part of Johnson; who, I know not
from what cause unless his being a Scotchman, had formed a
very erroneous opinion of Sir John. But I conceived an irre-
sistible wish, if possible, to bring Dr. Johnson and Mr. Wilkes
together.
How to manage it, was a nice and difficult matter.
My worthy booksellers and friends, Messieurs Dilly in the
Poultry, at whose hospitable and well-covered table I have seen
a greater number of literary men than at any other except that
of Sir Joshua Reynolds, had invited me to meet Mr. Wilkes and
some more gentlemen on Wednesday, May 15th. "Pray" (said I),
"let us have Dr. Johnson. "—"What, with Mr. Wilkes? not for
the world" (said Mr. Edward Dilly): "Dr. Johnson would never
forgive me. "-"Come" (said I), "if you'll let me negotiate for
you, I will be answerable that all shall go well. "
Dilly-Nay, if you will take it upon you, I am sure I shall
be very happy to see them both here.
Notwithstanding the high veneration which I entertained for
Dr. Johnson, I was sensible that he was sometimes a little actu-
ated by the spirit of contradiction, and by means of that I
hoped I should gain my point. I was persuaded that if I had
come upon him with a direct proposal, “Sir, will you dine in
company with Jack Wilkes? " he would have flown into a pas-
sion, and would probably have answered, "Dine with Jack
Wilkes, sir! I'd as
soon dine with Jack Ketch. " I therefore,
while we were sitting quietly by ourselves at his house in an
evening, took occasion to open my plan thus:-
―――――――――
"Mr. Dilly, sir, sends his respectful compliments to you, and
would be happy if you would do him the honor to dine with
him on Wednesday next along with me, as I must soon go to
Scotland. "
Johnson-Sir, I am obliged to Mr. Dilly. I will wait
upon him
-
Boswell-Provided, sir, I suppose, that the company which
he is to have is agreeable to you.
## p. 2245 (#443) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2245
Johnson - What do you mean, sir? What do you take me
for? Do you think I am so ignorant of the world as to imagine
that I am to prescribe to a gentleman what company he is to
have at his table?
Boswell-I beg your pardon, sir, for wishing to prevent you
from meeting people whom you might not like. Perhaps he may
have some of what he calls his patriotic friends with him.
Johnson-Well, sir, and what then? What care I for his
patriotic friends? Poh!
Boswell-I should not be surprised to find Jack Wilkes
there.
Johnson-And if Jack Wilkes should be there, what is that
to me, sir? My dear friend, let us have no more of this. I am
sorry to be angry with you; but really it is treating me
strangely to talk to me as if I could not meet any company
whatever, occasionally.
But you
Thus I secured him, and told Dilly that he would find him
very well pleased to be one of his guests on the day appointed.
Upon the much-expected Wednesday I called on him about
half an hour before dinner, as I often did when we were to
dine out together, to see that he was ready in time, and to ac-
company him.
I found him buffeting his books, as upon a
former occasion, covered with dust, and making no preparation
for going abroad. "How is this, sir? " (said I).
"Don't you
recollect that you are to dine at Mr. Dilly's? "
Johnson - Sir, I did not think of going to Dilly's: it went
out of my head. I have ordered dinner at home with Mrs.
Williams.
Boswell-Pray forgive me, sir: I meant well.
shall meet whoever comes, for me.
Boswell-But, my dear sir, you know you were engaged to
Mr. Dilly, and I told him so. He will expect you, and will be
much disappointed if you don't come.
Johnson-You must talk to
Mrs. Williams about this.
Here was a sad dilemma. I feared that what I was so con-
fident I had secured, would yet be frustrated. He had accus-
tomed himself to show Mrs. Williams such a degree of humane
attention as frequently imposed some restraint upon him; and
I knew that if she should be obstinate, he would not stir. I
hastened down-stairs to the blind lady's room, and told her I
was in great uneasiness, for Dr. Johnson had engaged to me to
## p. 2246 (#444) ###########################################
2246
JAMES BOSWELL
dine this day at Mr. Dilly's, but that he had told me he had
forgotten his engagement, and had ordered dinner at home.
"Yes, sir" (said she, pretty peevishly), "Dr. Johnson is to dine
at home. " "Madam" (said I), "his respect for you is such that I
know he will not leave you, unless you absolutely desire it. But
as you have so much of his company, I hope you will be good
enough to forego it for a day; as Mr. Dilly is a very worthy
man, has frequently had agreeable parties at his house for Dr.
Johnson, and will be vexed if the Doctor neglects him to-day.
And then, madam, be pleased to consider my situation: I carried
the message, and I assured Mr. Dilly that Dr. Johnson was to
come; and no doubt he has made a dinner, and invited a com-
pany, and boasted of the honor he expected to have. I shall be
quite disgraced if the Doctor is not there. ”
She gradually softened to my solicitations, which were cer-
tainly as earnest as most entreaties to ladies upon any occasion,
and was graciously pleased to empower me to tell Dr. Johnson
"that, all things considered, she thought he should certainly go. "
I flew back to him, still in dust, and careless of what should be
the event, "indifferent in his choice to go or stay;" but as soon
as I had announced to him Mrs. Williams's consent, he roared,
"Frank, a clean shirt," and was very soon dressed. When I had
him fairly seated in a hackney-coach with me, I exulted as much
as a fortune-hunter who has got an heiress into a post-chaise
with him to set out for Gretna Green.
When we entered Mr. Dilly's drawing-room, he found himself
in the midst of a company he did not know. I kept myself
snug and silent, watching how he would conduct himself. I
observed him whispering to Mr. Dilly, "Who is that gentleman,
sir? " "Mr. Arthur Lee. " Johnson - "Too, too, too" (under his
breath), which was one of his habitual mutterings. Mr. Arthur
Lee could not but be very obnoxious to Johnson, for he was
not only a patriot but an American. He was afterwards minister
from the United States at the court of Madrid. "And who is
the gentleman in lace? " "Mr. Wilkes, sir. " This information
confounded him still more; he had some difficulty to restrain
himself, and taking up a book, sat down upon a window-seat
and read, or at least kept his eye upon it intently for some
time, till he composed himself. His feelings, I dare say, were
awkward enough. But he no doubt recollected his having rated
me for supposing that he could be at all disconcerted by any
## p. 2247 (#445) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2247
company, and he therefore resolutely set himself to behave quite
as an easy man of the world, who could adapt himself at once
to the disposition and manners of those whom he might chance
to meet.
The cheering sound of "Dinner is upon the table» dissolved
his reverie, and we all sat down without any symptom of ill-
humor. There were present, besides Mr. Wilkes, and Mr. Arthur
Lee, who was an old companion of mine when he studied
physics at Edinburgh, Mr. (now Sir John) Miller, Dr. Lettson,
and Mr. Slater the druggist. Mr. Wilkes placed himself next to
Dr. Johnson, and behaved to him with so much attention and
politeness that he gained upon him insensibly. No man eat
more heartily than Johnson, or loved better what was nice and
delicate. Mr. Wilkes was very assiduous in helping him to some
fine veal. "Pray give me leave, sir-It is better here- A little
of the brown-Some fat, sir-A little of the stuffing- Some
gravy- Let me have the pleasure of giving you some butter—
Allow me to recommend a squeeze of this orange; or the lemon,
perhaps, may have more zest. " "Sir, sir, I am obliged to you,
sir," cried Johnson, bowing, and turning his head to him with a
look for some time of "surly virtue," but in a short while of
complacency.
―――
-
Sir William Forbes writes to me thus: "I inclose the
'Round Robin. ' This jeu d'esprit took its rise one day at din-
ner at our friend Sir Joshua Reynolds's. All the company present
except myself were friends and acquaintances of Dr. Goldsmith.
The Epitaph written for him by Dr. Johnson became the subject
of conversation, and various emendations were suggested, which
it was agreed should be suggested to the Doctor's consideration.
But the question was, who should have the courage to propose
them to him? At last it was hinted that there could be no way
so good as that of a 'Round Robin,' as the sailors call it, which
they make use of when they enter into a conspiracy, so as not
to let it be known who puts his name first or last to the paper.
This proposition was instantly assented to; and Dr. Barnard,
Dean of Derry, now Bishop of Killahoe, drew up an address to
Dr. Johnson on the occasion, replete with wit and humor, but
which it was feared the Doctor might think treated the subject.
with too much levity. Mr. Burke then proposed the address as
—
## p. 2248 (#446) ###########################################
2248
JAMES BOSWELL
it stands in the paper in writing, to which I had the honor to
officiate as clerk.
"Sir Joshua agreed to carry it to Dr. Johnson, who received
it with much good humor, and desired Sir Joshua to tell the
gentlemen that he would alter the Epitaph in any manner they
pleased, as to the sense of it; but he would never consent to dis-
grace the walls of Westminster Abbey with an English inscription.
"I consider this 'Round Robin' as a species of literary
curiosity worth preserving, as it marks in a certain degree Dr.
Johnson's character. "
Sir William Forbes's observation, is very just. The anecdote
now related proves in the strongest manner the reverence and
awe with which Johnson was regarded by some of the most
eminent men of his time, in various departments, and even by
such of them as lived most with him; while it also confirms what
I have again and again inculcated, that he was by no means of
that ferocious and irascible character which has been ignorantly
imagined.
This hasty composition is also one to be remarked as one of
the thousand instances which evince the extraordinary prompti-
tude of Mr. Burke; who, while he is equal to the greatest things,
can adorn the least; can with equal facility embrace the vast and
complicated speculations of politics or the ingenious topics of
literary investigation.
The character of Samuel Johnson has, I trust, been so devel-
oped in the course of this work that they who have honored it
with a perusal may be considered as well acquainted with him.
As, however, it may be expected that I should collect into one
view the capital and distinguishing features of this extraordinary
man, I shall endeavor to acquit myself of that part of my bio-
graphical undertaking, however difficult it may be to do that
which many of my readers will do better for themselves.
His figure was large and well formed, and his countenance of
the cast of an ancient statue; yet his appearance was rendered
strange and somewhat uncouth by convulsive cramps, by the
scars of that distemper which it was once imagined the royal
touch could cure, and by a slovenly mode of dress. He had the
use only of one eye; yet so much does mind govern and even
supply the deficiency of organs, that his visual perceptions, as far
as they extended, were uncommonly quick and accurate. So
morbid was his temperament that he never knew the natural joy
## p. 2249 (#447) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2249
of a free and vigorous use of his limbs; when he walked, it was
like the struggling gait of one in fetters; when he rode, he had
no command or direction of his horse, but was carried as if in a
balloon. That with his constitution and habits of life he should
have lived seventy-five years, is a proof that an inherent vivida
vis is a powerful preservative of the human frame.
Man is in general made up of contradictory qualities: and
these will ever show themselves in strange succession where a
consistency in appearance at least, if not in reality, has not been
attained by long habits of philosophical discipline. In propor-
tion to the native vigor of the mind, the contradictory qualities
will be the more prominent, and more difficult to be adjusted;
and therefore we are not to wonder that Johnson exhibited an
eminent example of this remark which I have made upon human
nature.
At different times he seemed a different man in some re-
spects; not, however, in any great or essential article, upon
which he had fully employed his mind and settled certain prin-
ciples of duty, but only in his manners, and in the display of
argument and fancy in his talk. He was prone to superstition,
but not to credulity. Though his imagination might incline him
to a belief of the marvelous and the mysterious, his vigorous
reason examined the evidence with jealousy. He was a sincere
and zealous Christian, of high Church-of-England and monarchical
principles, which he would not tamely suffer to be questioned;
and had perhaps at an early period narrowed his mind some-
what too much, both as to religion and politics. His being
impressed with the danger of extreme latitude in either, though
he was of a very independent spirit, occasioned his appearing
somewhat unfavorable to the prevalence of that noble freedom
of sentiment which is the best possession of man. Nor can it
be denied that he had many prejudices; which, however, fre-
quently suggested many of his pointed sayings, that rather show
a playfulness of fancy than any settled malignity. He was
steady and inflexible in maintaining the obligations of religion
and morality, both from a regard for the order of society, and
from a veneration for the Great Source of all order: correct.
nay, stern-in his taste; hard to please, and easily offended;
impetuous and irritable in his temper, but of a most humane
and benevolent heart, which showed itself not only in a most
liberal charity, as far as his circumstances would allow, but in a
## p. 2250 (#448) ###########################################
2250
JAMES BOSWELL
thousand instances of active benevolence. He was afflicted with
a bodily disease which made him often restless and fretful; and
with a constitutional melancholy, the clouds of which darkened
the brightness of his fancy, and gave a gloomy cast to his whole
course of thinking. We therefore ought not to wonder at his
sallies of impatience and passion at any time, especially when
provoked by obtrusive ignorance or presuming petulance; and
allowance must be made for his uttering hasty and satirical sal-
lies even against his best friends. And surely, when it is
considered that "amidst sickness and sorrow" he exerted his
faculties in so many works for the benefit of mankind, and par-
ticularly that he achieved the great and admirable Dictionary of
our language, we must be astonished at his resolution.
The solemn text, "Of him to whom much is given, much is
expected," seems to have been ever present to his mind in a
rigorous sense, and to have made him dissatisfied with his labors
and acts of goodness, however comparatively great; so that the
unavoidable consciousness of his superiority was in that respect
a cause of disquiet. He suffered so much from this, and from
the gloom which perpetually haunted him and made solitude
frightful, that it may be said of him, "If in this life only he
had hope, he was of all men most miserable. " He loved praise
when it was brought to him, but was too proud to seek for it.
He was somewhat susceptible of flattery. As he was general
and unconfined in his studies, he cannot be considered as master
of any one particular science; but he had accumulated a vast
and various collection of learning and knowledge, which was so
arranged in his mind as to be ever in readiness to be brought
forth. But his superiority over other learned men consisted
chiefly in what may be called the art of thinking, the art of
using his mind; a certain continual power of seizing the useful
substance of all that he knew, and exhibiting it in a clear and
forcible manner; so that knowledge which we often see to be no
better than lumber in men of dull understanding, was in him
true, evident, and actual wisdom. His moral precepts are prac-
tical, for they are drawn from an intimate acquaintance with
human nature. His maxims carry conviction, for they are
founded on the basis of common-sense and a very attentive and
minute survey of real life. His mind was so full of imagery
that he might have been perpetually a poet; yet it is remarkable
that however rich his prose is in this respect, his poetical pieces,
1
## p. 2251 (#449) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2251
in general, have not much of that splendor, but are rather dis-
tinguished by strong sentiment and an acute observation, con-
veyed in harmonious and energetic verse, particularly in heroic
couplets.
Though usually grave and even awful in his deportment, he
possessed uncommon and peculiar powers of wit and humor; he
frequently indulged himself in colloquial pleasantry; and the
heartiest merriment was often enjoyed in his company, with this
great advantage, that as it was entirely free from any poisonous
tincture of vice or impiety, it was salutary to those who shared
in it. He had accustomed himself to such accuracy in his com-
mon conversation, that he at all times expressed his thoughts
with great force and an elegant choice of language, the effect of
which was aided by his having a loud voice and a slow deliber-
ate utterance. In him were united a most logical head with a
most fertile imagination, which gave him a most extraordinary
advantage in arguing; for he could reason close or wide, as he
saw best for the moment. Exulting in his intellectual strength
and dexterity, he could when he pleased be the greatest soph-
ist that ever contended in the lists of declamation; and from
a spirit of contradiction, and a delight in showing his powers,
he would often maintain the wrong side with equal warmth and
ingenuity: so that when there was an audience, his real opinions
could seldom be gathered from his talk; though when he was in
company with a single friend, he would discuss a subject with
genuine fairness; but he was too conscientious to make error
permanent and pernicious by deliberately writing it; and in all
his numerous works he earnestly inculcated what appeared to
him to be the truth, his piety being constant and the ruling
principle of all his conduct.
Such was Samuel Johnson; a man whose talents, acquire-
ments, and virtues were so extraordinary, that the more his char-
acter is considered, the more he will be regarded by the present
age and by posterity with admiration and reverence.
## p. 2252 (#450) ###########################################
2252
PAUL BOURGET
(1852-)
RENCH by birth, born at Amiens of a Russian father and an
English mother, Paul Bourget inherited Anglo-Saxon as well
as Gallic intuitions. He is very proud of the cosmopolitan
spirit which exempts him from the usual French provincialism, and
has sought to develop it by travel and study. He endeavors to know
intimately the phases of life which he wishes to describe, and then
to treat them in the light of a large knowledge of many peoples.
Yet he feels a somewhat bitter realization that so general a view
as his own has necessarily an element
of weakness. He lacks convictions and
prejudices to express with whole-hearted
strength, and hence is always a dilettante.
His student life was passed at the Lycée
of Clermont, and later at the Collège de
Sainte-Barbe at Paris, where his scholar-
ship was rewarded by several prizes. But
his voracious reading of French and Eng-
lish poetry, fiction, and philosophy has
probably done more for him than scholastic
training. Like so many other novelists, he
began his literary life with journalism; and
PAUL BOURGET
in 1872 became collaborator on the Renais-
sance, living frugally meantime, and studying Paris from her cafés
and boulevards as any poor man may.
His first book, 'La Vie Inquiète' (Restless Life), a collection of
poems sad in tone, dainty in touch, echoed the French verses which
he loved best, but offered nothing very original. They show a tinge
of Baudelaire's fantastic love of morbid phases of life and beauty, and
also of Leconte de Lisle's exquisite phrasing. But Bourget lacks
poetic ardor, and in metre is always a little artificial. Although he
went on writing poetry for some years, he found few readers until
he turned to prose.
When the Essais de Psychologie Contemporaine'
appeared in 1883, the public were delighted with their original charm.
Taking five authors whom he knew and loved particularly,- Baude-
laire, Renan, Flaubert, Taine, and Stendhal,- he wrote a brilliant,
profoundly psychologic exposition of their minds and temperaments.
The scientific explanation was fervid with his own emotion over these
## p. 2253 (#451) ###########################################
PAUL BOURGET
2253
strong influences in his life, and thus comes indirectly as an inter-
pretation of himself. These studies, which he calls "a few notes
made to help the historian of the modern moral life in France during
the latter half of the nineteenth century," stand, as criticism, between
Brunetière's formal structure and Lemaître's appreciations. They
have been very popular, and Bourget has since written another vol-
ume of 'Nouveaux Essais de Psychologie Contemporaine,' and other
books of critical sketches called 'Études et Portraits. '
Certain qualities of his talent show forcibly in 'Sensations
d'Italie,' a delightful appreciation of beauty and sensuous charm.
The reader feels the author's joy close analysis, and his sensitive
discriminations. In 'Outre-Mer,' especially interesting to Americans
as a study of the United States, which he visited in 1894, he shows
the same receptivity to new feelings and new ideas. The book is
often ludicrously inaccurate, and fundamentally incomplete in that it
ignores the great middle class of our people, yet it is full of suggest-
ive comments on American character.
Most people know Bourget best as a novelist. As in criticism, his
method is psychologic dissection. Taking a set of men and women
who are individually interesting, he draws their environment with
careful detail and shows the reactions of their characters upon each
other. His subtlety of analysis comes out strongly in his pictures of
women, whose contradictory moods and emotional intuitions offer him
the refined complexities he loves. His first novel, 'L'Irréparable,'
lacks movement and is sometimes tedious in its over-elaboration. In
'Une Cruelle Énigme his strength is more evident. It is the story
of a young and high-minded man who discovers that the woman he
loves is unworthy, yet finds that he loves her notwithstanding. "Why
this love? " asks the author at the end of the book. "Why and whence
does it come? The question is without an answer, and like the falsity
of woman, like the weakness of man, like life itself, cruel, cruel
riddle.
been presented to him by Dr. James Fordyce. At this time the
controversy concerning the pieces published by Mr. James Mac-
pherson as translations of Ossian was at its height. Johnson had
## p. 2236 (#434) ###########################################
2236
JAMES BOSWELL
all along denied their authenticity; and what was still more pro-
voking to their admirers, maintained that they had no merit.
The subject having been introduced by Dr. Fordyce, Dr. Blair,
relying on the internal evidence of their antiquity, asked Dr.
Johnson whether he thought any man of a modern age could
have written such poems. Johnson replied, "Yes, sir, many
men, many women, and many children. " Johnson, at this time,
did not know that Dr. Blair had just published a Dissertation,
not only defending their authenticity, but seriously ranking them
with the poems of Homer and Virgil; and when he was after-
wards informed of this circumstance, he expressed some dis-
pleasure at Dr. Fordyce's having suggested the topic, and said,
"I am not sorry that they got thus much for their pains. Sir,
it was like leading one to talk of a book when the author is
concealed behind the door. "
He received me very courteously; but it must be confessed
that his apartment and furniture and morning dress were suf-
ficiently uncouth. His brown suit of clothes looked very rusty;
he had on a little shriveled unpowdered wig, which was too
small for his head; his shirt-neck and the knees of his breeches
were loose; his black worsted stockings ill drawn up; and he
had a pair of unbuckled shoes by way of slippers. But all these
slovenly particularities were forgotten the moment that he began
to talk. Some gentlemen, whom I do not recollect, were sitting
with him; and when they went away, I also rose; but he said
to me, "Nay, don't go. ". "Sir" (said I), "I am afraid that I
intrude upon you.
It is benevolent to allow me to sit and hear
you. "
He seemed pleased with this compliment, which I sin-
cerely paid him, and answered, "Sir, I am obliged to any man
who visits me. "
-
In February, 1767, there happened one of the most remark-
able incidents of Johnson's life, which gratified his monarchical
enthusiasm, and which he loved to relate with all its circum-
stances, when requested by his friends. This was his being
honored by a private conversation with his Majesty, in the
library at the Queen's house. He had frequently visited those
splendid rooms and noble collection of books, which he used
to say was more numerous and curious than he supposed any
person could have made in the time which the King had em-
ployed. Mr. Barnard, the librarian, took care that he should have
## p. 2237 (#435) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2237
every accommodation that could contribute to his ease and con-
venience, while indulging his literary taste in that place; so that
he had here a very agreeable resource at leisure hours.
His Majesty, having been informed of his occasional visits,
was pleased to signify a desire that he should be told when Dr.
Johnson came next to the library. Accordingly, the next time.
that Johnson did come, as soon as he was fairly engaged with
the book, on which, while he sat by the fire, he seemed quite
intent, Mr. Barnard stole round to the apartment where the
King was, and in obedience to his Majesty's commands men-
tioned that Dr. Johnson was then in the library. His Majesty
said that he was at leisure, and would go to him; upon which
Mr. Barnard took one of the candles that stood on the King's
table and lighted his Majesty through a suite of rooms, till they
came to a private door into the library of which his Majesty
had the key. Being entered, Mr.
Being entered, Mr. Barnard stepped forward
hastily to Dr. Johnson, who was still in a profound study, and
whispered him, "Sir, here is the King. " Johnson started up,
and stood still. His Majesty approached him, and at once was
courteously easy.
His Majesty began by observing that he understood he came
sometimes to the library; and then mentioned his having heard
that the Doctor had been lately at Oxford, and asked him if he
was not fond of going thither. To which Johnson answered that
he was indeed fond of going to Oxford sometimes, but was like-
wise glad to come back again. The King then asked him what
they were doing at Oxford. Johnson answered, he could not
much commend their diligence, but that in some respect they
were mended, for they had put their press under better regula-
tions, and at that time were printing Polybius. He was then
asked whether there were better libraries at Oxford or Cam-
bridge. He answered, he believed the Bodleian was larger than
any they had at Cambridge; at the same time adding, "I hope,
whether we have more books or not than they have at Cam-
bridge, we shall make as good use of them as they do. " Being
asked whether All-Souls or Christ-Church library was the largest,
he answered, "All-Souls library is the largest we have, except
the Bodleian. " "Ay" (said the King), “that is the public library. ”
His Majesty inquired if he was then writing anything. He
answered he was not, for he had pretty well told the world
what he knew, and must now read to acquire more knowledge.
## p. 2238 (#436) ###########################################
2238
JAMES BOSWELL
The King, as it should seem with a view to urge him to rely on
his own stores as an original writer, and to continue his labors,
then said, "I do not think you borrow much from anybody. "
Johnson said he thought he had already done his part as a
writer. "I should have thought so too" (said the King), “if
you had not written so well. "-Johnson observed to me, upon
this, that "No man could have paid a handsomer compliment;
and it was fit for a King to pay. It was decisive. " When asked
by another friend, at Sir Joshua Reynolds's, whether he made.
any reply to this high compliment, he answered, "No, sir. When
the King had said it, it was to be so. It was not for me to
bandy civilities with my Sovereign. " Perhaps no man who had
spent his whole life in courts could have shown a more nice and
dignified sense of true politeness than Johnson did in this
instance.
His Majesty having observed to him that he supposed he
must have read a good deal, Johnson answered that he thought
more than he read; that he had read a great deal in the early
part of his life, but having fallen into ill health, he had not
been able to read much compared with others: for instance, he
said, he had not read much compared with Dr. Warburton.
Upon which the King said that he heard Dr. Warburton was a
man of much general knowledge; that you could scarce talk with
him on any subject on which he was not qualified to speak: and
that his learning resembled Garrick's acting in its universality.
His Majesty then talked of the controversy between Warburton
and Lowth, which he seemed to have read, and asked Johnson
what he thought of it. Johnson answered, "Warburton has the
most general, most scholastic learning; Lowth is the more cor-
rect scholar. I do not know which of them calls names best. "
The King was pleased to say he was of the same opinion: add-
ing, "You do not think then, Dr. Johnson, that there was much
argument in the case? " Johnson said he did not think there was.
"Why, truly" (said the King), "when once it comes to calling
names, argument is pretty well at an end. "
His Majesty then asked him what he thought of Lord Lyttel
ton's history, which was just then published. Johnson said he
thought his style pretty good, but that he had blamed Henry the
Second rather too much. "Why" (said the King), "they seldom
do these things by halves. " "No, sir" (answered Johnson), “not
to kings. " But fearing to be misunderstood, he proceeded to
## p. 2239 (#437) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2239
explain himself; and immediately subjoined, "That for those who
spoke worse of kings than they deserved, he could find no
excuse; but that he could more easily conceive how some one
might speak better of them than they deserved, without any ill
intention: for as kings had much in their power to give, those
who were favored by them would frequently, from gratitude,
exaggerate their praises; and as this proceeded from a good
motive, it was certainly excusable as far as error could be
excusable. "
The King then asked him what he thought of Dr. Hill.
Johnson answered that he was an ingenious man, but had no
veracity; and immediately mentioned as an instance of it an
assertion of that writer, that he had seen objects magnified to a
much greater degree by using three or four microscopes at a
time than by using one. "Now" (added Johnson), "every one
acquainted with microscopes knows that the more of them he
looks through, the less the object will appear. " "Why" (replied
the King), "this is not only telling an untruth, but telling it
clumsily; for if that be the case, every one who can look through
a microscope will be able to detect him. "
"I now" (said Johnson to his friends, when relating what
had passed) "began to consider that I was depreciating this
man in the estimation of his Sovereign, and thought it was
time for me to say something that might be more favorable. ”
He added, therefore, that Dr. Hill was notwithstanding a very
curious observer; and if he would have been contented to tell
the world no more than he knew, he might have been a very
considerable man, and needed not to have recourse to such
mean expedients to raise his reputation.
The King then talked of literary journals, mentioned particu-
larly the Journal des Savants, and asked Johnson if it was well
done. Johnson said it was formerly very well done, and gave
some account of the persons who began it, and carried it on for
some years; enlarging at the same time on the nature and use
of such works. The King asked him if it was well done now.
Johnson answered he had no reason to think that it was. The
King then asked him if there were any other literary journals.
published in this kingdom except the Monthly and Critical
Reviews; and on being answered there was no other, his Maj-
esty asked which of them was the best. Johnson answered that
the Monthly Review was done with most care, the Critical upon
## p. 2240 (#438) ###########################################
2240
JAMES BOSWELL
the best principles; adding that the authors of the Monthly
Review were enemies to the Church. This the King said he
was sorry to hear.
The conversation next turned on the Philosophical Trans-
actions, when Johnson observed that they had now a better
method of arranging their materials than formerly. "Ay" (said
the King), "they are obliged to Dr. Johnson for that;" for his
Majesty had heard and remembered the circumstance, which
Johnson himself had forgot.
His Majesty expressed a desire to have the literary biography
of this country ably executed, and proposed to Dr. Johnson to
undertake it. Johnson signified his readiness to comply with his
Majesty's wishes.
During the whole of this interview, Johnson talked to his
Majesty with profound respect, but still in his firm, manly man-
ner, with a sonorous voice, and never in that subdued tone which
is commonly used at the levee and in the drawing-room. After
the King withdrew, Johnson showed himself highly pleased with
his Majesty's conversation and gracious behavior. He said to
Mr. Barnard, "Sir, they may talk of the King as they will; but
he is the finest gentleman that I have ever seen. " And he
afterwards observed to Mr. Langton, "Sir, his manners are those
of as fine a gentleman as we may suppose Lewis the Fourteenth
or Charles the Second. "
At Sir Joshua Reynolds's, where a circle of Johnson's friends
were collected round him to hear his account of this memorable
conversation, Dr. Joseph Warton, in his frank and lively manner,
was very active in pressing him to mention the particulars.
"Come now, sir, this is an interesting matter; do favor us with
it. " Johnson, with great good humor, complied.
He told them:-"I found his Majesty wished I should talk,
and I made it my business to talk. I find it does a man good
to be talked to by his Sovereign. In the first place, a man can-
not be in a passion-" Here some question interrupted him;
which is to be regretted, as he certainly would have pointed out
and illustrated many circumstances of advantage, from being in
a situation where the powers of the mind are at once excited to
vigorous exertion and tempered by reverential awe.
Mr. Macpherson little knew the character of Dr. Johnson if
he supposed that he could be easily intimidated; for no man was
ever more remarkable for personal courage. He had indeed an
1
## p. 2241 (#439) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2241
awful dread of death, or rather "of something after death"; and
what rational man, who seriously thinks of quitting all that he
has ever known and going into a new and unknown state of
being, can be without that dread? But his fear was from reflec-
tion; his courage natural. His fear, in that one instance, was
the result of philosophical and religious consideration. He feared
death, but he feared nothing else, not even what might occasion
death. Many instances of his resolution may be mentioned. One
day, at Mr. Beauclerk's house in the country, when two large
dogs were fighting, he went up to them and beat them till they
separated; and at another time, when told of the danger there
was that a gun might burst if charged with many balls, he put
in six or seven and fired it off against a wall. Mr. Langton
told me that when they were swimming together near Oxford,
he cautioned Dr. Johnson against a pool which was reckoned
particularly dangerous; upon which Johnson directly swam into
it. He told me himself that one night he was attacked in the
street by four men, to whom he would not yield, but
cept them
all at bay till the watch came up and carried both him and
them to the round-house. In the play-house at Lichfield, as Mr.
Garrick informed me, Johnson having for a moment quitted a
chair which was placed for him between the side-scenes, a gen-
tleman took possession of it, and when Johnson on his return
civilly demanded his seat, rudely refused to give it up; upon
which Johnson laid hold of it and tossed him and the chair into
the pit. Foote, who so successfully revived the old comedy by
exhibiting living characters, had resolved to imitate Johnson on
the stage, expecting great profits from his ridicule of so cele-
brated a man. Johnson being informed of his intention, and
being at dinner at Mr. Thomas Davies's the bookseller, from
whom I had the story, he asked Mr. Davies "what was the
common price of an oak stick "; and being answered sixpence,
"Why then, sir" (said he), "give me leave to send your servant
to purchase a shilling one. I'll have a double quantity; for I am
told Foote means to take me off, as he calls it, and I am deter-
mined the fellow shall not do it with impunity. " Davies took care
to acquaint Foote of this, which effectually checked the wanton-
ness of the mimic. Mr. Macpherson's menaces made Johnson
provide himself with the same implement of defense; and had he
been attacked, I have no doubt that, old as he was, he would have
made his corporal prowess be felt as much as his intellectual.
IV-141
## p. 2242 (#440) ###########################################
2242
JAMES BOSWELL
Mr. Hector was so good as to accompany me to see the great
works of Mr. Bolton [Boulton], at a place which he has called
Soho, about two miles from Birmingham, which the very ingen-
ious proprietor showed me himself to the best advantage. I
wished Johnson had been with us; for it was a scene which I
should have been glad to contemplate by his light. The vastness
and the contrivance of some of the machinery would have
"matched his mighty mind. " I shall never forget Mr. Bolton's
expression to me, "I sell here, sir, what all the world desires to
have-power. " He had about seven hundred people at work.
I contemplated him as an iron chieftain, and he seemed to be
a father to his tribe. One of them came to him, complaining
grievously of his landlord for having distrained his goods.
"Your landlord is in the right, Smith" (said Bolton). "But I'll
tell you what: find you a friend who will lay down one-half of
your rent, and I'll lay down the other half; and you shall have
your goods again. "
From Mr. Hector I now learned many particulars of Dr.
Johnson's early life, which, with others that he gave me at dif-
ferent times since, have contributed to the formation of this
work.
Dr. Johnson said to me in the morning, "You will see, sir, at
Mr. Hector's, his sister Mrs. Careless, a clergyman's widow.
She was the first woman with whom I was in love. It dropped
out of my head imperceptibly; but she and I will always have a
kindness for each other. " He laughed at the notion that a man
can never really be in love but once, and considered it as a mere
romantic fancy.
On our return from Mr. Bolton's, Mr. Hector took me to his
house, where we found Johnson sitting placidly at tea with his
first love; who, though now advanced in years, was a genteel
woman, very agreeable and well-bred,
Johnson lamented to Mr. Hector the state of one of their
schoolfellows, Mr. Charles Congreve, a clergyman, which he thus
described: "He obtained, I believe, considerable preferment in
Ireland, but now lives in London, quite as a valetudinarian,
afraid to go into any house but his own. He takes a short air-
ing in his post-chaise every day. He has an elderly woman,
whom he calls cousin, who lives with him, and jogs his elbow
when his glass has stood too long empty, and encourages him in
drinking, in which he is very willing to be encouraged; not that
## p. 2243 (#441) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2243
he gets drunk, for he is a very pious man, but he is always
muddy. He confesses to one bottle of port every day, and he
probably drinks more. He is quite unsocial; his conversation is
quite monosyllabical; and when at my last visit I asked him
what o'clock it was, that signal of my departure had so pleasing
an effect upon him that he sprung up to look at his watch like
a greyhound bounding at a hare. " When Johnson took leave of
Mr. Hector, he said, "Don't grow like Congreve; nor let me
grow like him, when you are near me. "
When he talked again of Mrs. Careless to-night, he seemed to
have had his affection revived; for he said, "If I had married
her, it might have been as happy for me. "
Boswell - Pray, sir, do you not suppose that there are fifty
women in the world, with any one of whom a man may be as
happy as with any one woman in particular?
Johnson-Ay, sir, fifty thousand.
Boswell-Then, sir, you are not of opinion with some that
imagine that certain men and certain women are made for each
other; and that they cannot be happy if they miss their counter-
parts.
Fohnson To be sure not, sir. I believe marriages would in
general be as happy, and often more so, if they were all made
by the Lord Chancellor, upon a due consideration of the char-
acters and circumstances, without the parties having any choice
in the matter.
-
I am now to record a very curious incident in Dr. Johnson's
life which fell under my own observation; of which pars magna
fui, and which I am persuaded will, with the liberal-minded, be
much to his credit.
My desire of being acquainted with celebrated men of every
description had made me, much about the same time, obtain an
introduction to Dr. Samuel Johnson and to John Wilkes, Esq. .
Two men more different could perhaps not be selected out of all
mankind. They had even attacked one another with some asperity
in their writings; yet I lived in habits of friendship with both.
I could fully relish the excellence of each; for I have ever
delighted in that intellectual chymistry which can separate good
qualities from evil in the same person.
Sir John Pringle, "mine own friend and my father's friend,"
between whom and Dr. Johnson I in vain wished to establish
## p. 2244 (#442) ###########################################
2244
JAMES BOSWELL
an acquaintance, as I respected and lived in intimacy with both
of them, observed to me once very ingeniously, "It is not in
friendship as in mathematics, where two things, each equal to a
third, are equal between themselves. You agree with Johnson
as a middle quality, and you agree with me as a middle quality;
but Johnson and I should not agree. " Sir John was not suffi-
ciently flexible, so I desisted: knowing indeed that the repulsion
was equally strong on the part of Johnson; who, I know not
from what cause unless his being a Scotchman, had formed a
very erroneous opinion of Sir John. But I conceived an irre-
sistible wish, if possible, to bring Dr. Johnson and Mr. Wilkes
together.
How to manage it, was a nice and difficult matter.
My worthy booksellers and friends, Messieurs Dilly in the
Poultry, at whose hospitable and well-covered table I have seen
a greater number of literary men than at any other except that
of Sir Joshua Reynolds, had invited me to meet Mr. Wilkes and
some more gentlemen on Wednesday, May 15th. "Pray" (said I),
"let us have Dr. Johnson. "—"What, with Mr. Wilkes? not for
the world" (said Mr. Edward Dilly): "Dr. Johnson would never
forgive me. "-"Come" (said I), "if you'll let me negotiate for
you, I will be answerable that all shall go well. "
Dilly-Nay, if you will take it upon you, I am sure I shall
be very happy to see them both here.
Notwithstanding the high veneration which I entertained for
Dr. Johnson, I was sensible that he was sometimes a little actu-
ated by the spirit of contradiction, and by means of that I
hoped I should gain my point. I was persuaded that if I had
come upon him with a direct proposal, “Sir, will you dine in
company with Jack Wilkes? " he would have flown into a pas-
sion, and would probably have answered, "Dine with Jack
Wilkes, sir! I'd as
soon dine with Jack Ketch. " I therefore,
while we were sitting quietly by ourselves at his house in an
evening, took occasion to open my plan thus:-
―――――――――
"Mr. Dilly, sir, sends his respectful compliments to you, and
would be happy if you would do him the honor to dine with
him on Wednesday next along with me, as I must soon go to
Scotland. "
Johnson-Sir, I am obliged to Mr. Dilly. I will wait
upon him
-
Boswell-Provided, sir, I suppose, that the company which
he is to have is agreeable to you.
## p. 2245 (#443) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2245
Johnson - What do you mean, sir? What do you take me
for? Do you think I am so ignorant of the world as to imagine
that I am to prescribe to a gentleman what company he is to
have at his table?
Boswell-I beg your pardon, sir, for wishing to prevent you
from meeting people whom you might not like. Perhaps he may
have some of what he calls his patriotic friends with him.
Johnson-Well, sir, and what then? What care I for his
patriotic friends? Poh!
Boswell-I should not be surprised to find Jack Wilkes
there.
Johnson-And if Jack Wilkes should be there, what is that
to me, sir? My dear friend, let us have no more of this. I am
sorry to be angry with you; but really it is treating me
strangely to talk to me as if I could not meet any company
whatever, occasionally.
But you
Thus I secured him, and told Dilly that he would find him
very well pleased to be one of his guests on the day appointed.
Upon the much-expected Wednesday I called on him about
half an hour before dinner, as I often did when we were to
dine out together, to see that he was ready in time, and to ac-
company him.
I found him buffeting his books, as upon a
former occasion, covered with dust, and making no preparation
for going abroad. "How is this, sir? " (said I).
"Don't you
recollect that you are to dine at Mr. Dilly's? "
Johnson - Sir, I did not think of going to Dilly's: it went
out of my head. I have ordered dinner at home with Mrs.
Williams.
Boswell-Pray forgive me, sir: I meant well.
shall meet whoever comes, for me.
Boswell-But, my dear sir, you know you were engaged to
Mr. Dilly, and I told him so. He will expect you, and will be
much disappointed if you don't come.
Johnson-You must talk to
Mrs. Williams about this.
Here was a sad dilemma. I feared that what I was so con-
fident I had secured, would yet be frustrated. He had accus-
tomed himself to show Mrs. Williams such a degree of humane
attention as frequently imposed some restraint upon him; and
I knew that if she should be obstinate, he would not stir. I
hastened down-stairs to the blind lady's room, and told her I
was in great uneasiness, for Dr. Johnson had engaged to me to
## p. 2246 (#444) ###########################################
2246
JAMES BOSWELL
dine this day at Mr. Dilly's, but that he had told me he had
forgotten his engagement, and had ordered dinner at home.
"Yes, sir" (said she, pretty peevishly), "Dr. Johnson is to dine
at home. " "Madam" (said I), "his respect for you is such that I
know he will not leave you, unless you absolutely desire it. But
as you have so much of his company, I hope you will be good
enough to forego it for a day; as Mr. Dilly is a very worthy
man, has frequently had agreeable parties at his house for Dr.
Johnson, and will be vexed if the Doctor neglects him to-day.
And then, madam, be pleased to consider my situation: I carried
the message, and I assured Mr. Dilly that Dr. Johnson was to
come; and no doubt he has made a dinner, and invited a com-
pany, and boasted of the honor he expected to have. I shall be
quite disgraced if the Doctor is not there. ”
She gradually softened to my solicitations, which were cer-
tainly as earnest as most entreaties to ladies upon any occasion,
and was graciously pleased to empower me to tell Dr. Johnson
"that, all things considered, she thought he should certainly go. "
I flew back to him, still in dust, and careless of what should be
the event, "indifferent in his choice to go or stay;" but as soon
as I had announced to him Mrs. Williams's consent, he roared,
"Frank, a clean shirt," and was very soon dressed. When I had
him fairly seated in a hackney-coach with me, I exulted as much
as a fortune-hunter who has got an heiress into a post-chaise
with him to set out for Gretna Green.
When we entered Mr. Dilly's drawing-room, he found himself
in the midst of a company he did not know. I kept myself
snug and silent, watching how he would conduct himself. I
observed him whispering to Mr. Dilly, "Who is that gentleman,
sir? " "Mr. Arthur Lee. " Johnson - "Too, too, too" (under his
breath), which was one of his habitual mutterings. Mr. Arthur
Lee could not but be very obnoxious to Johnson, for he was
not only a patriot but an American. He was afterwards minister
from the United States at the court of Madrid. "And who is
the gentleman in lace? " "Mr. Wilkes, sir. " This information
confounded him still more; he had some difficulty to restrain
himself, and taking up a book, sat down upon a window-seat
and read, or at least kept his eye upon it intently for some
time, till he composed himself. His feelings, I dare say, were
awkward enough. But he no doubt recollected his having rated
me for supposing that he could be at all disconcerted by any
## p. 2247 (#445) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2247
company, and he therefore resolutely set himself to behave quite
as an easy man of the world, who could adapt himself at once
to the disposition and manners of those whom he might chance
to meet.
The cheering sound of "Dinner is upon the table» dissolved
his reverie, and we all sat down without any symptom of ill-
humor. There were present, besides Mr. Wilkes, and Mr. Arthur
Lee, who was an old companion of mine when he studied
physics at Edinburgh, Mr. (now Sir John) Miller, Dr. Lettson,
and Mr. Slater the druggist. Mr. Wilkes placed himself next to
Dr. Johnson, and behaved to him with so much attention and
politeness that he gained upon him insensibly. No man eat
more heartily than Johnson, or loved better what was nice and
delicate. Mr. Wilkes was very assiduous in helping him to some
fine veal. "Pray give me leave, sir-It is better here- A little
of the brown-Some fat, sir-A little of the stuffing- Some
gravy- Let me have the pleasure of giving you some butter—
Allow me to recommend a squeeze of this orange; or the lemon,
perhaps, may have more zest. " "Sir, sir, I am obliged to you,
sir," cried Johnson, bowing, and turning his head to him with a
look for some time of "surly virtue," but in a short while of
complacency.
―――
-
Sir William Forbes writes to me thus: "I inclose the
'Round Robin. ' This jeu d'esprit took its rise one day at din-
ner at our friend Sir Joshua Reynolds's. All the company present
except myself were friends and acquaintances of Dr. Goldsmith.
The Epitaph written for him by Dr. Johnson became the subject
of conversation, and various emendations were suggested, which
it was agreed should be suggested to the Doctor's consideration.
But the question was, who should have the courage to propose
them to him? At last it was hinted that there could be no way
so good as that of a 'Round Robin,' as the sailors call it, which
they make use of when they enter into a conspiracy, so as not
to let it be known who puts his name first or last to the paper.
This proposition was instantly assented to; and Dr. Barnard,
Dean of Derry, now Bishop of Killahoe, drew up an address to
Dr. Johnson on the occasion, replete with wit and humor, but
which it was feared the Doctor might think treated the subject.
with too much levity. Mr. Burke then proposed the address as
—
## p. 2248 (#446) ###########################################
2248
JAMES BOSWELL
it stands in the paper in writing, to which I had the honor to
officiate as clerk.
"Sir Joshua agreed to carry it to Dr. Johnson, who received
it with much good humor, and desired Sir Joshua to tell the
gentlemen that he would alter the Epitaph in any manner they
pleased, as to the sense of it; but he would never consent to dis-
grace the walls of Westminster Abbey with an English inscription.
"I consider this 'Round Robin' as a species of literary
curiosity worth preserving, as it marks in a certain degree Dr.
Johnson's character. "
Sir William Forbes's observation, is very just. The anecdote
now related proves in the strongest manner the reverence and
awe with which Johnson was regarded by some of the most
eminent men of his time, in various departments, and even by
such of them as lived most with him; while it also confirms what
I have again and again inculcated, that he was by no means of
that ferocious and irascible character which has been ignorantly
imagined.
This hasty composition is also one to be remarked as one of
the thousand instances which evince the extraordinary prompti-
tude of Mr. Burke; who, while he is equal to the greatest things,
can adorn the least; can with equal facility embrace the vast and
complicated speculations of politics or the ingenious topics of
literary investigation.
The character of Samuel Johnson has, I trust, been so devel-
oped in the course of this work that they who have honored it
with a perusal may be considered as well acquainted with him.
As, however, it may be expected that I should collect into one
view the capital and distinguishing features of this extraordinary
man, I shall endeavor to acquit myself of that part of my bio-
graphical undertaking, however difficult it may be to do that
which many of my readers will do better for themselves.
His figure was large and well formed, and his countenance of
the cast of an ancient statue; yet his appearance was rendered
strange and somewhat uncouth by convulsive cramps, by the
scars of that distemper which it was once imagined the royal
touch could cure, and by a slovenly mode of dress. He had the
use only of one eye; yet so much does mind govern and even
supply the deficiency of organs, that his visual perceptions, as far
as they extended, were uncommonly quick and accurate. So
morbid was his temperament that he never knew the natural joy
## p. 2249 (#447) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2249
of a free and vigorous use of his limbs; when he walked, it was
like the struggling gait of one in fetters; when he rode, he had
no command or direction of his horse, but was carried as if in a
balloon. That with his constitution and habits of life he should
have lived seventy-five years, is a proof that an inherent vivida
vis is a powerful preservative of the human frame.
Man is in general made up of contradictory qualities: and
these will ever show themselves in strange succession where a
consistency in appearance at least, if not in reality, has not been
attained by long habits of philosophical discipline. In propor-
tion to the native vigor of the mind, the contradictory qualities
will be the more prominent, and more difficult to be adjusted;
and therefore we are not to wonder that Johnson exhibited an
eminent example of this remark which I have made upon human
nature.
At different times he seemed a different man in some re-
spects; not, however, in any great or essential article, upon
which he had fully employed his mind and settled certain prin-
ciples of duty, but only in his manners, and in the display of
argument and fancy in his talk. He was prone to superstition,
but not to credulity. Though his imagination might incline him
to a belief of the marvelous and the mysterious, his vigorous
reason examined the evidence with jealousy. He was a sincere
and zealous Christian, of high Church-of-England and monarchical
principles, which he would not tamely suffer to be questioned;
and had perhaps at an early period narrowed his mind some-
what too much, both as to religion and politics. His being
impressed with the danger of extreme latitude in either, though
he was of a very independent spirit, occasioned his appearing
somewhat unfavorable to the prevalence of that noble freedom
of sentiment which is the best possession of man. Nor can it
be denied that he had many prejudices; which, however, fre-
quently suggested many of his pointed sayings, that rather show
a playfulness of fancy than any settled malignity. He was
steady and inflexible in maintaining the obligations of religion
and morality, both from a regard for the order of society, and
from a veneration for the Great Source of all order: correct.
nay, stern-in his taste; hard to please, and easily offended;
impetuous and irritable in his temper, but of a most humane
and benevolent heart, which showed itself not only in a most
liberal charity, as far as his circumstances would allow, but in a
## p. 2250 (#448) ###########################################
2250
JAMES BOSWELL
thousand instances of active benevolence. He was afflicted with
a bodily disease which made him often restless and fretful; and
with a constitutional melancholy, the clouds of which darkened
the brightness of his fancy, and gave a gloomy cast to his whole
course of thinking. We therefore ought not to wonder at his
sallies of impatience and passion at any time, especially when
provoked by obtrusive ignorance or presuming petulance; and
allowance must be made for his uttering hasty and satirical sal-
lies even against his best friends. And surely, when it is
considered that "amidst sickness and sorrow" he exerted his
faculties in so many works for the benefit of mankind, and par-
ticularly that he achieved the great and admirable Dictionary of
our language, we must be astonished at his resolution.
The solemn text, "Of him to whom much is given, much is
expected," seems to have been ever present to his mind in a
rigorous sense, and to have made him dissatisfied with his labors
and acts of goodness, however comparatively great; so that the
unavoidable consciousness of his superiority was in that respect
a cause of disquiet. He suffered so much from this, and from
the gloom which perpetually haunted him and made solitude
frightful, that it may be said of him, "If in this life only he
had hope, he was of all men most miserable. " He loved praise
when it was brought to him, but was too proud to seek for it.
He was somewhat susceptible of flattery. As he was general
and unconfined in his studies, he cannot be considered as master
of any one particular science; but he had accumulated a vast
and various collection of learning and knowledge, which was so
arranged in his mind as to be ever in readiness to be brought
forth. But his superiority over other learned men consisted
chiefly in what may be called the art of thinking, the art of
using his mind; a certain continual power of seizing the useful
substance of all that he knew, and exhibiting it in a clear and
forcible manner; so that knowledge which we often see to be no
better than lumber in men of dull understanding, was in him
true, evident, and actual wisdom. His moral precepts are prac-
tical, for they are drawn from an intimate acquaintance with
human nature. His maxims carry conviction, for they are
founded on the basis of common-sense and a very attentive and
minute survey of real life. His mind was so full of imagery
that he might have been perpetually a poet; yet it is remarkable
that however rich his prose is in this respect, his poetical pieces,
1
## p. 2251 (#449) ###########################################
JAMES BOSWELL
2251
in general, have not much of that splendor, but are rather dis-
tinguished by strong sentiment and an acute observation, con-
veyed in harmonious and energetic verse, particularly in heroic
couplets.
Though usually grave and even awful in his deportment, he
possessed uncommon and peculiar powers of wit and humor; he
frequently indulged himself in colloquial pleasantry; and the
heartiest merriment was often enjoyed in his company, with this
great advantage, that as it was entirely free from any poisonous
tincture of vice or impiety, it was salutary to those who shared
in it. He had accustomed himself to such accuracy in his com-
mon conversation, that he at all times expressed his thoughts
with great force and an elegant choice of language, the effect of
which was aided by his having a loud voice and a slow deliber-
ate utterance. In him were united a most logical head with a
most fertile imagination, which gave him a most extraordinary
advantage in arguing; for he could reason close or wide, as he
saw best for the moment. Exulting in his intellectual strength
and dexterity, he could when he pleased be the greatest soph-
ist that ever contended in the lists of declamation; and from
a spirit of contradiction, and a delight in showing his powers,
he would often maintain the wrong side with equal warmth and
ingenuity: so that when there was an audience, his real opinions
could seldom be gathered from his talk; though when he was in
company with a single friend, he would discuss a subject with
genuine fairness; but he was too conscientious to make error
permanent and pernicious by deliberately writing it; and in all
his numerous works he earnestly inculcated what appeared to
him to be the truth, his piety being constant and the ruling
principle of all his conduct.
Such was Samuel Johnson; a man whose talents, acquire-
ments, and virtues were so extraordinary, that the more his char-
acter is considered, the more he will be regarded by the present
age and by posterity with admiration and reverence.
## p. 2252 (#450) ###########################################
2252
PAUL BOURGET
(1852-)
RENCH by birth, born at Amiens of a Russian father and an
English mother, Paul Bourget inherited Anglo-Saxon as well
as Gallic intuitions. He is very proud of the cosmopolitan
spirit which exempts him from the usual French provincialism, and
has sought to develop it by travel and study. He endeavors to know
intimately the phases of life which he wishes to describe, and then
to treat them in the light of a large knowledge of many peoples.
Yet he feels a somewhat bitter realization that so general a view
as his own has necessarily an element
of weakness. He lacks convictions and
prejudices to express with whole-hearted
strength, and hence is always a dilettante.
His student life was passed at the Lycée
of Clermont, and later at the Collège de
Sainte-Barbe at Paris, where his scholar-
ship was rewarded by several prizes. But
his voracious reading of French and Eng-
lish poetry, fiction, and philosophy has
probably done more for him than scholastic
training. Like so many other novelists, he
began his literary life with journalism; and
PAUL BOURGET
in 1872 became collaborator on the Renais-
sance, living frugally meantime, and studying Paris from her cafés
and boulevards as any poor man may.
His first book, 'La Vie Inquiète' (Restless Life), a collection of
poems sad in tone, dainty in touch, echoed the French verses which
he loved best, but offered nothing very original. They show a tinge
of Baudelaire's fantastic love of morbid phases of life and beauty, and
also of Leconte de Lisle's exquisite phrasing. But Bourget lacks
poetic ardor, and in metre is always a little artificial. Although he
went on writing poetry for some years, he found few readers until
he turned to prose.
When the Essais de Psychologie Contemporaine'
appeared in 1883, the public were delighted with their original charm.
Taking five authors whom he knew and loved particularly,- Baude-
laire, Renan, Flaubert, Taine, and Stendhal,- he wrote a brilliant,
profoundly psychologic exposition of their minds and temperaments.
The scientific explanation was fervid with his own emotion over these
## p. 2253 (#451) ###########################################
PAUL BOURGET
2253
strong influences in his life, and thus comes indirectly as an inter-
pretation of himself. These studies, which he calls "a few notes
made to help the historian of the modern moral life in France during
the latter half of the nineteenth century," stand, as criticism, between
Brunetière's formal structure and Lemaître's appreciations. They
have been very popular, and Bourget has since written another vol-
ume of 'Nouveaux Essais de Psychologie Contemporaine,' and other
books of critical sketches called 'Études et Portraits. '
Certain qualities of his talent show forcibly in 'Sensations
d'Italie,' a delightful appreciation of beauty and sensuous charm.
The reader feels the author's joy close analysis, and his sensitive
discriminations. In 'Outre-Mer,' especially interesting to Americans
as a study of the United States, which he visited in 1894, he shows
the same receptivity to new feelings and new ideas. The book is
often ludicrously inaccurate, and fundamentally incomplete in that it
ignores the great middle class of our people, yet it is full of suggest-
ive comments on American character.
Most people know Bourget best as a novelist. As in criticism, his
method is psychologic dissection. Taking a set of men and women
who are individually interesting, he draws their environment with
careful detail and shows the reactions of their characters upon each
other. His subtlety of analysis comes out strongly in his pictures of
women, whose contradictory moods and emotional intuitions offer him
the refined complexities he loves. His first novel, 'L'Irréparable,'
lacks movement and is sometimes tedious in its over-elaboration. In
'Une Cruelle Énigme his strength is more evident. It is the story
of a young and high-minded man who discovers that the woman he
loves is unworthy, yet finds that he loves her notwithstanding. "Why
this love? " asks the author at the end of the book. "Why and whence
does it come? The question is without an answer, and like the falsity
of woman, like the weakness of man, like life itself, cruel, cruel
riddle.
