He was successively
invested
with various
21.
21.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
(Ibid.
$ 42.
)
(P. S. )
the boys of the family to which they belonged, HABRONICHUS ('A@pavixos), another form
were brought up in the Spartan discipline, and of Abronychus. [ABRONYCH US. )
afterwards obtained freedom. This can hardly HADES or PLUTON (Αιδης, Πλούτων, οι
have been the case with Gylippus himself, as we poetically 'Atdns, 'Aidwveús, and [Acuteus), the
find his father, Cleandridas, in an important situa- god of the lower world. Plato (Cratyl. p. 403)
tion at the side of king Pleistoanax: but the family observes that people preferred calling him Pluton
may have been derived, at one point or another, (the giver of wealth) to pronouncing the dreaded
from a Mothax. (Comp. Müller, Dor. iii. 3. & 5. ) name of Hades or Aides. Hence we find that in
The syllable Tua- in the name is probably identical ordinary life and in the mysteries the name Pluton
with the Latin Gilrus.
(A. H. C. ] became generally established, while the poets pre-
GYLIS, GYLLIS, or GYLUS (Tûnis, rúa ferred the ancient name Aïdes or the form Pluteus.
des, rúros), a Spartan, was Polemarch under Age The etymology of Hades is uncertain : some de
siläus at the battle of Coroneia, B. c. 394, against rive it from d-deiv, whence it would signify the
the hostile confederacy of Greek states. On the god who makes invisible," and others from abw
morning after the battle, Agesilaus, to see whe- or xáow; so that Hades would mean “ the all-em-
ther the enemy would renew the fight, ordered bracer,” or “ all-receiver. ” The Roman poets use
Gylis (as he himself had been sererely wounded) the names Dis, Orcus, and Tartarus as synonymous
to draw up the army in order of battle, with crowns with Pluton, for the god of the lower world.
of victory on their heads, and to erect a trophy to Hades is a son of Cronus and Rhea, and a
the sound of martial instruments. The Thebans, brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He was married
however, who alone were in a position to dispute to Persephone, the daughter of Demeter. In the
the field, acknowledged their defeat by requesting division of the world among the three brothers,
leave to bury their dead. Soon after this, Agesi- Hades obtained the darkness of night,” the abode
läus went to Delphi to dedicate to the god a tenth of the shades, over which he rules. (Apollod. i, I.
## p. 319 (#335) ############################################
HADES.
HADRIANUS.
319
was wo
$5, 2. $ 1. ) Hence he is called the infernal Zeus , and Nys, at Athens in the grove of the Erinnyes,
(Zeus kataxoovios), or the king of the shades and at Olympia: (Strab. iii. p. 344, xiv. p. 649 ;
(avat évépwv, Hom. 11. ix. 457, xx. 61. xv. 187, Paus. i. 28. & 6, v. 20. § 1. ) We possess few
&c. ). As, however, the earth and Olympus be representations of this divinity, but in those which
longed to the three brothers in common, he might still exist, he resembles bis brothers Zeus and
ascend Olympus, as be did at the time when he Poseidon, except that his hair falls down his fore-
by Heracles. (II. v. 395 ; comp. head, and that the majesty of his appearance is
Paus. vi. 25. & 3; Apollod. ii. 7. & 3; Pind. Ol. ix. dark and gloomy. His ordinary attributes are the
31. ) But when Hades was in his own kingdom, key of Hades and Cerberus. (Hirt, Mythol. Bil-
he was quite unawnre of what was going on either derb. i. p. 72, &c. )
i
on earth or in Olympus (Il. xx. 61, &c. ), and it In Homer Aïdes is invariably the name of the
was only the oaths and curses of men that reached god ; but in later times it was transferred to his
his ears, as they reached those of the Erinnyes. He house, his abode or kingdom, so that it became a
possessed a helmet which rendered the wearer in- name for the lower world itself. We cannot enter
visible (1l. v. 845), and later traditions stated that here into a description of the conceptions which
this helmet was given him as a present by the Cy- the ancients formed of the lower world, for tbis
clopes after their delivery from Tartarus. (Apollod. discussion belongs to mythical gengraphy. (L. S. ]
i. 2. § 1. ) Ancient story mentions both gods and HADRIANUS, P. AELIUS, the fourteenth
men who were honoured by Hades with the tem- in the series of Roman emperors, reigned from the
porary use of this helmet. (Apollod. i. 6. § 2, ii. 4. 11th of August, A. D. 117, till the 10th of July,
§ 2. ) His character is described as fierce and in- A. D. 138. He was born at Rome on the 24th of
exorable, whence of all the gods he was most hated January, A. D. 76 ; and not as Eutropius (viii. 6)
by mortals. (N. ix. 158. ) He kept the gates of and Eusebius (Chron, no. 2155, p. 166, ed. Scaliger)
the lower world closed (whence he is called Turáp- state, at Italica. This mistake arose from the
775, II. viii. 367; comp. Paus. v. 20. § 1. ; Orph. fact, that Hadrian was descended, according to his
Hymn. 17. 4), that no shade might be able to es- own account, from a family of Hadria in Picenum,
cape or return to the region of light. When mor- which, in the time of P. Scipio, had settled at Il-
tals invoked him, they struck the earth with their lica in Spain. His father, Aelius Hadrianus Afer,
hands (II. ix. 567), and the sacrifices which were was married to an aunt of the emperor Trajan; he
offered to him and Persephone consisted of black had been praetor, and lived as a senator at Rome.
male and female sheep, and the person who Hadrian lost his father at the age of ten, and re-
offered the sacrifice had to turn away his face. (od. ceived his kinsman Ulpius Trajanus (afterwards
x. 527; Serv. ad Virg. Georg. ii. 380. )
the emperor Trajan) and Caelius Attianus as his
The ensign of his power was a staff, with which, guardians. He was from his earliest age very fond
like Hermes, he drove the shades into the lower of the Greek language and literature, which he ap-
world (Pind. Ol. ix. 35), where he had his palace pears to have studied with zeal, while he neglected
and shared his throne with his consort Persephone. his mother tongue. At the age of fifteen he left
When he carried off Persephone from the upper Rome and went to Spain, where he entered upon
world, be rode in a golden chariot drawn by four his military career ; but he was soon called back,
black immortal horses. (Orph. Argon. 1192, Hymn. and obtained the office of decemvir stlitibus; and
17. 14; Ov. Met. v. 404; Hom. Hymn. in Cer. about A. D. 95 that of military tribune, in which
19; Claudian, Rapt. Proserp. i. in fin. ) Besides capacity he served in Lower Moesia. When Trajan
these horses he was also believed to have herds of was adopted by Nerva, A. D. 97, Hadrian bastened
oxen in the lower world and in the island of Ery- from Moesia to Lower Germany, to be the first to
theia, which were attended to by Menoetius. (Apol- congratulate Trajan; and in the year following he
lod. ii. 5. SS 10, 12. ) Like the other gods, he again travelled on foot from Upper to Lower Ger-
was not a faithful husband; the Furies are called many, to inform Trajan of the demise of Nerva ;
his daughters (Serv. ad Aen. i. 86); the nymph and this he did with such rapidity, that he arrived
Mintho, whom he loved, was metamorphosed by even before the express messengers sent by Servi-
Persephone into the plant called mint (Strab. viii. anus, who was married to his sister Paulina.
p. 344; Ov. Met. x. 728), and the nymph Leuce, Trajan now became more and more attached to
with whom he was likewise in love, was changed Hadrian, though the attachment did not continue
by him after her death into a white poplar, and undisturbed, until Trajan's wife, Plotina, who was
transferred to Elysium. (Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. vii. fond of Hadrian, contrived to confirm the connexion
61. ) Being the king of the lower world, Pluton is by bringing about a marriage between her favourite
the giver of all the blessings that come from the and Julia Sabina, a grand-daughter of Trajan's
earth: he is the possessor and giver of all the sister Marciana. Henceforth Hadrian rose every
metals contained in the earth, and hence his day in the emperor's favour, for the preservation of
name Pluton. (Hes. Op. et Dies, 435; Aes which he did not always adopt the most honourable
chyl. Prom. 805; Strab. iii. p. 147 ; Lucian, T'im. means.
He was successively invested with various
21. ) He bears several surnames referring to his offices at Rome, such as the quaestorship in A. D.
ultimately assembling all mortals in his kingdom, 101. In this capacity he delivered his first speech
and bringing them to rest and peace; such as Poly in the senate, but was laughed at on account of the
degmon, Polydectes, Clymenus, Maykolans, &c. rudeness and want of refinement in its delivery.
(Hom. Hymn, in Cer. 9; Aeschyl. Proin. 153 ; ! This induced him to study more carefully his
Soph. Antig. 81) ; Paus. ii. 35. $ 7. ) Hades was mother tongue and Latin oratory, which he had
worshipped throughout Greece and Italy. In Elis hitherto neglected. Soon after the expiration of his
he had a sacred enclosure and a temple, which was quaestorship he appears to have joined Trajan, who
opened only once in every year (Paus. vi. 25. & 3); was then carrying on the war against the Dacians.
and we further know that he had temples at Pylos In A. D. 105 he obtained the tribuneship of the
Triphyliacus, near Mount Menthe, between Tralles people, and two years later the praetorship. In
1
## p. 320 (#336) ############################################
320
HADRIANUS.
HADRIANUS.
successor.
Trajan's second expodition against the Dacians, he was surely wise to give up what could not be
entrusted to Hadrinn the command of a legion, maintained. He therefore renounced all the con-
and took him with him. Hadrian distinguished quests which his predecessor had made east of the
himself so much by his bravery, that Trajan re Euphrates ; he restored Mesopotamia and Assyria
warded him with a diamond which he himself had to the Parthians, and recognised Costhoes, whom
received from Nerva, and which was locked upon Trajan had deposed, as their king; while he in-
as a token that Trajan designated him as his demnified Parthamaspater, whom Trajan had made
In A. D. 108 Hadrian was sent as king of the Parthians, by assigning to him a small
legatus praetorius into Lower Pannonin ; and he neighbouring kingdom. Armenia, moreover, was
not only distinguished himself in the administra- mised to the rank of an independent kingdom.
tion of the province, and by the strict discipline he While engaged in making these arrangements
, he
maintained among the troops, but he also fought is said to have been advised by Attianus to put to
with great success against the Sarmatians. The death Baebius Macer, praefect of the city, Laberius
favourable opinion which the emperor entertained Maximus, and Frugi Crassus, either because they
of Hadrian on this account was incrensed through opposed his accession, or because they were other
the influence of Plotina and Licinius Sura, a wise hostile towards him ; but it is added that
favourite friend of Trojan; and Hndrian was made Hadrian rejected this advice, though Frugi Crassus
consul suffectus for the year 109; nay, a report was afterwards killed, but without the emperor's
was even spread that Trajan entertnined the thought command. Lusius Quietus, who at the time had
of adopting Hadrian, and of thus securing to him the command in Mauritania, but was suspected of
the succession. After the death of Licinius Sura, an attempt to place himself at the head of the Ro-
Hadrian became the private secretary of Trajan; man world, was deprived of his post, which was
and the deference paid to him by the courtiers given to Marcius Turbo, who, under Tmjan, had
now increased in the same proportion as the reduced the rebellious Jews, and was a personal
intimacy between him and the emperor. Through friend of Hadrian.
the influence of Plotina, he obtained in A. D. 114 After having settled thus the most urgent affairs of
the office of legate during the war against the Par- the empire, he went from Antioch to Cilicia, to see
thians ; and in 117 he became consul designatus the body of Trajan, which was to be conveyed to
for the year following. It is said that at the same Rome by Plotina, Attianus, and Matidia. Soon
time he was promised to be adopted by the em- after his return to Antioch he appointed Catilius
peror; but Dion Cassius expressly denies it; and Severus governor of Syria, and travelled to Rome
the further remark, that he was designated only in A. D. 118. A triumph was celebrated to. com-
consul suffectus, seems to show that Trajan, at memorate the victories of Trajan in the east, and
least at that time, had not yet made up his mind as the late emperor's image was placed in the trium-
to his adoption.
phal car. The solemnity was scarcely over when
While Tmjan was carrying on the war against Hadrian received the news that the Sarmatne and
the Parthians, in which he was accompanied by Roxulani had invaded the province of Moesia. He
Hadrian, and while he was besieging the town of forth with sent out his armies, and immediately
Hatra, he was taken severely ill. He placed Ha- after he himself followed them. The king of the
drian at the head of the army and the province of Roxolani complained of the tribute, which he had
Syria, and returned to Rome ; but on his way to receive from the Romans, not being fully paid ;
thither he died, at Selinus, in Cilicia. Now it is but Hadrian concluded a peace with him, for which
said, that on the 9th of August, 117, Hadrian re- he had probably to pay a heavy sum. After this
ceived intelligence of his adoption by Trajan, and was settled, it appears that Hadrian intended
on the 11th the news of his death ; but this state-marching into Dacia to attack the Sarmatians,
ment is contradicted by Dion Cassius, who renders when he was informed of a conspiracy against his
it highly probable that Plotina and Attianus fabri- life ; it had been formed by the consular, Nigrinus,
cated the adoption after the death of the emperor, in conjunction with others of high rank, among
and that for this purpose Trajan's death was for a whom are mentioned Palma, Celsus, and Lusius
few days kept secret. It is even said that Trajan Quietis. Hadrian escaped from the hands of the
intended to make Neratius Priscus his successor. conspirators, and all of them were put to death, as
Thus much, however, seems certain, that the fact Hadrian himself said, by the command of the
of Trajan leaving Hadrian at the head of affairs in senate, and against his own will, though it was
the east, when his illness compelled him to leave, believed at the time, and is also maintained by
was a sufficient proof that he placed the highest Dion Cassius, that Hadrian himself had given
confidence in him. Hadrian was at the time at orders for their execution. In consequence of
Antioch, and on the 11th of August, 117, he was this act of severity, popular feeling was very
proclaimed emperor. He immediately sent a letter strong against him, especially as it was rumoured,
to the senate at Rome, in which he apologised for that the conspiracy was a mere pretence, devised
not having been able to wait for its decision, and for the purpose of getting rid of those men who
solicited its sanction, which was readily granted. had been opposed to him during the reign of Trajan.
The Roman empire at this period was in a peri- As Hadrian had to fear the consequences of this
lous condition: the Parthians, over whom Trajan state of public feeling, he entrusted the provinces
had gained brilliant victories, had revolted, and of Pannonia and Dacia to Marcius Turbo, who had
been successful in several engagements; the pro- just pacified Mauritania, and returned to Rome.
vinces of Mauritania and Moesia were invaded by His first object was to refute the opinion that he
barbarians; and other provinces, such as Egypt, had any share in the execution of the four con-
Syria, and Palestine, were in a state of insurrection. sulars, and he soothed the minds of the people by
Hadrian, with a wise policy, endeavoured, above all games, gladiatorial exhibitions, and large donations
things, to establish peace in the east. He pur- in money. Another act, which must have won for
chased it with a great but necessary sacrifice : it him the favour of thousands, both in Italy and the
.
## p. 321 (#337) ############################################
HADRIANUS
321
HADRIANUS.
1
14
provinces, was that he cancelled an enormous sum he crossed over to Africa, where he suppressed an
due to the state as taxes, viz. all the arrears of the insurrection in Mauritania, and then travelled
last 15 years, and to remove all fears from the through Egypt into Asia. A war with the Par-
minds of the people, he had the documents publicly thians was on the eve of breaking out, but Hadrian
burnt in the forum of Trajan. He further endea- averted it by an interview which he had with their
voured to secure his government by winning the king. He next travelled through the provinces of
good will of the senate; he not only denied the Western Asia, probably ng the early part of
charge brought against him respecting the four A. D. 123, visited the islands of the Aegean, and
consulars, but swore that he would never punish a then went to Achaia, where he took up his re-
senator except with the sanction of the senate ; and sidence at Athens. It would seem that he stayed
the senate was, in fact, made to believe that it had there for three years, till a. d. 126. Athens was his
never been in the enjoyment of such extensive and favourite place, and was honoured by him above all
unlimited powers as now.
At the same time, how- the other cities of the empire: he gave to the people
ever, he found it necessary to remove his former of Athene new laws, and showed his reverence for
friends Attianus and Similis from their office of their institutions by being initiated in the Eleusi-
praefects of the praetorians, and to appoint Marcius nian mysteries, by acting the part of agonothetes
Turbo and Septicius Clarus their successors. at their public games, and by allowing himself to
The war against the Sarmatians was continued be made archon eponymus. From Athens he re-
in the meantime by Hadrian's legates, and lasted turned to Rome by way of Sicily, either in A. D.
for several years, if we may believe the chronicle 126 or 127. He was saluted at Rome as pater
of Eusebius, which mentions it as still going on in patriae, and his wiſe distinguished by the title of
A. D. 120. In the year A. D. 119 Hadrian began Augusta. The next few years he remained at
his memorable journey through the provinces of his Rome, with only one interruption, during which he
empire, many portions of which be traversed on visited Africa. He seems to have chiefly employed
foot. His desire to promote the good of the empire his time at Rome in endeavouring to introduce the
by convincing himself every where personally of Greek institutions and modes of worship, for
the state of affairs, and by applying the necessary which he had conceived a great admiration at
remedies wherever mismanagement was discovered, Athens. It seems to have been about a. D. 129
was unquestionably one of the motives that led him that Hadrian set out on his second journey to the
to this singular undertaking ; but there can be east. He travelled by way of Athens, where he
little doubt that the restlessness of his mind and stayed for some time to see the completion of the
the extraordinary curiosity which stimulated him numerous buildings which he had commenced
to go and see himself every thing of which he had during his previous visit, especially to dedicate the
heard or read, had as great a share in determining temple of the Olympian Zeus, and an altar to him-
him thus to travel through his vast empire, as his self. In Asia he conciliated the various princes in
desire to do good. These travels occupy the greater the most amicable and liberal manner, so that those
part of his reign ; but the scanty accounts we have who did not accept his invitation had afterwards
of them do not enable us to follow them step by themselves most reason to regret it. He sent back
step, or even to arrange them in a satisfactory to Cosrhoes a daughter who had been taken pri-
chronological order. In A. D. 119 he left Rome soner by Trajan; and the governors and procura-
and first went to Gaul, where he displayed great tores in the provinces were punished severely
liberality in satisfying the wants of the provincials. wherever they were found unjust or wanting in the
From Gaul he proceeded to Germany, where he discharge of their duties. From Asia Minor he
devoted most of his attention to the armies on the proceeded through Syria and Arabia into Egypt,
frontier. 'Although he was more desirous to main- where he restored the tomb of Pompey with great
tain peace than to carry on war, he trained the splendour. During an excursion on the Nile he
soldiers always as though a great war had been lost his favourite, Antinous (ANTINOUS], for whom
near at hand; and the excellent condition of his he entertained an unnatural affection, and whose
troops, combined with the justice he displayed in death was to him the cause of deep and lasting
his foreign policy, and the sums of money be paid grief. From Egypt Hadrian returned, through
to barbarian chiefs, were the principal means of Syria, to pome, where he must have spent the
keeping the enemies away from the Roman pro- latter part of the year A. D. 131, and the first of
vinces. The limes in Germany was fortified, and 132, for in the former year he built the temple of
several towns and colonies were greatly benefited Venus and Roma, and i the latter he promulgated
by him. From Germany he crossed over into the edictum perpetuum.
Britain, where he introduced many improvements Not long after his return to Rome the Jewish
in the administration, and constructed the famous war broke out, the only one that disturbed the
wall dividing the Roman province from and protect- peace of his long reign. The causes of this war.
ing it against the barbarous tribes of the north ; it were the establishment of a colony under the
extended from the Solway to the mouth of the name of Aelia Capitolina on the site of Jerusalem,
river Tyne, a distance of 80,000 feet, and traces and an order issued by Hadrian forbidding
of it are to be seen even at the present day. From the Jews the rite of circumcision. The war was
Britain Hadrian returned to Gaul, and constructed carried on by the Jews as a national struggle with
a magnificent basilica at Nemausus (Nismes), in the most desperate fury; it lasted for several
honour of his wife, Sabina, although during his years, and it was not till the general Julius Severus
absence in Britain, her conduct was such that he is came over from Britain, that the Romans gradually
reported to have said he would divorce her if he succeeded in paralysing or annihilating the Jews;
lived in a private station. After this he went to and the country was nearly reduced to a wilderness
Spain, where he spent the winter, probably of A. D. when peace was restored. ' The Jews were hence-
121 and 122, and held a conventus of all the forth not allowed to reside at Jerusalem and its
Romans residing in Spain. In the spring of 122 'immediate vicinity; and from this time they
YUL. LL.
Y
## p. 322 (#338) ############################################
322
HADRIANUS.
HADRIANUS.
were dispersed through the world. After the he had sent for, he died on the 10th of July, 138,
close of the Jewish war another threatened to at the age of 63, and after a reign of nearly twenty
break out with the Albanians, who had been insti- years. He was buried in the villa of Cicero, near
gated by Pharasmanes, king of the Iberians. But Puteoli
. The senate, indignant at the many acts
the rich presents which Hadrian made to the Alba- of cruelty of which he had been guilty during the
nians and Iberians averted the outbreak, and Pha- last period of his life, wanted to annul his enact-
rasmanes even paid a visit to Hadrian at Rome. ments, and refused him the title of Dirus, but An-
In the meantime, probably in the autumn of toninus prevailed upon the senate to be lenient
A. D. 132, Hadrian had again gone to Athens, towards the deceased, who during the latter part of
where he stayed during the whole of the year fol- his life had not been in the full possession of his
lowing. From a letter of Hadrian, addressed to his mind. A temple was then erected as a monument
brother-in-law, Servianus, and preserved by Vo on his tomb, and various institutions were made to
piscus (Saturnin. 8), we must infer that in 134 the commemorate his memory. Antoninus is said by
emperor again visited Alexandria in Egypt, and, some to owe his surname of Pius to these exertions
on his return through Syria, where he attended of filial love towards his adoptive father.
the sale of the Jews who had been made prisoners The above is a brief sketch of the events of the
in the war, superintended the building of the life and reign of Hadrian ; and it now remains to
colony at Jerusalem, and regulated its constitution offer a few observations ou his policy, the principles
After his return to Rome, Hadrian spent the re- of his government, his personal character, his in-
maining years of his life partly in the city and fluence upon art and literature, and his own literary
partly at Tibur, where he built or completed his productions, so far as they are known to us. The
magnificent villa, the ruins of which occupy even reign of Hadrian was one of peace, and may be
now a space equal to that of a considerable town. regarded as one of the happiest periods in Roman
The many fatigues and hardships to which he had history. His policy, in reference to foreign nations,
been exposed during his travels had impaired his was to preserve peace as much as possible, not to
health, and he sank into a dangerous illness, which extend the boundaries of the empire, but to secure
led him to think of fixing upon a successor, as he the old provinces, and promote their welfare, by a
had himself no children. After some hesitation, wise and just administration. For this reason he
he adopted L. Ceionius Commodus, under the name gave up the eastern conquests of Trajan, and would
of L. Aelius Verus, and raised him to the rank of have given up Dacia also, had it not been for the
Caesar, probably for no other reason than his numerous Roman citizens who had taken up their
beauty; for Ceionius Commodus had formerly been residence there. This general peace of the reign of
connected with Hadrian in the same manner that Hadrian, however, was not the result of cowardice,
Antinous was afterwards connected with him. The or of jealousy of his predecessor, as some of the
adoption had been made contrary to the advice of ancients asserted, but the fruit of a wise political
all his friends, and those who had most strongly system. lladrian's presents and kindness to the
opposed it appeared to Hadrian in no other light barbarians would not have been sufficient to ward
than that of personal enemies. Servianus, who off their attacks, but the frontiers of the empire
was then in his 90th year, and his grandson were guarded by armies which were in the most
Fuscus, were the principal objects of his suspicions, excellent condition, for the military system and dis-
and both were put to death by his command. cipline introduced by Hadrian were so well devised,
Aelius Verus, however, who was entrusted with that his regulations remained in force for a long
the administration of Pannonia, did not afford time afterwards, and were regarded as law. With
Hadrian the assistance and support he had ex- regard to the internal administration of the empire,
pected, for he was a person of a weakly consti- Hadrian was the first emperor that understood his
tution, and died on the 1st of January, A. D. 138. real position, and looked upon himself as the so-
Hadrian now adopted Arrius Antoninus, afterwards vereign of the Roman world; for his attention was
surnamed Pius, and presented him to the senators engaged no less by the provinces than by Rome
assembled around his bed as his successor. But and Italy, and thus it happened that the monarchi-
Hadrian, mindful of the more distant future, made cal system became more consolidated under him
it the condition with Antoninus that he should than under any of his predecessors. He gained
at once adopt the son of Aclius Verus and M. An- the favour of the people by his great liberality, and
nius Verus (afterwards the emperor M. Aurelius). that of the senate by treating it with the utmost
These arrangements, however, did not restore peace deference, so far as form was concerned, for, in re-
to Hadrian's mind : as his illness grew worse ality, the senate was no more than the organ of the
his suspicious and bitter feelings increased, and imperial will. An institution which gradually de-
prompted him to many an act of cruelty ; many prived the senate of its jurisdiction, and its share
persons of distinction were put to death, and many in the government, was that of the consilium, or
others would have been sacrificed in the same consistorium principis, which had indeed existed
manner had they not been saved by the precautions before, but received its stability and organisation
of Antoninus Pius. The illness of which Hadrian from Hadrian. The political offices and those of
suffered was of a consumptive nature, which was the court were regulated by Hadrian in a manner
aggravated by dropsy ; and when he found that he which, with a few exceptions, remained unaltered
could not be saved, he requested a slave to run him till the time of the great Constantine. The prae-
through with a sword ; but this was prevented by fectus praetorio henceforth was the president of the
Antoninus. Several more attempts were made at state-council (consilium principis), and always a
buicide, but in vain. At last he was conveyed to jurisconsult, so that we may henceforth regard him
Baiae, where he hoped to find at least some relief, as a kind of minister of justice. Hadrian himself
and Antoninus remained behind at Rome as his paid particular attention to the proper exercise of
vicegerent. But his health did not improve ; and jurisdiction in the provinces as well as in Italy:
soon after the arrival of Antoninus at Baiae, whom his reign forms an epoch in the history of Roman
## p. 323 (#339) ############################################
YADRIANUS.
323
HADRIANUS.
HVG.
Airport
OVESTI
jurisprudence. It was at Hadrian's command that clamations were extant down to a very late period.
the jurist Salvius Julianus drew up the edictum He further wrote the history of his own life, from
perpetuum, which formed a fixed code of laws. which some statements are quoted by his biographer
Some of the laws promulgated by Hadrian are of a Spartianus, and which was edited by his freedman
truly humane character, and aimed at improving Phlegon. The Latin Anthology (Ep. 206—211,
the public morality of the time. He divided Italy ed. Meyer) contains six epigrams by Hadrian, and
into four regions, placing each under a consular, six others in Greek are preserved in the Greek
who had the administration of justice. The fact Anthology, but none of them display any real
of his taking the titles of the highest magistracies poetical genius ; they are cold and far-fetched.
in several towns in Italy and the provinces may Our sources of information respecting the life
indeed have been little more than a form, but it and reign of Hadrian are very poor and scanty,
shows, at any rate, that he took a considerable for the two main authorities, Hadrian's own work,
interest in the internal affairs of those towns. and another by Marius Maximus, are lost, and, on
The proceedings of those persons who were con- the whole, we are confined to Spartianus's Life of
nected with the administration of provinces were Hadrian and the abridgement of the 69th book of
watched with the strictest care, and any violation Dion Cassius, by Xiphilinus. (Comp. Eutrop. viii.
of justice was severely punished. While he thus 3 ; Aurel. Vict. de Cacsar. 14 ; Zonar. xi. 23, &c;
on the one hand benefited the provinces by punish- Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. ii. p. 219, &c. ;
ing and preventing oppression and injustice, he J.
(P. S. )
the boys of the family to which they belonged, HABRONICHUS ('A@pavixos), another form
were brought up in the Spartan discipline, and of Abronychus. [ABRONYCH US. )
afterwards obtained freedom. This can hardly HADES or PLUTON (Αιδης, Πλούτων, οι
have been the case with Gylippus himself, as we poetically 'Atdns, 'Aidwveús, and [Acuteus), the
find his father, Cleandridas, in an important situa- god of the lower world. Plato (Cratyl. p. 403)
tion at the side of king Pleistoanax: but the family observes that people preferred calling him Pluton
may have been derived, at one point or another, (the giver of wealth) to pronouncing the dreaded
from a Mothax. (Comp. Müller, Dor. iii. 3. & 5. ) name of Hades or Aides. Hence we find that in
The syllable Tua- in the name is probably identical ordinary life and in the mysteries the name Pluton
with the Latin Gilrus.
(A. H. C. ] became generally established, while the poets pre-
GYLIS, GYLLIS, or GYLUS (Tûnis, rúa ferred the ancient name Aïdes or the form Pluteus.
des, rúros), a Spartan, was Polemarch under Age The etymology of Hades is uncertain : some de
siläus at the battle of Coroneia, B. c. 394, against rive it from d-deiv, whence it would signify the
the hostile confederacy of Greek states. On the god who makes invisible," and others from abw
morning after the battle, Agesilaus, to see whe- or xáow; so that Hades would mean “ the all-em-
ther the enemy would renew the fight, ordered bracer,” or “ all-receiver. ” The Roman poets use
Gylis (as he himself had been sererely wounded) the names Dis, Orcus, and Tartarus as synonymous
to draw up the army in order of battle, with crowns with Pluton, for the god of the lower world.
of victory on their heads, and to erect a trophy to Hades is a son of Cronus and Rhea, and a
the sound of martial instruments. The Thebans, brother of Zeus and Poseidon. He was married
however, who alone were in a position to dispute to Persephone, the daughter of Demeter. In the
the field, acknowledged their defeat by requesting division of the world among the three brothers,
leave to bury their dead. Soon after this, Agesi- Hades obtained the darkness of night,” the abode
läus went to Delphi to dedicate to the god a tenth of the shades, over which he rules. (Apollod. i, I.
## p. 319 (#335) ############################################
HADES.
HADRIANUS.
319
was wo
$5, 2. $ 1. ) Hence he is called the infernal Zeus , and Nys, at Athens in the grove of the Erinnyes,
(Zeus kataxoovios), or the king of the shades and at Olympia: (Strab. iii. p. 344, xiv. p. 649 ;
(avat évépwv, Hom. 11. ix. 457, xx. 61. xv. 187, Paus. i. 28. & 6, v. 20. § 1. ) We possess few
&c. ). As, however, the earth and Olympus be representations of this divinity, but in those which
longed to the three brothers in common, he might still exist, he resembles bis brothers Zeus and
ascend Olympus, as be did at the time when he Poseidon, except that his hair falls down his fore-
by Heracles. (II. v. 395 ; comp. head, and that the majesty of his appearance is
Paus. vi. 25. & 3; Apollod. ii. 7. & 3; Pind. Ol. ix. dark and gloomy. His ordinary attributes are the
31. ) But when Hades was in his own kingdom, key of Hades and Cerberus. (Hirt, Mythol. Bil-
he was quite unawnre of what was going on either derb. i. p. 72, &c. )
i
on earth or in Olympus (Il. xx. 61, &c. ), and it In Homer Aïdes is invariably the name of the
was only the oaths and curses of men that reached god ; but in later times it was transferred to his
his ears, as they reached those of the Erinnyes. He house, his abode or kingdom, so that it became a
possessed a helmet which rendered the wearer in- name for the lower world itself. We cannot enter
visible (1l. v. 845), and later traditions stated that here into a description of the conceptions which
this helmet was given him as a present by the Cy- the ancients formed of the lower world, for tbis
clopes after their delivery from Tartarus. (Apollod. discussion belongs to mythical gengraphy. (L. S. ]
i. 2. § 1. ) Ancient story mentions both gods and HADRIANUS, P. AELIUS, the fourteenth
men who were honoured by Hades with the tem- in the series of Roman emperors, reigned from the
porary use of this helmet. (Apollod. i. 6. § 2, ii. 4. 11th of August, A. D. 117, till the 10th of July,
§ 2. ) His character is described as fierce and in- A. D. 138. He was born at Rome on the 24th of
exorable, whence of all the gods he was most hated January, A. D. 76 ; and not as Eutropius (viii. 6)
by mortals. (N. ix. 158. ) He kept the gates of and Eusebius (Chron, no. 2155, p. 166, ed. Scaliger)
the lower world closed (whence he is called Turáp- state, at Italica. This mistake arose from the
775, II. viii. 367; comp. Paus. v. 20. § 1. ; Orph. fact, that Hadrian was descended, according to his
Hymn. 17. 4), that no shade might be able to es- own account, from a family of Hadria in Picenum,
cape or return to the region of light. When mor- which, in the time of P. Scipio, had settled at Il-
tals invoked him, they struck the earth with their lica in Spain. His father, Aelius Hadrianus Afer,
hands (II. ix. 567), and the sacrifices which were was married to an aunt of the emperor Trajan; he
offered to him and Persephone consisted of black had been praetor, and lived as a senator at Rome.
male and female sheep, and the person who Hadrian lost his father at the age of ten, and re-
offered the sacrifice had to turn away his face. (od. ceived his kinsman Ulpius Trajanus (afterwards
x. 527; Serv. ad Virg. Georg. ii. 380. )
the emperor Trajan) and Caelius Attianus as his
The ensign of his power was a staff, with which, guardians. He was from his earliest age very fond
like Hermes, he drove the shades into the lower of the Greek language and literature, which he ap-
world (Pind. Ol. ix. 35), where he had his palace pears to have studied with zeal, while he neglected
and shared his throne with his consort Persephone. his mother tongue. At the age of fifteen he left
When he carried off Persephone from the upper Rome and went to Spain, where he entered upon
world, be rode in a golden chariot drawn by four his military career ; but he was soon called back,
black immortal horses. (Orph. Argon. 1192, Hymn. and obtained the office of decemvir stlitibus; and
17. 14; Ov. Met. v. 404; Hom. Hymn. in Cer. about A. D. 95 that of military tribune, in which
19; Claudian, Rapt. Proserp. i. in fin. ) Besides capacity he served in Lower Moesia. When Trajan
these horses he was also believed to have herds of was adopted by Nerva, A. D. 97, Hadrian bastened
oxen in the lower world and in the island of Ery- from Moesia to Lower Germany, to be the first to
theia, which were attended to by Menoetius. (Apol- congratulate Trajan; and in the year following he
lod. ii. 5. SS 10, 12. ) Like the other gods, he again travelled on foot from Upper to Lower Ger-
was not a faithful husband; the Furies are called many, to inform Trajan of the demise of Nerva ;
his daughters (Serv. ad Aen. i. 86); the nymph and this he did with such rapidity, that he arrived
Mintho, whom he loved, was metamorphosed by even before the express messengers sent by Servi-
Persephone into the plant called mint (Strab. viii. anus, who was married to his sister Paulina.
p. 344; Ov. Met. x. 728), and the nymph Leuce, Trajan now became more and more attached to
with whom he was likewise in love, was changed Hadrian, though the attachment did not continue
by him after her death into a white poplar, and undisturbed, until Trajan's wife, Plotina, who was
transferred to Elysium. (Serv. ad Virg. Eclog. vii. fond of Hadrian, contrived to confirm the connexion
61. ) Being the king of the lower world, Pluton is by bringing about a marriage between her favourite
the giver of all the blessings that come from the and Julia Sabina, a grand-daughter of Trajan's
earth: he is the possessor and giver of all the sister Marciana. Henceforth Hadrian rose every
metals contained in the earth, and hence his day in the emperor's favour, for the preservation of
name Pluton. (Hes. Op. et Dies, 435; Aes which he did not always adopt the most honourable
chyl. Prom. 805; Strab. iii. p. 147 ; Lucian, T'im. means.
He was successively invested with various
21. ) He bears several surnames referring to his offices at Rome, such as the quaestorship in A. D.
ultimately assembling all mortals in his kingdom, 101. In this capacity he delivered his first speech
and bringing them to rest and peace; such as Poly in the senate, but was laughed at on account of the
degmon, Polydectes, Clymenus, Maykolans, &c. rudeness and want of refinement in its delivery.
(Hom. Hymn, in Cer. 9; Aeschyl. Proin. 153 ; ! This induced him to study more carefully his
Soph. Antig. 81) ; Paus. ii. 35. $ 7. ) Hades was mother tongue and Latin oratory, which he had
worshipped throughout Greece and Italy. In Elis hitherto neglected. Soon after the expiration of his
he had a sacred enclosure and a temple, which was quaestorship he appears to have joined Trajan, who
opened only once in every year (Paus. vi. 25. & 3); was then carrying on the war against the Dacians.
and we further know that he had temples at Pylos In A. D. 105 he obtained the tribuneship of the
Triphyliacus, near Mount Menthe, between Tralles people, and two years later the praetorship. In
1
## p. 320 (#336) ############################################
320
HADRIANUS.
HADRIANUS.
successor.
Trajan's second expodition against the Dacians, he was surely wise to give up what could not be
entrusted to Hadrinn the command of a legion, maintained. He therefore renounced all the con-
and took him with him. Hadrian distinguished quests which his predecessor had made east of the
himself so much by his bravery, that Trajan re Euphrates ; he restored Mesopotamia and Assyria
warded him with a diamond which he himself had to the Parthians, and recognised Costhoes, whom
received from Nerva, and which was locked upon Trajan had deposed, as their king; while he in-
as a token that Trajan designated him as his demnified Parthamaspater, whom Trajan had made
In A. D. 108 Hadrian was sent as king of the Parthians, by assigning to him a small
legatus praetorius into Lower Pannonin ; and he neighbouring kingdom. Armenia, moreover, was
not only distinguished himself in the administra- mised to the rank of an independent kingdom.
tion of the province, and by the strict discipline he While engaged in making these arrangements
, he
maintained among the troops, but he also fought is said to have been advised by Attianus to put to
with great success against the Sarmatians. The death Baebius Macer, praefect of the city, Laberius
favourable opinion which the emperor entertained Maximus, and Frugi Crassus, either because they
of Hadrian on this account was incrensed through opposed his accession, or because they were other
the influence of Plotina and Licinius Sura, a wise hostile towards him ; but it is added that
favourite friend of Trojan; and Hndrian was made Hadrian rejected this advice, though Frugi Crassus
consul suffectus for the year 109; nay, a report was afterwards killed, but without the emperor's
was even spread that Trajan entertnined the thought command. Lusius Quietus, who at the time had
of adopting Hadrian, and of thus securing to him the command in Mauritania, but was suspected of
the succession. After the death of Licinius Sura, an attempt to place himself at the head of the Ro-
Hadrian became the private secretary of Trajan; man world, was deprived of his post, which was
and the deference paid to him by the courtiers given to Marcius Turbo, who, under Tmjan, had
now increased in the same proportion as the reduced the rebellious Jews, and was a personal
intimacy between him and the emperor. Through friend of Hadrian.
the influence of Plotina, he obtained in A. D. 114 After having settled thus the most urgent affairs of
the office of legate during the war against the Par- the empire, he went from Antioch to Cilicia, to see
thians ; and in 117 he became consul designatus the body of Trajan, which was to be conveyed to
for the year following. It is said that at the same Rome by Plotina, Attianus, and Matidia. Soon
time he was promised to be adopted by the em- after his return to Antioch he appointed Catilius
peror; but Dion Cassius expressly denies it; and Severus governor of Syria, and travelled to Rome
the further remark, that he was designated only in A. D. 118. A triumph was celebrated to. com-
consul suffectus, seems to show that Trajan, at memorate the victories of Trajan in the east, and
least at that time, had not yet made up his mind as the late emperor's image was placed in the trium-
to his adoption.
phal car. The solemnity was scarcely over when
While Tmjan was carrying on the war against Hadrian received the news that the Sarmatne and
the Parthians, in which he was accompanied by Roxulani had invaded the province of Moesia. He
Hadrian, and while he was besieging the town of forth with sent out his armies, and immediately
Hatra, he was taken severely ill. He placed Ha- after he himself followed them. The king of the
drian at the head of the army and the province of Roxolani complained of the tribute, which he had
Syria, and returned to Rome ; but on his way to receive from the Romans, not being fully paid ;
thither he died, at Selinus, in Cilicia. Now it is but Hadrian concluded a peace with him, for which
said, that on the 9th of August, 117, Hadrian re- he had probably to pay a heavy sum. After this
ceived intelligence of his adoption by Trajan, and was settled, it appears that Hadrian intended
on the 11th the news of his death ; but this state-marching into Dacia to attack the Sarmatians,
ment is contradicted by Dion Cassius, who renders when he was informed of a conspiracy against his
it highly probable that Plotina and Attianus fabri- life ; it had been formed by the consular, Nigrinus,
cated the adoption after the death of the emperor, in conjunction with others of high rank, among
and that for this purpose Trajan's death was for a whom are mentioned Palma, Celsus, and Lusius
few days kept secret. It is even said that Trajan Quietis. Hadrian escaped from the hands of the
intended to make Neratius Priscus his successor. conspirators, and all of them were put to death, as
Thus much, however, seems certain, that the fact Hadrian himself said, by the command of the
of Trajan leaving Hadrian at the head of affairs in senate, and against his own will, though it was
the east, when his illness compelled him to leave, believed at the time, and is also maintained by
was a sufficient proof that he placed the highest Dion Cassius, that Hadrian himself had given
confidence in him. Hadrian was at the time at orders for their execution. In consequence of
Antioch, and on the 11th of August, 117, he was this act of severity, popular feeling was very
proclaimed emperor. He immediately sent a letter strong against him, especially as it was rumoured,
to the senate at Rome, in which he apologised for that the conspiracy was a mere pretence, devised
not having been able to wait for its decision, and for the purpose of getting rid of those men who
solicited its sanction, which was readily granted. had been opposed to him during the reign of Trajan.
The Roman empire at this period was in a peri- As Hadrian had to fear the consequences of this
lous condition: the Parthians, over whom Trajan state of public feeling, he entrusted the provinces
had gained brilliant victories, had revolted, and of Pannonia and Dacia to Marcius Turbo, who had
been successful in several engagements; the pro- just pacified Mauritania, and returned to Rome.
vinces of Mauritania and Moesia were invaded by His first object was to refute the opinion that he
barbarians; and other provinces, such as Egypt, had any share in the execution of the four con-
Syria, and Palestine, were in a state of insurrection. sulars, and he soothed the minds of the people by
Hadrian, with a wise policy, endeavoured, above all games, gladiatorial exhibitions, and large donations
things, to establish peace in the east. He pur- in money. Another act, which must have won for
chased it with a great but necessary sacrifice : it him the favour of thousands, both in Italy and the
.
## p. 321 (#337) ############################################
HADRIANUS
321
HADRIANUS.
1
14
provinces, was that he cancelled an enormous sum he crossed over to Africa, where he suppressed an
due to the state as taxes, viz. all the arrears of the insurrection in Mauritania, and then travelled
last 15 years, and to remove all fears from the through Egypt into Asia. A war with the Par-
minds of the people, he had the documents publicly thians was on the eve of breaking out, but Hadrian
burnt in the forum of Trajan. He further endea- averted it by an interview which he had with their
voured to secure his government by winning the king. He next travelled through the provinces of
good will of the senate; he not only denied the Western Asia, probably ng the early part of
charge brought against him respecting the four A. D. 123, visited the islands of the Aegean, and
consulars, but swore that he would never punish a then went to Achaia, where he took up his re-
senator except with the sanction of the senate ; and sidence at Athens. It would seem that he stayed
the senate was, in fact, made to believe that it had there for three years, till a. d. 126. Athens was his
never been in the enjoyment of such extensive and favourite place, and was honoured by him above all
unlimited powers as now.
At the same time, how- the other cities of the empire: he gave to the people
ever, he found it necessary to remove his former of Athene new laws, and showed his reverence for
friends Attianus and Similis from their office of their institutions by being initiated in the Eleusi-
praefects of the praetorians, and to appoint Marcius nian mysteries, by acting the part of agonothetes
Turbo and Septicius Clarus their successors. at their public games, and by allowing himself to
The war against the Sarmatians was continued be made archon eponymus. From Athens he re-
in the meantime by Hadrian's legates, and lasted turned to Rome by way of Sicily, either in A. D.
for several years, if we may believe the chronicle 126 or 127. He was saluted at Rome as pater
of Eusebius, which mentions it as still going on in patriae, and his wiſe distinguished by the title of
A. D. 120. In the year A. D. 119 Hadrian began Augusta. The next few years he remained at
his memorable journey through the provinces of his Rome, with only one interruption, during which he
empire, many portions of which be traversed on visited Africa. He seems to have chiefly employed
foot. His desire to promote the good of the empire his time at Rome in endeavouring to introduce the
by convincing himself every where personally of Greek institutions and modes of worship, for
the state of affairs, and by applying the necessary which he had conceived a great admiration at
remedies wherever mismanagement was discovered, Athens. It seems to have been about a. D. 129
was unquestionably one of the motives that led him that Hadrian set out on his second journey to the
to this singular undertaking ; but there can be east. He travelled by way of Athens, where he
little doubt that the restlessness of his mind and stayed for some time to see the completion of the
the extraordinary curiosity which stimulated him numerous buildings which he had commenced
to go and see himself every thing of which he had during his previous visit, especially to dedicate the
heard or read, had as great a share in determining temple of the Olympian Zeus, and an altar to him-
him thus to travel through his vast empire, as his self. In Asia he conciliated the various princes in
desire to do good. These travels occupy the greater the most amicable and liberal manner, so that those
part of his reign ; but the scanty accounts we have who did not accept his invitation had afterwards
of them do not enable us to follow them step by themselves most reason to regret it. He sent back
step, or even to arrange them in a satisfactory to Cosrhoes a daughter who had been taken pri-
chronological order. In A. D. 119 he left Rome soner by Trajan; and the governors and procura-
and first went to Gaul, where he displayed great tores in the provinces were punished severely
liberality in satisfying the wants of the provincials. wherever they were found unjust or wanting in the
From Gaul he proceeded to Germany, where he discharge of their duties. From Asia Minor he
devoted most of his attention to the armies on the proceeded through Syria and Arabia into Egypt,
frontier. 'Although he was more desirous to main- where he restored the tomb of Pompey with great
tain peace than to carry on war, he trained the splendour. During an excursion on the Nile he
soldiers always as though a great war had been lost his favourite, Antinous (ANTINOUS], for whom
near at hand; and the excellent condition of his he entertained an unnatural affection, and whose
troops, combined with the justice he displayed in death was to him the cause of deep and lasting
his foreign policy, and the sums of money be paid grief. From Egypt Hadrian returned, through
to barbarian chiefs, were the principal means of Syria, to pome, where he must have spent the
keeping the enemies away from the Roman pro- latter part of the year A. D. 131, and the first of
vinces. The limes in Germany was fortified, and 132, for in the former year he built the temple of
several towns and colonies were greatly benefited Venus and Roma, and i the latter he promulgated
by him. From Germany he crossed over into the edictum perpetuum.
Britain, where he introduced many improvements Not long after his return to Rome the Jewish
in the administration, and constructed the famous war broke out, the only one that disturbed the
wall dividing the Roman province from and protect- peace of his long reign. The causes of this war.
ing it against the barbarous tribes of the north ; it were the establishment of a colony under the
extended from the Solway to the mouth of the name of Aelia Capitolina on the site of Jerusalem,
river Tyne, a distance of 80,000 feet, and traces and an order issued by Hadrian forbidding
of it are to be seen even at the present day. From the Jews the rite of circumcision. The war was
Britain Hadrian returned to Gaul, and constructed carried on by the Jews as a national struggle with
a magnificent basilica at Nemausus (Nismes), in the most desperate fury; it lasted for several
honour of his wife, Sabina, although during his years, and it was not till the general Julius Severus
absence in Britain, her conduct was such that he is came over from Britain, that the Romans gradually
reported to have said he would divorce her if he succeeded in paralysing or annihilating the Jews;
lived in a private station. After this he went to and the country was nearly reduced to a wilderness
Spain, where he spent the winter, probably of A. D. when peace was restored. ' The Jews were hence-
121 and 122, and held a conventus of all the forth not allowed to reside at Jerusalem and its
Romans residing in Spain. In the spring of 122 'immediate vicinity; and from this time they
YUL. LL.
Y
## p. 322 (#338) ############################################
322
HADRIANUS.
HADRIANUS.
were dispersed through the world. After the he had sent for, he died on the 10th of July, 138,
close of the Jewish war another threatened to at the age of 63, and after a reign of nearly twenty
break out with the Albanians, who had been insti- years. He was buried in the villa of Cicero, near
gated by Pharasmanes, king of the Iberians. But Puteoli
. The senate, indignant at the many acts
the rich presents which Hadrian made to the Alba- of cruelty of which he had been guilty during the
nians and Iberians averted the outbreak, and Pha- last period of his life, wanted to annul his enact-
rasmanes even paid a visit to Hadrian at Rome. ments, and refused him the title of Dirus, but An-
In the meantime, probably in the autumn of toninus prevailed upon the senate to be lenient
A. D. 132, Hadrian had again gone to Athens, towards the deceased, who during the latter part of
where he stayed during the whole of the year fol- his life had not been in the full possession of his
lowing. From a letter of Hadrian, addressed to his mind. A temple was then erected as a monument
brother-in-law, Servianus, and preserved by Vo on his tomb, and various institutions were made to
piscus (Saturnin. 8), we must infer that in 134 the commemorate his memory. Antoninus is said by
emperor again visited Alexandria in Egypt, and, some to owe his surname of Pius to these exertions
on his return through Syria, where he attended of filial love towards his adoptive father.
the sale of the Jews who had been made prisoners The above is a brief sketch of the events of the
in the war, superintended the building of the life and reign of Hadrian ; and it now remains to
colony at Jerusalem, and regulated its constitution offer a few observations ou his policy, the principles
After his return to Rome, Hadrian spent the re- of his government, his personal character, his in-
maining years of his life partly in the city and fluence upon art and literature, and his own literary
partly at Tibur, where he built or completed his productions, so far as they are known to us. The
magnificent villa, the ruins of which occupy even reign of Hadrian was one of peace, and may be
now a space equal to that of a considerable town. regarded as one of the happiest periods in Roman
The many fatigues and hardships to which he had history. His policy, in reference to foreign nations,
been exposed during his travels had impaired his was to preserve peace as much as possible, not to
health, and he sank into a dangerous illness, which extend the boundaries of the empire, but to secure
led him to think of fixing upon a successor, as he the old provinces, and promote their welfare, by a
had himself no children. After some hesitation, wise and just administration. For this reason he
he adopted L. Ceionius Commodus, under the name gave up the eastern conquests of Trajan, and would
of L. Aelius Verus, and raised him to the rank of have given up Dacia also, had it not been for the
Caesar, probably for no other reason than his numerous Roman citizens who had taken up their
beauty; for Ceionius Commodus had formerly been residence there. This general peace of the reign of
connected with Hadrian in the same manner that Hadrian, however, was not the result of cowardice,
Antinous was afterwards connected with him. The or of jealousy of his predecessor, as some of the
adoption had been made contrary to the advice of ancients asserted, but the fruit of a wise political
all his friends, and those who had most strongly system. lladrian's presents and kindness to the
opposed it appeared to Hadrian in no other light barbarians would not have been sufficient to ward
than that of personal enemies. Servianus, who off their attacks, but the frontiers of the empire
was then in his 90th year, and his grandson were guarded by armies which were in the most
Fuscus, were the principal objects of his suspicions, excellent condition, for the military system and dis-
and both were put to death by his command. cipline introduced by Hadrian were so well devised,
Aelius Verus, however, who was entrusted with that his regulations remained in force for a long
the administration of Pannonia, did not afford time afterwards, and were regarded as law. With
Hadrian the assistance and support he had ex- regard to the internal administration of the empire,
pected, for he was a person of a weakly consti- Hadrian was the first emperor that understood his
tution, and died on the 1st of January, A. D. 138. real position, and looked upon himself as the so-
Hadrian now adopted Arrius Antoninus, afterwards vereign of the Roman world; for his attention was
surnamed Pius, and presented him to the senators engaged no less by the provinces than by Rome
assembled around his bed as his successor. But and Italy, and thus it happened that the monarchi-
Hadrian, mindful of the more distant future, made cal system became more consolidated under him
it the condition with Antoninus that he should than under any of his predecessors. He gained
at once adopt the son of Aclius Verus and M. An- the favour of the people by his great liberality, and
nius Verus (afterwards the emperor M. Aurelius). that of the senate by treating it with the utmost
These arrangements, however, did not restore peace deference, so far as form was concerned, for, in re-
to Hadrian's mind : as his illness grew worse ality, the senate was no more than the organ of the
his suspicious and bitter feelings increased, and imperial will. An institution which gradually de-
prompted him to many an act of cruelty ; many prived the senate of its jurisdiction, and its share
persons of distinction were put to death, and many in the government, was that of the consilium, or
others would have been sacrificed in the same consistorium principis, which had indeed existed
manner had they not been saved by the precautions before, but received its stability and organisation
of Antoninus Pius. The illness of which Hadrian from Hadrian. The political offices and those of
suffered was of a consumptive nature, which was the court were regulated by Hadrian in a manner
aggravated by dropsy ; and when he found that he which, with a few exceptions, remained unaltered
could not be saved, he requested a slave to run him till the time of the great Constantine. The prae-
through with a sword ; but this was prevented by fectus praetorio henceforth was the president of the
Antoninus. Several more attempts were made at state-council (consilium principis), and always a
buicide, but in vain. At last he was conveyed to jurisconsult, so that we may henceforth regard him
Baiae, where he hoped to find at least some relief, as a kind of minister of justice. Hadrian himself
and Antoninus remained behind at Rome as his paid particular attention to the proper exercise of
vicegerent. But his health did not improve ; and jurisdiction in the provinces as well as in Italy:
soon after the arrival of Antoninus at Baiae, whom his reign forms an epoch in the history of Roman
## p. 323 (#339) ############################################
YADRIANUS.
323
HADRIANUS.
HVG.
Airport
OVESTI
jurisprudence. It was at Hadrian's command that clamations were extant down to a very late period.
the jurist Salvius Julianus drew up the edictum He further wrote the history of his own life, from
perpetuum, which formed a fixed code of laws. which some statements are quoted by his biographer
Some of the laws promulgated by Hadrian are of a Spartianus, and which was edited by his freedman
truly humane character, and aimed at improving Phlegon. The Latin Anthology (Ep. 206—211,
the public morality of the time. He divided Italy ed. Meyer) contains six epigrams by Hadrian, and
into four regions, placing each under a consular, six others in Greek are preserved in the Greek
who had the administration of justice. The fact Anthology, but none of them display any real
of his taking the titles of the highest magistracies poetical genius ; they are cold and far-fetched.
in several towns in Italy and the provinces may Our sources of information respecting the life
indeed have been little more than a form, but it and reign of Hadrian are very poor and scanty,
shows, at any rate, that he took a considerable for the two main authorities, Hadrian's own work,
interest in the internal affairs of those towns. and another by Marius Maximus, are lost, and, on
The proceedings of those persons who were con- the whole, we are confined to Spartianus's Life of
nected with the administration of provinces were Hadrian and the abridgement of the 69th book of
watched with the strictest care, and any violation Dion Cassius, by Xiphilinus. (Comp. Eutrop. viii.
of justice was severely punished. While he thus 3 ; Aurel. Vict. de Cacsar. 14 ; Zonar. xi. 23, &c;
on the one hand benefited the provinces by punish- Tillemont, Hist. des Emp. vol. ii. p. 219, &c. ;
ing and preventing oppression and injustice, he J.
