Itis thought, the name bad beeQderived from
loway,
the Gall-Gaidhel, a compound of two Irish "'
words.
loway,
the Gall-Gaidhel, a compound of two Irish "'
words.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v4
See Sir Harris
Nicholas' "Chronology of History," p. 355.
"* The Annals of the Four Masters have
it, at a. d. 802, recte, 807.
"5 On the west coast of Sligo.
"' See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the
Four Masters," vol. i. , pp. 412, 413, and n. (. \). Jbid.
History of Ireland," chap, xii. , p. 189. "° "' "
Edited by Rev. James Henthorn Todd, In- troduction, pp. xxx. , xxxi.
See Cliarles Haliday's Scandinavian History of Dublin," Book i. , chap, i. , p. 15.
"' This year, they devastated Howth. See
D'AIton's " of the of John History County
Dublin," p. 131.
"°
According to Dermod O'Connor's Keating, they were White Lochlann, or Nor- wegians. "See General History of Ireland," Second Book, p. 413.
" See J. J. A. Worscie's " Account of the
Danes and in Scotland Norwegians England,
and Ireland. " The Norwegians in Ireland, sect, i. , p. 299.
"* According to the Ulster Annals. See Rev. Dr. O'Conor's " Rerum Hibernicarum Scriptores," tomus iv. , p. 195.
""
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 305
shores of Ireland. Soon they began to devastate the sacred monuments of our island. In 822 and 823, they burned and plundered Bangor, Down, and Moville, in Ulster. The years succeeding are noticed, as being marked with
devastations ; but, in 830, Armagh, which had heretofore escaped plundering by strangers, was sacked thrice, within one month. "'" Before the middle of this cejitury, various places were attacked, in the interior ; while the churches and monasteries were everywhere wrecked and plundersd, by those gentiles. The fierce strangers generally managed to carry away the sacred relics, and manytreasuresofthesanctuary,beforeescapingtotheirvessels. Therecords of Armagh, for many years after that fatality of a first raid, are but an echo of the national history. While this city was regarded, as having an ecclesias- tical supremacy over all other parts of Ireland, contests, regarding the archi- episcopal succession, had created frequent schisms. The kings and chiefs still continued their feuds, even when formidable and powerful combinations had been effected by the foreigners. These found Ultonia distracted by faction, anditsstrengthdivided. Civildiscordhadbeenheightenedbyreligiouscon- tention. During the incumbency of Archbishop Artri, Armagh had suffered greatly to a. d. 832, the date assigned for his death. Diarmaid Ua Tighearnaigh comes next in order. Farannan succeeded, or rather displaced him, in 834. '^^ These two rivals, Farannan and O'Tierney, appear to have disputed archi- episcopal jurisdiction, each exercising the functions of the See, and this hap- pened, during a period of great public calamity and confusion.
The Danes soon re-appeared, and continued their ravages, in different parts of Ireland. Their aggressions now became unintermitting ; often they are -successfully opposed, but frequently they are conquerors. They behaved
withgreatcrueltytothevanquished. Atlength,theseroseupinarms,and beat the invaders back to their ships, whenever time and preparation had been allowed for resistance. Fresh hordes were constantly arriving, and in different quarters. Under their various designations of Fiugallians, Dubh- gallians, Lochlannans, the Northmen threatened to overwhelm Ulster. In the time of the Northmen descents on Ireland, a Danish writer e—stmiates the
of our at between six and se—
ven millions this seems
population Island, ;'^3 tous,however,averyexaggeratedcomputation whilethewoods,bogsand mountains, in the interior, gave the Celts an undoubted advantage over their Gothic invaders. Early in the ninth century, several Northmen crews had infestedthesouthernshoresofIreland; and,itisespeciallymentioned,that
they had taken possession of Cork,"* and of Luimnech, or the Lower Shan- non, whence the neighbouring country was plundered by them, namely, Cor-
cobhaiscinn, Tradraighe, and those lands occupied by the Ui Conaill Gabhra, or descendants of Conall Gabhra. However, in the year 834,^5 the chieftain
and who was named Donnchadh—
Fidhghente assistedbyCennfaeladh,gavebattletothegentiles,atSeannad, orShanid,inthebaronyofLowerCostello,andcountyofLimerick. Here,the foreigners were defeated, yet, they seem to have kept their hold on the place, \yheretheyhadastrongfortification. Theywereinfullforce,atLuimneach, in 843, when they took Forannan, Primate of Armagh, at Cluain-Comharda,"* with his relics and people, to their ships.
"' "
See James Stuart's Historical Me- land, sect, i. , p. 299.
of this latter— tribe,
also head of the Ui-
meirs of the City of Armagh," chap, i. , pp.
'« About 820. See Miss M. F. Cusack's
" ofthe and of History City County Cork,"
99.
loo-
'"See Harris' Ware, vol. i. , "Arch- chap, iv. , p. 55.
bishops of Armagh," p. 45.
'" See J. J. A. Worsae's " Account of the
Danes and Norwegians in England, Scot- landandIreland. " TheJSorw^iansiulie-
'-5 According to the " Chronicum Scoto- rum," edited by William M. Hennessy, M. R. I. A. , p. 141.
"^Thisplacehasnotbeenidentified U
3o6 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
One of the most powerful naval expeditions was that conducted by Tur-
geis, or Turgesius, who had forced his way through Connaught and Leinster, andwhonowledhisvictoriousEasterlingsuponArmagh. Asheadvanced, Turgeis waged an unrelenting war against Cliristianity, levelling the churches
to the ground, and treating the clergy with wanton barbarity. This leader assumed the sovereignty of the foreigners, in Ireland ; and, he seems to have occupied, for some time, the whole of Leath-Cuinn, or tlie northern half of Ireland. Three great fleets of foreigners appeared almost simultaneously, andtheirmovementswereprobablyunderhisguidance. "' Intheyear836, a fleet of sixty Norseman ships sailed into the mouth of the Boyne, while a convoyequallynumerousenteredtheLiffey. Bothforceswerecombined,and they spoiled all Magh Liphthe, or the plain of the Liffey, and Magh Breagh, thattractofcountrylyingbetweenDublinandDrogheda. AtInbhear-na- mbarc,"^ they obtained a great and decisive victory, over all the southern Ui- Neills, or the people of Meath. The invaders then took possession of Dublin, for the first time, and here they established a strong garrison. It was proba- bly about the same period, the country northwards had been settled by the P'inngalls ; so that, even at this day, its people are known as Fingallians, and the district is still called Fingal. In 838, the foreigners had a fleet on Lough Neagh, which enabled them to spoil the churches and territories around its shores. Thus, very considerable Scandinavian settlements, in the ninth cen- tury, had been formed throughout Ireland. According to the concurring evi- dence of the Irish and Northman Chronicles, for more than three centuries, the Scandinavians must have exercised very great influence, in the chief ports of Ireland. For a period of thirteen years, or from a. d. 831, or 832, to 845, Turgeis aimed at the establishment of a permanent colony of his countrymen in Ireland, and for the extermination or subjugation of the native kings and chiefs. Hetookcaretoselectplaces,fortheerectionofstrongholds,withthe object of protecting the Northmen. These are said to have built Cahirs or Caers, and Cashels or Castles ; and, likewise to have spread themselves over all Erinn, which was subjugated, for a time. The chief seat of Turgeis' government appears to have been, at Armagh ; while constant reinforcements oftheLochlannacharrivedfromNorway. Theirfierceleaderdesired,like- wise, to root out Christianity from our Island, and to introduce the national heathenism of his own country. The churches and monasteries of Ireland shared in the common calamity; they were stripped of their sacred vessels and ornaments ; afterwards, they were set on fire, by the wicked invaders, without remorse or distinction. '^9 Sometimes, the Irish were obliged to fly, and to seek the remotest mountain districts, when worsted in their isolated struggles with the invaders. During this, supremacy of the Northmen, the clergy throughout the most part of Ireland were compelled to lurk for years, among themountains,woodsandbogs,asalsoindesertsandincaverns. Heavytri- butary exactions were imposed on the people, who were often enslaved, when they could not afford to pay the taxes laid upon them. A series of extraor- dinary oppressions was commenced and long continued, by the Norwegians ; while, their exactions are still remembered, even among the most ignorant people, still tenacious of the past, although their traditions chiefly hold the
"' See CogAt)}! SAetjliel He 54l. l,Aibli, edited by Rev. James Henthoru Todd. In-
troduction, p. xlii.
for the mouth of the River Rath-Inbhir, near Bray. See "Annals of the Four Masters," vol. i. , pp. 454 to 457, and n.
""
It has the meaning, the inver or river-
(b). Ibid.
'^ See Rev. Dr.
mouth of the b. irks or — Dr. O'Dono- ships.
ders this van consi—
"Gene-
not
identified as having been the ancient name
of 415. Duffy's
JeofTreyKeating's Ireland," Second Book,
place
yet clearly
ral
History
p.
Edition.
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 307
Danesasresponsible,formostofthosetyrannicalandsavageacts. TheIrish
accounts, however, regarding the Normans and Danes, with their exactions, are rather vague, in many cases, and they seem to have been drawn from
bardic compositions, based merely on popular nimours. These are spiced,
too frequently, with strong national prejudice and'dislike ; therefore, we may
be prepared for much exaggeration. In the year 837, the gentiles gained a
great victory over the Connaughtmen, in which Maelduin, heir apparent to the throne of Connaught, was slain. The following year, a change of abbots
at Armagh is noticed, Diarmaid Ua Tighearnaigh succeeding to Forannan of Rath-mic-Maluis ;'3° while in 839, the foreigners burned Armagh, with its cathedral and oratories. '3' The ecclesiastical possessions seem to have been usurped,byTurgesius. DesiringtoeffecttheconquestofMeathandofCon- naught, he proceeded towards Lough Ree, to take command ofa fleet there stationed. The Norse had launched their ships, even on the Irish lakes. With those vessels they coerced people, dwelling around their shores j'^^ while, up and down the Shannon, Turgesius sailed, plundering all the religious institu- tions, which were on or near its banks. At length, Maelseachlainn '33 took him prisoner, and the King of Meath is said to have effected this object, by a stratagem. The tyrant eagerly desired and had demanded his daughter, while thekingappearedtocomplywiththisdemand. Theplaceappointedforthat interview with her was an island in Loch Uair, now known as Lough Owel ; and, here, it was arranged, that she should be accompanied by fifteen beauti- ful young maidens, as prizes for fifteen of the most favoured Northmen chiefs. When the foreigners, suspecting no plot, had landed there, it was found, that -fifteen avenging young Irishmen, disguised in female apparel, had daggers concealed beneath their dresses, with which they poignarded those assembled chiefs of the Scandinavians, with their king. '34 He was afterwards drowned in Lough Owel, near Mullingar, in 843, the date furnished for this transaction. That tale, however, referring to the immediate cause of his death, has been generally rejected as a romance, by most Irish historians. '35
The exposed position of lona caused the community,—who observed the ruleofSt. Columba,toresolveonerectingtwonewhouses oneatDunkeld, on the mainland of Scotland, and the other at Kells, in Ireland. Kenneth Mac'Alpin, of Scottish descent,'3'5 invaded the Picts in 839, and subjected them to his rule over Scotland, while his enterprise is thought to have been aided by the Scandinavian invaders. '37 His reign lasted, until A. D. 860. He left two sons, Constantin and Aed, besides three daughters, one married to Run, King
of the Britons of Strathclyde, another married to Amlaibh,'38 or Olaf the White, Norwegian King of Dublin,'39 and the third, called Maelmaire,"''"
'^ He seems, afterwards, to have gone into exile.
"• See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the Four Masters," vol. i. , pp. 460, 461.
'*" See J. J. A. Worsae s " Account of the Danes ami Norwegians in England, Scotland and Ireland. " The Norwegians in Ireland, sect, ii. , p. 308.
'53 He is called Omachlachelim, by Giral- "
dus Cambrensis. See Topographia Hiber- nica," cap. xl. , p. 185. "Opera," vol. v. , Edited by James F. Dimock, M. A.
'J* See ibid.
"
'35 See Martin Haverty's Ireland," ch. Tp. xiii. , p. 125, and note.
History of '^HeprobablyruledoverthepeopleinGal-
on the south-west coast of Scotland.
Itis thought, the name bad beeQderived from
loway,
the Gall-Gaidhel, a compound of two Irish "'
words. Gall, Stranger, and Gaidhel, the national name for the Gaelic race. This term spread to the people of the western Isles of Scotland of Irish descent, and who
weregenerallysubjectedtoNorthmandomina- tion.
"
See William F. Skene's Celtic Scot-
a History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. , Book i. , chap, vi. , pp. 303 to
"' His first wife seems to have been Audur
the wealthy, daughter to Ketill Flatnose or
Caittil Finn, a petty king of Norway, but settled in the Hebrides.
'» This appear, from the " Three Frag- ments" of Irish Annals. See pp. 172, 173.
'*" The name be " the may Anglicised,
servant of Mary. "
'3' land :
3o8 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
married '' to Aedh Finnliath, monarch of Ireland, who died a. d. 879. It can hardly be doubted, that liis daughters were married to Christian husbands, as their father is known to have been a special patron of religious persons.
After the death of the tyrant Turgesius, the tide of successes for the
Northmen changed. In 844, when he had been thirteen years the lawfully
recognised sovereign of Ireland, Niall Caille, son of Aedh Oirdnidhe, hastened to the relief of Armagh. There the Nonhmen received his onset, and a bloody encounter resulted in a victory for the Irish. It was dearly purchased, how- ever, by-the death of their leader, who perished in an attempt, to save one of his troop from being drowned. During the years succeeding, the foreigners sustained many defeats, in various parts of Ireland. Reinforcements were required to maintain their ascendency, in the invaded Island, but on account of their great distance from Scandinavia, it was a physical impossibility for the Northmen to obtain assistance, in the hour of need, from their own country. '^^ In the year 849, a new race of invaders, the Dubhghoill, or Black Foreigners, arrived at Ath-cliath, to make war on the Fionghoill. "'" The former took possession of the fortress, and made a great slaughter of the Nor-
wegians. This success was repeated, at Linn-Duaciiaill, in the north of Ire- land. In 850, a fleet of 160 Finnghoill ships arrived in Carlingford Lough, to give battle to the Dubhghoill. "'•* For three days and three nights, they fought against each other, but the Danes obtained a victory, and the Norwe- gians either escaped in their ships, or left these in possession of the con-
querors. "<5 While Dermod O'Tighernagh ruled over the primatial See, upon the Sunday after the Easter of 852, the gentiles stormed and sacked Armagh. This calamity broke the heart ot the good Archbishop. He died, with the
"
reputation of being the wisest of the doctors of Europe. "'''* In other
struggles, the Irish were victorious. Amlaeibh,"''? also called Amlaf, or Olaf, the White,'''^ the son of the Lochlan King, came to Ireland, a. d. 851. All the foreigners in Ireland submitted to him,'*" and they exacted rent from the Gaedhil, or Irish. "5° With the natives, however, alliances were frequently entered into, and with Amlaeibh was associated Imhar, or Ivor, ancestor to the Danish Kings of Dublin, and Ceartball, Chief of Ossory, in an invasion
*' The Ulster Annals, at A. D. 917, men-
tion her, as Mailmaire inghen Cinaeda mac
Alpin mor.
''' See J. J. A. Worsae's " Account of the
Danes and Norwegians in England, Scot- land and Ireland. " The Norwegians in Ire-
land, sect, i. , pp. 229, 300.
*3 From some History of the Danish In-
vasions, which now nppears to be lost, Dublialtach Mac Firbisiyh gives a detailed account of this quarrel, between the Scan- dinavians themselves, in the "Three Frag- ments " of Irish Annals, edited with a trans-
lationandnotes, by JohnO'Donovan,LL. D. , pp. 114 to 125.
'" Some curious particulars are related, about the Danes, after a first defeat, placing themselves under the protection of St. Patrick,
and of his God, and then being victorious.
afteragreatslaughteroftheNorwegians. A horrible idea of tlie victors' ferocity is given, when we are informed, that their cauldrons were placed ou heaps of Lochlann bodies, and one end of the spits, on which their meat was htmg, had been stuck into some of
the corpses, while cooking their meals. This was witnessed, by the ambassadors of King Maelseachlainn.
'« See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the FourMasters,"vol. i. , pp. 484,485.
"* See Harris' Ware, vol. i. , "Arch-
bishops of Armagh," p. 45.
"'"In the "Three Fragments" of Irish
Annals, he is called -dmLioib Conung, and the editor, Dr. O'Donovan, has the quciy "is Connng an Hibernicized form of the Teu-
t'onic Koenig or Koenuito, King? "
"••' He was a Norwegian,
"9 See an account of him, in Charles
"
Scandinavi. in History of Dub- lin," chap, i. , ii. , pp. 18 to 33.
'5° At the year 854, an extraordinary fact, not noticed in the Annals of Ulster or of the
Four Masters, is related, that many of the IrishforsooktheirChristianbaptism,joined the Lochlanns, plundered Armagh, and ear- ried away all its riches ; but some of them did penance, and came to make satisfaction, See Hid. , pp. 126, 127.
Haliday's
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 309
of Meath, a. d. 857. Peace was proclaimed, after King Maelseachlainn had
convoked a great assembly of Irish notables, at Rathhugh, in the county of Westmeath. The monarch of Ireland was obliged to contend with Aedh
Finnliath, son to Niall Caille, who leagued with the foreigners. Thus, our Annals present a dismal succession of struggles, between the islanders and their obstinate enemies. The former were always disunited, and often for that reason suffering disaster. In the year 860 died Maelseachlainn, after a reign of sixteen years,'5> and he was succeeded by Aedh Finnliath, in the sovereignty of Ireland. Meantime, the Saxons in England were harassed greatly by the Northmen. During the reigns of the English King Egbert's succesors, Ethelwulf, Ethelbald, Ethelbert and Ethelbred, with varying for- tunes, invasion succeeded invasion,"but everywhere, tlie pirates spread ruin and conflagration. Various signal victories were obtained over the Saxons, until Alfred the Great was called to the throne in 871. His prudence, abilities and courage reversed their successes to the end of his reign, and his death tookplace,onthe26thofOctober,a. d. 899to901. '5' HissonEdward,who succeeded, obtained more real power over them, and his conquests were more durable.
During Maelseachlainn's reign, while the Scandinavians were repressed in the north of Ireland, those of Dublin invaded Leinster and Munster, which they ravaged, while they searched the very earth-caves for hidden booty. Limerick, Cork and Kerry were desolated by those plunderers. In 860, two noble chiefs of the Lochlanns, came with their forces to Luimnech, and thencewenttoPort-Lairge. TheleaderswerecalledHona,whowasaDruid,'S3 and Tormir Torra ; but, the people of Eoghanacht,'5* and of Aracliach,'55 opposedthem. Thosechiefswereslain,withagreatnumberoftheirforces, and only a few escaped from the people of Munster. 's* In 867, Armagh was again burned, and one thousand of its citizens were slaughtered. '57 About this period, the Danes had landed in England, and had reduced the King- dom of Northumbria, under their sway. '^* Nay more, the Norwegians are said even to have invaded the Mauritani, or Moors, about a. d. 869 ; and, after fighting a bloody engagement with the king of that country, the Loch- lanns gained a signal victory, and carried off a great number of captives to Erinn, where these were known as blue or dark men, owing to tiie peculiar colour of their faces. 'ss It must be allowed, that the White Gentiles fought with the Black Gentiles, about this tinie, and these latter were driven to Alba or Scotland. During this period, the Norwegians under Anilaeibh and Imhar invaded Scotland, laying waste the country of the Picts. They returned to Dublin in 871, with two hundred ships, bringing a great number of captives, Picts, Angles and Britons. '^ Aedh Finliath died 876, and he was succeeded byFlannSionna,thesonofMaelseachlainn,onthethroneofIreland. During his long reign of forty years, this country enjoyed comparative immunity frona
'5' See " GratUnus Lucias, Cambrensis
Eversus," vol. ii. , cap. ix. , pp. 30, 31. Rev. Matthew Kelly's edition.
'5^ See Rev. Dr. Lingard's "History of
England," vol. i. , chap, iil, iv. , pp. 143 to 188.
_
'5J Most probably, this is a term used, be-
cause he died, praying to the gods and
exercising mayic.
's^ These lived, in the great plain surround-
ing Cashel.
'55 This territory is in the east ofLimerick
Annals, this notice is to be found.
's? See James . Stuart's " Historical Me-
moirs of tile City of Armagh," chap, iii. ,
p. 112.
'S^See William F. Skene's Celtic Scot-
County,
'i* In the " Three
O'JJoiiovaii, LL. D. , pp. 158 to 163.
'^ See William F. Skene's " Celtic Scot- land: a History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. ,
Fragments
" of Irish Book
i. , chap, vi. , pp. 323
to
325.
"
land : a History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. ,
Boole i. , chap, vi. , p. 332. '5» This is related, in the
"
Three Frag- ments" of Irish Annals, collected by Dub- haltach Mac Firbi^igh, and edited by John
310 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
foreign aggression ; yet, sometimes from the Norse settlements at Dublin,
Limerick, Lough Foyle, Lough Neagh, and elsewhere, churches were plun-
dered and districts ravaged. '*' By a combined attack of Cearbhall, King of
Leinster, and of Maelfinnia, King of Bregia, the foreigners were expelled
from Dublin, a. d. 900, when they left many of their vessels behind them.
Their leader was Sichfrith, son oflmhar. '*^ During this period, the Northmen
committed extensive depredations, not only in Great Britain, but even on the
Rhine, in France, in Normandy, in Italy, and in other European countries. "*3
In 910, the Northmen took possession of Loch Dachaech,"''' or Port Lairge,
now Waterfordj'^s and, in the year 912, a still greater number of their vessels
arrived in its harbour. '** Great and frequent reinforcements followed them,
in913 sothattheplacebecameoneoftheirstrongestsouthernpositions. '*' ;
Those forces were under the command ofRagnall—grandson to Ivar—and also
under Earl Ottir. In 916, died Flann Sionna, and he was succeeded, in the
sovereignty of Ireland, by Niall Glandubh. '*^ The foreigners, especially in the
south, east and west of Ireland, were very aggressive, during his reign. The Irish gained some victories over the Norwegians and Danes ; but, the mon-
arch of Ireland, leading a large northern force against those in Dublin, lost a battle and his life, at Kilmashogue, near Rathfarnham, September 15th, A. D. 919. Several Irish kings and chiefs perished in this engagement, among the rest Hugh Mac Eochagain, King of Ultonia. '*'
The native Irish continued to maintain their prestige in arms, when they were assailed by their enemies, while the greater part of their country was occupied by a population of fighting men, in vastly superior numbers to their inva- ders;'7° but,theyhadneglectedtheobviousprecautionofestablishingstrong-
holds and of fortifying defensive positions, throughout the more exposed parts of the island. Their ports and harbours for the most part were unfurnished with vessels, except those small craft used for fishing ; nor were their sailors accustomed to the art of naval warfare, as their ships, at that time, had not been constructed for such a purpose. On the contrary, unopposed on their wild and accustomed element, the Northmen were enabled to select the less defensive creeks and coasts, for sudden and secure descent ; while, in case of reverses by land, the line of retreat to their ships was well guarded, and, in any case, it was a ready resource to hoist sail, and to convey a large number ofwarriorsaroundtheIrishshores,fromonepointtoanother. Donnchadh, son to Flann Sionna, succeeded as monarch, and he won a great victory over the Northmen. Gotfrid, or Godfrey, grandson of Imhar, after the death of his brother Ragnall,'? ' took possession of Dublin, and plundered Armagh, with a great part of the north of Ireland, in 921. '7' Soon afterwards appeared
''' An account of such depredations will be found, in the "Three Fragments" of Irish Annals, by Dubhaltach Mac. Firbisigh.
584, 585.
"''See Miss M. F. Cusack's "Popular
History of Ireland," chap, xii. , p. 195.
"'' See Jienliel Re CogA'oh
"'^ See Martin " of Haverty's History
JaIIatoIi, edited by Rev. James Henthorn Todd. In-
Ireland," chap, xiii. , p. 130.
" His-
troduction, p. Ixxxiii.
"i^ An account of these expeditions will be
"
Historie des Expedi- tions des Normands et leur Etablisement en
France," liv. iii. Paris, 1843.
''« The oldest name, according to the
Dinnseanchus.
"^5 There is no record of a Scandinavian
King of Waterford, before A. D. 903. See Charles Haliday's "Scandinavian Kingdom
*» See L'Abbe
Ma-Geoghegan's
found, in Deppiiig's
toire de I'lrlande Ancienne et Moderne,"
tome i. Seconde Partie, chap, v. , p. 400.
'? ° See J.
Nicholas' "Chronology of History," p. 355.
"* The Annals of the Four Masters have
it, at a. d. 802, recte, 807.
"5 On the west coast of Sligo.
"' See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the
Four Masters," vol. i. , pp. 412, 413, and n. (. \). Jbid.
History of Ireland," chap, xii. , p. 189. "° "' "
Edited by Rev. James Henthorn Todd, In- troduction, pp. xxx. , xxxi.
See Cliarles Haliday's Scandinavian History of Dublin," Book i. , chap, i. , p. 15.
"' This year, they devastated Howth. See
D'AIton's " of the of John History County
Dublin," p. 131.
"°
According to Dermod O'Connor's Keating, they were White Lochlann, or Nor- wegians. "See General History of Ireland," Second Book, p. 413.
" See J. J. A. Worscie's " Account of the
Danes and in Scotland Norwegians England,
and Ireland. " The Norwegians in Ireland, sect, i. , p. 299.
"* According to the Ulster Annals. See Rev. Dr. O'Conor's " Rerum Hibernicarum Scriptores," tomus iv. , p. 195.
""
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 305
shores of Ireland. Soon they began to devastate the sacred monuments of our island. In 822 and 823, they burned and plundered Bangor, Down, and Moville, in Ulster. The years succeeding are noticed, as being marked with
devastations ; but, in 830, Armagh, which had heretofore escaped plundering by strangers, was sacked thrice, within one month. "'" Before the middle of this cejitury, various places were attacked, in the interior ; while the churches and monasteries were everywhere wrecked and plundersd, by those gentiles. The fierce strangers generally managed to carry away the sacred relics, and manytreasuresofthesanctuary,beforeescapingtotheirvessels. Therecords of Armagh, for many years after that fatality of a first raid, are but an echo of the national history. While this city was regarded, as having an ecclesias- tical supremacy over all other parts of Ireland, contests, regarding the archi- episcopal succession, had created frequent schisms. The kings and chiefs still continued their feuds, even when formidable and powerful combinations had been effected by the foreigners. These found Ultonia distracted by faction, anditsstrengthdivided. Civildiscordhadbeenheightenedbyreligiouscon- tention. During the incumbency of Archbishop Artri, Armagh had suffered greatly to a. d. 832, the date assigned for his death. Diarmaid Ua Tighearnaigh comes next in order. Farannan succeeded, or rather displaced him, in 834. '^^ These two rivals, Farannan and O'Tierney, appear to have disputed archi- episcopal jurisdiction, each exercising the functions of the See, and this hap- pened, during a period of great public calamity and confusion.
The Danes soon re-appeared, and continued their ravages, in different parts of Ireland. Their aggressions now became unintermitting ; often they are -successfully opposed, but frequently they are conquerors. They behaved
withgreatcrueltytothevanquished. Atlength,theseroseupinarms,and beat the invaders back to their ships, whenever time and preparation had been allowed for resistance. Fresh hordes were constantly arriving, and in different quarters. Under their various designations of Fiugallians, Dubh- gallians, Lochlannans, the Northmen threatened to overwhelm Ulster. In the time of the Northmen descents on Ireland, a Danish writer e—stmiates the
of our at between six and se—
ven millions this seems
population Island, ;'^3 tous,however,averyexaggeratedcomputation whilethewoods,bogsand mountains, in the interior, gave the Celts an undoubted advantage over their Gothic invaders. Early in the ninth century, several Northmen crews had infestedthesouthernshoresofIreland; and,itisespeciallymentioned,that
they had taken possession of Cork,"* and of Luimnech, or the Lower Shan- non, whence the neighbouring country was plundered by them, namely, Cor-
cobhaiscinn, Tradraighe, and those lands occupied by the Ui Conaill Gabhra, or descendants of Conall Gabhra. However, in the year 834,^5 the chieftain
and who was named Donnchadh—
Fidhghente assistedbyCennfaeladh,gavebattletothegentiles,atSeannad, orShanid,inthebaronyofLowerCostello,andcountyofLimerick. Here,the foreigners were defeated, yet, they seem to have kept their hold on the place, \yheretheyhadastrongfortification. Theywereinfullforce,atLuimneach, in 843, when they took Forannan, Primate of Armagh, at Cluain-Comharda,"* with his relics and people, to their ships.
"' "
See James Stuart's Historical Me- land, sect, i. , p. 299.
of this latter— tribe,
also head of the Ui-
meirs of the City of Armagh," chap, i. , pp.
'« About 820. See Miss M. F. Cusack's
" ofthe and of History City County Cork,"
99.
loo-
'"See Harris' Ware, vol. i. , "Arch- chap, iv. , p. 55.
bishops of Armagh," p. 45.
'" See J. J. A. Worsae's " Account of the
Danes and Norwegians in England, Scot- landandIreland. " TheJSorw^iansiulie-
'-5 According to the " Chronicum Scoto- rum," edited by William M. Hennessy, M. R. I. A. , p. 141.
"^Thisplacehasnotbeenidentified U
3o6 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
One of the most powerful naval expeditions was that conducted by Tur-
geis, or Turgesius, who had forced his way through Connaught and Leinster, andwhonowledhisvictoriousEasterlingsuponArmagh. Asheadvanced, Turgeis waged an unrelenting war against Cliristianity, levelling the churches
to the ground, and treating the clergy with wanton barbarity. This leader assumed the sovereignty of the foreigners, in Ireland ; and, he seems to have occupied, for some time, the whole of Leath-Cuinn, or tlie northern half of Ireland. Three great fleets of foreigners appeared almost simultaneously, andtheirmovementswereprobablyunderhisguidance. "' Intheyear836, a fleet of sixty Norseman ships sailed into the mouth of the Boyne, while a convoyequallynumerousenteredtheLiffey. Bothforceswerecombined,and they spoiled all Magh Liphthe, or the plain of the Liffey, and Magh Breagh, thattractofcountrylyingbetweenDublinandDrogheda. AtInbhear-na- mbarc,"^ they obtained a great and decisive victory, over all the southern Ui- Neills, or the people of Meath. The invaders then took possession of Dublin, for the first time, and here they established a strong garrison. It was proba- bly about the same period, the country northwards had been settled by the P'inngalls ; so that, even at this day, its people are known as Fingallians, and the district is still called Fingal. In 838, the foreigners had a fleet on Lough Neagh, which enabled them to spoil the churches and territories around its shores. Thus, very considerable Scandinavian settlements, in the ninth cen- tury, had been formed throughout Ireland. According to the concurring evi- dence of the Irish and Northman Chronicles, for more than three centuries, the Scandinavians must have exercised very great influence, in the chief ports of Ireland. For a period of thirteen years, or from a. d. 831, or 832, to 845, Turgeis aimed at the establishment of a permanent colony of his countrymen in Ireland, and for the extermination or subjugation of the native kings and chiefs. Hetookcaretoselectplaces,fortheerectionofstrongholds,withthe object of protecting the Northmen. These are said to have built Cahirs or Caers, and Cashels or Castles ; and, likewise to have spread themselves over all Erinn, which was subjugated, for a time. The chief seat of Turgeis' government appears to have been, at Armagh ; while constant reinforcements oftheLochlannacharrivedfromNorway. Theirfierceleaderdesired,like- wise, to root out Christianity from our Island, and to introduce the national heathenism of his own country. The churches and monasteries of Ireland shared in the common calamity; they were stripped of their sacred vessels and ornaments ; afterwards, they were set on fire, by the wicked invaders, without remorse or distinction. '^9 Sometimes, the Irish were obliged to fly, and to seek the remotest mountain districts, when worsted in their isolated struggles with the invaders. During this, supremacy of the Northmen, the clergy throughout the most part of Ireland were compelled to lurk for years, among themountains,woodsandbogs,asalsoindesertsandincaverns. Heavytri- butary exactions were imposed on the people, who were often enslaved, when they could not afford to pay the taxes laid upon them. A series of extraor- dinary oppressions was commenced and long continued, by the Norwegians ; while, their exactions are still remembered, even among the most ignorant people, still tenacious of the past, although their traditions chiefly hold the
"' See CogAt)}! SAetjliel He 54l. l,Aibli, edited by Rev. James Henthoru Todd. In-
troduction, p. xlii.
for the mouth of the River Rath-Inbhir, near Bray. See "Annals of the Four Masters," vol. i. , pp. 454 to 457, and n.
""
It has the meaning, the inver or river-
(b). Ibid.
'^ See Rev. Dr.
mouth of the b. irks or — Dr. O'Dono- ships.
ders this van consi—
"Gene-
not
identified as having been the ancient name
of 415. Duffy's
JeofTreyKeating's Ireland," Second Book,
place
yet clearly
ral
History
p.
Edition.
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 307
Danesasresponsible,formostofthosetyrannicalandsavageacts. TheIrish
accounts, however, regarding the Normans and Danes, with their exactions, are rather vague, in many cases, and they seem to have been drawn from
bardic compositions, based merely on popular nimours. These are spiced,
too frequently, with strong national prejudice and'dislike ; therefore, we may
be prepared for much exaggeration. In the year 837, the gentiles gained a
great victory over the Connaughtmen, in which Maelduin, heir apparent to the throne of Connaught, was slain. The following year, a change of abbots
at Armagh is noticed, Diarmaid Ua Tighearnaigh succeeding to Forannan of Rath-mic-Maluis ;'3° while in 839, the foreigners burned Armagh, with its cathedral and oratories. '3' The ecclesiastical possessions seem to have been usurped,byTurgesius. DesiringtoeffecttheconquestofMeathandofCon- naught, he proceeded towards Lough Ree, to take command ofa fleet there stationed. The Norse had launched their ships, even on the Irish lakes. With those vessels they coerced people, dwelling around their shores j'^^ while, up and down the Shannon, Turgesius sailed, plundering all the religious institu- tions, which were on or near its banks. At length, Maelseachlainn '33 took him prisoner, and the King of Meath is said to have effected this object, by a stratagem. The tyrant eagerly desired and had demanded his daughter, while thekingappearedtocomplywiththisdemand. Theplaceappointedforthat interview with her was an island in Loch Uair, now known as Lough Owel ; and, here, it was arranged, that she should be accompanied by fifteen beauti- ful young maidens, as prizes for fifteen of the most favoured Northmen chiefs. When the foreigners, suspecting no plot, had landed there, it was found, that -fifteen avenging young Irishmen, disguised in female apparel, had daggers concealed beneath their dresses, with which they poignarded those assembled chiefs of the Scandinavians, with their king. '34 He was afterwards drowned in Lough Owel, near Mullingar, in 843, the date furnished for this transaction. That tale, however, referring to the immediate cause of his death, has been generally rejected as a romance, by most Irish historians. '35
The exposed position of lona caused the community,—who observed the ruleofSt. Columba,toresolveonerectingtwonewhouses oneatDunkeld, on the mainland of Scotland, and the other at Kells, in Ireland. Kenneth Mac'Alpin, of Scottish descent,'3'5 invaded the Picts in 839, and subjected them to his rule over Scotland, while his enterprise is thought to have been aided by the Scandinavian invaders. '37 His reign lasted, until A. D. 860. He left two sons, Constantin and Aed, besides three daughters, one married to Run, King
of the Britons of Strathclyde, another married to Amlaibh,'38 or Olaf the White, Norwegian King of Dublin,'39 and the third, called Maelmaire,"''"
'^ He seems, afterwards, to have gone into exile.
"• See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the Four Masters," vol. i. , pp. 460, 461.
'*" See J. J. A. Worsae s " Account of the Danes ami Norwegians in England, Scotland and Ireland. " The Norwegians in Ireland, sect, ii. , p. 308.
'53 He is called Omachlachelim, by Giral- "
dus Cambrensis. See Topographia Hiber- nica," cap. xl. , p. 185. "Opera," vol. v. , Edited by James F. Dimock, M. A.
'J* See ibid.
"
'35 See Martin Haverty's Ireland," ch. Tp. xiii. , p. 125, and note.
History of '^HeprobablyruledoverthepeopleinGal-
on the south-west coast of Scotland.
Itis thought, the name bad beeQderived from
loway,
the Gall-Gaidhel, a compound of two Irish "'
words. Gall, Stranger, and Gaidhel, the national name for the Gaelic race. This term spread to the people of the western Isles of Scotland of Irish descent, and who
weregenerallysubjectedtoNorthmandomina- tion.
"
See William F. Skene's Celtic Scot-
a History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. , Book i. , chap, vi. , pp. 303 to
"' His first wife seems to have been Audur
the wealthy, daughter to Ketill Flatnose or
Caittil Finn, a petty king of Norway, but settled in the Hebrides.
'» This appear, from the " Three Frag- ments" of Irish Annals. See pp. 172, 173.
'*" The name be " the may Anglicised,
servant of Mary. "
'3' land :
3o8 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
married '' to Aedh Finnliath, monarch of Ireland, who died a. d. 879. It can hardly be doubted, that liis daughters were married to Christian husbands, as their father is known to have been a special patron of religious persons.
After the death of the tyrant Turgesius, the tide of successes for the
Northmen changed. In 844, when he had been thirteen years the lawfully
recognised sovereign of Ireland, Niall Caille, son of Aedh Oirdnidhe, hastened to the relief of Armagh. There the Nonhmen received his onset, and a bloody encounter resulted in a victory for the Irish. It was dearly purchased, how- ever, by-the death of their leader, who perished in an attempt, to save one of his troop from being drowned. During the years succeeding, the foreigners sustained many defeats, in various parts of Ireland. Reinforcements were required to maintain their ascendency, in the invaded Island, but on account of their great distance from Scandinavia, it was a physical impossibility for the Northmen to obtain assistance, in the hour of need, from their own country. '^^ In the year 849, a new race of invaders, the Dubhghoill, or Black Foreigners, arrived at Ath-cliath, to make war on the Fionghoill. "'" The former took possession of the fortress, and made a great slaughter of the Nor-
wegians. This success was repeated, at Linn-Duaciiaill, in the north of Ire- land. In 850, a fleet of 160 Finnghoill ships arrived in Carlingford Lough, to give battle to the Dubhghoill. "'•* For three days and three nights, they fought against each other, but the Danes obtained a victory, and the Norwe- gians either escaped in their ships, or left these in possession of the con-
querors. "<5 While Dermod O'Tighernagh ruled over the primatial See, upon the Sunday after the Easter of 852, the gentiles stormed and sacked Armagh. This calamity broke the heart ot the good Archbishop. He died, with the
"
reputation of being the wisest of the doctors of Europe. "'''* In other
struggles, the Irish were victorious. Amlaeibh,"''? also called Amlaf, or Olaf, the White,'''^ the son of the Lochlan King, came to Ireland, a. d. 851. All the foreigners in Ireland submitted to him,'*" and they exacted rent from the Gaedhil, or Irish. "5° With the natives, however, alliances were frequently entered into, and with Amlaeibh was associated Imhar, or Ivor, ancestor to the Danish Kings of Dublin, and Ceartball, Chief of Ossory, in an invasion
*' The Ulster Annals, at A. D. 917, men-
tion her, as Mailmaire inghen Cinaeda mac
Alpin mor.
''' See J. J. A. Worsae's " Account of the
Danes and Norwegians in England, Scot- land and Ireland. " The Norwegians in Ire-
land, sect, i. , pp. 229, 300.
*3 From some History of the Danish In-
vasions, which now nppears to be lost, Dublialtach Mac Firbisiyh gives a detailed account of this quarrel, between the Scan- dinavians themselves, in the "Three Frag- ments " of Irish Annals, edited with a trans-
lationandnotes, by JohnO'Donovan,LL. D. , pp. 114 to 125.
'" Some curious particulars are related, about the Danes, after a first defeat, placing themselves under the protection of St. Patrick,
and of his God, and then being victorious.
afteragreatslaughteroftheNorwegians. A horrible idea of tlie victors' ferocity is given, when we are informed, that their cauldrons were placed ou heaps of Lochlann bodies, and one end of the spits, on which their meat was htmg, had been stuck into some of
the corpses, while cooking their meals. This was witnessed, by the ambassadors of King Maelseachlainn.
'« See Dr. O'Donovan's " Annals of the FourMasters,"vol. i. , pp. 484,485.
"* See Harris' Ware, vol. i. , "Arch-
bishops of Armagh," p. 45.
"'"In the "Three Fragments" of Irish
Annals, he is called -dmLioib Conung, and the editor, Dr. O'Donovan, has the quciy "is Connng an Hibernicized form of the Teu-
t'onic Koenig or Koenuito, King? "
"••' He was a Norwegian,
"9 See an account of him, in Charles
"
Scandinavi. in History of Dub- lin," chap, i. , ii. , pp. 18 to 33.
'5° At the year 854, an extraordinary fact, not noticed in the Annals of Ulster or of the
Four Masters, is related, that many of the IrishforsooktheirChristianbaptism,joined the Lochlanns, plundered Armagh, and ear- ried away all its riches ; but some of them did penance, and came to make satisfaction, See Hid. , pp. 126, 127.
Haliday's
April 23. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 309
of Meath, a. d. 857. Peace was proclaimed, after King Maelseachlainn had
convoked a great assembly of Irish notables, at Rathhugh, in the county of Westmeath. The monarch of Ireland was obliged to contend with Aedh
Finnliath, son to Niall Caille, who leagued with the foreigners. Thus, our Annals present a dismal succession of struggles, between the islanders and their obstinate enemies. The former were always disunited, and often for that reason suffering disaster. In the year 860 died Maelseachlainn, after a reign of sixteen years,'5> and he was succeeded by Aedh Finnliath, in the sovereignty of Ireland. Meantime, the Saxons in England were harassed greatly by the Northmen. During the reigns of the English King Egbert's succesors, Ethelwulf, Ethelbald, Ethelbert and Ethelbred, with varying for- tunes, invasion succeeded invasion,"but everywhere, tlie pirates spread ruin and conflagration. Various signal victories were obtained over the Saxons, until Alfred the Great was called to the throne in 871. His prudence, abilities and courage reversed their successes to the end of his reign, and his death tookplace,onthe26thofOctober,a. d. 899to901. '5' HissonEdward,who succeeded, obtained more real power over them, and his conquests were more durable.
During Maelseachlainn's reign, while the Scandinavians were repressed in the north of Ireland, those of Dublin invaded Leinster and Munster, which they ravaged, while they searched the very earth-caves for hidden booty. Limerick, Cork and Kerry were desolated by those plunderers. In 860, two noble chiefs of the Lochlanns, came with their forces to Luimnech, and thencewenttoPort-Lairge. TheleaderswerecalledHona,whowasaDruid,'S3 and Tormir Torra ; but, the people of Eoghanacht,'5* and of Aracliach,'55 opposedthem. Thosechiefswereslain,withagreatnumberoftheirforces, and only a few escaped from the people of Munster. 's* In 867, Armagh was again burned, and one thousand of its citizens were slaughtered. '57 About this period, the Danes had landed in England, and had reduced the King- dom of Northumbria, under their sway. '^* Nay more, the Norwegians are said even to have invaded the Mauritani, or Moors, about a. d. 869 ; and, after fighting a bloody engagement with the king of that country, the Loch- lanns gained a signal victory, and carried off a great number of captives to Erinn, where these were known as blue or dark men, owing to tiie peculiar colour of their faces. 'ss It must be allowed, that the White Gentiles fought with the Black Gentiles, about this tinie, and these latter were driven to Alba or Scotland. During this period, the Norwegians under Anilaeibh and Imhar invaded Scotland, laying waste the country of the Picts. They returned to Dublin in 871, with two hundred ships, bringing a great number of captives, Picts, Angles and Britons. '^ Aedh Finliath died 876, and he was succeeded byFlannSionna,thesonofMaelseachlainn,onthethroneofIreland. During his long reign of forty years, this country enjoyed comparative immunity frona
'5' See " GratUnus Lucias, Cambrensis
Eversus," vol. ii. , cap. ix. , pp. 30, 31. Rev. Matthew Kelly's edition.
'5^ See Rev. Dr. Lingard's "History of
England," vol. i. , chap, iil, iv. , pp. 143 to 188.
_
'5J Most probably, this is a term used, be-
cause he died, praying to the gods and
exercising mayic.
's^ These lived, in the great plain surround-
ing Cashel.
'55 This territory is in the east ofLimerick
Annals, this notice is to be found.
's? See James . Stuart's " Historical Me-
moirs of tile City of Armagh," chap, iii. ,
p. 112.
'S^See William F. Skene's Celtic Scot-
County,
'i* In the " Three
O'JJoiiovaii, LL. D. , pp. 158 to 163.
'^ See William F. Skene's " Celtic Scot- land: a History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. ,
Fragments
" of Irish Book
i. , chap, vi. , pp. 323
to
325.
"
land : a History of Ancient Alban," vol. i. ,
Boole i. , chap, vi. , p. 332. '5» This is related, in the
"
Three Frag- ments" of Irish Annals, collected by Dub- haltach Mac Firbi^igh, and edited by John
310 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [April 23.
foreign aggression ; yet, sometimes from the Norse settlements at Dublin,
Limerick, Lough Foyle, Lough Neagh, and elsewhere, churches were plun-
dered and districts ravaged. '*' By a combined attack of Cearbhall, King of
Leinster, and of Maelfinnia, King of Bregia, the foreigners were expelled
from Dublin, a. d. 900, when they left many of their vessels behind them.
Their leader was Sichfrith, son oflmhar. '*^ During this period, the Northmen
committed extensive depredations, not only in Great Britain, but even on the
Rhine, in France, in Normandy, in Italy, and in other European countries. "*3
In 910, the Northmen took possession of Loch Dachaech,"''' or Port Lairge,
now Waterfordj'^s and, in the year 912, a still greater number of their vessels
arrived in its harbour. '** Great and frequent reinforcements followed them,
in913 sothattheplacebecameoneoftheirstrongestsouthernpositions. '*' ;
Those forces were under the command ofRagnall—grandson to Ivar—and also
under Earl Ottir. In 916, died Flann Sionna, and he was succeeded, in the
sovereignty of Ireland, by Niall Glandubh. '*^ The foreigners, especially in the
south, east and west of Ireland, were very aggressive, during his reign. The Irish gained some victories over the Norwegians and Danes ; but, the mon-
arch of Ireland, leading a large northern force against those in Dublin, lost a battle and his life, at Kilmashogue, near Rathfarnham, September 15th, A. D. 919. Several Irish kings and chiefs perished in this engagement, among the rest Hugh Mac Eochagain, King of Ultonia. '*'
The native Irish continued to maintain their prestige in arms, when they were assailed by their enemies, while the greater part of their country was occupied by a population of fighting men, in vastly superior numbers to their inva- ders;'7° but,theyhadneglectedtheobviousprecautionofestablishingstrong-
holds and of fortifying defensive positions, throughout the more exposed parts of the island. Their ports and harbours for the most part were unfurnished with vessels, except those small craft used for fishing ; nor were their sailors accustomed to the art of naval warfare, as their ships, at that time, had not been constructed for such a purpose. On the contrary, unopposed on their wild and accustomed element, the Northmen were enabled to select the less defensive creeks and coasts, for sudden and secure descent ; while, in case of reverses by land, the line of retreat to their ships was well guarded, and, in any case, it was a ready resource to hoist sail, and to convey a large number ofwarriorsaroundtheIrishshores,fromonepointtoanother. Donnchadh, son to Flann Sionna, succeeded as monarch, and he won a great victory over the Northmen. Gotfrid, or Godfrey, grandson of Imhar, after the death of his brother Ragnall,'? ' took possession of Dublin, and plundered Armagh, with a great part of the north of Ireland, in 921. '7' Soon afterwards appeared
''' An account of such depredations will be found, in the "Three Fragments" of Irish Annals, by Dubhaltach Mac. Firbisigh.
584, 585.
"''See Miss M. F. Cusack's "Popular
History of Ireland," chap, xii. , p. 195.
"'' See Jienliel Re CogA'oh
"'^ See Martin " of Haverty's History
JaIIatoIi, edited by Rev. James Henthorn Todd. In-
Ireland," chap, xiii. , p. 130.
" His-
troduction, p. Ixxxiii.
"i^ An account of these expeditions will be
"
Historie des Expedi- tions des Normands et leur Etablisement en
France," liv. iii. Paris, 1843.
''« The oldest name, according to the
Dinnseanchus.
"^5 There is no record of a Scandinavian
King of Waterford, before A. D. 903. See Charles Haliday's "Scandinavian Kingdom
*» See L'Abbe
Ma-Geoghegan's
found, in Deppiiig's
toire de I'lrlande Ancienne et Moderne,"
tome i. Seconde Partie, chap, v. , p. 400.
'? ° See J.
