The Greeks in Syria
Caliphate of Mustansir .
Caliphate of Mustansir .
Cambridge Medieval History - v5 - Contest of Empire and the Papacy
p. 958, col. 2. Under entry Maslamah delete sq.
Insert entry Maslamah ibn Hishām, 121.
p. 959, col. 1. Read Melas, river in Cappadocia, Byzantine defeat on, 122.
Melas, river in Bithynia, 131 note.
p. 966, col. 1. Read Omar ibn Hubairah.
p. 973, col. 2. Read Ragusa, in Sicily, raided by Saracens, 137; 138 sq.
Ragusa, in Dalmatia, Robert Guiscard and, 325; etc.
p. 976, col. 1. Under entry Safşaf read 125 sq.
p. 979, col. 1. Under entry Seleucia, theme of, delete pillaged by Byzantine fleet, 130.
Insert entry Seleucia, Syrian town, pillaged by Byzantine fleet, 130.
For Semaluos read Semalus.
p. 984, col. 2. Under entry Tarsus add to list of emirs ‘Aḥmad, Naşr.
p. 985, col. 1. Under entry Theoctistus, the Logothete, delete uncle and.
p. 988, col. 2. Under entry Turcus, Bardanes, add , 126.
p. 990, col. 1. Delete entry Vardan, Armenian rebel.
VOL. V.
p. 34, 1. 18. For Bardo read Eberhard.
p. 95, 11. 5 and 4 from bottom. For a monk and, like his predecessor, at Cluny.
Sent to Rome by Abbot Hugh read a monk in some south Italian monastery'.
Sent to Rome by his abbot.
p. 95. Add note 1 See March, J. M. , Liber Pontificalis (Barcelona, 1925), p. 154, n. 3.
p. 120, 1. 19. For Adalbert read Adalbero.
p. 338, 1. 15 from bottom. For Limbourg read Limburg.
p. 389, 1. 12. For Gésa read Géza.
p. 643, l. 20. For Daz read Dax.
p. 709, 1. 9. For Fenandus read Ferrandus.
p. 883, 1. 18. For Repgau read Repgow.
## p. xxiv (#26) ############################################
xxiv
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
PAGE
By Z. N. BROOKE, M. A. , Fellow of Gonville and Caius
College, Cambridge
vii
.
CHAPTER I.
.
THE REFORM OF THE CHURCH.
By J. P. WHITNEY, D. D. , Dixie Professor of Ecclesiastical
History, Cambridge.
Decadence of the Church
1
Nilus; Romuald of Ravenna .
ib.
Richard of St Vannes; Ratherius .
2
Symptoms of reform
3
Instances of corruption; Jaromir of Prague, Farfa
4
Episcopal elections
5
Parishes
7
Early stages of lay patronage
8
Royal encroachments on the Church
9
Evils in the episcopate
10
Simony
ib.
Clerical marriage, and celibacy
11
Secular canons
13
Rome
14
Benedict VIII
15
The Emperor Henry II
16
Benedict IX.
17
The Emperor Conrad II
18
Sylvester III and Gregory VI
19
The Emperor Henry III
20
The Synod of Sutri
21
Clement II
22
Damasus II
23
Leo IX.
24
The Council of Rheims .
26
The work of Leo's pontificate
Victor II
31
Stephen IX
32
St Peter Damian
33
Contested succession to the Papacy
35
Nicholas II
36
Election decree of 1059.
37
Simoniacal ordinations .
38
.
27
## p. xxv (#27) #############################################
Contents
XXV
Events in Milan
Alexander II and Honorius II
Conciliar legislation
Alexander II and Milan
The commune at Milan .
PAGE
39
43
46
47
48
CHAPTER II.
GREGORY VII AND THE FIRST CONTEST BETWEEN EMPIRE
AND PAPACY.
. . . Son Therm
51
53
ib.
55
58
ib.
60
61
64
65
66
67
69
71
72
.
By Z. N. BROOKE, M. A.
Election and early life of Pope Gregory VII .
His position under Alexander II
His temperament and character
The Petrine authority
The supremacy of the spiritual power
The situation in 1073
Reconciliation with Henry IV
Contest with the German episcopate
The first decree against lay investiture
The events of the autumn of 1075.
The Council of Worms .
Excommunication of Henry iv
His journey to Canossa
Election of Rudolf as anti-king
The Pope's neutrality
Papal legislation, 1078—1079
Deposition of Henry IV, 1080
Council of Brixen. The anti-Pope Guibert
Alliance of the Pope with Robert Guiscard
Siege of Rome by Henry IV .
Sack of Rome by the Normans
Death of Pope Gregory VII .
Gregory's relations with France, England, and other States
Pope Victor III
Election of Urban II
Extension of the work of Gregory VII
The organisation of the Church
Papal victory in North Italy
Little headway in Germany.
The question of schismatic ordinations
Urban Il's progress through North Italy and France
His last years and death
Pope Paschal II
His character
The end of the schism
Lay investiture; settlements in France and England
The attitude of Henry V
Unsuccessful negotiations between Pope and King
The events of 1111
73
74
75
77
78
79
80
.
81
86
87
88
89
91
92
93
94
95
ib.
96
98
99
100
101
102
## p. xxvi (#28) ############################################
xxvi
Contents
PAGE
The Pope forced to retract his concession to Henry
Henry as heir to the Countess Matilda .
Deaths of Paschal II and Gelasius II
Pope Calixtus II
The Concordat of Worms
The enhanced position of the Papacy
103
104
105
ib.
107
109
CHAPTER III.
GERMANY UNDER HENRY IV AND HENRY V.
By Z. N. BROOKE, M. A.
Regency of Agnes the Empress-mother
Anno's coup d'état at Kaiserswerth
Short regency of Adalbert of Bremen
The royal office
“Princes” of the Kingdom
The countryside and the towns
Alliance of the towns with the king
The growth of feudalism
The royal domain .
Alliance with the Episcopate
The complication of Italy
Henry IV's policy
His character
The peculiar position of Saxony
The revolt of Duke Otto of Bavaria
The Saxon revolt of 1073
Henry's victory on the Unstrut, 1075
His challenge to the Pope
His excommunication and its results
The Diet of Tribur
Canossa
Election of Rudolf as anti-king
The division of Germany
Henry's successful diplomacy
His final breach with the Pope
Death of Rudolf. Herman of Salm as anti-king
The end of the Saxon revolt .
The climax of Henry's power, 1088—1090
His disastrous expedition to Italy, 1090--1097
The First Crusade
Peace in Germany
The revolt of Henry V
Last days and death of Henry IV
Causes of his failure
The rise of new noble families in Germany
The character of Henry V
His forced reliance on the nobles
Henry's first expedition to Italy; victory over the Pope
Archbishop Adalbert of Mayence .
112
115
ib.
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
129
131
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
144
145
146
147
148
149
151
ib.
152
154
155
156
158
## p. xxvii (#29) ###########################################
Contents
xxvii
PAGE
The revolts of 1113 and 1115
Henry's second expedition to Italy
Ecclesiastical opposition in Germany
The Diet of Würzburg
The Concordat of Worms
Independence of the duchies .
Last years and death of Henry V
The election of his successor .
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
CHAPTER IV.
(A)
THE CONQUEST OF SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY
BY THE NORMANS.
By the late FERDINAND CHALANDON, Archiviste Paléographe.
Condition of Byzantine Italy .
167
Arrival of the Normans
169
Defeat of the Byzantines
171
Robert Guiscard
172
Defeat of Pope Leo IX
173
Reconciliation with the Papacy
174
Treaty of Melfi
175
Capture of Bari
176
Conquest of Sicily
177
Estrangement from the Papacy
178
Discord among the Normans.
179
Alliance with the Papacy
180
Eastern ambitions of Guiscard
181
Capture of Rome; death of Guiscard
182
Weakness of Guiscard's son
183
(B)
THE NORMAN KINGDOM OF SICILY.
C
By the late FERDINAND CHALANDON.
Roger II of Sicily
Creation of the kingdom of Sicily
Defeat of Pope Innocent II.
East and West allied against Roger
Norman conquests in Africa ,
Death of Roger II
Early difficulties of William I
His victory.
Treaty of Benevento
Alliance with the Papacy against the Empire
Revolt of Norman nobles
Death of William I
Minority of William II .
Marriage-alliance with the Hohenstaufen
184
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
.
.
.
## p. xxviii (#30) ##########################################
xxviii
Contents
Eastern schemes of William II
Death of William II
Tancred and Henry VI .
Victory of Henry VI
Organisation of the Norman Kingdom
Admixture of East and West
Decay of the royal house
PAGE
199
200
201
202
203
206
207
CHAPTER V.
THE ITALIAN CITIES TILL c. 1200.
Direum
By C. W. PREVITÉ-Orton, M. A. , Fellow and Librarian
of St John's College, Cambridge.
The medieval town
The towns in non-Lombard Italy
The towns in Lombard Italy .
Ecclesiastical institutions
Development under the Carolingian Empire.
Fortification of the cities; episcopal government
Growth of collective action
Proto-communes in the South
Classes in the northern cities
Lanzo and Erlembald of Milan
Foundation of the Communes
Cultural and political influences
Supersession of feudal and state authorities
Conquest of the Contado
The rural communes
Development of commerce
Inter-city wars
The Tuscan communes
Florence
Umbria .
Lombardy
Milan
Emilia
The Trevisan March
The regalia; imperial diplomas
Counts, viscounts, and bishops
The consuls and other officials
The Councils. Growth of city law
The milites and consorzerie
The pedites and gilds
Internal strife
The Podestà .
Cominerce and banking
Corporate life. The blood-feud
Contrasts in the communes
208
209
210
ib.
212
213
214
216
217
219
220
222
223
224
225
ib.
226
227
228
ib.
229
230
ib.
.
ib.
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
## p. xxix (#31) ############################################
Contents
xxix
CHAPTER VI.
ISLĀM IN SYRIA AND EGYPT, 750—1100.
By William B. STEVENSON, D. Litt. , Professor of Semitic
Languages in the University of Glasgow.
Disintegration of the Caliphate
Shi'ite dynasties
Saif-ad-Daulah of Aleppo
Greek attacks on Syria .
The Fățimites conquer Egypt
The Qarmațians in Syria
The Caliphate and the Empire
History of Aleppo.
The Emperor Basil II
Caliphate of Hakim
Ruin of the Holy Sepulchre
Egypt and Syria.
The Greeks in Syria
Caliphate of Mustansir .
Emergence of the Turks
Turkish conquest of Syria
Recognition of the Abbasid Caliphs
The Turks in Palestine .
Turkish dissensions
Eve of the First Crusade
PAGE
242
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
253
254
255
256
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
CHAPTER VII.
THE FIRST CRUSADE,
By Professor William B. STEVENSON, D. Litt.
Muslim attack on Europe
Africa, Italy, and Sicily
Leadership of the Pope.
Pilgrimages to Jerusalem
Peril of the Eastern Empire
Purpose of the First Crusade
Pope Urban II's appeal.
Leaders of the Crusade .
First arrivals in Constantinople
Disaster in Asia Minor.
Persecution of Jews on the Rhine .
Pictorial numbers.
Policy of the Emperor Alexius
Latins as allies of the Eastern Empire
Godfrey of Bouillon
Bohemond of Taranto
Robert of Flanders
265
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
275
276
277
ib.
279
280
ib.
282
ib.
C. MED, H. VOL. V.
## p. xxx (#32) #############################################
XXX
Contents
PAGE
283
ib.
ib.
Raymond of Toulouse
Robert of Normandy
Treaty with Alexius
Siege of Nicaea
March through Asia Minor
Alliance with the Armenians
Inter-national rivalries .
Siege of Antioch
Battle with Karböghã
Bohemond, Prince of Antioch
March to Jerusalem
Godfrey, Prince of Jerusalem
Numbers of the Crusaders
Peter the Hermit ,
285
286
287
288
289
293
294
295
296
297
299
.
CHAPTER VIII.
THE KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM, 1099—1291.
By CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M. A. , F. B. A. , late Scholar
of St John's College, Oxford.
Establishment of the Kingdom
300
Its limits
301
The great fiefs
ib.
The Assises of Jerusalem
303
Baldwin I and Baldwin II
304
Fulk
305
The Military Orders
ib.
The Second Crusade
307
Nūr-ad-Din and Amaury I
308
Factions among the Franks
309
The fall of Jerusalem
310
The Third Crusade
311
The Franks in Syria
312
The ecclesiastical hierarchy
313
John de Brienne and Frederick II
314
Dissensions among the Muslims
315
St Louis in Palestine
316
Last days of the Kingdom
317
The fall of Acre
318
End of the Latin Kingdom
319
.
CHAPTER IX.
THE EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES UPON WESTERN EUROPE.
By E. J. Passant, M. A. , Fellow of Sidney Sussex College,
Cambridge.
The Papacy and the Crusades
320
Extension of Papal influence
322
Crusades as a source of revenue: indulgences and clerical tithes 323
Peaceful crusaders: missionary work
325
## p. xxxi (#33) ############################################
Contents
xxxi
PAGE
.
.
Increase of geographical knowledge
The Crusades and economic life
Development of the towns
The conquests of Venice, Genoa, and Pisa
Nationality and the Crusades
Revived study of Greek
Military results: check to Turkish advance
The Teutonic Knights.
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
CHAPTER X.
GERMANY, 1125_1152.
By Austin LANE POOLE, M. A. , Fellow of St John's College,
Oxford, late Lecturer of Selwyn College, Cambridge.
Election of Lothar of Supplinburg
334
Campaign in Bohemia .
336
Possessions of the house of Welf
337
War with the Hohenstaufen.
338
Destruction of Augsburg and Ulm
340
Ecclesiastical policy
341
Lothar and the papal schism .
342
Civilising of the Wendish country
343
Relations with Denmark
344
Death of Lothar III
345
Election of Conrad III
346
Hohenstaufen versus Welf
347
Siege of Weinsberg
348
Settlement of Frankfort, 1142
349
Difficulties in Lorraine .
350
Relations with Poland and Bohemia
351
Relations with Hungary
352
The Second Crusade
353
The Wendish Crusade
351
Growth of the power of Henry the Lion
355
Alliance with the Byzantine Empire
356
Last activities and death of Conrad
357
Failure of the reign
358
CHAPTER XI.
ITALY, 1125—1152.
By the late Count Ugo BALZANI, Member of the R. Accademia
dei Lincei.
Transformation in Italy
Difficulties of the Papacy
The disputed election of 1130
Lothar III and the schism
Lothar at Rome
360
362
363
364
365
c2
## p. xxxii (#34) ###########################################
xxxii
Contents
Lothar's second expedition
Alliance with Innocent II against the Normans
Success of Roger II
Communal rising at Rome
Victory of the Commune
Papal appeal to Germany
Arnold of Brescia
Proclamation of the Second Crusade
The hesitations of the Pope
Reaction of the Crusade on Italy
Diplomacy of the Emperor Manuel I
The Pope and Roger II
The attitude of Conrad III
Preparations for his Italian expedition
Death of Conrad III
PAGE
366
367
368
369
370
371
ib.
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
CHAPTER XII.
FREDERICK BARBAROSSA AND GERMANY.
By Austin LANE POOLE, M. A.
Frederick Barbarossa
His character
Landfrieden.
Relations with Henry the Lion
Settlement of the duchy of Bavaria
The Danish civil war
Disturbances in the diocese of Mayence
Feuds among the German princes
Relations with Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary
Frederick's marriage with Beatrix of Burgundy
Diet of Besançon .
Ecclesiastical policy
Frederick's claims
The German clergy and the Schism
Success of Frederick's ecclesiastical policy
Rainald of Dassel .
Foreign relations .
Subjection of the Wends
Progress of Christianity among the Wends
Foundation and prosperity of Lübeck
Oppressive rule of Henry the Lion
Breach between Frederick and Duke Henry .
The meeting at Chiavenna
Proceedings against Henry the Lion
Dismemberment of the duchies of Saxony and Bavaria
Submission and banishment of Henry
The Diet of Mayence
Quarrel with Pope Urban III
Rebellion of Archbishop Philip of Cologne
The Third Crusade
Death of Frederick Barbarossa
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
ib.
390
ib.
392
393
394
395
396
397
ib.
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
412
•
.
.
.
## p. xxxiii (#35) ##########################################
Contents
xxxiii
CHAPTER XIII.
FREDERICK BARBAROSSA AND THE LOMBARD LEAGUE.
By the late COUNT Ugo BALZANI,
PAGE
413
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
ib.
Barbarossa's early relations with the Papacy
Pope Hadrian IV.
Rome and Sicily
Frederick and the Lombards
Execution of Arnold of Brescia
Meeting of King and Pope
Advance to Rome.
Imperial coronation
Fighting at Rome
Frederick's return to Germany
Divisions among the cardinals
Papal peace with Sicily
The quarrel over beneficia
Frederick's second expedition to Italy
The Diet of Roncaglia, 1158.
Revolt of Milan
Renewed disputes between Pope and Emperor
Death of Pope Hadrian IV
The papal schism .
The standpoint of Alexander III
The Synod of Pavia
Capture and destruction of Milan .
Alexander III takes refuge in France
Failure of Frederick’s negotiations with Louis VII
Difficulties in Italy
Beginnings of the Lombard League
Return of Alexander III to Rome
Frederick's fourth expedition to Italy
Siege of Rome
Frederick's army destroyed by pestilence
Growing strength of Alexander III
Failure of negotiations .
Frederick's fifth expedition to Italy
The battle of Legnano, 1176 .
Acceptance of defeat by Frederick
Treaty of Anagni .
End of the Schism
Attitude of the Lombards
The Treaty of Venice, 1177
The Third Lateran Council
Death of Alexander III and election of Lucius III
The Peace of Constance, 1183
New causes of disagreement .
.
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
ib.
448
449
450
451
ib.
452
453
.
## p. xxxiv (#36) ###########################################
xxxiv
Contents
CHAPTER XIV.
THE EMPEROR HENRY VI.
By Austin LANE POOLE, M. A.
PAGE
The Emperor Henry VI
Results of the Peace of Venice
Policy of Pope Lucius III
Marriage of Henry and Constance
Urban III's hostile attitude towards the Emperor
Gregory VIII and Clement III
Rebellion of Henry the Lion
Election of Tancred of Lecce to the Sicilian crown
Situation in Sicily and South Italy
Demolition of Tusculum
Failure of Henry VI's first campaign in South Italy
Disturbances in Germany
Disputed election to the see of Liège
Insurrection against the Emperor
Imprisonment and release of Richard I .
Closing years and death of Henry the Lion
Conquest of the Sicilian kingdom .
Extent of Henry's Empire
Relations with the Eastern Empire
Preparations for the Crusade
Plan for making the kingship hereditary
Negotiations with Pope Celestine III
Proposed concessions to the Papacy
Failure of the negotiations
Rebellion against the Emperor: his death
Judgment of contemporaries
454
455
ib.
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
CHAPTER XV.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DUCHY OF NORMANDY AND
THE NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.
By the late William John Corbett, M. A. , Fellow of King's
College, Cambridge.
Coronation of Earl Harold
481
Normandy and England compared
483
Normandy in the tenth century
484
Duke Richard II .
ib.
The duke's officers
485
The ducal revenue
The secular clergy
ib.
The lay baronies
487
A typical Norman fief
488
The system of knight's fees
489
486
## p. xxxv (#37) ############################################
Contents
XXXV
PAGE
.
The peasantry
Death of Richard II
Normandy under Robert I
The minority of William the Bastard
Feudal plots; battle of Val-des-Dunes
William and his kinsmen; his marriage
The acquisition of the county of Maine.
The Norman Church under William
William prepares to invade England
The strength of the Norman army
Defeat of Harold Hardrada
Battle of Hastings, 1066
The Normans advance on London.
William crowned
Siege of Exeter
Revolt of Edwin and Morkere
The harrying of the North
Revolt of Hereward
The Conqueror re-allots the soil of England
The evidence of Domesday Book
The rental of England in 1086
The Crown lands.
The ecclesiastical fiefs
The lay fiefs.
Classification and tenure of the fiefs
The quotas of military service
The under-tenants and the peasantry
William's anti-feudal measures
The King's Court.
Reform of the Church
Archbishop Lanfranc
William and the Papacy
Invasion of Scotland
Revolt of Maine
Peace with Anjou .
The rising of the Earls .
Robert Curthose
Arrest of Bishop Odo
The oath of Salisbury
The Conqueror's death
490
ib.
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
ib.
504
ib.
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
ib.
.
.
516
ib.
517
ib.
518
ib.
ib.
519
520
ib,
.
.
CHAPTER XVI.
ENGLAND, 1087–1154.
By the late WILLIAM John CORBETT, M. A.
Accession of William Rufus.
Revolt of Odo of Bayeux
Ranulf Flambard .
Mowbray's rebellion
Rufus invades Normandy
Rufus and Scotland : annexation of Cumberland
521
ib.
522
523
ib.
524
## p. xxxvi (#38) ###########################################
xxxvi
Contents
PAGE
Conquest of South Wales: the marcher lordships .
Anselm made primate
The Council of Rockingham .
Normandy mortgaged to Rufus
His death. Accession of Henry I
The coronation charter .
Henry's marriage.
Duke Robert invades England
Banishment of Robert of Bellême and William of Mortain
Battle of Tinchebrai
Anselm opposes Henry.
The Investiture compromise
Death of Anselm.
Robert of Salisbury organises the Exchequer
The itinerant justices
The Laga Eadwardi restated .
Henry and the baronage
The ports and portmen
The boroughs in 1086, and under Henry I
The battle of Brémule
The succession problem
Death of Henry 1: Stephen claims the throne
Stephen crowned : recognised by the Pope
The opposition to Stephen
Stephen in Normandy
Outbreak of civil war
Battle of the Standard
Arrest of the bishops
Matilda in England
Stephen creates earls
Stephen captured .
Matilda driven from London
Mandeville holds the balance
Matilda leaves England
Stephen and Eugenius III
Geoffrey conquers Normandy
Geoffrey succeeded by Henry of Anjou .
Stephen makes peace with Henry.
Stephen's death
Character of his reign
525
526
ib.
527
ib.
528
529
ib.
530
531
ib.
532
ib.
533
534
535
ib.
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
ib.
544
ib.
545
ib.
546
547
ib.
548
549
550
ib.
551
552
ib.
ib.
CHAPTER XVII.
ENGLAND: HENRY II.
By Mrs Doris M. STENTON, Lecturer in History at University
College, Reading
The kingdom secured
554
Wales and Scotland
556
Becket as Chancellor
557
Becket as Archbishop
ib.
The Constitutions of Clarendon
559
## p. xxxvii (#39) ##########################################
Contents
xxxvii
PAGE
The quarrel renewed
Becket's flight
The reconciliation
Becket's murder.
Ireland
Terms of Henry's absolution.
Reasons for the rebellion of 1173. -74
Balance of parties
First summer of rebellion
Second summer of rebellion
Its suppression
Henry's death
Twofold division of the reign
The Exchequer and the Barons of the Exchequer .
The justiciar
Chancellor, Treasurer, and curiales
The Sheriffs.
Local justiciars
Judicial experiments
Centralisation of justice
The Grand Assize
Procedure
The Possessory Assizes and Final Concords
The Carta of 1166
Conclusion
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
ib.
579
580
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
ib.
CHAPTER XVIII.
O
5
FRANCE: LOUIS VI AND LOUIS VII (1108—1180).
By Louis HALPHEN, Professor in the University of Bordeaux.
Louis VI
592
Anarchy in the royal domain
593
Struggle of Louis VI with the lesser barous
594
Subjugation of Thomas of Marle
595
Order re-established in the royal domain
596
Louis VI and the great fiefs .
597
The king's intervention in the Bourbonnais and Auvergne
598
The question of the succession to Flanders
599
Louis VI and the Anglo-Norman kingdom
601
Struggle with Henry I of England
602
Negotiations for peace
603
Death of Louis VI
604
The early years of Louis VII
605
Struggle with Count Theobald of Champagne
606
Conquest of Normandy by the Count of Anjou
607
Louis VII on crusade
Eleanor's divorce and re-marriage
609
Henry Plantagenet becomes King of England
610
Louis VII betroths his daughter to Henry the Younger
611
Henry II of England occupies the Norman Vexin.
612
Louis VII protects Becket
613
.
ib.
## p. xxxviii (#40) #########################################
xxxviii
Contents
Further progress of Henry II
Increase of royal power under Louis VII
Louis VII supports Pope Alexander III
The interview at St Jean-de-Losne
Failure of negotiations with the Emperor
Organisation of the central government
Suger, Abbot of St Denis
PAGE
614
615
617
618
619
620
622
CHAPTER XIX.
THE COMMUNAL MOVEMENT, ESPECIALLY IN FRANCE.
By Miss ELEANOR CONSTANCE LODGE, M. A. , Lady Margaret Hall,
Oxford, Principal of Westfield College in the University
of London.
of
У I reune
General definition of Commune
Communes jurées
Consulates
Villes de bourgeoisie
Bastides and Villes-neuves
Rural communities
Roman influence
Germanic influence
Royal influence
Ecclesiastical influence .
The Crusades
Commercial influence
Growth through struggle
Peaceful development
Economic progress
Serfdom and the towns .
The lords and the towns
The influence of geography
The influence of wealth and prosperity .
International character of the movement
German and Italian towns
Independent growth of the communes
Affiliation of communes
Communal groups
Rural communes
Common property as a bond of union
Common rights and duties
The colonges of Alsace.
Valley communes of the Pyrenees
General conclusions
624
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
652
653
ib.
654
656
## p. xxxix (#41) ###########################################
Contents
xxxix
CHAPTER XX.
THE MONASTIC ORDERS.
By ALEXANDER HAMILTON THOMPSON, M. A. , F. S. A.
