No More Learning

Master John Aiston tawght and writ And scid the Arch bishop, “Syr, think accordingly, and full bestly wher and wham, and well that thes men and such other now wyse whome that might; and vied hym
this worlde but their wordis soundid . . . If right perfitly unto his lifes ende. And also sometyme, and their workis shewid outwardly, Philip Rampenton while was chanone
was likely move me that they had earneste Lacester, Nicholas Herforde, Dauy Gotray the wisdome God; and that they sholde Pakring, Inonk Bylande, and master
haue deserued mickell grace God have diuinitie, and John Puruay and many other sauyd their own soules, and meny other mennis, 'ich wer holden right wise men and prudent,
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185] STATE TRIALS, 8 HENRY IV. 1407. —Master William Thorpe, for Heresy. [186 tawcht and writ besily this foresaid learnyng, one, which the clerke delivered to the Arche
and conformid then thereto. And with all thes men I was ofte right homely, and com munyd with them long tyine and ofte ; and so
bishop. And and the archebishop redde this rolle, conteining this Sentence
-- before other men choes wilfully in
formid them and them, and specially
Wicliff himself, the most verteuous and
godly wise men that herde knewe. And He said openly Synt Chaddis Chirche his
therefore him specially, and thes men,
tooke the learning that haue taucht, and pur
pose liue there after (if God will) my
liues end. For though some thes men
contrary the learning that they taucht, be
fore wote well that their learning was trewe
which they taught; and therefore with the
helpe God purpose holde and use the Rolle, rolled agein, and seid me, learning which harde them, while they sat ‘Ys this holesome learninge among the
“The thirde Sonday after Easter, the yere of our Lorde M. CCCC. and seuen, William
Thorpe came vnto the towne Shrewisbury, and thorow leaue graunted unto him preache:
sermone, that the sacrament the altare after the consecration was material brede: and that ymages shulde wise worshipped and that men shulde not pilgreumages: and that priests have titles tythes; and that
Moses chaire, and specially while they sat people? ' And said him, “Syr, am both
on the chaire of Christe. But after the werkis
that they now do, will not doo with Goddis
helpe. For they feine and hide, and contrary
the trew the wich before they taucht out plenily
and trewly. For know well when some of these men hath been blamid for their sclaun
ashamed their behalfe, and right soroufull for them that have certified you thes things thus vntrewly for preached never nor taught thus
priuely nor apertly. "—And the archebishop said me, will give credence thes worship
full men which haue written me, and wit derous doing, they graunte not that they have nessed vnder their sealis there among them. tauchte misse, erryd before time; but that Though thou now deniest this, wenist thou that
not lefulf for swere any wise. ”
And when the Archebishop had red thus this
they were constreined peine leave tell will give credence the Thou losell haste out the sothe, and thus they choese now rather trobled the worshipful cominalte Shrewis blaspheme God than suffer while here bury; that the bailives and cominalte that
persecution bodely for sothefastnesse that Christe shed out his harte bloode for. ” And
the Archebishop seid, “That learning that thou callist trewthe and sothefastnesse, open
town haue written me, praynge me that am archbishop Canterbury, primate and chaun
celer Englond, that will vouchsafe
graunte them, that thou shalt made (as thou art worthy) suffer opeu jouresse for
holy Chirche, prouid
holy Chirche. For all that Wicliff thine Heresys, that thou maye haue thi youresse
sclaunder
your autour was great clerke, and though that
many men held him perfite liuer, yet his doc
trine not approuid holy Chirche, but many
sentences his learning are dampnid they
well woorthy ar. But touching Philip
openly ther among them that they whome thou and soche other loselles haue ther
peruerted, may thorow feare thy dede re consyled ageyn the vnite holy Chirche.
And also they that stand true faithe Holy Chirche may thorowe thy dede more stab lished therein. ' And thys askyng hadde pleased the Archebishop, said,” my thrifte this hartye prayoure and feruente requeste shal
said, ‘Syr, full many men and women won rehersyng this malice, and the hear
derith upon him, and speakith him mekill shame, ynge my herte greatly rejoysed and yet
and holdeth him for cursid enemy the dothe. . thanke God for the grace that than
trewthe. ’ And the Archebishop seid me, thought and yet thinke shall come the “Wherefore tariest thou me thus here with chirche God here thorowe, the speciall
soche fables, wilt thou shortely (as have seid mercifulle doynge the Lord. And hauynge
Rampenton that was first chanone, and after
abbot Lacester, which now bishop Lin
colm tell the that the day comen for which he fastid the euene. For nother he holdeth
now, nor will hold the learning that thought
when he was chanon of Lacester: for no
bishop this land perseweth now more sharply Shrewisbury, nor the manassynge the Ar them that holde thy way than doeth. ’—And chebishop made me any thinge afrayde. But
the) submit the me And seid, Syr, tell you one word, dare not for the drede God submit me you, after the tenour
and sentence that have aboue rehersed me. "
Certification that came me fro Shrewisbury dence, that they that are famed out under the bailiues seal, witnissing the Errours the faythe Holy Chirche Shrewisbury, and and Heresies which this losell hath venemously other places also, are the true faithe sowen there. "—Then hastely the clerke tooke Holy Chirche. For their wordes sounde, out, and leid forth cupborde diverse rollis and their workes shewe mannis judgment, and writings, among which there was little dreading and louing faithfully God, their wiil,
and stande thereby after my connyng and power, said the Archebishop; ‘Syr, the
truthe Gods Worde might now accepted one his clerkis, “fetch hider quikely the sholde be, doute not proue lykely evi
And than he hadde been wrothe he seid
thought on. ’
But certeynly nother the prayer the men
dreade stedfastly
purpose for
the malice oftyrauntes, trustynge the helpe the Lorde with full knowlege the sothefastenesse,
on a
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on
187] STATE TRIALS, 8 HENRY IV. 1407. -Trial and Examination of [188
their desyre, their loue, and their besinesse are order priesthode chefly for make knowen moste sett to dreade to offend God, and to loue the people the worde God after his con for to please him in true and faithfull keping ning and power, approuing his wordes euer
of his commandments. And agene, they that
are said to be in the faithe of idoly Chische in
Shrewisbury and in other places, by open eui
dence of their proude, enuiouse, maliciouse, ther prelacie. And for the same cause bishopes couetouse, lecherouse and other foule worles
aad workes, nother knowe nor hane will to
knowe, nor to occupye their wittes truly and
effectuously in the right faith of Holy Chirche. and were well disposed, and well learned Wherefore all these, nor more that followe preache. Wherefore, syr, the bidding their maners, shall ony time come verely in the Christ, and example his moste holy liu faith of Holy Chirche, except they enforce ing, and also the witnessing his holy thern more truelye to come in the waye whiche Apostles and Prophets, we are bounde under nowe they despise. For these men and wo
men that are now called seithfull and holden
juste, nother knowe nor will exercise themselfe to know of faithfulnesse one commaundement of
full great peine exercise after our con ning and power (as euery prieste likewise
God) fulfil dewly the office We presume not here oure estemed (nother our owne now, and especially men that are named to be reputacion, nor none other mannes) feithful
God. And thus full many men and women
charged priesthode. selves for
principall lymmes of Holy Chirche, stiere God to greate wrathe, and deserue his curse, for
they that call or holde them unjuste men,
which are full vnjuste, as their viciouse wordes,
their great customable sweringe, and their
disciples, and speciall folowers Christe but syr, said you before, we deme this by
authoritie chefely Goddes worde, that
the chefe deutie euery prieste besy them feithfully make the law God knowen his people, and comune the commaund
true his vertuous workes: and for this entent we suppose that bishopes and other pre lates Holy Chirch shold chefely take and use
sholde giue priestes their orders. For bi shopes sholde accept man priesthode,
except that had good will and full purpose,
slaunderouse and shamefull workes shew openly
and witnesse. “And herefore soche viciouse ment God charitably, howe that we may
men and unjuste in their owne confusion call them unjuste men and women, which after their power and conning besy them self to line
beste, where, whan, and whom that eucr we
may, our very deutie. And for the will and businesse that we owe of our dewe dette to do
justely after the commaundment of God. And justely our office thorow the steiring and spe where syr ye say, that I haue distrobled the cial helpe (as we truste) God, hoping sted cominaltie of Shrewisbury, and many other fastly his mercie, we desire the feith men and women with my teaching, if it thus be, full disciples Christe; and we pray this gra it is not to be wondred of wise men, sins the cious Lorde for his holy name, that make cominalte of the cite of Jerusalem was destro able please him with deuout prayers, and bled Christes awne person that was very charitable priestly workes, that we may obteine God and man, and most prudent precher that him folowe him thankfully.
ever was shall be. And also the syna And the Archebishop said me, ‘Lewde lo gogue Nazareth was moued againste Christe, sell, whereto makist thou soche venye reasons and fulfilled with ire towardes him for his me Asketh not Seynt Paul, “Howe sholde
preaching, that the men up and cast Christe out him vppe the top
the synagogue rose Priestes preche, except they sent? ” but their cyte, and ledde sent the neuer preche; for thy venemous mountaine for cast doctryne knowen thorow out Englond,
him doune ther hedeling. Also accordingly that bishop will admitt the for prech
treuthe Goddes worde the vinfeithful peo jectes owe obey their souereyns,' and not and shall lett the sothefastenesse of the only good and vertuous, but also tyraunt that
hereto the Lord witnessyth Moses, that witnessyng their letters.
shall put dissention betwixt his people and Yaiot, willest thou presume
the people that contrarieth and perse with his thou art not sent, nor licensed
people. Who, syr, that shall preche the preach Saith not Seynt Paule, “That sub
ospell, and the prophecye be fulfilled
God almightie
are vicious *-And said the Archebishop, ‘Syr, touching your letter licence other bishopes, which we say we sholde haue wit
me, ‘It soloweth
thinkest that right well for preach and preache; we knowe well that nother you, syr,
And the Archebishop said
thes thy words, that thou and soche other nesse that we wer able be sent for
any bishop. nor ony other bishop this lande will graunte
teach without authoritie
For presume, that the Lord hath chosen ony, soche letters licence, but we you only for preache faithful disciples sholde oblige you and other bishopes,
and special solowars Christe. ”—And said, unlesull oathes, for passe not the bondes ‘Syr, authoritie Gods lawe, and also and termes, which ye, syr, other bishopes, seintes and doctours, am learned deme, will limyt, us, And sins this matter your that euery priests office and dutie for term some large, and some streite, preache besily srely and truely the worde we dare not oblige thus bounden God. For doute euery priest should pur you for kepe the termes, which you will pose first his soule, and couett take the miti us, Friere and soch other
Why than, lewde preach, syns thy souereyn
no
do
ye do
to
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all
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us
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of
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to
to
by
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ye us to so of tobe bybyheto
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in of to to
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:
of to
of
no
oftobetoof to be toto
1891 STATE TRIALs, 8 Henry 1407–Master William Thorpe, Hercy. [100
prechers and therefor though we haue not ‘owe obeye following their maners, your letter, sir, nor letters other bishops worke besily holy studying, how they may written with ynke upon perchement, we dare ‘wibtstande and destroy vices firste themself,
not herefor leaue the office preching which preching all priestes, after there connying
and power, are bounde God's lawe, and
we come and purpose fulfyll with the obey, seid before, lyue vertuously,
ony mencion making
diuerse testimonies great doctours, without
souereyns make deuoute and feruent prayers for purchase grace God, that they and their
helpe God, by authoritie his owne lawe, and witnesse great doctours and seintes accordingly, hereto trusting stedfastly the
mercye God; For that commaundeth
the office priesthode, will our
that they that will lyue well may take them goode example knowe and kepe the commaundmentis of God. But this fore said wyse, subjectis owe not obey, nor
obedient tyrauntis, while they vicious sufficient letters and witnesse, we example tyrauntis; syns their will, their counsell, their his holy lyuing and teaching specially oc biddings, and their workis vicious, that
cupye vs. eithfully our office justly, they owe hatid and lefte. And though the people whom we preache, they soche tyrauntis masterfull and cruell feithfull unfeithfull, shall our letters, that bostyng, and manasing oppressions and di
our witnesseberers; for the treuthe, where sowen, maye not unwitnessed For
that are conuerred and saued learninge Goddes worde, and working thereafter, are
verse punyshyngis; Seynt Paul biddeth the seruauntis soche tyrauntis obey mekel
soche tyrauntis, suffering paciently their malicious cruelnes; But Peter counseliith not ony seruant subjecte obey ony lorde,
their saluacion. And ageyn, unfeythfull
men and women, which herde the treuthe,
tolde out them and wolde not thereafter;
also they that might have herde the truthe, that vicious, this souereyn herein
and wolde not heare because that they wolde blaine; but the subjecte for his obedience not do thereafter all thes shall beare witnesse deserueth mede God, for obedience pleasith
against themselfes, and the treuth which they more God than ony sacrifice. ’—And said, wold not heare, else harden and despised Samuel the prophete said Saul the wycked do thereafter thorow their unfeythfulnesse, king, ‘That God was more pleased with the and shall cause their dampnacion. There obedience commaundment than withony fore, syr, syns this forseide witnessing
gither, “That not worthy dethe
because that we haue not, maye not haue, Holy Chirche teachethin the Decrees, That no
and diverse seintes and doctours, and
the people good and evyll, sufficeth
preachers; we thinke that we do not the office and dampnacion, but also
dewly bishopes letters witnesse that we are
seruant his lorde, nor childe the father mother, nor wyse hyr husbond, nor monke his abot, ought obey except lefull
sent them preache. This Sentence ap
proueth Seynt Paul, wher speaketh him
selfe, and feithfull apostles and disciples,
saing thus: “We neede letters com said me, “All these allegingis that thou “mendacion, some other preachers do, bringest forth not els but proude presumptu ‘whiche preache for couetousness temporal ousness; for hereby thou enforcist the prove, “goodes, and for mennes praising. ' And where that thou and soche other arso juste, that
ye say, syr, that Paul biddeth subjectes obey owe not obeye prelatis. And thus agenst their souereyns: this soth, and may not the learning Seynt Paul, that teachith you not denied: But ther maner souereyns, ver preache but wersent, your own autho
tuous suffereyns, and vicious tyrauntes; there rite will forthe, and preache, and doo fore thes last souereyns nother men nor women what yeliste. "—And said, ‘Sir, presentith not that subjecte owe obey manners. To every prieste the office the apostles, the vertuous suffereins and charitable, subjectes owe office the disciples Christe? ' And the abp.
obey wilfully and gladly, hearing their said ‘ye. ” And said, “Syr, the tenthe
chaptre Matthew, and the laste chaptre Marke witnesseth, Christe sent his apostles for
preache; And the tenthe chaptre Luke saith thus subjectis; “Be mindfull your witnesseth, that Christe sent his two and se “souereyns that speke you the worde God, uentie disciples for preache every place and folow you the feithe them whos conuer that Christe was come to. And Seynt
“sacion you know vertuous. ” For Paul Gregory the common lawe saith, That every saith after, “Thes souereyns, whome subjectis man that goth priesthode, takith upon hym
good counsell, consenting their charitable biddinges, and werkynge after their frutefull
works. This sentence Paul approueth, wher
and after their subjectis, and how they
“may beste plante them vertues. ” Also thes
bishopes letters. For subjectis may ouer things dreade offende mekell we haue taken upon the office him, and loue for please hym. Also priesthode (though we are vnworthy thereto) these souereyns whom Paul biddeth
witnesseberers, that the trewith and sothfast
nesse which they harde and dyd after, cause prince, souereyn - ony thyng that not
pleasing God. ”
And the Archebishop said vnto me, ‘Yf
souereyn bidde his subject doo that thing
God, “sacrifice bestis. ' But Dauid saith, and
all Seynt Gregory according true onely they that euyll
they that con presthode, that we leaue our preaching, sente euyll doers. ’ And, syr, the law
thingis and lawfull-And, the Archebishop
to
of
to
of or :
of of
it bybeto ofof
‘
to of of itis, of to ofas of is
in
to
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:
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to
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it vs
; IV.
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of
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as
to
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by
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191] STATE TRIALs, 8 Henry 1407. —Trial and Eramination [192
the office preaching; for saith, that euer shall truste God) gouernyd prieste steirith God great wrathe, whos holy Chirche. And the Archebishop asked mouthe not herde the voice preaching. me, ‘What was holy Chirche? ' And said, Sir, And other more gloses upon Ezechiel wit tolde you before what was holy Chirche; but nesse, that the prieste that prechith not besily syns aske me this demaunde, call Christe
the people, shall partetaker their and his Seyntes holy Chirche. —And the Arche dampnacion that perishe thorow his defaute; bishop said unto me, wote well that Christe and though the people sauyd other spe and his Seyntes holy Chirche Heuene; ciall grace God than the priestis preach but what holy Chirche erthe And said, yng, yet the priestis, that they ordenyd Syr, though holy Chirche euery one cha preache, and preache not, before God they rite, yet hath two partis: the firste and prin
not the people gostely,
and sleeth that they withhold
wretchednesse this and
Heuene with Christe; and the tother parte
that the trew the hearith my voice. ’
thing that dothe displeasith God. For Seynt Gregory saith, that thing lefte that
besely allege soche sentencis mainteyne hys errours and heresies? certeyn thus wold
man bounde chefely doo, whatsoeuer other
occupie here day, we wold suffer hym. '
them soche cipall parte hath ouercomen perfitely the
manslears, for ferre
priestes preache besily trewly ily. fe, reigneth joyfully
God, that lyfe and
sustenannce menes soules. And Seynt Isidore ing day and night
from them the worde
temptacions the
atyng prosperite saith, Priestis shall dampnid for wickednesse Fende, forsakyng and the
the people, they teache not them that this worlde, despising and withstoning their ignorant, blame not them that are synners: tlesschely lustis; which only the pilgrimes For the worke besinesse priestis stand Christe, wandering toward Heuene stedfast
. ith preaching and teaching, that they edifye feith, and grounded hope, and perfite cha
men well connyng feithe, discipline workes, that vertuous teaching. And the Gospell witnessith, Christe said
his teaching, “I am borne and comen into this “worlde beare witnesse the trewthe, and
rite: for this heuenly pilgremis may not, nor
manasing ony creatnre; for they
Than, syr; syns the Word Christe speci faste grounded upon the suer stone Christe,
ally, that his voice, priestis commaundid hearing his worde, and louing exercising preache, whatsoeuer prieste that that them feithfully, and continually their
hathe not good-will and full purpose doo wittes doo thereafter. ”
thus, and ableth not hymself, after his conning And the Archebishop said his Clerkis, “Se and power, doo his office the example not how his harte endured, and how he
Christe and his apostles, whatsoeuer other traueled with the deuill, occupying him thus
One the Clerkes answered; “Syr, said Holy Goste And therfore saithe Lincoln, right now, that this Certificacion that came
thing that man dothe, unthankefull the That prieste that preachith not the worde
you fro Shrewisbery untrewly forged against hym; therfore, Syr, appose you hym now here
the pointis which certified ageinst hym, and so we shall heare of his owne mouthe his Answers, and witnesse them.
God, though
defaute,
these and
angell light tournid into derkenesse. Where
be siene have none other Antichriste and Sathanas, night
day-thefe, slear soules, and
fore, syr, thes authorites and other well consi
dered, deme myself dampnable other for
pleesure displeasure ony creature, applye
me not diligently preache the worde God.
And the same dampnacion deme all those
priestis, which goode purpose and will en Seynt Chaddis Chirche, that the sacramente
the altare was material brede after the conse
cracion what saist thou? was this trewly preached And said, Syr, tell you trewly
that touchid nothing there the sacrament the altare, but this wyse, will with
Goddis grace tell you here. As stood ther the pulpet, besiyng me teache the commaun dement God, ther knylled sacring bell, and
therfore mekill people toormid awaye hastely, and with great noyse ran fro towardis me. And
thou couetist have ageyn the Psalter that
made takyn from the Canterbury,
recorde sharpe versys ageinst vs; but thou shalt dis worde for certis the vertue and the mede neuer haue that Psalter, nor none other boke, the moste holy sacrament the altare stand tyll that know that thy harte and thy mouthe ith mekill more the beleue thereof that accorde fully gouernid holy Chirche. ' ought haue your soule, than dothe And said, Syr, my will and power and the outward sighte thereof. And therfor were
forse them not besily doo thus; and also them that have purpose will lett ony priest this businesse. '
And the Archebishop said those three clerk that stoode before hym, ‘Lo, Syrs, this the manner and businesse of this losell and
soohe other, pike out soche sharp sentencis holy Scripture, and doctoris, mainteine
their secte and lore againste the ordinaunce holy Chirche. And therefore, losell, that
seing this, said them thus: Goode men, wer better stand here still, and hear God
here yet erth, besily and continually fight
h
lettid their goode purpos, the eny doctours discording fro holy scrip
will not
reason
ture, not
porall, nor the winde any pride boste,
the fluddis any tribulacion tem
And the Archebishop tooke the Certificacion his honde, and looked theron while, and
than he said to me: Lo here certified
ageinst the worthy men and feithfull Shrew isbury, that thou preachedst there openly
is
it ofa it isi;sofof is to to be as
of is of to *he all
of all ar to ItoofIof as as
Iisinis inall
to allbe
to is : heto of of
to of he of if
of
of
be
orahea is,istoasor as is
of
to
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by
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of in to
of
to is
in be be as by
to is
byat Iof arofofofinas as
or
to if by he to to I, arby of
toIof all an of alo inby ar to ofIof inin yeor isin I
IV. by
to of : ; '
vsto to of ye by be it is
to by
by in be
I
all
of
of
of of (I in ofar
inin to I
to ar if of of in
of
a ofI to ar be
Ias ita - by Ito
itto I ye
ofis
toinit,
Iof by inbe
in ye ye in
ofin
to
is
all
of of
all
“ is is ‘Ito
hehe
all of
ar by
of all
inI
be
193] STATE TRIALS, s IIesty IV. 1407. —Master William Thorpe, for Heresy. [194
better to stande still quietely to hear Goddis ordinaunce of inen under beleue shulde be putt
worde, because that thorow the hearing thereof men come to very trewe belefe. And other wyse, Syr, I am certein I spake not there of the woorthy sacrament of the altare.
beleue. And the Archebishop saide me, ‘Yfthou hast not learned this before, learne now knowe that thou art out beleue, this mat
ter and other thou beleuest not holy chirche And the Archebishop said to me, “I beleue beleueth. What saye doctours treatinge this
the not what so euer thou saist, syns so worship
full men haue witnessed thus ageinst the ; but
syns thou denyest that thou saidist thus there,
what saist thou now 2 restith there, after the
consecration, in the oste materiall brede or no? ' breade that we breake. And also the canon And I said, Sir, I knowe in no place in holy the masse after the consecration, this most scripture where this terme material brede is worthy Sacrament called holy breade; and writen; and therefore, sir, when I speake of euery prieste this lande, after that hathe this matter, I vse not to speake of material receyued this Sacrament, say the thys wyse brede. Than the Archebishop said to me, That thynge that we haue taken with oute ‘How teachest thou men to beleue in this sa mouthe, we praye God that we may take crament? ’ And I said, Sir, as I beleue myself, with pure and clene mynde that un so I teache other men. He said, “ Tell out derstonde, we praye God that we may receyue, pleinly thy beleue hereof. ”—And I said with thorowe very beleue, this holy Sacrament
- my protestacion, Sir, nyght worthely. And, Syr, Seynt Augustine saith, I beleue that the
before that Christe Jesu wold suffer wilfully That thing that Ae breade: but that
passion for mankynde on the morne after, he menneys feithe be informed of, ". . . o.
toke breade in his holy and moste worshipful! verye Christes body. And also Tulgence, handis, lifting vp his eyes, and gyuyng thankis ententyse doctour, saith, were errour
Sacrament? '—And said, Syr, Seint Paule that was greate doctour holy chirche, speakynge
the people, and teaching them the right be leue this moste holy Sacrament, calleth
to God his father, blessed this breade and brake
saye that Christe was but substaunce, that very man, and not very God, say, that
Christe was very God, and not very man
(this doctour sayth) errour say, that the
and gaue
his disciples, ssaying them, this you, this my body;' and ought mennis be
‘Take and eate
and tho this
lefe, Mathew, Mark, Luke, and Paul witness Sacrament of the altar but substaunce.
ith other beleue, sir, haue none, nor will And also, Syr, accordingly hereto the secrete have none else; for beleue, with Goddisgrace, the middle masse Christmasse day,
purpose lyue and dye, knoleging be written thus: ‘Idem refulsit Deus, terrena Jeue, that the worshipfull sacrament the substantia nobis conferat quod divinum est;" altare the sacramente Christis flesche and which sentence, Syr, with the secrete the
his bloode, fourme breade and wine. And the Archebishop said me, “It sothe
that this Sacrament very Christis body fourme breade; but thou and thy secte techist substaunce brede: thymke you this true teachinge f"—And said, Nother norony other the secte that dampne, teach ony other wyse than haue told you, nor beleue
my knowynge. Neuerthelesse, syr, aske you for charyte, that will tell me here pleynly, how shall vinderstonde this
*- And said, Syr, Ivnderstond, one
otherwise
there abideth substaunce of breade or not
text Saynt Paule, wher sayth thus: This graunte and beleue that there dwel
thinge feale you youre self, that Jesu, while was the fourme
calleth not Paule here the fourme
substaunce kynde God? Also, sir, saith not the Chirche the houres the most blessed
virgine accordingly hereto, where written
thus: “Thou auctour healthe remembre, that
sounetyme thou toke the undefyled vyrgyne
the fourme oure bodye? " Teil me for charyte this terme, Accidens sine suljecto, those
therefore, whether the fourme our bodye clerkes which delyte them curiouse and
called here the kynde our body no? –And suttill sophistrie, because they determine oft
the Archebishop said me, ‘Wouldest thou difficulte and straunge maters, and wade and
make me declare this texte after thy purpose, wander them, from argument argument
Christe God. ” Sir, God, the
leth substaunce brede, and graunte and beleue that this most worthy Sacra ment Christes owne body one accident withoute subjecte. But, Syr, for mekell
syns determyned,owith pro contra, that they wote not where
the Chirche hathe nowe that
there abideth no substance of breade after the they are, nor understonde not them selfe; but the consecracion the sacrament the altare shaine that thes proude sophistrers haue beleuest thou not on this ordinaunce of the yelde them inen and before men, maketh Churche? ' And said, Syr, what soeuer pre them ofte foolis, and concluded shame
lates haue ordened
standith euer hooll. WQL.
fully
the Church, our before God.
haue not herde that the Ánd the Archebishop said me, purpose Q
forthe ferye, quatuor temporum Septembris pray you, syr, declare here openly English.
And the Archebishop scid me, per ceiue well ynough wher about thou art, and how the deuell blyndeth the, that thou may not understond the ordinaunce holy chmrche, nor consent thereto but commaunde the now answere me shortly Beleuest thou that, after the consecracion this forsaid Sacrament,
your asking passeth myne understonding, dare nother denye nor graunte for
skole-mater aboute which besyed me ne uer for know and therefore commit
I.
to
to of
ofto be in
to
to ‘I
be so
in I is it
of
to
is
as is
ait ;
of
to
in
to
so
it
& so to in
of to
till :
of
it I onan
to
is in in
to an
in if in
of
is it in I of
of or it ofis
is ofin ye
allis
* be
is I as
I in
it oftoas;
is of
of I
it ys
or he
Iin in of to
in inI
I toofofofof ye isof all
he Iof of to ofof yetoIbe
“
ofI
to
of to I a of
to in to
I as to all ‘ sic
:
is so
I
to
atoor
in
as
is, toit; I ; as
I
:
it,
of
is as to
of it is,to
he
to Iisisanisit:it
;ofit so I
of to
a
195] ST. ATE TRIALS, 8 HENRY IV. 1407. —Trial and Eramination of [195
not to oblige the to the suttyll argumentes of Virgin Mary, Christes mother, and other clerkes, syns thou art viable therto ; but I pur Ymages sayntes ought worshipped.
pose to make the obeye to the determinacion of holy churche. ”—And I said, Syr, by open
fully, and worke therafter charitably. But, offer their cappes thes lettres. Why not Syr, the determinacion of this mater, which than, sins Ymages made with mannes hande, was brought in syns the Fende was losed by we may rede and knowe many diuerse thinges fier Thomas agayn, especially calling the most God, and his sayntes, shall we not wor worshipfull Sacrament of Christes owne body shippe their Ymages *—And sayde with my an accident without subjecte, which terme syns foresaid Protestacyon, say that these worldly
evidence and great witnesse a thousand yeare
after the Incarnation of Christe, the determina
cion which I haue here before you rehearsed thes men receiue their lordes letters, whiche was accepte of holy church, as sufficient to the they and knowe the willes and biddings saluacion of all the in that wolde beleue it faith their lordes worshippe their lordes they
I knowe not that Goddess lawe approueth it in this mater, I dare not graunte; but vtely I
temporal lordes that speake now done case withont synnc but similitude worship Ymages made mannes hande, syns that Moses, Dauid, So lomon, Baruch, and otherseyntes the Bible.
forbidde pleynly the worshipyng soche Ymages.
Than the Archebishop said me, ‘Lewde losell, the olde lawe, before that Christe toke mankind, was likenesse any persone the Trinitie, nother shewed man nor knowen
denye to make this fricr's sentence or ony soche other my beleue, do with me God what thou wilt. —And the Archebishop saide to me, ‘Well,
well, thou shalt say otherwise or that I leaue the. ” *,
“But what saist thon to this Seconde Poynte, that is recorded ageinst the by woorthy men of Shrew isbury, saing, that thou preachest openly there, that Ymages oughte not to be
thys
For earthely kynges and lordes, which use send their letters ensealid with their armes, with their preuy signet, men that are with
them, are worshipped thes men for whan
visages maye
worshipped in ony wise? ”—And I said, Syr, I man: but nowe syns Christe became man. preached neuer thus, nor thorow Gods grace I lefull haue mages shewe his man will not any tyme consent to thinke nor to say hode though many men, which are right thus nother pryuely nor apertly : for, lo! the greate clerkes, and other also helde er Lorde witnesseth by Moses, that the thinges rour peynte the Trinitie, say well done which he made were righte good, and so then make and peynte the Trinitie ynages. they were, and yet they are and shall be good, For great mouing deuocion men, and worshipful in their kynde ; and therefore haue and to behold the Trinitie and other to the ende that God made them to, they are ymages seyntes caruyd, caste, and peynted;
preisable and worshipfull, and specially for beyonde the sea are the beste peynters that man, that was made after the Ymage and like euer saw. And, syrs, tell you this their
messe God, full worshipfull his kynde this holy Ymage, that man, God worship peth; and herefore euery inan shuld worshippe
maner, and goode maner.
ymage makers hall kerue, caste peynte ony images, shall
Whan that moulde, prieste,
other kynde,and also for heauenly vertues and shryue him clene
that men use charitably. Also say, woode,
tynne, gold, syluer, any other mater that
Yimages are made of, all these creatures are
worshipfull their kyude, and the ende that
God made them for but the keruyng, castyng, nor peyntyng ony Ymagery made with
mannes handc, all behit that this doing be ac cepte man hyest state and dignitie, and ordened of them them be kalendar
sholde than dye and take penaunce, and make some certeyn vow fastyng praiynge, pilgrimages
leude men, that nother can nor will learned know God his worde, nother
ony other peynters, vnderstode truely the texte Moses, Dauid, the wise man, Baruch, and other seyntes and doctours, these peynters should moued shryue then
God wyth full inwarde sorowe harte, tak ynge vpon them doo right sharpe penaunce for the synfull and vayne crafte peyntinge, karuynge castinge that they had vsed, pro mising God seithfully neuer aster, knowleging openly before men theyr re prouable earning. And also, syr, thes priestes that shriue (as say) peinters, and injoine
his creatures, nor hys wonderfull and di uers workinges: yet this Yinagery ought not
worshipped the forme nor the likenesse mannes crafte: neuertheless that euery mat ter that peinters peynte with, syns Gods
creature, ought worshipped the kynde, and the ende that God made and ordened
to serue man.
Than the Archebishop said well that body oweth
them promysyng
penaunce,and praye for theire spede,
them helpe their prayers for their synfull craftes, synne herein
me, graunte worshippe
curious
any socile Yinages for them selfe; but cru more greuously than the peynters: for thes
cityse ought worshipped for the passion priestes do comforte and gyue then counsell
Christe that brought ther thorow thus the mages
peynted therein, and that thynge, which great peyne, under mannes mynde and the peyne Goddes curse, they sholde voterly the blessed Trinitie, and forbydde them. For certis, syr, the wonder
doinge, praiyng the prieste specially praye
for hym, that may haue grace faire and deuoute yimage. ”—And doute not thes peynters that
make said, Syr,
speake or,
Y
to
of
so to
to bybe
:
yf
totoorgo to be
:
of
it
ofbe
to
ye
all
no to
to in
of of
is
of into
do
or of
yf it to
of
be he I of to I to
of as I ofto
to do to
be by to ; to
to
is I
‘I a
in it is
a
in
to
of inof in
of is be
to in or
in
dobe toororantoitof is
byof, ofdo
to ofIitto: is selo
of is ye
in
nobeof of so in
ye ofheoristo toof ofasa
ofin
no
do yin
ofit to
all he toofIofto
doofof yeIof it in he
to to in in is yesotoatoit in
:
is an of:
to to of Ia to of all of orto
* 37J STATE TRIALS, 8 IIENRY IV. 1807–31aster William Thorpe, for resy. [193
foll werking God, and the holy iyuynge and London, our Lady Walsingham, and many
teachynge Christe, and his apostles and other duerse places England, many great
Prophetes, were inade knowen the people and preisable miracles done: shulde not the holy lyuynge, and true and besy teachynge Ymagis soche holy seyntis and placis, priestes; these thynges (syr) were sufficient the reuerence God and our Lady, and other
bokes and kalendares nowe God and seyntis, more worshippid than other placis his sayntes, without ony yimages made with and ymages wher soche miracles done
mannes hond: but certis the vicious lyuynge —And said, Sir, ther no soche vertue
of priestes, and their couetousnesse, are chete
cause this errour, and other viciousnesse that reigneth among the people.
Than the Archet,ishop said unto me, holde the vicious priest and acurste, and them that are thy secte; for priestes holy Chirche, and yimages that moue men
deuocion, thou and soche other about
destroy. Losell, ware feire thing come vertue yīnagery made with mannis hande, into Chirche, and see therein none Ymage and herefor body sholde vowe them, nor And said, Syr, they that come the Chyrch
for pray deuoutly the Lorde God, may
their inwarde wittes the more feruent, that
all their outwarde wittes be closed fro all out for the most worthy soche yanagis, the ward feynge and hearing, and fro distro brasen serpente Moyses made Goddis blaunce and lettingis. And syns Christe blessed bidding, the goode kyng Ezechie destroied wor then that saw him not bodely, and haue be thily and thankefully, for bycause
leuyd feithfully hym; sufficeth than
men, thorow hearing and knowing Goddis
worde, and doo there after, for beleue
God, though they see neuer ymagis made with
mannis hande, after ony person the Trinitie, how they speake and write miracles that
said losell,
say the, make and
ony other seynte. --And the Archebishop
me with feruent spyrite, that right well done
nankynde, likenesse Trinitie was shewid men said was not than lefull but now say, syns Christe
lefull make and haue
ynage the Trinitie,
not stiering thinge beholde
haue
thou
soche ynage *-And said, Sir, said right now, that the olde lawe, Christetoke
the Trinite, and also otherseyntis. But, syr,
this thing wolde learne you, syns the Father
said, “The sinagogue Jucs hadde not au thorite approue thes thingis, the Chirche Christe hathe nowe. —And said, Sir, seint Gregory was great man the newe lawe, and
peyntid and she wid, sufficeth them thint membres holy Chirche; but syns thou
art rotten membre, cutt away from holy
what saist
ony person the wherefore, sir,
haue yimagis; becomen man,
ymage
Heuen, and euery person the Trinite
was without beginnyng God Almighty, and
many holy prophetis that wer dedely men wer
martiresed violently the olde lawé, and also sir, syns the Father Hicuen that God many men and women than died holy confes his Godhead, the moste unknowen thing that *ours: why was not than lefull and ne may be, and the moste wonderfull spyrit, hauy
cessarie now have made yimage the
Father Heuen, and haue made and hadde
other ymagis marties, prophetis, and holy
confessours, haue ben kalendaris aduise
men, and move them deuocion, say
that ymagis now doo —And the Archebishop ymagis the Trinitic, and other ymagis
Chirche, thou fauercist not the ordinaunce great dignitie: and the common lawe wit thereof. But syns the dayc passith, leaue we
nessith, commendid greatly bishop, that this matter. ’
forbadde terly the yimagis made with man And than he said me: “What saist thou
uis hande, sholde worshipped.
And the Archebishop said, ‘Vngracious lo
sell, thou fauerist no more trewthe than an bounde, syns the roode the northe dore
the Thirde Poynte that certificq against the, preching openly Shrewistury, that pil grimage not left:12 And ouer, this thou saidist, that those inch and woulen that
ony ymagery, that ony yimagis sholde herefore
worshipped wherefore am certein, that
ther miracle done God ony place erthe, because that ony ynagis made with mannis hande sholde worshippid. And here
fore, Sir, preached openly Shrewisbury and other placis, say now here before you, that body sholde truste that ther war ony
scake them, nor kncle them, nor bow theim, nor pray them, nor offer any thinge them, nor kysse them, nor cncense them:
we's en goode hede
Seynt Au Seynt John
shall done now the last ende the worlde, dreade, that for the vinteithfulnesse
men and women, the Fende hath great power for worke mauy the miracles that now done soche placis: for bothe men and women delyte now more for heare and knowe mi racles, than they knowe Goddis worde,
hear effectuously. Wherfore the great confusion them that thus doo, Christe saith, “The gnacion adulterers re quireth tokyns, miracles and wonders. ' Neuer thelesse diucrse scyntis say, now whan the feithe God published Christendome, the worde of God sufficeth mannis saluacion without soche miracles; and thus also the worde of God sufficeth all teithfull men and women, without ony soche yimagis. But, goode
censed. Therefore, sir, men take the writing and the lerning
gustine, Seynt Gregory, and
Chrisostome, and otherseyntis and doctours,
ing shape likenesse ony members ony dedely creature; what likenesse
what ymage may God the Father shewide peintyd –And the Archebishop said, “As
holy Chirche hath sufferid and yet sufferith the
at
to
of toit to
I in
of all
at
all
at
‘I toarbeorof orittoto inbe
go ou
to
is
of of no
as
of
be of at
in to is
ofis ono:of or of do of in of to to I no
inat
he of of
of it is
or
to
9f by
he v
to
of as
an ysan
of a
a
be a
to
of a aIanas istoto
in
in
ofye to of ye to
to
by
as
in
of
to
to ;ofI
beto
in
of to
of
it
it a
to
as of
an or ye “I of to
to of
to
all
to
as to
ye of
all
go
ain totois
lo
is
inno no I
to
of of of at of ofof it to
ar II, at
in
to
of is I
it
in
to be
of
it? to toIa
toye itit ye no is
ofof of
as allisit I
of
toin
all toto
yf of to
be
in beis. at ar
to or in
ar of to ino'
to in all
in o'
to ofall
199] STATE TRIALS, 8 IIENny IV. 1407. -Trial and Eramination of (Zoo
ilgrimagis to Canterbery, to Beuerley, to Kar and how laborious and joiful they wer sowe
and plante vertues. Thes heuenly condi cions and soche other haue the pilgremis, en deuer them for haue, whose pilgrimagie God acceptith. And ageyne saide, their werkis shew the moste part men and women that
F.
to Walsinghame, and to ony soche other placis, ar accursed, and made foolisch,
spending their goodes in waste.
"—And I said,
sir, by this Certificacion I am accused to you,
that I sholde teache that no pilgrimage is lefull.
T}ut I said neuer thus: for I knowe that ther now pilgrimagis have not thes forsaid con
be trew Pilgrimagis, and lefull and full plesaunt
to God: and therefore, sir, how so euer myne
enemies haue certifica you of me, I tolde at
Shrewisbury of two maner of pilgrimagis. -And
the Archei, shop said to me, “whom callest thou
trewe pilgrimes ' And I said, Sir, with my Pro
testacion I call them trewe pilgremis träuelyn
toward the blisse of Heuen, which in the state,
degree or ordre that God calleth them, doo besy
them seithfully for to occupie their wittes bo
dely and gostely, knowe trewly and keape
feithfully the biddinges God, hatyng and
fleyng the seuen dedely synncs, and euery bodies than their soules, more for haue braunche them, reulying them verteuously richesse and prosperitie thys worlde, than (as said before) with their wittes, doyng for enryched withovertues their souls, discretely, wilfully and gladly the werkis more have here worldely and fleschely friend mercy bodely and gostely after their connyng ship, than for have friendship God and and power, ablying them the gyftes the his seintes Heuen. For whatsoeuer thing IHoly Goste, disposing them receyue their man woman dothe, the friendship God, toules, and holde therin the right blessinges nor ony other seynte, cannot hadde
ditions, nor loueth besy them feithfully for have. I’or well know, syns have full ofte assaide, examyne whosoever will twentie
thes pilgrimis, and shall not fynde thre men women that knowe surely commaund ment God, nor can say their Pater-noster and Ave-maria, nor their Credo redely ony maner language. And have learnid and also know somewhat experience thes same pilgrimis, tellyng the cause why that many men and women hither and thither now pilgrimages, more for the helthe their
Christe, beseyng them knowe and képe without keeping Goddis commaundementis. the seuene principall vertues; and than they Forther with my protestacion say now
shall obteyne here thorow grace for use said Shrewisbury, though they that haue thankfully God the condicions cha fleschely willes trauell fer their bodies, and ritie, and than they shall moouyd with the spendemekill money seake and visite the good spirite God for examyne ofte and bonys ymagis (as they say they do) this diligently their conscience, that nother wilfully seynte that soche Is no
hauyng continually (as frailte will suffer) seinte God: syns effect soche pilgrimes their besinesse drede and flee the offence despise God and his commaundmentis and
God, and looue ouer thing, and seke seyitis. For the commaundmentis God they euer sloo pleasaunt will. these pil will nother knowe nor keape, nor conforme gremis said, what ever goode thought that them lyue verteuously example Christe they ony tyine thinke, what verteuous worde and his seyntis. Wherefore syr, haue pre that they speake, and what fruitefull worke that chid and taucht openly, and purpose
they worke, euery soche thoughte, worde and my lyfe time with Gods helpe, saying that
ful God nor ony nor wittingly they erre ony article beleue, ther praisable nor thank
werke steppe noumbered God toward hym into ileuene. Thes forsaid pilgremis God delyte sore whan they heare seyntis
soche fond people wast blamefully Gods goods ther veyne pilgrimagis, spending their goodes upon vicious hostelers, which ofte vncleme verieuous men and women, how they forsoke women their bodies; and the leste those
wilfully the prosperity this lyfe, how they goodes with the which thei shoulde doo werkis
withstode the suggestion the Fende, how they restreined their fieschly lustes; how discrete they wer their penaunce doyng; how patient they wer their adversites, how prudent they wer counceling men and women, moouyug them hate synne, and flye
them, and shame euer greatly thereof, and love vertucs, and draw them, yma
ginyng how Christe and folowers example hym, suffered skornis and sclaunders, and
mercie after Goddis bidding poore medy men and women. Thes poor mennis goodes and their lyuelode thes runners about offer riche priestis, which have mekill more lyuelode than they neade; and thus those goodes they waste wilfully, and speude theim vnjustely ageinst Goddis bidding upon straungers, with which they sholde helpe and releue after God dis will their poor medy neighbours home: and ouer this foly, ofte tymes diuerse men and
how paciently they abode and toke the wrong women thes runners thus madly hither and
full manasyng tyrauntis, how homely they wer and serusable poore men, relieue and comforte them bodely and gostely after their power and connyng, and how deuote they wer
praiers, how feruent they wer heuenly de
syres, and how they absented them fro specta cles veyne seyngis, and hearingis, and how
stable they were lett and destroye vices,
thither pilgrimage borowe hereto other mennis goodes, and sometyme they stele mennis goodes hereto, and they pay them neuer agein. Also sir, know well that whan diuerse men and women will thus after their own willes, and fynding out one pilgrimage, they will orden with them before haue with then
both men and women that can well syng wan
to
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as
201] STATE TRIAis, 8 HENRY IV. 1407. -Master Hilliam Thorpe, for Iseresy. [202
ton songes, and some other pilgremis will haue ony sermonne. ' But said, Sir, lusty men with them bagge pipes; so that euery towne and worldly louers delyte and couet, and tra they come throwe, what with the noyse of their uell haue their witts quickened and synging, and with the sounde of their piping,
and with the jangelyng of their Canterbury bellis, and with the barkyng out of doggis after them, that they make more noise than if the kyng came there awaye with his clarions,
sharpened with diuerse sensible solace but all the feithfull louers and lowers of Christe haue
and many other menstrelles. And these
men and women moneth their pilgri him thing, quyckeneth and sharpeneth
mage, many them shall halfyear after great jangelers, tale-tellers and lyers.
And the Archebishop said me, ‘Leude losell, thou seest not ferreyhough this mater, for thou considerest not the great trauell pilgremys, therfore thou blamest that thing that
praisable. say the that right well done, that pilgremys haue with them both syngers, and also pipers, that whan one them that goeth barfote striketh his too upon stone and hurteth hym sore, and maketh hym
blede well done that he his felow
begyn than songe, else take out his bo
some bagge-pype for driue away with
soche myrthe the hurte his felow. For
with soche solace the trauell and werinesse off
pylgremes lightely and merily broughte
forthe. "—And said, ‘Sir, seynte Paule teach title tythes And said, ‘Sir, named ther eth men wepe with them that wepe. ” And no worde tithes my preaching. But, the abp. said, ‘What janglist thou ageinst more than moneth after that was arreasted mennis deuocion what soeuer thov soch there prysone, man came me the other say, say that the pilgrimage that now pryson askynge me what sayde tythes. used, them that doo praysable and And saide him, Sir, this towne are many fo. meane come the rather grace. But clerkes and priestes, which some are called
holde the unable know this grace; for religious men, though many them secu
their delyte heare Goddis worde, and vnderstond truely, and worke therafter faithfully and continually. For doute
dreade offende God, and loue please
the wittes Christes chosen people and ableth them grace, that they joye greatly
withdrawe their eares, and all their wittes and membres frome worldly delyte, and from fleschly solace for sewnt Jerome (as thinke) saith, “No body may joye with this worlde, and reigne with Christe. ' And the abp. (as had been displeased with myne answere) said his clerkes, ‘What gesse
this ydiote will speake there, wher hath none dreade, syns speaketh thus nowe here
my presence Well, well,
ordened for. ” And than spake me all
angerly.
What saist thou this Forthe Pointe, that
God thou shalt
thou enforsest the lett the deuocion of the lers, therefore aske
them this question. me, sir, our prelates say, pay our tythes all
people: syns authoritie holy scripture men maye lefully have and use soche solace thou reprouest. For Dauid his laste psalme teacheth me haue diuerse instru mentes music for praise therwith God. '
doctours expounding the psalmes Dauid,
the musike and menstrelcy that Dauid and otherseyntes the olde lawe spake owe
now nother taken nor used the letter, but thes instruments with their musike ought interpreted gostely for those figures
And this man saide that we also obliged
And saide, Sir, the sentence diuerse
thinges that renewe us; and that they acursed, that withdrawe ony part wittingly fro them their tythes. And said, sir, that man, with my protestacyon say now here before you, that hadde wonder that ony prieste dare sav, men acursed without grounde Goddis worde. And the man said, sir, our priestes say that they curse men thus
authoritie Goddes law. And sayde, sir, know not wher this sentence cursing
are called vertues and graces, with which ver authorited now the Bible. And therfore, tues men sholde please God and praise his syr, pray you that will aske the moste name. For saynt Paul saith, All soch thynges conning clerke this Towne, that may befell them figure. Therefore sir, un knowe where this sentence cursyng them that derstaund that the letter this psalme Da tvthe not now written Goddes lawe for uid, and soche other psalmes and sentences, were written there, wolde right gladly
dothe slee them that take them now letterally, learned where. But shortely this man wolde This sentence understond syr, Christ ap not from me, aske this question ano proueth himself, putting out the menstrelles, ther body; but required me there, wolde
that wolde quycken the deade damsell. answere before God, this case the cursing And the abp. said me, “Leude losell priestes wer lauful and approued God. not lefull haue organes the chirche And shortely herewith came my mynde the for worship therwithall God? " And said, learnyng sevnt Peter, teaching priestes espe "Ye, syr, mannis ordynaunce, but the or cially halow the Lord Christ their hartes: dinaunce God, goode sermonne the beinge euermore redye (as ferre
them peoples understondyng were mekill more ple answere thorowe faith and hope them saunt God. ' And the abp. sayde, ‘that that aske them reason. And this lesson
organes and good delectable songe quykened Peter teacheth men use with meke spyrit, and sharpened more mennys witts than sholde and with dreade the Lord. Wherefore, syr,
certified against the, preching openly and boldely Shrewisbury, that priestes haue
to
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no
*
203] STATE TRIALS, HENRY IV. 1407. --Trial and Eramination [204
I said to this man in this wise: In the old many priestes contrary Paule,
this for lawe which endyd not fully till the tyme that sayde doctrine: Paul biddeth the people take Christe rose up ageyn fro dethe to lyse, God hede those preystes that follow him had commaunded tythes to be gunen to the Leuites, geuen then example. As Paul wolde say for the great besynesse dayly trauell that per thus the people, Accept none other
tayned to their office. But priestes, because priestes than thei that lyue after this fourme their trauell was mekyll more easy and light, that haue tauchte you. For certeyn what
than was the office of the Leuites, God ordeyn
cd that priestes should take for their lifelode to
do their office, the tenth part of tho tythes that
wergiuen to the Leuites. But maw (I said) in
the newe lawe nother Christe, nor ony of his apostles tooke tythes of the people nor com
maunded the people to pay tythes nother to
priestes, nor to deacons. But Christe taught
the people to do almesse, that is werkes of gustine, Gregory, Chrysostome, and Lincoln,
mercy, to poor nedy men, of surpluse, that is
superfluouse of their temporal goodes, which
they hadde more than them nedia reasonably to
their necessary lyuelode. And thus (I said)
plainly.
And the Archebishop said me, “Thinkest
thou this holsome learninge sowe openly yet priuely among the people Certeyn this
not of tythes, but of pure almesse of the people doctryne contrarieth playnly the ordinatince
Christe lyued and his apostles, whan they were holy Fathers, which haue ordened, graunted
their handes for to get their lyuelode, whan syly and truely the word God example that they myght thus doo for besye preach Christ, and his apostles, withouten tythes, ynge. Therefore by example of hymselfe Seynt offerynges, and other dewties that now chalenge Paule teacheth the priestes Christe for and take, the people wolde gyue them freely
trauell with theire hande, whan for besye sufficientlyuelode.
teaching the people they myght thus do. And Clerke said me, ‘IIow wilt thou
§.
so besye in teachynge off the worde of God to and licensed priestes diuerse degres, the people, that they might not trauell other and lyue tythes and offringes the people, wyse for to gett their lyuelode. But aster and other deuties. ”—And said, Syr,
priestes
receyued the Holy Goste, they traucled with nombre, and lyued vertuously, and taucht be
soeuer dignitie ordre that ony prieste conforme him folowe Christe and his apostles wilful pouerte, and other neuenly
vertues, and specially true preachynge
Goddes worde; though soche one named prieste, yet more but prieste
name, for the worke very prieste soch
one wanteth. This sentence approueth Au
ascension, apostles and whan the
had
were now mesurable mesure and
And thus these priests whose priestehode God accepteth nowe, will accepte dyd the apostles tyme, and after their decease, will do the worldes ende. But (as Cisterciensis telleth) the thousande year oure Lorde
make this good that the people will gyue frely priestes their lyuelode, syns that now the lawe euery prieste can scarcely constrayne the
people gyue them their lyuelode *—And
said, Sir, now wonder, though the peo Jesu Christe, two hundreth and leucoth yere, ple grudge gyue priestes the lyuelode that
one pope the tenth Gregory ordened new tythes first gyuen priestos now the
they aske; for mekill people knowe now how
that priestes shulde lyue, and how that they lyue contrary Christe and his apostles:
newe lawe. But Seynt Paule his tyme,
whose trace example priestes God en and therefore the people full heuy paye force them folow, seyng the coueotusnesse (as they do) their temporall goodes persones,
that was among the people, desyrynge de and other vicares and priestes, which sholde stroye this foule synne thorow the grace feithfull dispensatours the pareshes goodes,
God and the true vertuouse lyuynge exam taking themselves more but scarce ly ple himselfe, wrotte and taught priestes uing tythes nor offrynges the ordi for solowe him folowed Christe paci naunce of the comon lawe. For whatsoeuer
ently, willingly, and gladly hys Pouerte. Wherefore Paule saithe thus, the Lorde hath or dened that they that preache the Gospell shall lyue the Gospell. But we (saith Paul) that couet and besy feithfull solowers Christ, vse not this power. For (as Paul
witnesseth afterwarde) whan was full pore and medy preaching among the people,
priestes take the people, tythe
fering, any other deutie seruyce, the priestes ought not haue thereof no more but
bare lyuing, and parte the residew the poore men and women specially the pa rishe, whom they take this temporal lyuynge. But the most dele priestes nowe wasteth their pareshes goodes, and spendeth then
was not chargeous vmto them, but with his their owne will after the worlde their veyne handes traueled not only get his owne lustes, that few places poore men haue lyuynge, but also the lyuyng other poore dewly (as they sholde haue) their owne suste and medy creatures. And syns the people naunce, nother tythes nor offerynges, nor was never couetouse nor auarose other large wages and foundations that gesse) thei are now, were good counsell, priestes take the people diucree maners that priestes take good hede this he aboue that they mede for nedeful sustenaunce uenly learnyng Paul, folowing him here, meat and clothinge. But the poore medy wilfull pouerte, nothing charging the people people forsaken, and left priestis sus for their bodely lyuelode. But because that teinyd the paroshenis the priestis toke
ofar it,
of
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at of I
of if of ain of in, .
203] STATE TRIALS, S HENRY IV. 1407. —JIaster William Thorpe, for Heresy. [200
nothing of the paroshenis, for to help the poor doctour thinke that Seynt Jerome) that people with. And thus, syr, into ouer great saith thus, The priestis that chalenge now chargis of the paroshenis they pay their tem the new lawe tythes, say effecte, that poral goods twice, wher ones myght suffice, if Christe not becomen man, nor that he hath priest is wer trew dispensatours. Also sir, the
paroshenis that pay ther temporal goodes (be
tohey tythes or offeringes) to priestis that doo
not their office among them justely, are parte
ners of euery synne of those priestis ; because that they susteyne those priestis soly in their
with their temporall goods. Yf these
ings considerid,
be well what wonder is it
than, syr, if the paroshenis grudge ageinst thes dispensatours ?
Than the Archebishop said to me, “Thou that shouldest be judged and reulyd by holy chirche, presumptuously thou demest holy
yet suffered dethe for mannis loue. Wherfore this doctour saith thys sentence, Syns tythes
chirche to haue erryd in the ordinaunce of this doctour saith) priestis take now tythes tythes and other dewties to be payd to pristis. wrongfully. -
It shall be long or thou thryue losell, that thou And the Archebishop said his clerkes, despicest thy gostely mother, how darist thou ‘Herde euer losell speake thus? Certeyn speake this losell among the people Ar not this the learnyng them all, that wher
tythes geuyn to pristis for to lyue by ? '—And I
said, Sir, Seynt Paul saith that tythes wer gyuen
in the old lawe to Leuites and to the priestis,
that came of the lynage of Leui; but our takyūg Tythes, and soche other dewties to. he saith came not of the lynage of Leui, that priestes chalenge now wrongfully, the fre
were the hyres and wagislimyted Leuites
and priestes the olde lawe for bearing about the tabernacle, and for sleayng and
fleayng beastis, and for burning sacrifice, and keeping the temple, and for tromp
ing
Israel, battell before the oste and
other diucrse obseruauncis that
their office; those priestis that will chalenge take tythes, denye that Christe comen fleshe, and doo the priestis office the old lawe for whome tythes were graunted; for (as
ever they come, and they may suffered, they
enforce them expunge the freedome Holy Chirche. "—And said, Sir, why call you the
|.
to
lynage Juda; Holy
ut of the of
tythes were promised to be geuyn. And ther nor apostles chalengid nor tooke soche dew
said aboue, euery prieste whose priesthode
priestes? ' And said, Sir, what euer men women, lordis ladies, ony other that present our preaching specially, our
communyng, after our connyng we tell out them their office and their charges, but syr, syns Chrisostome saith, that priestis the
Christe approuyth knowith well, and confessith worde and werke, that disciple owith
not aboue his master; but sufficeth disciple master, symple and pure, meke and patient; and example specially his master Christe, euery priest should reule
stomake the people, needfull ing and also communyng,
preach most besy
hym his lyuynge, and after connyng and power prieste sholde besy him en
fourine, and reule whome soeuer myght charitably.
about this priesthode, syns the viciousnes priestis both lordis and commons moste syn fully infected and ledde into the worste: And because that the couetousness priestis, and
to which Juda no dome Chirche syns nother Christe
fore Paul saith, syns the priesthode is chaunged
from the generacion of Leui to the generacion
of Juda, it is necessary that chaungyng also be
ruade of the lawe. So that priestis lyue now
without tythes and other dewties that they now
claime, folowinge Christe and his apostles in Archebishop said me, ‘Why losell wilt not wilfull pouertie, as they haue geuyn them exam thou and other that confedered with the, ple. For syns Christe lyued the tyme his seake out Holy Scripture, and the sen preaching pure almes the people, and tence doctours, sharp authorities ageinst example hym his apostles lyued the same lordis, and knyghtis, and squyeris, and ageinst wyse, els the trauell their handis, other seculer men, thou doeste ageinst
And the Archebishop said me with great
spy rite, “Goddis curse haue thou and myne pride and the boste that they haue and make
for this teaching; for thou woldist hereby make
the olde law more and perfect than the new lawe. For thou saist that lefull Levites
and priestis take tythes the old lawe,
their dignity and power, destroieth not only
the vertues priesthode priestis themselfe,
but also ouer this, stiereth God take greate vengeaunce both upon lordis and comons, which suffer thes priestes charitably.
And the Archebishop said me, “Thou judgest euery prieste proude that will not
arayed thou doste. God demne hym
more meke that goeth euery day
scarlet gowne, than thou that threde bard blew gowne. Whereby knowest thou proude mam o'—And said, Sir, proude prieste may
knowen when denyeth folowe Christe and apostles wilfull pouerte and other
and priestis
enjoye their privilegies; but
the new lawe thou saist not
take tythes: and thus thou geuiest
lefull
Leuites of the olde lawe more fredome than
priest the new lawe. ”—And said, Sir, nervell that vnderstonde this playne text Paul thus. Ye wole well, that the Leuites and priests the olde lawe that tooke tythes, wer
not fre nor persite Christe and apos tles that tooke tythes. And sir, there
ties. Herefore thes takyngis priestis now not callydjustely the fredome Holy Chirche; but soche geuyng and takyng ought
called and holden the sclaunderous couetous nesse men the Holy Chirche. —And the
no
a
so ye to to be as
in
his
for ofto
as of ofye ofis
inhe
of in of
I in I of Ito
of of
so is in of
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all his
is of
2011 STATE TRIALs, s Hosny 1407. -Trial and Eramination (20s
vertues, and couetith worldly worship, and owght sweare only God, takyng him onely
taketh gladly, and gatherith gither with
pletyng, manasyng, with flattering, with
simony ony worldly goodes: and moste
prieste besy hym not chefely himself, and
after other men and women, after his
connyng and power withstond synne. —And booke and kysse saying, “So heple me God the Archebishop said me, “Though thou
knewest prieste haue thes vices, and
though sawest prieste louely lye now
woman, knowing hir fleschly; woldest thou
herfore deme this prieste dampnable say
the, that the tournyng about thy hande unlawfull thyng, should obey thereto?
that sothefastenesse, for witnesse the Sothe fastenesse.
And than Clerke asked me wer not le? full subjecte the bidding his prelate
for knele down and touche the holy gospell
synner may verily repented. ’—And And the Archebishop said me, “A sub said, Sir, will not dampne any man for any jecte ought not suppose that this prelate will
soche
synne that knowe done that the synner leueth
may done, synne. But
bidde him doo unlaufull thing; for subject ought thinke, that his prelate will bidde hym
doo nothing but that will answere for before God that lefull; and than though the bid
thoritie openly
that synneth thus dampnable for doying synne, and inost especially prieste
unlesul, the subject hath
syns that thinketh and euer thing his prelate bid
holy Scripture, yeshew here,
sacle
that sholde example and slie synne; and euer say that soche
ding the prelate parell fulfill how short tyme that judgeth that what
synner may re
Fo
lefull hym for doo it. "
oweth not hym that knoweth not synnyng judged verily repentaunt,
deth him doo, that
And said, Sir, truste not hereto. But
other for hate
and his holy Dome;’ for sholde after his connyng and power thyng that his prelate commaundeth hym. —And said them, “Sirs,
speke here full generally largely: What prelate commaunded his subjecte doo an
Sir,
without open enidence greate shame and harty sorow for his synne. For whosoeuer, and
specially prieste that vseth pride, enuy, coue tousnes, lechery, simony, ony other vices; and she with not opyn euidence repen
tell you that was
taunce casion synne
hath gyuen euyll example and oc synning, contynew ony soche long may, likely that synne
leaneth hym, and not synne; and vn and his charge his understondinge were
derstonde, soche one synneth unto dethe, for
whome body oweth pray, Seynt John saith. -And Clerke said than the Arche
bishop, ‘Sir, the lenger that appose him,
besy you is: for
unlefull wolde hastely withdrawe his hande from the booke: and perceiued his charge lefull, wolde holde still his hande upon
the booke, takyng there only God witnesse, that wolde fulfill that lefull charge after his power. And the master diuinitie said than
hym thus, Certeyn that leyeth his hande
upon booke this wyse, and makyth there
the worse is; and the more that amende him, the waiwarder shrewde kynde, that
shamyth not onely hymself soule neste, but without
shame he besieth him make his neste fouler. ”
And the Archebishop said his clerke, ‘Suffer ed, obliged there booke othe than fulfill
while, for am an ende with him for charge. For doute that chargeth hym
there one other poynte certified ageynst hym, and will heare what he saith thereto. ” -
And than he said me, Lo here certified ageinst the, that thou preachidst openly
lay his hande thus upon booke towching the booke and swearing and kyssing
promisying this fourme doo this thyng
that, will say and witnesse that that towcheth
thus booke and kysseth hath sworne upon that booke and all other men that see that
man thus doo, and also tho that heare hereof the same wyse, will saye and witnesse, that
thys man hath sworne upon boke: wherfore the master diuinite sayde, was not lefull nother gyue nor take ony soche charge
Shrewisbury, that ony case. "——And
neuer openly, nor
wise ony place.
Shrewisbury with my protestacion say you now here; that the authoritic the Gospel and Seynt Jaines, and witnesse diuerse Seyntis and doctours, haue preachid openly one place other, that not lefull ony case sweare ony creature. And ouer this, sir, haue also preachid and tauchte the forsaid authorities, that body sholde sweare
ony case; that without othe ony wyse that charged sweare myght cycuse hym
them that haue power compell hym sweare lefull thyng and laufull. But man may not excuse hym without othe them that haue power compell hym sweare, than
not lefull sweare said, Sir, preached
haue not tauchte this But sir, preachid
our firste purpose,
onys gentill mannis house, and there war than two Clerkes there, master of diuinite, and man lawe, which man lawe was also communing diuinite; and among other thinges thes men spake othes, and the man lawe said, At the bidding his souereign which hadde power charge hym sweare, wold lay hand upon booke, and heare his charge:
promosse doo that thing that commaund
upon boke, euery boke
dinersecreatures whiche fore sweare upon boke, creatures, and this swearinge
nothing els but
made There sweare
euer unlefull. This sentence witnesseth Chrisostome, plainly blaming them greatly that bring forthe boke
for sweare upon, charginge Clerkes that wise they constrayne ony body sweare,
whether they think man sweare true, false. —And the Archebishop and his Clerkes scorned me, and blamyd me greatly for this
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TRIALS, o, Thorpe, 209] STATE 8 HENRY IV. 1407. —Master William
Than the Archebishop badde a Clercke rede bishop said “Ye. ' And sayde, Yf Chrisos the Homely of Chrisostome, which homely thys tome proueth hym woorthy great blame that clerke helde in his hande written in a Roll, bryngeth forthe boke swere npou, muste which rolle the archebishope caused to be nedes folowe that he more blame that taken fro my felow at Canterbury; and so sweareth on that boke. And the Archebishop than this clerke redde this Roll till he came to said, ‘Yf Chrysostome
a clause, wher Chrisostome saithe, that it is the ordinaunce holy chirche, we will ac
saiyng. And the Archebishop manassed mc boke, and sweare
with great punishement and except I Archebishop said, “There no master diui lefte this opinion of swearinge. And I saide, nitie Englond great, that hold this Sir, this is not myne opinion, but it is the opinion opinion before me, but shall punishe him
of Christe our Sauyour, and of Seynt Jamis and shall the, except thou sweare shall of Chrisostome, and other diuerse Seyntes and charge the. ’ And said, Sir, not Chrisos doctours. tome ententyfe doctour? And the Arche
accordingly (Malueren, as I gesse) said to the Archebishop, And than said Clerke me, ‘Ys not the
synne to sweare well. And than a clerke cepte him. ’
* Sir, I pray you wete of him, how that he vil worde derstondeth Chrisostome here, saing it to be that
Than
God and God himself equipollent, one authorite And saide, Ye. said me, ‘Why wilt thou not swere
synne to swere well. ’–And so the Archebishop asked me how I vnderstode here Chrisostome.
the gospell God, that one sweare
answere hereto, for I had not besyed me to God, and
Gods worde,
the worde And said,
study
my mynde to God, I prayed him of grace. leued but swearynge, perceyue (as Augus
than And certeyne I was somewhat afraide to syns
God himselfe
may not nowe otherwyse be
thereof;
lysting up Sir, syns
i.
his Apostles, ‘Whan for my name ye shall be shold my brothern sholde not beleue ine:
about the sense
but
And as faste as I thought
Christe said to tine saithe) that not spedefull that that
ment
Heresy.
for [210
boke And the
“brought before Judges, I shall gyue into your therefore am redy the worde
mouth wisdome, that your aduersearyes shall the Lorde commaunded me
not ageynst saye ;' and trusting feithfully in the sweare. —Than the Clerke said
worde of Gode, I said, Sir, I know well that than thyne hande upon the boke, touching the many men and women haue now swearing so in Holy Gospell God, and take thy charge. ” custome, that thei know not nor will not knowe And said, Sir, vnderstonde that the hol that they do euell for to sweare as they do ; gospell God Inay not touched wit
that they sweare vntruely. For they saye, they this Clerke, whether wer more reade the may by their swearing (though it be false) voide gospell, touche the gospell. And said, blame or temporall harme, which they sholde was more reade the gospell.
haue yf they sweare not thus. And, Sir, many Than said, Sir, authorite Seynt Je men and women maynteyne strongly that they rome the gospell not the gospell for reding sweare well, whan that thing is sothe that they of the letter; but for the beleue that men sweare for. Also full many men and women haue the worde God, that the gospell now say, that it is well done to swear by crea that we beleue, and not the letter that we tures, whan they may not (as they saye) other rede: for because the letter that touched wise he beleued. And also full many men and with mannes hande not the gospell, but the women now say, that it is well done to sweare sentence that verely beleued mannis hart
by God, and by our Ladye, and by other the gospell. For Seynt Jerome saith, the seyntes, for to haue them in mynde. But syns gospell that the vertue Goddes worde
all these saiynges are but excusations and synne, not the leauys the boke, but the root me thinketh, sir, that this sentence of Chrisos reason. Nother the gospell (he saith)
tome may be alleged welle ageinste soch the writing aboue the letters; but the gos swerers, witnessing that thes synne greuous pell the marking the sentence scrip ly, though they thinke themself for swear tures. This sentence approueth Seynt Paule, this forsaid wyse well. For euyll done and saiynge thus, the kingdome God not great synne for sweare-trewthe, whan ony worde, but vertue. And after Dauid saith,
manner man may excuse him without othe. the voice the Lorde, that his worde,
And the Archebishop said, that Chrisostome vertue. And after l)auid saith, thorow the might thus vnderstonde. And than Clerke worde God, the Heauens were fourmed, and
said me, ‘Wilt thou tarye my lorde the spirite his mouth the vertue lenger, but submit the here mekely the ordi them. And pray you, syr, understonde
but they thinke and say that they do well for mannes hande. And the Clerke saide, fond to sweare as they do, though they know well ed, and that sayde not trewthe. And asked
the spirite the the vertue angells
me, “Thou woldest
saye
that soche case all one touche And sayde, Syr, though men use save thus, Vol.
naunce holy chirche, and laye thyne hande well how Dauid saith, that upon booke touching the holy gospell God, mouthe the Lorde promysinge not onely with thyne mouth, but also and of men
with thyne harte stande my lordes ordi And the Clerke said
naunce And said, Sir, hane
Y.
make fonde with thee:
you
here, how that herde master diuinitie say the gospellis are written the masse-boke”
told
we not that
God, (as
his worde) me, “Laye
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2[1] STATE TRIALS, 8 IIENRY IV. I 107. —Trial and Examination of [212
yet it is unpersyte speche. For the principall
sene here, nor touched with ony sensible thing, properly man. And the vertue
tree the roote thereof, that maye not be sene; for awaye the roote, and the tree destroyed. And, syr, sayde me right nowe, God and hys worde are one
authoritie; and, syr, Seynte Jerome witnesseth
that Christe, very Godde and very man,
hidde the letter his lawe; thus also, syr, the gospell hidde the letter. For, syr, full likely many diuerse men and women here the erthe touched Christe, and sawe
hym and knewe his bodeley persone, which
nother touched nor sawe, nor knewe ghostely his Godhede; right thus, syr, many men now
touche and see, and write and rede the scrip
thus, said this clerke, Sir, pray you that
will reherse nowe here before you all, and before hym.
And (as gesse) the Archebishop said than me, “They that are nowe here suffyse re
pete them how saidest thou him And said, Sir, that man came and asked me of di uerse thinges; and after his askynge answered hym (as vnderstoode) that goode was and
shewed me his wordes, was sory his lyuynge courte, and right heny
for his owne vicious lyuynge; and also for the viciousnesse other men, and speciallye priestes euyll lyuynge and herefore sayde
me with sorrowfull harte gessed) that purposed fully within shorte tyme for
thynge : for İnanues soule, that may not now
hither;
parte of a thinge is properlye the
and all the
. .
tures Goddis lawe, whiche nother touche, leatie the court, and besy him know Gods
see nor rede effectuallye the gospell. For lawe, and conforme his lyfe thereafter. the Godhede Christe, that the vertue of And whan he hadde said me thes wordis
God, knowen the vertue thorowe belefe, the gospell, that Christes worde.
And Clerke said me, “Thes full mystic matters, and unsauery, that thou shew
est here vs. ’ And said, Sir, that masters know, not playnly this sentence,
may sore drede that the kingdome Heuene taken fro you, was fro the princes priestes, and fro the elders the Jewes. —And
and mo other, which woulde reherse and he wer present, praid me heate confes sion. And said hym, Sir, wherefore come
me confessed me? wote well that the archebishop puttith and holdeth me here one unworthy, other gyue take any sacrament holy chirche. And said
me, “Brother wote well, and wote many mo other, that you and soche other
wolde fetche this man
wordes nere can repete them, which that spake hym Fridaye the pryson,
than Clerke (as gesse Malueren) sayde wrongfully vexed, and herefore will comon me, “Thou knowest not thyne equiuocacyons, with you the more gladly. ” And said hym,
for the kyngdome Heuene hathe dinerse vn Certeyn wote well that many men this
derstondinges. What callest thou the king court, and specially the priestis this hous
dome Heauene, this sentence that thou holde, wolde full euyll payde, both with
shewest here And said, Sir, good you and with me, they wiste that wer reason and sentence doctours, the realme confessed ofme. And he said that he cared
Heuene called here the vinderstonding Godes worde. —And Clerke said me, “Frome whome thinkest thou that this vnder
stondinge taken awaye And said, Sir,
not therefore, for hadde full little affection them and (as me thought) spake thes wordis, and many other, goode will, and
hye desire, for haue knowen and done authorite Christe himselfe, the effectuall the pleasant will God. And said than
vnderstondinge Christes worde taken awaye from them chefely, whiche are greate
desyre mastershippe and hye state and dignite;
but they will not conforme them the lyuyng and teaching Christe and his apostles.
Than the Archebishop said, “Well, well, thou wilt judge thy souereyns. God the kyng doeth not his deutie, but suffer the
condempned. ’ And than another Clerke said me, ‘Why Friday that last was, coun
seldest thou man my lordes, that sholde not shriue him man, but only God? '— And with this asking was abusshed, and than
and knewe that was suitely betrayed
man that came me presone Friday before, comunynge with me
hym, with my foresaid protestacion say you now here; Sir, counsell you for ab
sente you frome euyll company, and thynges: and will holden wise men, and drawe you them that looue and besy them
lettered men, and presume vnderstonde high
confessyon and certayn
thoughte) that this man came than knowledgyng
matter wordes
me
now knowe came tempt me, and ac cuse me (God forgyve him, his will). And with myne harte what hadde thoughte
truste stedfastely
full feruent and charitable will; but
yng, praying
the thys his
them and sorrowyng hartely for them,
ye, sir, the holy Goste will than put your
harte good will, and feruent desyre for
take and holde good purpose hate euer, and flie (after your connyng and power)
occasion synne and than wysdome shall come you frome aboue, lightenyng with di uerse beamis grace, and heuenly desyre,
your wittes, enfourmyng you how shall
knowe and keape the preceptis God:
and than the good Spirite you for occupie besily gathering gither
God will mooue your wittes,
your synnes, far can bethinke you, shamyuge greatly
the mercie the Lorde, him onely your vicious yu
him euer deuoutely charit able counsell and continuance, hoping without doute, that contynew thus besiyng you
feithfully knowe and kepe his bidding
to ofby tobe by be as Ia it
is
a
of a (Iofby is of
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toaso allI is is
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I II (as to I
213] STATE TRIALS, 8 HENRY IV. 1407.