No More Learning

Clau- best terms he could obtain. Catulus was eager to
dius Pulcher (249), completely abandoned their meet these overtures, that he might have the
navy. In this juncture the senate, feeling con- honour of concluding a glorious peace before the
vinced that only one path to success lay open, de period of his command, which was fast drawing to
termined to make a desperate effort. A fleet of a close, should expire. With these dispositions
200 ships of war was built and manned with preliminaries were quickly arranged, and the fol-
astonishing rapidity, chiefly through the patriotic lowing conditions were agreed upon : 1. That the
liberality of individuals who came forward to sup. Carthaginians should evacuate all Sicily, and
port the state with voluntary loans, and both con- should not make war upon Hiero, the Syracusans,
buls were ordered to take the command. Albinus, or the allies of the Syracusans. 2. That they
being filamen of Mars, was prohibited by the should restore all the Roman prisoners without
chief pontiff from quitting the city, and his place ransom. 3. That they should pay to the Romans
was supplied by Q. Valerius Falto, then praetor. 2200 Euboic talents by instalments, extending
Catulus before setting out, filled with anxiety in over a space of twenty years. These stipulations,
regard to the result of an enterprise so important, when submitted to the Roman people, did not
had determined to consult the oracle of Fortune at meet with their approbation, and ten commissioners
Praeneste ; but this was forbidden, on the ground were despatched to examine into the state of
that it was unbecoming in a Roman general to affairs, who, when they arrived, insisted upon
intermeddle with any deities save those of Rome. certain changes to the disadvantage of the Cartha-
These measures were so prompt, that the new ginians, and Hamilcar thought fit to submit.
fleet appeared upon the Sicilian coast early in sum- These were, that the compensation money should
mer, while the navy of the enemy was still in be augmented by the sum of one thousand talents,
winter-quarters at Carthage. The harbour of and that the period allowed for payment should be
Drepanum was instantly occupied, and the siege diminished by ten years; moreover, that the Car-
vigorously pressed both by land and sea. But thaginians should evacuate all the islands between
while the struggle was most fierce, Catulus re- Italy and Sicily.
ceived a serious wound which compelled him to Catulus on his return home claimed and was
suspend operations for a time. Meanwhile he allowed his well-won triumph, which he celebrated
trained his sailors with unceasing activity, and by on the 4th of October, 241, not, however, without
constant practice rendered them expert in all a vexatious opposition on the part of Falto, who
ordinary nautical evolutions. News had now pretended, contrary to those principles of military
reached Africa of the events in Sicily. A power-law by which the Romans were invariably guided,
ful armament was launched in haste and put to that he was entitled to all the glory because the
sea, deeply laden with provisions and warlike commander-in-chief had been disabled by his
stores for the relief of Drepanum, navigated, how- wound from taking an active share in the final
ever, by raw, ill-trained, and awkward crews.
engagement. (Polyb. i. 58–64; Liv. Epit. 19;
The great object of Hanno, the admiral, was, as Eutrop. ii. 27 ; Oros. iv. 10; Val. Max. ii. 8. $ 2;
we are told by Polybius, to run over to Erys Zonar. viii. p. 398, &c. ; Fast. Capitol. )
without attracting the notice of the Romans, to 2. C. Lutatius CATULUS, perhaps the son of
lighten his vessels by landing their cargo, and to No. 1, consul B. c. 220, with L. Veturius Philo.
take on board a number of the brave and well- (Zonar. viii. p. 405. )
disciplined troops of Hamilcar. His morements, 3. Q. LUTATIUS Q. F. CATULUS, consul B. C.
however, were known by Catulus, who resolved at 102 with C. Marius IV. , having been previously
every hazard to force an engagement, and being defeated in three successive attempts, first by C.
himself still unfit for active exertion, entrusted the Atilius Serranus, who was consul in 106, secondly
execution of his plans in a great measure to Falto. by Cn. Manlius (or Mallius, or Manilius), who
The fleet accordingly passed over to the island of was consul in B. c. 105, and thirdly by C. Flavius
Aegusa, opposite to Lily baeum, and from thence, Fimbria, who was consul in B. c. 104. He either
at day-break on the morning of the 10th of March was not a candidate for the consulship of 103, or if
241, 'ther descried the hostile squadron bearing unsuccessful, his disappointment is not alluded to
down under a press of canvass right before the by Cicero in the passage where the rest of his
wind, which was blowing a gale from the west repulses are enumerated. (Pro Planc. 5. ) At the
and had raised a heavy sea. Notwithstanding time when Catulus entered upon office, the utmost
these disadvantages, the Romans formed their line consternation reigned at Rome. The Cimbri, who
of battle with their prows to windward. The in their great migration westward had been joined
Carthaginians, perceiving that they were cut off, | by ihe Teutoni, the Ambrones, the Tigurini, and


## p. 655 (#675) ############################################

CATULUS.
655
CATULUS.
1
3
various other tribes, after sweeping the upper | fell upon Catulus, and to him therefore belonged
valley of the Danube and spreading over Southern the honour of the decisive victory which was
Gaul and Northern Spain, after defeating four gained. It must be remarked that this version of
Roman consuls, Carbo (113), Silanus (109), Cas- the story is confessedly derived from the commen-
sius (107), Manlius (105), together with the pro- taries of Sulla, and probably also from the histo-
consul Caepio (105), and destroying five Roman rical work of Catulus himself, and since both of
armies, were now preparing to pour down on these authorities were not only inclined to make
Italy. The invading host was divided into two the most of their own exploits, but were also
vast columns. The Teutoni were marching through stimulated by violent hatred towards Marius, we
Provence with the intention of turning the Alps cannot receive their testimony with any confidence.
at Nice, and following the coast road along the It is certain that great jealousy existed between
shores of the Ligurian gulf, while the Cimbri the two armies; it is certain also that at Rome the
were preparing to cross the passes from the Tyrol whole merit of having saved his country was
which lead down by Botzen and Trent to the given to Marius, and, that the same feeling existed
plains of the Po. It was determined that Marius to a certain degree nearly two centuries afterwards
should oppose the Teutoni, and that Catulus with is proved by the well-known line of Juvenal (viii.
Sulla for his lieutenant should be ready to attack 253),
the Cimbri while their cumbrous array was en- “ Nobilis ornatur lauro collega secunda. "
tangled in the mountain defiles. How well the Catulus was one of those who took an active
former executed his task by the great battle share in the death of Saturninus; he served with
fought on the Rhone near Aix (Aquae Sextiae) is distinction in the Social war, and having eagerly
detailed elsewhere. (Marius. ) Meanwhile the espoused the cause of Sulla in the civil strife
campaign of his colleague had been less glorious. which followed, his name was included among the
Catulus, fearing to weaken his force by attempting list of victims in the great proscription of 87. As
to guard the passes, took up a position on the escape was impossible, he shut himself up in a
Adige (Athesis) where it begins to emerge from newly-plastered chamber, kindled a (charcoal) fire,
the rocky gorges which confine its waters near and was quickly suffocated by the vapours.
their source, and having thrown a bridge across Catulus was a highly educated and generally ac-
the stream and erected forts on both sides, resolved complished man, deeply versed in Greek literature,
there to await an attack. The Cimbri, pouring and especially famed for the extreme grace and
down from the higher ground along the left bank, purity with which he spoke and wrote his own
attacked the Roman works with such fury, that language. (Cic. de Orat. iii. 8, Brut. 35. ) He
the soldiers, dispirited probably by the timid de- was the author of several orations, of an historical
fensive tactics of their general, were seized with a work on his own Consulship and the Cimbric war,
panic, abandoned their camp, and fled in confusion. composed in the style of Xenophon, and of poems;
Had it not been for the gallantry of the detach- but the whole of these have perished with the ex-
ment who defended a redoubt which served as a ception of a couple of epigrams, not remarkable for
téte du pont, the bridge would have at once been any peculiar ease or felicity of expression, one of
won, and the whole Roman army might have been which is given by Cicero (de Nat. Deor. i. 28),
destroyed. Catulus on this occasion, according to and the other by A. Gellius (xix. 9).
the construction which Plutarch thinks fit to put Two edifices in Rome are spoken of by ancient
upon his conduct, like an able and excellent writers as “ Monumenta Catuli"—the temple of
general, preferred the glory of his fellow-citizens “ Fortuna hujusce diei," vowed at the battle of
to his own. For when he found himself unable to Vercelli, and the Porticus Catuli"
prevail upon his men to keep their ground, choos Palatine, built with the proceeds of the Cimbric
ing that the dishonour should fall upon his own spoils. A portion of the latter edifice was destroyed
head, be ordered a retreat, and placing himself in by Clodius when he razed the house of Cicero.
front of the fugitives, fell back behind the Po, (The passages of Cicero referring to Catulus are
thus abandoning the whole of Transpadane Gaul given in Orelli, Onom. Tull. ii. p. 366, &c. ; Plut.
to the ravages of the enemy. As soon as the Mar. Sull. ; Appian, B. C. i. 74; Vell. Pat. ii.
news of this disaster, which happened in the 21 ; Flor. iii. 21; Val. Max. vi. 3, ix. 12; Plin.
spring of 101, reached Rome, Marius, who had H. N. xxxiv. 19. Catulus is introduced in the
recently returned to the city, instantly set forth to De Oratore, and is represented as accompanying
the assistance of his late colleague. The united his half-brother, C. Julius Caesar Strabo, to the
armies of the consul and proconsul crossed the Po, Tusculanum of Crassis. The mother of Catulus
and hastened in search of the Cimbri, whom they was Popillia, whose second husband was L. Julius
found to the westward of Milan, near Vercelli Caesar, father of the above-named Caesar. ) (Comp.
(Vercellae), searching, it would appear, for the CAESAR, Nos. 8, 10. ]
Teutoni, of whose destruction they had not yet 4. Q. LUTATIUS Q. P. Q. x. CATULUS, son of No.
received intelligence. The account of the engage 3, narrowly escaped his father's fate, having been
ment, which was fought on the 30th of July, included in the same proscription. Throughout
transmitted to us by Plutarch, savours not a little life he was distinguished as one of the prominent
of the marvellous. The Roman forces amounted leaders of the aristocracy, but rose far superior to
to about fifty thousand men, of whom twenty the great body of his class in purity and singleness
thousand under Catulus occupied the centre, while of purpose, and received from the whole community
the remainder, commanded by Marius, were posted marks of esteem and confidence seldom bestowed
on the wings. When the battle was joined, a with unanimity in periods of excitement upon an
prodigious dust arose which hid the combatants active political leader. Being consul along with
from each other. Marius missed the enemy, and M. Aemilius Lepidus in B. c. 78, the year in
having passed beyond, wandered about seeking which Sulla died, he steadily resisted the efforts of
them in vain, while the chief brunt of the conflict his colleague to bring about a counter revolution
on the


## p. 656 (#676) ############################################

EK6
CATUS.
CAUDINUS.
ly abrogating the acts of the dictator, and when, I Pactus, who was consul B. c. 198 [Partus), and
the following spring, Lepidus marched against the the cognomen of Sex. Aelius, consul in A. D. 4,
city at the head of the remnants of the Marian with C. Sentius Saturninus. (Vell. Pat. ii. 103. )
faction, he was defeated by Catulus in the battle CATUS DECIANUS, procurator of Britain
of the Milvian bridge, and forced to take refuge in when the people rose against the Romans in A. D.
Sardinia, wbere he soon after perished in an 62 under Boadicea, was by his extortion and
attempt to organize an insurrection. [Lepidus. ] avarice one of the chief causes of the revolt. The
Catulus, although true to his party and his prin- Britons commenced the war by laying siege to
ciples, denounced the corrupt practices which dis Camalodunum, and as Suetonius Paullinus, the
graced the senate while they possessed the exclusive legate of the province, was absent upon an expedi-
right to act as judices on criminal trials ; his tion against the island of Mona, the colonists ap-
opinion upon this subject was most unequivocally plied to Catus for assistance, who was, however,
expressed when Pompeius brought forward his able to send them only 200 men. After the full
measure (B. C. 70) for restoring the privileges of of Camalodunum and ihe defeat of Petilius Cere-
the tribunes, and his presence as a judex upon the alis, Catus fied in alarm to Gaul.
He was suc
impeachment of Verres was probably one of the ceeded in his office of procurator by Julius Glas-
circumstances which deprived the culprit of all sicianus. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 32, 38; Dion Cass. lxii.
hope. He came forward as an opponent of the 2; comp. BOADICEA. )
Gabinian and Manilian laws (B. C. 67 and 66), CATUS, FI'RMIUS, a senator, was the ac-
and Cicero records the tribute paid by the popu- cuser of Scribonius Libo Drusus in A. D. 16. A
lace, on the latter occasion, to his character and few years afterwards (A. D.
24), Catus was con-
talents; for when, in the course of an argument demned by the senate to be banished to an island,
against the extravagant powers which the contem- on account of a false accusation of majestas which
plated enactment proposed to bestow upon a single he brought against his sister; but in consequence
individual, Catulus asked the multitude to whom of his former service in the accusation of Drusus,
they would look should any misfortune befal their Tiberius remitted his banishment, but allowed hiin
favourite, the crowd, almost with one voice, shouted to be expelled from the senate. (Tac. Ann. ii. 27,
back the reply, that they would look to himself. | iv. 31. )
When censor along with Crassus in 65, he with- CAVARI'NUS, a Senonian, whom Caesar
stood the measures of his colleague, who desired to made king of his people, was expelled by his sub-
make Egypt tributary to Rome, and so firm was jects and compelled to fly to Caesar, B. c. 54. He
each in maintaining his position, that at length afterwards accompanied Caesar in his war against
both resigned without effecting anything. During Ambiorix. (Caes. B. G. v. 54, vi. 5. )
the progress of the Catilinarian plot (B. C. 63), he CA'VARUS (Kavapos), the last king of that
sirenuously supported Cicero, and either be or portion of the Gauls which settled in Thrace and
Cato was the first to hail him as “ parens patriae. " for many years exacted an annual tribute from
If we are to believe Sallust, Catulus used every Byzantium. It was chiefly his mediation that
effort to prevail upon Cicero to insert the name of Prusias I. and the Rhodians were induced to make
Caesar among the conspirators, stimulated, it is peace with Byzantium in B. C. 219. He was ulti-
said, by a recent grudge; for, when candidate for mately slain in battle against the Thracians, who
the office of chief pontiff, he had been defeated by defeated and utterly destroyed all the Gauls in
Caesar. That a bad feeling existed between them their country. (Polyb. iv. 46, 52. ) Polybius
is clear, for the first act of Caesar when he became calls him “a royal-hearted and magnanimous man"
praetor, on the first of January, 62, was an attempt (Bao. Nikos Tņi qúoet kal deya noopwr), and says
to deprive his former rival of the office of com- that be gave great protection to merchants sailing
missioner for the restoration of the Capitol, which to the Euxine; he adds, however, that he was
had been destroyed by fire during the civil war spoilt by the flattery of Sostratus of Chalcedon,
(83), an appointment held by him ever since the (Polyb. viii. 24, and ap. Athen. vi. p. 252, d. )
death of Sulla. But the optimates who were “ Cavarus” was perhaps rather a national name
escorting the new consuls, upon hearing of the than one peculiar to the individual, the Cavari
attempt, rushed in a body to the forum and by having been a tribe of some consequence which
their united efforts threw out the bill. Thus the dwelt on the eastern bank of the Rhone, between
name of Catulus became connected with the Capitol | Avignon and Valence. (Strab. iv. p. 186; Dale-
and remained inscribed on the temple until it was champ, ad Athen. I. c. ).
[E. E. ]
again consumed in the reign of Vitellius.
CAU'CALUS (Kavkalus), of Chios, a rhetori-
Catulus died during the consulship of Metellus cian, of whom an eulogium on Heracles is men-
Celer, B. C. 60, happy, says Cicero, both in the tioned by Athenaeus (x. p. 412), who also states
splendour of his life and in having been spared the that he was a brother of the historian Theopompus.
spectacle of his country's ruin. He was not con- It is very probable, that Suidas and Photius (s. v.
sidered an orator, but at the same time possessed uuviov kakov) refer to our rhetorician, in which
the power of expressing his opinions with learning, case the name Kaúkagos must be changed into
grace, and wisdom. (Orelli, Onom. Tull. ii. p. Kaúkanos.
(L. S. ]
367, &c. ; Sall. Catil. 35, 49, Frag. Histor. i. iii. ; CAUCON (Kaúkwv), a son of Celaenns, who was
Tacit. Hist. iii. 72; Sueton. Jul. 15, Galb. 2; believed to have carried the orgies of the great god-
Val. Max. vi. 9. $ 5; Plut. Crass. 13, Cat. Min. dess from Eleusis to Messene, where he was worship-
16; Senec. Epist. 97'; Dion Cass. xxxvi. 13, calls ped as a hero. His tomb was shewn in Lepreos.
him princeps senatus, td te opwra tñs Bouañis viv, (Paus. iv. 1. & 4, 27. $ 4, v. 5. & 4. ) One of the
at the time of the Gabinian law. See also xxxvij. sons of Lycaon also bore the name of Caucon.
37, 46, xlv. 2; Orelli, Inscrip. n. 31. ) [W. R. ] (Apollod. iii. 8. $ 1. )
[L. S. )
CATUS, a word indicating shrewdness, caution, CAUDI'NUS, a surname of several of the
bilgacity, or the like, was a surnaine of Sex. Aelius Cornelii Lentuli. [LENTULUS. ]


## p. 657 (#677) ############################################

CEBES.
657
CECROPS.
CAUNUS. [BYBLIS. )
Cebes, but there is little doubt but that this and a
CAU'SIUS (Kaovoios), a surname of Ascle- few similar passages are interpolations by a later
pius, derived from Caus in Arcadia, where he was hand, which cannot surprise us in the case of a
worshipped. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Kaoûs; comp. work of such popularity as the rivag of Cebes.
Paus. vii. 25. 1. )
[L. S. ] For, owing to its ethical character, it was formerly
CAY'STRIUS (Kavotpios), a son of Achilles extremely popular, and the editions and transla-
and the Amazon Penthesileia, from whom the river tions of it are very numerous. It has been trans-
Caystrus was believed to have derived its name. lated into all the languages of Europe, and even
Caystrius, together with Asius, had a heroum on into Russian, modern Greek, and Arabic. The
the banks of that river. (Strab. xiv. p. 650 ; Serv. first edition of it was in a Latin translation by L.
ad Aen. xi. 661. )
[L. S. ] Odaxius, Bologna, 1497. In this edition, as in
CEBALI'NUS (Kebarivos), a brother of Nico- nearly all the subsequent ones, it is printed to-
machus, who lived on licentious terms with gether with the Enchiridion of Epictetus. The
Dimnus, the author of the plot against the life of first edition of the Greek text with a Latin trans-
Alexander the Great in B. C. 330. Nicomachus lation is that of Aldus (Venice, 4to. , without date),
acquainted his brother with the plot, and the latter who printed it together with the “ Institutiones
revealed it to Philotas that he might lay it before et alia Opuscula" of C. Lascaris. This was fol-
the king; but as Philotas neglected to do so for lowed by a great number of other editions, among
two days, Cebalinus mentioned it to Metron, one which we need notice only those of H. Wolf
of the royal pages, who immediately informed (Basel, 1560, 8vo. ), the Leiden edition (1640, 4to. ,
Alexander. Cebalinus was forth with brought be with an Arabic translation by Elichmann) of Jac.
fore the king, and orders were given to arrest Gronovius (Amsterdam, 1689, 8vo. ), J. Schulze
Dimnus. (Curt. vi. 7; Diod. xvii. 79. ) [Phi- (Hamburg, 1694, 12mo. ), T. Hemsterhuis (Ams-
LOTAS. )
terdam, 1708, 12mo. , together with some dialogues
CEBES (Kéens), of Thebes, was a disciple of of Lucian), M. Meibom, and Adr. Reland (Utrecht,
Philolaus, the Pythagorean, and of Socrates, with 1711, 4to. ), and Th. Johnson. (London, 1720,
whom he was connected by intimate friendship. 8vo. ) The best modern editions are those of
(Xen. Mem. j. 2. $ 28, iii. 11. & 17; Plat. Crit. Schweighauser in his edition of Epictetus, and
p. 45, b. ). He is introduced by Plato as one of also separately printed (Strassburg, 1806, 12mo. ),
the interlocutors in the Phaedo, and as having and of A. Coraes in his edition of Epictetus.
been present at the death of Socrates. (Phaed. p.