For I have not
exhibited
myself to men ; but in secret, where Thou alone hearest, my heart hath said to Thee ; I have not sought from Thee ought without Thee as a reward, but Thy countenance.
Augustine - Exposition on the Psalms - v1
What is the something
else which thou wert not ? God is light. For thou wast not 1 John light, becanse thou wast a sinner. For the Apostle saith to ' them, whom he would have hear the voice of praise, For yeEph. b, were sometime darkness, but now are ye light. What is,
Ye were sometime darkness, but the old man ? But now light :
not without a cause are ye light, who were sometime darkness,
but because ye have been illumined. Think not that thou
art thyself light: that is the light, which lighteth every man Johnl, that cometh into this world: but thou by thyself, by evil9.
will, by thy turning away from God, wast in darkness: now
thou art in light. But he immediately subjoined, lest they should be proud to whom it was said, But now light, and added, In the Lord. For thus he saith, Ye were sometime darkness, but now light in the Lord. Therefore if without
the Lord, then not light, but if therefore light because
in the Lord, what hast thou that thou hast not received ?
But if thou hast received it, why dost thou glory as if tho>>i Cor. hadst not received it Y For thus the Apostle himself spake in ' another place to men who bore themselves proudly, and would attribute to themselves what is God's, and glory in good as
So hear the voice of praise, as not to praise thyself even. r. r-- -- , J. . . justm-
when thou art good. For m praismg thyself as good, thoucationi- dost become evil. For humility had made thee good, pride bus" maketh thee evil. Thou wast converted that thou mightest
be illuminated, and by Thy conversion thou wert made full
enlightened by conversion. But If thou couldesj be illuminated
ing, Brethren, (if so be I have explained it, as I wished: I have indeed explained it as far as I could, although not as far as I would,) this is the bearing of the words, / will wash
thyself. Wherefore
if it were their own : he saith to them, For what hast thouiUti. that thou didst not receive? nmo if thou didst receive it, why dost thou glory, as if thou hadst not received it ? He Who hath given to the humble, taketh away from the proud, because he who gave can take away. This is the bear
184 Judgment to be awaited. Beauty of God's House.
I will compass Thine altar, O
Thy praise: that is, that I may not for this good thing in me rely on myself, but on Thee Who gavest it me, that I should not wish to be praised
I
declare all Thy wondrous works : not mine, but Thine.
12. And now see, Brethren, see that lover of God, who relieth on God, placed among the evil, entreating God that he be not destroyed with the evil, for that God erreth not in
Psalm my hands in innocency, and
Exjai'. Lord, that
I
may hear the voice
for myself in myself, but for Thee in Thee. Therefore there
follows, That
may hear the voice
of
Thy praise, and
For, when thou seest men have entered into one place, thou thinkest their merits equal: but God is not deceived, fear not. By the judgment of the wind thou dost discriminate between the chaff and the wheat: thou dost wish the wind to blow for thee, and thou art not the wind, but thou dost wish the wind to blow for thee : and, when with the winnowing fan thou hast shaken out both chaff and wheat, the wind takes away the light, the heavy remains. Thou dost look then for the wind to judge the floor. What? doth God look for another to judge with Him, lest He destroy the good with the evil ? Fear not then : be thou secure in thy goodness, even in the midsIt of the evil ;
and say what thou hearest, (ver. 8. ) O Lord,
the beauty of Thine home. God's house is the Church: as yet it contains evil men, but the beauty of God's house is in the good, is in the holy : this beauty of Thine house have I loved. And the place of the habitation of Thy glory. What is this ? This too will I explain, it has a somewhat obscure reference to that meaning: may the Lord help me, and your heart's earnest attention inspired by the same Lord. Why doth he say, the place of the habitation
judgment.
of
of Thy glory? He said before, the beauty of Thine house:
and he explains what is the beauty of God's house, The place, saith he, of the habitation of Thy glory. It is not enough to say, the place of God's habitation; but, the place
of the habitation of God's
glory. What is God's glory ? Whereof I spoke a little before, that he even who is made 1 Cor. i good should not glory in himself, but in the Lord. For all 31. have sinned, and are in need of the gl-ory of God. In whom 23. ' then the Lord so dwells, that He receiveth glory for His
have loved
GodPsglorylo be acknowledged. Who wrongly receive gifts. 185
own good things, that they are unwilling to attribute to Ve^ themselves, and claim as it were for their own, what they ------ have received from Him: these belong to the beauty of God's house. Nor would Scripture have them distinguished,
unless there were some, who have indeed the gift of God, and will not glory in God, but in themselves : they have indeed the gift of God, but they do not belong to the beauty of God's house. For they who belong to the beauty of God's house, in whom God's glory dwelleth, are them selves the place of the habitation of God's glory. And in whom doth God's glory dwell, but in such as so glory, that they glory not in themselves, but in the Lord? Since then I have loved the beauty of Thine house, that all who are there and seek Thy glory and, moreover, have not put my trust in man, and have not consented to the ungodly, and will not enter into nor sit in their assembly; since have been such in the Church of God, what reward wilt Thou give me What should be our answer follows, (ver. 9. ) Destroy not my soul with the ungodly, nor my life with the men of blood.
13. Ver. 10. In whose hands are wickednesses, their right
hand full of gifts. Gifts are not only money, not only
gold and silver, not only presents' nor do all who receive1 exenia these, receive gifts. For sometimes they are received by
the Church. Yea, moreover, Peter received such; the
Lord received such; He had bag, Judas stole what was John is, put therein. But what to receive gifts To praise man 6.
for gifts, to flatter a man, to fawn and wheedle, to judge contrary to truth for gifts. For what gifts? Not for gold and silver and any thing of this kind only but he too who
judges amiss for praise, receives gift, and gift than which nothing more empty. For his hand was open to receive the judgment of another's tongue, and he hath lost the judgment of his own conscience. Hence in whose hands there are wickednesses, their right hand full gifts. You see, brethren, that they are before God also, in whose hands are no wickednesses, neither their right hand filled with gifts, of course, in God's sight; and they can say to none but God, Thou knowest: to none but Him can they say, Destroy not my soul with the ungodly, and my life with the men of blood; Who Alone can see that they receive no
is
is
a
?
I
is,
of
is
a
a
;
;
is
;
a
I
? is
188 Favour or popularity a real bribe to a Judge.
Psalm gifts. For instance, it happens that two men have a cause Exr. il. before a servant of God: no one calls any but his own ~ cause just. For if he thought his own cause unjust, he would not seek the judge. This one thinks that he has a just cause, and so does the other. They come before the judge : before sentence is pronounced, they both say, We accept your judgment; whatever you shall judge, far be it
from us to reject. -- What say you too ? -- Judge what you will ; only judge : if I should resist at all on any point, may I be anathema. Both love the judge, before he passes
judgment. But when sentence shall have been pronounced, it will be against one ; and neither of them knows against whom it will be. The judge then, if he shall wish to please both parties, receives for a gift the praise of men. But having received that gift, see what gift he loses. He receives what sounds, and passeth away : he loses what is uttered, and never passeth away. The word of God is being ever uttered ; It never passeth away : the word of man as soon as it has been uttered presently passeth away. He holds the
' inanis. shadow1, he lets go the substance2. Now if he have regard asolida,to Q0l\f ne wiH pronounce sentence against one of the parties, having his thoughts on God, under Whom as Judge
he pronounces it. But he, against whom it has been pro nounced, and if it cannot now be disannulled, because it is maintained, it may not be by the law of the Church, but of this world's princes, who have granted so much authority to the Church, that whatever has been judged therein cannot be set aside, say, cannot be disannulled, he has no wish any longer to look into himself, but turns his blinded eyes against the judge, and maligns him as much as he can. He wished, saith he, to please the other party, he favoured the rich man, either he received something from him, or he was afraid to offend him. He makes an accusation, as
gifts had been received. But if the poor man shall have had
cause against rich man, and judgment shall have been for the poor man, the rich one again says, He has received gifts. What gifts from a poor man He saw, saith he,
poor man, and that he might not be blamed as having acted against the poor, he has overborne justice, and pro nounced sentence against the truth. Since then must
it
if
aa
?
a
if, I
it
TlieyblessGodinothers,whoseworkscait*eHim to beblessed. 187
needs be that this be said, see how it cannot be said by them Ver-
----- who do not receive gifts, save in God's sight, Who alone 11 12
sIeeth who receiveth and who doth not receive. (Ver. 11. ) But have walked in mine innocence: O deliver me, and be mer ciful unto me: (ver. 12. ) my foot hath stood in uprightness.
I have been shaken indeed on every side by scandals andscaD,la- . lis et
temptations from those who blame my judgment with thetenta- rashness of men ; but my foot hath stood in uprightness. tlon,bus. But why in uprightness ? Because he had said above, And
trusting in the Lord, I
14. How then does he conclude? In the Churches I will
shall not be moved.
bless Tltee, O Lord. That is, in the Churches 1 will not bless myself, as if certain of men, but I will bless Thee in my works. For this it is to bless God in the Churches, Brethren, so to live that God may be blessed by each man's conversation. For he who blesseth the Lord with his tongue, and curseth Him in his deeds, doth not bless God in the Churches. Almost all bless with the tongue, but not all in deed. Some bless with the voice, some with their conversation. Now those in whose conversation there is not found what they say, cause God to be blasphemed, so
that they who do not as yet enter the Church, although they love their sins, and therefore are unwilling to be Christians, yet excuse themselves by the evil, so as to flatter themselves, deceiving their own selves, and saying, Why dost thou
persuade me to be a Christian ?
at a Christian's hands, and never did any : a Christian has
sworn falsely to me, and I have never done so. And when
they speak thus, they are kept back from salvation: that
it profiteth them nothing, not indeed that they are already
good, but that they are but moderately ' bad. For as it is no i medio- profit to open the eyes, if a man be in darkness; so is it noonter" profit to be in the light, if the eyes are closed. And so the
pagan indeed, (to speak of them the rather as though their lives were good,) is, with open eyes, in darkness; because he acknowledgeth not the Lord his Light: but the Christian, whose life is evil, is in none other light than God's, but with closed eyes ; for, by his evil life, he will not see Him, in
Whose Name he is, as it were, blind, in the midst of light, quickened by no vision of the True Light.
I have suffered fraud
X^L
xxvh*
188 The beginner's trust in God, when men draw him back.
PSALM XXVII.
FIRST EXPOSITION.
Of David himself, before he was anointed
' ' Christ's young soldier speaketh, on his coming to the
Exp, i. faith. Ver. 1 The Lord is my light, and my salvation : ( . )
I
The Lord will give me both knowledge
whom shall
of Himself, and salvation : who shall take me from Him ?
fear?
I The Lord will repel all the assaults and snares of
The Lord is the Protector of my life : of whom shall
be
afraid?
mine enemy: of no man shall I be afraid.
2. Ver. 2. Whilst the guilty approach unto me to eat up myflesh. Whilst the guilty come near to recognise and insult me, that they may exalt themselves above me in my change for the better; that with their reviling tooth they may consume not me, but rather my fleshly desires. Mine enemies who trouble me. Not they only who trouble me, blaming me with a friendly intent, and wishing to recal me from my purpose, but mine enemies also. They became weak, and fell. Whilst then they do this with the desire of
defending their own opinion, they became weak to believe better things, and began to hate the word of salvation, whereby I do what displeases them.
3. Ver. 3. Ifcamps stand together against me, my heart will not fear. But if the multitude of gainsayers conspire to stand together against me, my heart will not fear, so as to goI over to their side. Ifwar rise up against me, in this will trust. If the persecution of this world arise against me, in this petition, which I am pondering, will I place my hope. I
4. Ver. 4. One have
For one pet
asked the Lord, this will of
I
Iition have I asked of the Lord, this
require.
will I require. That of
all the days of my life. That as long as I am in this life, no adversities may exclude me from the number of them, who hold the unity andIthe truth of the Lord's faith throughout the world. That
may dwell in the house the lord
may contemplate the delight the Lord. of
Sacrifice of rejoicing for confirmation in the faith. 189
With this end, namely, that persevering in the faith, the Ver. delightsome vision may appear to me, which I may con- 5~9i
I
temple. And death being swallowed up in victory, I shall
template face to face. And
shall be His protected,
be clothed with immortality, being made His temple.
5. Ver. 5. For He hath hidden me in His tabernacle in
the day of my evils. For He hath hidden me in the dis pensation of His Incarnate Word in the time of temptations, to which my mortal life is exposed. He hath protected me in the secret place of His tabernacle. He hath protected me, with the heart believing unto righteousness.
6. On a rock hath He exalted me. And that what I believed might be made manifest for salvation, He hath made my confession to be conspicuous in His own strength. (Ver. 6. ) And now, lo! He hath exalted mine head above mine enemies. What doth He reserve for me at the last, when even now the body is dead because of sin, lo! I feel that my mind serves the law of God, and is not led captive
under the rebellious law of sin ?
sacrificed in His tabernacle the sacrifice of rejoicing. I have considered the circuit of the world, believing on Christ ; and in that for us God was humbled in time, I have praised Him with rejoicing: for with such sacrifice He is well pleased. /will sing and give praises to the Lord. In heart and in deed 1 will be glad in the Lord.
7. Ver. 7. Hear my voice, 0 Lord, wherewith I have cried unto Thee. Hear, Lord, my interior voice, which with a strong intention I have addressed to Thy ears. Have mercy upon me, and hear me. Have mercy upon me, and hear me therein. I
8. Ver. 8. My heart hath said to Thee,
countenance.
For I have not exhibited myself to men ; but in secret, where Thou alone hearest, my heart hath said to Thee ; I have not sought from Thee ought without Thee as a reward, but Thy countenance. Tliy countenance, O Lord,
will I
seek. In this search will I perseveringly persist
: for not aught that is common, but Thy countenance, O Lord, will I seek, that I may love Thee freely, since nothing more
precious do I find.
9. Ver. 9. Turn not away Thyface from me: that I may
/
have gone about, and have
have sought Thy
190 The soul, partedfrom the world, longs for God.
Psalm find what I seek. Turn not aside in anger from Thy servant: Exp. 'i. le8t) while seeking Thee, I fall in with somewhat else. For what is more grievous than this punishment to one who loveth and seeketh the truth of Thy countenance ? Be Thou
my Helper. How shall I find Thou help me not? Leave me not, neither despise me, God my Saviour. Scorn not that mortal dares to seek the Eternal for Thou, God, dost heal the wound of my sin.
10. Ver. 10. For my father and my mother have left me. For the kingdom of this world and the city of this world, of which was born in time and mortality, have left me seek ing Thee, and despising what they promised, since they could not give what seek. But the Lord took me up. But the Lord, Who can give me Himself, took me up.
11. Ver. 11. Appoint me a law, Lord, in Thy way. For me then who am setting out toward Thee, and com mencing so great profession, of arriving at wisdom, from fear, appoint, Lord, a law in Thy way, lest in my wander ing Thy rule abandon me. And direct me in the right path because of mine enemies. And direct me in the right way of its straits. For not enough to begin, since enemies cease not until the end attained.
12. Ver. 12. Deliver me not up unto the souls of them that trouble me. Suffer not them that trouble me to be satiated with my evils. For unrighteous witnesses have risen up against me. For there have risen up against me they that speak falsely of me, to remove and call me back from Thee,
as seek glory of men. Andiniquity hath liedunto itself. Therefore iniquity hath been pleased with its own lie. For me hath not moved, to whom because of this there hath been promised greater reward in heaven.
3. Ver. 13. believe to see the good things of the Lord in the land of the living. And since my Lord hath first suffered Wiad. l, these things, too despise the tongues of the dying, (for ll" the mouth that lieth slayeth the soul,) believe to see the good things of the Lord in the land of the living, where there
is no place for falsity.
14. Ver. 14. Wait on the Lord, quit thyself like a man
and let thy heart be strong, yea wait on the Lord.
when shall this be? It arduous for mortal,
But slow to
is
a
O if IO
it is
;
:
if I/a
it O
a
1
it
if I
I isis a I
it,
Waiting for Him. Groans of the Spirit in God's people. 191
a lover: but listen to the voice, that deceiveth not, of him Ver.
14'
that saith, wait on the Lord. Endure the burning of the reins manfully, and the burning of the heart stoutly. Think not that what thou dost not as yet receive is denied thee. That thou faint not in despair, see how it is said, Wait on
the Lord.
PSALM XXVII. SECOND EXPOSITION.
1. The Lord our God in addressing and consoling us, whom sooth He regards as eating our bread by His Own righteous judgment in the sweat of our face, vouchsafes toGcn:3. speak to us out of ourselves, to shew us that He is not only
our Creator, but also our Indweller. These words of the Psalm, which we have heard and partly sung, if we say that
are our own, we must be reverently careful how we the truth; for they are rather the words of God's Spirit than our own. Again, if we say that they are not
ours, we do indeed lie. For groaning belongs not but to those who are in distress; or all that speech, which is uttered here, full of grief and tears, may be His Who never can be miserable. The Lord then is merciful, we are miserable : in His mercy He vouchsafes to speak to the miserable, vouch safes even in them to use the speech of the miserable. So each is true, both that the speech is ours, and that it is not ours ; that it is the speech of God's Spirit, and that it is not His. The speech is that of God's Spirit, in that but for His inspiration we should not speak thus : but it is not His, in that He is neither miserable, nor in distress : but these words are those of the miserable and distressed. Again, they are ours, because they are words indicating our misery : and
yet they are not ours, because it is of His gift that we are vouchsafed1 even to groan.
2. A Psalm of David before he was anointed. Thus runs m
the title of the Psalm, A Psalm of David before he wewsoVulg.
they speak
' mere-
192 Christ, King and Priest. Christians, in Him, anointed.
Psalm anointed, that is, before he received unction. For he was
Exp. ii. anointed as a king. And the king was then anointed
l Sam. alone, and also the priest: these two persons were anointed
' at that time. In the two persons was prefigured the One future king and priest, in either office One Christ ; and there fore Christ from the chrism. But not only was our Head anointed, but His Body also, we ourselves. Now He is King, in that He ruleth and leadeth us ; Priest, in that He intercedeth for us. And verily He alone hath been such a priest, as to be also Himself the sacrifice. He hath offered none other sacrifice to God than Himself. For He could not find besides Himself a most pure, reasonable victim, as a lamb without spot, redeeming us by the shedding of His own blood, incorporating us with Himself, making us His Own members, that in Him we too should be Christ. There fore anointing belongs to all Christians: but in the former times of the Old Testament it belonged to two characters
But it appears from this that we are the Body of Christ, in that we all are anointed : and we all in Him are both Christ's and Christ, because in some sort Whole Christ is the Head and Body. This anointing will perfect us spiritually in that life, which is promised us. But this voice is of one longing for that life ; it is the voice as it were of one longing for the grace of God, which shall be
In Bapt. perfected in us at the last: therefore it is said, Before he g. ^onf- was anointed. For we are anointed now in the sacrament, ham xi, and, by this sacrament, something is prefigured, which we
'
only.
shall be. And that certain unspeakable future thing we S. John ought to long for, and to groan in the sacrament, that we
iiecn
3. l2,i3! may rejoice sacrament.
in that thing, which is foreshewn in the
3. See what he says: (ver. The Lord my light and my salvation whom shall fear He enlightens me, let darkness vanish He saves me, let weakness vanish walk ing in the light with firmness, whom shall fear? For God giveth not such salvation, as can be wrested by any one nor He such a Light, as can be obscured by any one. The Lord enlightening, we enlightened; the Lord saving, we saved
then He be the enlightener and we the enlightened and He the Saviour, we the saved, without Him we are darkness
if
is
;
:;
: :
I
is
:
I 1. )
f
God indwellingfrees even thefleshfrom fear. 193
and weakness. But having in Him a sure, and established, Ver.
2' '
I, therefore, what shall I fear, or whom shall I fear ?
Of whom shall I be afraid, or of what shall I be afraid ? They who persecute me, they are weakened, they fall. Now
why do they persecute me ? To eat up my flesh. What is
my flesh? My fleshly affections. Let them rage in their persecutions: nothing dies in me, but what is mortal. There will be somewhat in me, which the persecutor cannot reach, where my God dwelleth. Let them eat my flesh : when my flesh is gone, I shall be spirit and spiritual. And indeed so great salvation doth my Lord promise me, that
even now this mortal flesh, which seems to be given up to
the hands of the persecutors, doth not perish for ever; but
what hath been exhibited in the resurrection of my Head,
may all the members hope for. Whom should my soul fear, which God inhabiteth ? Whom should my flesh fear, when l Cor.
this corruptible shall have put on incorruption ? Would ye know, because they who persecute us eat our flesh, how that we
and true hope, whom shall we fear? The Lord thy light, the Lord thy Saviour. Find one more powerful, and fear. I belong, in such wise, to the most powerful of all, to the all-powerful, that He both enlighteneth me, and saveth me ; nor fear I any but Him. The Lord is the protector of my
be
life: of whom shall I afraid?
4. Ver. 2. Whilst the guilty approach unto me to eat up my flesh : mine enemies who trouble me became weak and
fell.
need not fear even for this very flesh of ours ?
natural body, it shall rise a spiritual body. Now how great confidence should there be in him, who couIld say, The Lord is my light and my salvation : whom shall I
The Lord is the protector of my life : of whom shall
be The general is protected by guards, and fears not; a mortal is protected by mortals, and is secure : a mortal is
afraid?
protected by the Immortal, and shall he fear and be afraid? 5. Now how great confidence there should be in him, who speaks thus, do ye hear; (ver. 3. ) If camps stand together against me, mine heart shall not fear. Camps are
If
well defended, but what stronger defence than God? war rise up against me. What can war do to me ? Can it take away my hope from me ? Can it take away what the
o
It is sown a ib. 44. fear?
'
194 No enemy has any power but by God's permission.
Psalm Almighty gives? As He who gives is not conquered, so Eyp. it! what He giveth is not taken away. If the gift can be taken away, the giver is conquered. Therefore even these things, which we receive in time, no one can take away from us, my
Brethren, but He alone Who gave them. The spiritual things which He bestoweth He will not take away, unless thou shalt let them go ; but things fleshly and temporal He taketh away ; because whoever else taketh them away, taketh them away by His giving him the power. We know
Job l, this, and read in the book of Job, that not even the devil,
' 2' g
You see this both in the book which I have Luke22 quoted, and in the Gospel the Lord saith, This night ISatan
j,ath desired that he might sift you as wheat; and have prayed for thee, Peter, that thyfaith fail not. Now it is permitted either for our punishment, or for our trial. There
trust. In
31. 32.
who appears, so to say, to have the greatest power for a time, can do any thing without permission. He received power over the lowest things, and lost the greatest and the highest. And this is not the power of one enraged, but the punishment of one damned. Not even he then can have any power without
permission.
fore since no one can take away from us what God giveth, let us fear none but God. Whatsoever else threaten, what soever else vaunt itself against us, let not our heart fear.
6. If war rise up against me, in this wIill I
what ? (Ver. 4. ) One, saith he, have of
asked the Lord. He named some boon in the feminine gender, as if he had said, One petition. And as we are in the habit
of saying in conversation for instance, ' Duas habes,'
(in
the feminine,) and not ' Duo,' the neuter so I (in :) Scripture
this ? What is this one ? That
the Lord all the days ofmy life. This is the one : for that
is called a house where we shall abide always. In this state of pilgrimage, the word house is used, but the proper name
has used this manner of speech: One, saith he, have
asked of the Lord, this will I require.
asketh, who feareth noth ing. Great security of soul ! Would ye fear nothing ? Ask this one, which he asketh who feareth nothing, or which Ihe asketh that he may fear nothing.
Let us see what he
asked the Lord, this will I
of require.
One, saith he, have
This is practised here by them thIat walk honestly. What is
may
dwell in the house
of
The joy* of God's House. Misery of ill desire gratified. 195
is, tent. A tent belongs to those who are in pilgrimage, and Ver.
in a measure warring and fighting against an enemy. -- Since then there is a tent in this life, it is plain that there is
an enemy too. For to have tents
be comrades : and you know this is the name for soldiers, contu.
Here then is a tent, there a house. But this tent too isberDales sometimes by application of its resemblance called a house,
and the house is according to the same method called a
tent: yet properly the latter is the house, the former the
tent.
7. Now what we shall do in that house, you have clearly
expressed in another Psalm : Blessed are they that dwell in Ps. 84,4. Thine house ; they will be praising Tliee for ever. On fire,
if we may so say, with this desire, and boiling with this love,
he longs to dwell all the days of his life in the house of the Lord : in the house of the Lord all the days of his life, not as if they were to come to an end, but days eternal. For so
is the word, days, used, as years, of which it is said, And ps. 102,
Thy years shall not For I
fail. the day of life eternal is one27.
day without setting. This then he said to the Lord,
desired this, One have
require.
II asked, This will
have And as if we should say to him, And what wilt thou do there?
else which thou wert not ? God is light. For thou wast not 1 John light, becanse thou wast a sinner. For the Apostle saith to ' them, whom he would have hear the voice of praise, For yeEph. b, were sometime darkness, but now are ye light. What is,
Ye were sometime darkness, but the old man ? But now light :
not without a cause are ye light, who were sometime darkness,
but because ye have been illumined. Think not that thou
art thyself light: that is the light, which lighteth every man Johnl, that cometh into this world: but thou by thyself, by evil9.
will, by thy turning away from God, wast in darkness: now
thou art in light. But he immediately subjoined, lest they should be proud to whom it was said, But now light, and added, In the Lord. For thus he saith, Ye were sometime darkness, but now light in the Lord. Therefore if without
the Lord, then not light, but if therefore light because
in the Lord, what hast thou that thou hast not received ?
But if thou hast received it, why dost thou glory as if tho>>i Cor. hadst not received it Y For thus the Apostle himself spake in ' another place to men who bore themselves proudly, and would attribute to themselves what is God's, and glory in good as
So hear the voice of praise, as not to praise thyself even. r. r-- -- , J. . . justm-
when thou art good. For m praismg thyself as good, thoucationi- dost become evil. For humility had made thee good, pride bus" maketh thee evil. Thou wast converted that thou mightest
be illuminated, and by Thy conversion thou wert made full
enlightened by conversion. But If thou couldesj be illuminated
ing, Brethren, (if so be I have explained it, as I wished: I have indeed explained it as far as I could, although not as far as I would,) this is the bearing of the words, / will wash
thyself. Wherefore
if it were their own : he saith to them, For what hast thouiUti. that thou didst not receive? nmo if thou didst receive it, why dost thou glory, as if thou hadst not received it ? He Who hath given to the humble, taketh away from the proud, because he who gave can take away. This is the bear
184 Judgment to be awaited. Beauty of God's House.
I will compass Thine altar, O
Thy praise: that is, that I may not for this good thing in me rely on myself, but on Thee Who gavest it me, that I should not wish to be praised
I
declare all Thy wondrous works : not mine, but Thine.
12. And now see, Brethren, see that lover of God, who relieth on God, placed among the evil, entreating God that he be not destroyed with the evil, for that God erreth not in
Psalm my hands in innocency, and
Exjai'. Lord, that
I
may hear the voice
for myself in myself, but for Thee in Thee. Therefore there
follows, That
may hear the voice
of
Thy praise, and
For, when thou seest men have entered into one place, thou thinkest their merits equal: but God is not deceived, fear not. By the judgment of the wind thou dost discriminate between the chaff and the wheat: thou dost wish the wind to blow for thee, and thou art not the wind, but thou dost wish the wind to blow for thee : and, when with the winnowing fan thou hast shaken out both chaff and wheat, the wind takes away the light, the heavy remains. Thou dost look then for the wind to judge the floor. What? doth God look for another to judge with Him, lest He destroy the good with the evil ? Fear not then : be thou secure in thy goodness, even in the midsIt of the evil ;
and say what thou hearest, (ver. 8. ) O Lord,
the beauty of Thine home. God's house is the Church: as yet it contains evil men, but the beauty of God's house is in the good, is in the holy : this beauty of Thine house have I loved. And the place of the habitation of Thy glory. What is this ? This too will I explain, it has a somewhat obscure reference to that meaning: may the Lord help me, and your heart's earnest attention inspired by the same Lord. Why doth he say, the place of the habitation
judgment.
of
of Thy glory? He said before, the beauty of Thine house:
and he explains what is the beauty of God's house, The place, saith he, of the habitation of Thy glory. It is not enough to say, the place of God's habitation; but, the place
of the habitation of God's
glory. What is God's glory ? Whereof I spoke a little before, that he even who is made 1 Cor. i good should not glory in himself, but in the Lord. For all 31. have sinned, and are in need of the gl-ory of God. In whom 23. ' then the Lord so dwells, that He receiveth glory for His
have loved
GodPsglorylo be acknowledged. Who wrongly receive gifts. 185
own good things, that they are unwilling to attribute to Ve^ themselves, and claim as it were for their own, what they ------ have received from Him: these belong to the beauty of God's house. Nor would Scripture have them distinguished,
unless there were some, who have indeed the gift of God, and will not glory in God, but in themselves : they have indeed the gift of God, but they do not belong to the beauty of God's house. For they who belong to the beauty of God's house, in whom God's glory dwelleth, are them selves the place of the habitation of God's glory. And in whom doth God's glory dwell, but in such as so glory, that they glory not in themselves, but in the Lord? Since then I have loved the beauty of Thine house, that all who are there and seek Thy glory and, moreover, have not put my trust in man, and have not consented to the ungodly, and will not enter into nor sit in their assembly; since have been such in the Church of God, what reward wilt Thou give me What should be our answer follows, (ver. 9. ) Destroy not my soul with the ungodly, nor my life with the men of blood.
13. Ver. 10. In whose hands are wickednesses, their right
hand full of gifts. Gifts are not only money, not only
gold and silver, not only presents' nor do all who receive1 exenia these, receive gifts. For sometimes they are received by
the Church. Yea, moreover, Peter received such; the
Lord received such; He had bag, Judas stole what was John is, put therein. But what to receive gifts To praise man 6.
for gifts, to flatter a man, to fawn and wheedle, to judge contrary to truth for gifts. For what gifts? Not for gold and silver and any thing of this kind only but he too who
judges amiss for praise, receives gift, and gift than which nothing more empty. For his hand was open to receive the judgment of another's tongue, and he hath lost the judgment of his own conscience. Hence in whose hands there are wickednesses, their right hand full gifts. You see, brethren, that they are before God also, in whose hands are no wickednesses, neither their right hand filled with gifts, of course, in God's sight; and they can say to none but God, Thou knowest: to none but Him can they say, Destroy not my soul with the ungodly, and my life with the men of blood; Who Alone can see that they receive no
is
is
a
?
I
is,
of
is
a
a
;
;
is
;
a
I
? is
188 Favour or popularity a real bribe to a Judge.
Psalm gifts. For instance, it happens that two men have a cause Exr. il. before a servant of God: no one calls any but his own ~ cause just. For if he thought his own cause unjust, he would not seek the judge. This one thinks that he has a just cause, and so does the other. They come before the judge : before sentence is pronounced, they both say, We accept your judgment; whatever you shall judge, far be it
from us to reject. -- What say you too ? -- Judge what you will ; only judge : if I should resist at all on any point, may I be anathema. Both love the judge, before he passes
judgment. But when sentence shall have been pronounced, it will be against one ; and neither of them knows against whom it will be. The judge then, if he shall wish to please both parties, receives for a gift the praise of men. But having received that gift, see what gift he loses. He receives what sounds, and passeth away : he loses what is uttered, and never passeth away. The word of God is being ever uttered ; It never passeth away : the word of man as soon as it has been uttered presently passeth away. He holds the
' inanis. shadow1, he lets go the substance2. Now if he have regard asolida,to Q0l\f ne wiH pronounce sentence against one of the parties, having his thoughts on God, under Whom as Judge
he pronounces it. But he, against whom it has been pro nounced, and if it cannot now be disannulled, because it is maintained, it may not be by the law of the Church, but of this world's princes, who have granted so much authority to the Church, that whatever has been judged therein cannot be set aside, say, cannot be disannulled, he has no wish any longer to look into himself, but turns his blinded eyes against the judge, and maligns him as much as he can. He wished, saith he, to please the other party, he favoured the rich man, either he received something from him, or he was afraid to offend him. He makes an accusation, as
gifts had been received. But if the poor man shall have had
cause against rich man, and judgment shall have been for the poor man, the rich one again says, He has received gifts. What gifts from a poor man He saw, saith he,
poor man, and that he might not be blamed as having acted against the poor, he has overborne justice, and pro nounced sentence against the truth. Since then must
it
if
aa
?
a
if, I
it
TlieyblessGodinothers,whoseworkscait*eHim to beblessed. 187
needs be that this be said, see how it cannot be said by them Ver-
----- who do not receive gifts, save in God's sight, Who alone 11 12
sIeeth who receiveth and who doth not receive. (Ver. 11. ) But have walked in mine innocence: O deliver me, and be mer ciful unto me: (ver. 12. ) my foot hath stood in uprightness.
I have been shaken indeed on every side by scandals andscaD,la- . lis et
temptations from those who blame my judgment with thetenta- rashness of men ; but my foot hath stood in uprightness. tlon,bus. But why in uprightness ? Because he had said above, And
trusting in the Lord, I
14. How then does he conclude? In the Churches I will
shall not be moved.
bless Tltee, O Lord. That is, in the Churches 1 will not bless myself, as if certain of men, but I will bless Thee in my works. For this it is to bless God in the Churches, Brethren, so to live that God may be blessed by each man's conversation. For he who blesseth the Lord with his tongue, and curseth Him in his deeds, doth not bless God in the Churches. Almost all bless with the tongue, but not all in deed. Some bless with the voice, some with their conversation. Now those in whose conversation there is not found what they say, cause God to be blasphemed, so
that they who do not as yet enter the Church, although they love their sins, and therefore are unwilling to be Christians, yet excuse themselves by the evil, so as to flatter themselves, deceiving their own selves, and saying, Why dost thou
persuade me to be a Christian ?
at a Christian's hands, and never did any : a Christian has
sworn falsely to me, and I have never done so. And when
they speak thus, they are kept back from salvation: that
it profiteth them nothing, not indeed that they are already
good, but that they are but moderately ' bad. For as it is no i medio- profit to open the eyes, if a man be in darkness; so is it noonter" profit to be in the light, if the eyes are closed. And so the
pagan indeed, (to speak of them the rather as though their lives were good,) is, with open eyes, in darkness; because he acknowledgeth not the Lord his Light: but the Christian, whose life is evil, is in none other light than God's, but with closed eyes ; for, by his evil life, he will not see Him, in
Whose Name he is, as it were, blind, in the midst of light, quickened by no vision of the True Light.
I have suffered fraud
X^L
xxvh*
188 The beginner's trust in God, when men draw him back.
PSALM XXVII.
FIRST EXPOSITION.
Of David himself, before he was anointed
' ' Christ's young soldier speaketh, on his coming to the
Exp, i. faith. Ver. 1 The Lord is my light, and my salvation : ( . )
I
The Lord will give me both knowledge
whom shall
of Himself, and salvation : who shall take me from Him ?
fear?
I The Lord will repel all the assaults and snares of
The Lord is the Protector of my life : of whom shall
be
afraid?
mine enemy: of no man shall I be afraid.
2. Ver. 2. Whilst the guilty approach unto me to eat up myflesh. Whilst the guilty come near to recognise and insult me, that they may exalt themselves above me in my change for the better; that with their reviling tooth they may consume not me, but rather my fleshly desires. Mine enemies who trouble me. Not they only who trouble me, blaming me with a friendly intent, and wishing to recal me from my purpose, but mine enemies also. They became weak, and fell. Whilst then they do this with the desire of
defending their own opinion, they became weak to believe better things, and began to hate the word of salvation, whereby I do what displeases them.
3. Ver. 3. Ifcamps stand together against me, my heart will not fear. But if the multitude of gainsayers conspire to stand together against me, my heart will not fear, so as to goI over to their side. Ifwar rise up against me, in this will trust. If the persecution of this world arise against me, in this petition, which I am pondering, will I place my hope. I
4. Ver. 4. One have
For one pet
asked the Lord, this will of
I
Iition have I asked of the Lord, this
require.
will I require. That of
all the days of my life. That as long as I am in this life, no adversities may exclude me from the number of them, who hold the unity andIthe truth of the Lord's faith throughout the world. That
may dwell in the house the lord
may contemplate the delight the Lord. of
Sacrifice of rejoicing for confirmation in the faith. 189
With this end, namely, that persevering in the faith, the Ver. delightsome vision may appear to me, which I may con- 5~9i
I
temple. And death being swallowed up in victory, I shall
template face to face. And
shall be His protected,
be clothed with immortality, being made His temple.
5. Ver. 5. For He hath hidden me in His tabernacle in
the day of my evils. For He hath hidden me in the dis pensation of His Incarnate Word in the time of temptations, to which my mortal life is exposed. He hath protected me in the secret place of His tabernacle. He hath protected me, with the heart believing unto righteousness.
6. On a rock hath He exalted me. And that what I believed might be made manifest for salvation, He hath made my confession to be conspicuous in His own strength. (Ver. 6. ) And now, lo! He hath exalted mine head above mine enemies. What doth He reserve for me at the last, when even now the body is dead because of sin, lo! I feel that my mind serves the law of God, and is not led captive
under the rebellious law of sin ?
sacrificed in His tabernacle the sacrifice of rejoicing. I have considered the circuit of the world, believing on Christ ; and in that for us God was humbled in time, I have praised Him with rejoicing: for with such sacrifice He is well pleased. /will sing and give praises to the Lord. In heart and in deed 1 will be glad in the Lord.
7. Ver. 7. Hear my voice, 0 Lord, wherewith I have cried unto Thee. Hear, Lord, my interior voice, which with a strong intention I have addressed to Thy ears. Have mercy upon me, and hear me. Have mercy upon me, and hear me therein. I
8. Ver. 8. My heart hath said to Thee,
countenance.
For I have not exhibited myself to men ; but in secret, where Thou alone hearest, my heart hath said to Thee ; I have not sought from Thee ought without Thee as a reward, but Thy countenance. Tliy countenance, O Lord,
will I
seek. In this search will I perseveringly persist
: for not aught that is common, but Thy countenance, O Lord, will I seek, that I may love Thee freely, since nothing more
precious do I find.
9. Ver. 9. Turn not away Thyface from me: that I may
/
have gone about, and have
have sought Thy
190 The soul, partedfrom the world, longs for God.
Psalm find what I seek. Turn not aside in anger from Thy servant: Exp. 'i. le8t) while seeking Thee, I fall in with somewhat else. For what is more grievous than this punishment to one who loveth and seeketh the truth of Thy countenance ? Be Thou
my Helper. How shall I find Thou help me not? Leave me not, neither despise me, God my Saviour. Scorn not that mortal dares to seek the Eternal for Thou, God, dost heal the wound of my sin.
10. Ver. 10. For my father and my mother have left me. For the kingdom of this world and the city of this world, of which was born in time and mortality, have left me seek ing Thee, and despising what they promised, since they could not give what seek. But the Lord took me up. But the Lord, Who can give me Himself, took me up.
11. Ver. 11. Appoint me a law, Lord, in Thy way. For me then who am setting out toward Thee, and com mencing so great profession, of arriving at wisdom, from fear, appoint, Lord, a law in Thy way, lest in my wander ing Thy rule abandon me. And direct me in the right path because of mine enemies. And direct me in the right way of its straits. For not enough to begin, since enemies cease not until the end attained.
12. Ver. 12. Deliver me not up unto the souls of them that trouble me. Suffer not them that trouble me to be satiated with my evils. For unrighteous witnesses have risen up against me. For there have risen up against me they that speak falsely of me, to remove and call me back from Thee,
as seek glory of men. Andiniquity hath liedunto itself. Therefore iniquity hath been pleased with its own lie. For me hath not moved, to whom because of this there hath been promised greater reward in heaven.
3. Ver. 13. believe to see the good things of the Lord in the land of the living. And since my Lord hath first suffered Wiad. l, these things, too despise the tongues of the dying, (for ll" the mouth that lieth slayeth the soul,) believe to see the good things of the Lord in the land of the living, where there
is no place for falsity.
14. Ver. 14. Wait on the Lord, quit thyself like a man
and let thy heart be strong, yea wait on the Lord.
when shall this be? It arduous for mortal,
But slow to
is
a
O if IO
it is
;
:
if I/a
it O
a
1
it
if I
I isis a I
it,
Waiting for Him. Groans of the Spirit in God's people. 191
a lover: but listen to the voice, that deceiveth not, of him Ver.
14'
that saith, wait on the Lord. Endure the burning of the reins manfully, and the burning of the heart stoutly. Think not that what thou dost not as yet receive is denied thee. That thou faint not in despair, see how it is said, Wait on
the Lord.
PSALM XXVII. SECOND EXPOSITION.
1. The Lord our God in addressing and consoling us, whom sooth He regards as eating our bread by His Own righteous judgment in the sweat of our face, vouchsafes toGcn:3. speak to us out of ourselves, to shew us that He is not only
our Creator, but also our Indweller. These words of the Psalm, which we have heard and partly sung, if we say that
are our own, we must be reverently careful how we the truth; for they are rather the words of God's Spirit than our own. Again, if we say that they are not
ours, we do indeed lie. For groaning belongs not but to those who are in distress; or all that speech, which is uttered here, full of grief and tears, may be His Who never can be miserable. The Lord then is merciful, we are miserable : in His mercy He vouchsafes to speak to the miserable, vouch safes even in them to use the speech of the miserable. So each is true, both that the speech is ours, and that it is not ours ; that it is the speech of God's Spirit, and that it is not His. The speech is that of God's Spirit, in that but for His inspiration we should not speak thus : but it is not His, in that He is neither miserable, nor in distress : but these words are those of the miserable and distressed. Again, they are ours, because they are words indicating our misery : and
yet they are not ours, because it is of His gift that we are vouchsafed1 even to groan.
2. A Psalm of David before he was anointed. Thus runs m
the title of the Psalm, A Psalm of David before he wewsoVulg.
they speak
' mere-
192 Christ, King and Priest. Christians, in Him, anointed.
Psalm anointed, that is, before he received unction. For he was
Exp. ii. anointed as a king. And the king was then anointed
l Sam. alone, and also the priest: these two persons were anointed
' at that time. In the two persons was prefigured the One future king and priest, in either office One Christ ; and there fore Christ from the chrism. But not only was our Head anointed, but His Body also, we ourselves. Now He is King, in that He ruleth and leadeth us ; Priest, in that He intercedeth for us. And verily He alone hath been such a priest, as to be also Himself the sacrifice. He hath offered none other sacrifice to God than Himself. For He could not find besides Himself a most pure, reasonable victim, as a lamb without spot, redeeming us by the shedding of His own blood, incorporating us with Himself, making us His Own members, that in Him we too should be Christ. There fore anointing belongs to all Christians: but in the former times of the Old Testament it belonged to two characters
But it appears from this that we are the Body of Christ, in that we all are anointed : and we all in Him are both Christ's and Christ, because in some sort Whole Christ is the Head and Body. This anointing will perfect us spiritually in that life, which is promised us. But this voice is of one longing for that life ; it is the voice as it were of one longing for the grace of God, which shall be
In Bapt. perfected in us at the last: therefore it is said, Before he g. ^onf- was anointed. For we are anointed now in the sacrament, ham xi, and, by this sacrament, something is prefigured, which we
'
only.
shall be. And that certain unspeakable future thing we S. John ought to long for, and to groan in the sacrament, that we
iiecn
3. l2,i3! may rejoice sacrament.
in that thing, which is foreshewn in the
3. See what he says: (ver. The Lord my light and my salvation whom shall fear He enlightens me, let darkness vanish He saves me, let weakness vanish walk ing in the light with firmness, whom shall fear? For God giveth not such salvation, as can be wrested by any one nor He such a Light, as can be obscured by any one. The Lord enlightening, we enlightened; the Lord saving, we saved
then He be the enlightener and we the enlightened and He the Saviour, we the saved, without Him we are darkness
if
is
;
:;
: :
I
is
:
I 1. )
f
God indwellingfrees even thefleshfrom fear. 193
and weakness. But having in Him a sure, and established, Ver.
2' '
I, therefore, what shall I fear, or whom shall I fear ?
Of whom shall I be afraid, or of what shall I be afraid ? They who persecute me, they are weakened, they fall. Now
why do they persecute me ? To eat up my flesh. What is
my flesh? My fleshly affections. Let them rage in their persecutions: nothing dies in me, but what is mortal. There will be somewhat in me, which the persecutor cannot reach, where my God dwelleth. Let them eat my flesh : when my flesh is gone, I shall be spirit and spiritual. And indeed so great salvation doth my Lord promise me, that
even now this mortal flesh, which seems to be given up to
the hands of the persecutors, doth not perish for ever; but
what hath been exhibited in the resurrection of my Head,
may all the members hope for. Whom should my soul fear, which God inhabiteth ? Whom should my flesh fear, when l Cor.
this corruptible shall have put on incorruption ? Would ye know, because they who persecute us eat our flesh, how that we
and true hope, whom shall we fear? The Lord thy light, the Lord thy Saviour. Find one more powerful, and fear. I belong, in such wise, to the most powerful of all, to the all-powerful, that He both enlighteneth me, and saveth me ; nor fear I any but Him. The Lord is the protector of my
be
life: of whom shall I afraid?
4. Ver. 2. Whilst the guilty approach unto me to eat up my flesh : mine enemies who trouble me became weak and
fell.
need not fear even for this very flesh of ours ?
natural body, it shall rise a spiritual body. Now how great confidence should there be in him, who couIld say, The Lord is my light and my salvation : whom shall I
The Lord is the protector of my life : of whom shall
be The general is protected by guards, and fears not; a mortal is protected by mortals, and is secure : a mortal is
afraid?
protected by the Immortal, and shall he fear and be afraid? 5. Now how great confidence there should be in him, who speaks thus, do ye hear; (ver. 3. ) If camps stand together against me, mine heart shall not fear. Camps are
If
well defended, but what stronger defence than God? war rise up against me. What can war do to me ? Can it take away my hope from me ? Can it take away what the
o
It is sown a ib. 44. fear?
'
194 No enemy has any power but by God's permission.
Psalm Almighty gives? As He who gives is not conquered, so Eyp. it! what He giveth is not taken away. If the gift can be taken away, the giver is conquered. Therefore even these things, which we receive in time, no one can take away from us, my
Brethren, but He alone Who gave them. The spiritual things which He bestoweth He will not take away, unless thou shalt let them go ; but things fleshly and temporal He taketh away ; because whoever else taketh them away, taketh them away by His giving him the power. We know
Job l, this, and read in the book of Job, that not even the devil,
' 2' g
You see this both in the book which I have Luke22 quoted, and in the Gospel the Lord saith, This night ISatan
j,ath desired that he might sift you as wheat; and have prayed for thee, Peter, that thyfaith fail not. Now it is permitted either for our punishment, or for our trial. There
trust. In
31. 32.
who appears, so to say, to have the greatest power for a time, can do any thing without permission. He received power over the lowest things, and lost the greatest and the highest. And this is not the power of one enraged, but the punishment of one damned. Not even he then can have any power without
permission.
fore since no one can take away from us what God giveth, let us fear none but God. Whatsoever else threaten, what soever else vaunt itself against us, let not our heart fear.
6. If war rise up against me, in this wIill I
what ? (Ver. 4. ) One, saith he, have of
asked the Lord. He named some boon in the feminine gender, as if he had said, One petition. And as we are in the habit
of saying in conversation for instance, ' Duas habes,'
(in
the feminine,) and not ' Duo,' the neuter so I (in :) Scripture
this ? What is this one ? That
the Lord all the days ofmy life. This is the one : for that
is called a house where we shall abide always. In this state of pilgrimage, the word house is used, but the proper name
has used this manner of speech: One, saith he, have
asked of the Lord, this will I require.
asketh, who feareth noth ing. Great security of soul ! Would ye fear nothing ? Ask this one, which he asketh who feareth nothing, or which Ihe asketh that he may fear nothing.
Let us see what he
asked the Lord, this will I
of require.
One, saith he, have
This is practised here by them thIat walk honestly. What is
may
dwell in the house
of
The joy* of God's House. Misery of ill desire gratified. 195
is, tent. A tent belongs to those who are in pilgrimage, and Ver.
in a measure warring and fighting against an enemy. -- Since then there is a tent in this life, it is plain that there is
an enemy too. For to have tents
be comrades : and you know this is the name for soldiers, contu.
Here then is a tent, there a house. But this tent too isberDales sometimes by application of its resemblance called a house,
and the house is according to the same method called a
tent: yet properly the latter is the house, the former the
tent.
7. Now what we shall do in that house, you have clearly
expressed in another Psalm : Blessed are they that dwell in Ps. 84,4. Thine house ; they will be praising Tliee for ever. On fire,
if we may so say, with this desire, and boiling with this love,
he longs to dwell all the days of his life in the house of the Lord : in the house of the Lord all the days of his life, not as if they were to come to an end, but days eternal. For so
is the word, days, used, as years, of which it is said, And ps. 102,
Thy years shall not For I
fail. the day of life eternal is one27.
day without setting. This then he said to the Lord,
desired this, One have
require.
II asked, This will
have And as if we should say to him, And what wilt thou do there?
