A poet at-
tempting all forms, he excelled most as a dra.
tempting all forms, he excelled most as a dra.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
An American
scholar; born in New York State 1844. He
is professor of Romance languages at Cornell
University (1881). Besides many contributions
to periodicals, he has written : (Italian Popu-
lar Tales) (1885); (Pictures of the French
Revolution) (6th ed. 1892); (French Romanti-
cism' (3d ed. 1890); Popular Songs of France)
(1891); etc.
Crashaw, Richard. An English poet; born
in London, 1613 (? ); died at Rome or Loreto,
May or June 1649. A convert to Catholicism,
he wrote (Steps to the Temple) and (Sacred
Poems,' productions of great imaginative power.
Craven, Madame Augustus (Pauline de la
Ferronays). A French novelist; born in Paris
in 1820 or 1808; died at Paris, April or 2,
1891. Her (Family Memories); (The Story of
3
## p. 124 (#140) ############################################
124
CRAVEN - CROFFUT
.
>
3
a Sister); (The Labor of a Soul); and other
fictions, are well known. *
Craven, Elizabeth Berkeley, Lady, subse-
quently Margravine of Ansbach. An English
descriptive prose and verse writer; born in
1750; died at Naples, Jan. 13, 1828. She pro-
duced various sentimentalities in verse and in
prose fiction; a meritorious record of travel,
Journey through the Crimea to Constantino-
ple) (1789); and very readable (Memoirs of the
Margravine of Ansbach, Formerly Lady Cra-
ven, Written by Herself? (1825).
Crawford, Francis Marion. An American
novelist; born in Bagni di Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2,
1854. His works include: (Mr. Isaacs) (1882);
(Dr. Claudius) (1883); (To Leeward) (1883);
(A Roman Singer) (1884); (An American
Politician' (1884); (Zoroaster) (1885); (A Tale
of a Lonely Parish) (1886); "Saracinesca)
(1887); Marzio's Crucifix) (1887); (Paul Pat-
off) (1887); (With the Immortals) (1888);
(Greifenstein) (1889); (Sant'Ilario) (1889);
(A Cigarette-Maker's Romance) (1890); "The
Witch of Prague) (1891); (Khaled) (1891);
(The Three Fates) (1892); (Love in Idleness)
(1894); (Katharine Lauderdale,' and its sequel
(The Ralstons) (1895); “Casa Braccio' (1895);
Taquisara' (1896); A Rose of Yesterday)
(1897); (Corleone) (1897); and others at fre-
quent intervals. *
Crawford, John. A Scottish poet; born at
Greenock, 1816; died at Alloa, Dec. 13, 1873.
He was a journeyman house-painter, remem-
bered for his (Doric Lays, tender and manly
poems.
Crawford, Louise Macartney. An Amer-
ican miscellaneous writer; born in London,
1808. Her song Kathleen Mavourneen) is
usually attributed to Frederick W. N. Crouch,
who however wrote only the music. She wrote
much prose miscellany.
Crawford, Robert. A Scottish song-writer;
born in Edinburgh (? ), probably about 1700;
drowned in France or in the Channel, May
1733. His songs of (Tweedside) and (The
Bush aboon Traquair) were long popular
among Scots, and are still admired.
Crébillon, Claude Prosper Jolyot de (krā.
bë-yôn'), the Younger. A French novelist, son
of P. J. ; born in Paris, Feb. 14, 1707; died
there, April 12, 1777. Author of several licen-
tious novels; personally his life was above
reproach. For certain strictures on the Papal
bull “Unigenitus ) in one of these novels, he
was immured for a time in the Bastille. To
the most objectionable of all his stories he gave
the title (Sopha: A Moral Tale,' after the man-
ner of other impure writers. He possesses a
rich invention, and his characters are drawn
by a master's hand; his style is elegant and
refined almost to unintelligibility.
Crébillon, Prosper Jolyot de. A noted
French dramatist; born at Dijon, Jan. 13, 1674;
died in Paris, June 14, 1762. His plays include:
(The Death of Brutus's Children'; 'Idomeneus)
(1705); (Atreus and Thyestes) (1707); “Elec-
tra' (1708); “Rhadamistus and Zénobia' (1711);
(Xerxes) (1714); (Semiramis) (1717); Pys-
rhus) (1726); (Catalina) (1748); etc. *
Cremer, Jacobus Jan (krā'mār). A Dutch
novelist (1827-80); born at Arnheim. He was
a painter, but quit the pencil for the pen. His
series of "Stories of Betuwe) (a rural district)
are specimens of idiomatic expression, faithful
portraiture, and unsophisticated humor. The
same traits distinguish all his works; but he
is at his best amid rural scenes. He published
a volume of Poems) (1873).
Crespo, Antonio Candido Gonçalves (kres'.
pā). A Portuguese poet; born of a slave mother
at Rio Janeiro, March 11, 1846; died at Lisbon,
June 11, 1883. He graduated in jurisprudence
at the Coimbra University, but devoted him-
self almost exclusively to the Muses at Lisbon.
He published only two small volumes : (Mini-
atures) (1870); Nocturns) (1882). In collabo-
ration with his wife Maria Amalia Vaz de
Carvalho, herself a notable writer, he is author
of (Stories for our Children (1882). His poems
show high sensibility and great power of poetic
form and expression.
Creuz, Friedrich Karl Kasimir, Baron von
(kroits). A German poet and philosopher
(1724-70); born at Homburg vor der Höhe.
He is author of several works on archæology
and philology. He wrote a philosophical
poem,The Graves,' a work of considerable
merit, showing the influence of Young's Night
Thoughts. He published several volumes of
(Odes and Lays); and a tragedy, (The Dying
Seneca. '
Crockett, David. A noted American pio.
neer, hunter, politician, and humorist; born at
Limestone, Tenn. , Aug. 17, 1786; killed at Fort
Alamo, San Antonio, Texas, March 16, 836. He
was member of Congress from Tennessee;
served in the Texan war; and was one of the
eccentric characters of the Southwest, about
whom numerous stories are still told, - notably
of the coon who voluntarily agreed to come
down. ) He wrote his (Autobiography) (1834);
(Tour to the North and Down East) (1835);
(Sketches and Eccentricities) (1847); etc.
Crockett, Samuel Rutherford. A Scotch
novelist ; born in Little Duchrae, Galloway, in
1862. He was a tutor and university pupil.
teacher at an early age; but a volume of verse,
(Dulce Cor,' and (The Stickit Minister, volume
of prose stories, showed literature to be his
vocation. (The Raiders); Mad Sir Ughtred
of the Hills); (The Lilac Sun-Bonnet); (The
Men of the Moss Hags); 'Sweetheart Travel-
ers; Cleg Kelly, Arab of the City); and
(The Grey Man of Auchendrayne, are among
his books. *
Croffut, William Augustus. An American
prose-writer and poet; born in Redding, Conn. ,
Jan. 29, 1835. He is a journalist of wide ex-
perience, having been connected with various
newspapers. His works include: (A Helping
## p. 125 (#141) ############################################
CROKER-CRUGER
125
(
Hand) (1861); (A Midsummer Lark) (1882);
(Bourbon Ballads); (The Folks Next Door);
and (The Vanderbilts. He has long been con-
nected with the United States Geological Survey.
Croker, John Wilson. An Irish miscella-
neous writer; born in Galway, Dec. 20, 1780;
died at Old Brompton, Aug. 10, 1857. His
capacity for satire revealed itself in (An Inter-
cepted Letter from Canton, and his "Songs of
Trafalgar) spread his fame as a poet. Mac-
aulay's review of his edition of Boswell's Life
of Johnson,' and his counterblast upon Mac-
aulay's History of England, are among the
celebrities of literary duels. He was a Tory
politician of intense fervor, permanently resign-
ing his seat in Parliament because of the
passage of the Reform Bill of 1832.
Croker, Thomas Crofton. An Irish anti-
quary and folklorist; born in Cork, Jan. 15,
1798; died at Old Brompton, Aug. 8, 1854.
(Researches in the South of Ireland); Fairy
Legends); and 'Legends of the Lakes, or Say.
ings and Doings at Killarney,' show his talent
in its happiest moods. His learning was pro-
found and accurate, and his style brilliant and
pleasing.
Croly, David Goodman. An American jour-
nalist; born in New York, Nov. 3, 1829; died
there, April 29, 1889. He was at different times
connected with various prominent New York
papers. He wrote : Life of Horatio Seymour)
(1868); History of Reconstruction) (1868);
"Glimpses of the Future) (1888); etc.
Croly, George. An Irish poet, dramatist, and
novelist; born in Dublin, Aug. 17, 1780; died in
London, Nov. 24, 1860. His works include:
Paris in 1815' (1817); (The Angel of the
World (1820); May Fair) (1820); “Salathiel)
(1829); (Marston) (1846); (The Modern Or-
lando) (1846); Life and Times of George
IV. ; and others. *
Croly, Jane (Cunningham). (" Jennie June. ”)
An American prose-writer, wife of D. G. Croly;
born in Market Harborough, England, Dec. 19,
1831; settled in New York city in 1841. From
1800 for many years she was editor of W. J.
Demorest's magazine, and has been editor of
others. She was one of the founders of “Sorosis »
and its president for fourteen years, and one
of the most active promoters of the Federation
of Woman's Clubs. She has published : (Talks
on Women's Topics (1863); For Better or
Worse) (1875); and (Three Manuals for Work)
(1885-89).
Cronegk, Johann Friedrich, Baron von
(krõ'nek). A German dramatist (1731-58);
born at Ansbach. Lessing pronounced his ode
(War) one of the finest produced in that day.
His tragedy (Codrus) won a prize in 1757; it
is admirable for its smooth and stately verse,
but it lacks the true poet's inspiration. He
was also author of some comedies, didactic
poems, epigrams, and spiritual songs.
Crosby, Howard. A distinguished American
Presbyterian divine and educator; born in New
York, Feb. 27, 1826; died there, March 29, 1891.
He was chancellor of the University of New
York 1870-81; one of the New Testament
Revision Committee; and interested in every
reform of his day. He wrote: (Lands of the
Moslem (1850); Life of Jesus) (1871); (The
Christian Preacher' (1880, Yale lectures for
1879-80); etc.
Crosswell, William. An American poet and
hymn-writer; born in Hudson, N. Y. , Nov. 7,
1804; died in Boston, Mass. , Nov. 9, 1851. Many
of his religious poems and hymns appeared in
the collection of Poems, Sacred and Secular,
edited by Arthur Cleveland Coxe (1859).
Crowe, Catherine. An English story-teller;
born (Stevens) at Borough Green, Kent; died
1876. She made her first essay in literature
with a tragedy, 'Aristodemus,' and then turned
to prose fiction. Lily Dawson) (1847) is re-
garded as the best of her novels. She became
an ardent devotee of spiritualism and animal
magnetism, and in 1852 published her most
notable work, «The Night Side of Nature) (2
vols. , 1852).
Crowe, Byre Evans. An English historian
and prose-writer; born 1799 ; died 1868. His
History of France 1830-44' is well known.
Crowe, Joseph Archer. An English historian
of art and miscellaneous writer; born in Lon.
don, Oct. 20, 1825; died 1896. He was long
eminent as a journalist, and for a time served
in the British diplomatic service. His celebrity
rests mainly upon the History of Painting in
Italy) (1864-71), the most important work on
this subject, written in collaboration with G. B.
Cavalcaselle. He also published other volumes
on art subjects.
Crowe, William. An English poet; born in
Midgham, Berkshire, October (? ) 1745; died at
Bath, Feb. 9, 1829. He was a clergyman and the
friend of Samuel Rogers. His work, especially
(Lewesdon Hill, a descriptive poem, was
praised by Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Moore
as noble in diction and elevating in imagery.
Crowne, John. An English dramatist; born
in Nova Scotia, about 1656; died at London (? ),
about 1703. He was esteemed at court for
(Sir Courtly Nice,' a comedy.
Cruden, Alexander. A Scotch writer; born
in Aberdeen, 1700; died 1770. He was noted
for his eccentricity. His Concordance to the
Old and New Testaments) is the familiar
authority on the subject.
Cruger, Mrs. Julia Grinnell (Storrow).
"Julien Gordon. A popular American novel-
ist; born in France, 18%. Her home is in
New York. She has written: "A Diplomat's
Diary); Mademoiselle Réséda); (A Puritan
Pagan'; Marionettes); (A Successful Man';
(Vampires); 'Poppæa.
Cruger, Mary. An American novelist; born
in New York State, 1834. Her home is in Mont-
rose, N. Y. She has written : (Hyperästhesia)
(1885); (A Den of Thieves) (1886); (The
## p. 126 (#142) ############################################
126
CRUSENSTOLPE-CUNNINGHAM
as
His principal works are: (The Hungarian
Muse) (1797); Dorothea, a comic epos (1804);
(Odes) (1805); (The Shepherd King' (1806);
(Anacreontics'; 'Battle of Frogs and Mice.
Cuellar, José T. de (kwāl'är). A Mexican
novelist, dramatist, and poet; born at San Luis
Potosi, Aug. 15, 1835. His reputation rests
mainly on his novel (The Sin of the Century,
published at San Luis Potosi in 1868. His
comedies and dramas include: (Duties and
Sacrifices); “Redemption); and (A Voyage to
the Orient. Among his novels are: Isolina,
the Ex-Ballet Girl); and (Gabriel the Lock.
smith. He has also written several poems.
Cueva, Juan de la (kwā'vä). A Spanish
poet (1550-1607); born at Seville.
A poet at-
tempting all forms, he excelled most as a dra.
matist: he is one of the founders of Spanish
national drama. In a volume of "Works) (1582)
he published a number of lyric poems, sonnets,
songs, and elegies, including the Lament of
Venus over Adonis); noteworthy is his Phæ-
bean Chorus of Historical Romances) (1587).
His greatest epic is (The Conquest of Betica)
(1603). He wrote four tragedies, one of them
ence.
Vanderheyde Manor House) (1887); “How She
Did It, or Comfort on $150 a Year) (1888);
Brotherhood (1891).
Crusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob (kröʻzen-stol-
pe). A Swedish novelist and publicist (1795-
1865). He won considerable distinction with
a series of historico-romantic tales, Little
Stories); but his fame rests mainly on his work
a public journalist, historian, biographer,
and politician. His works of fiction became
in a degree political or progressist pamphlets;
e. g. , (The Moor, or the House of Holstein-
Gottorp in Sweden. '
Cruz, Juana Ines de la (kroth). A Mexi-
can poet (1651-95). Retiring from the vice-
regal court at the age of 17, she became a nun
of the Hieronymite order, and devoted herself
to poetry, music, and mathematics, leading at
the same time a life of great austerity. Her
writings consist of songs, dramas (all these
except two on religious themes), prologues, and
dramatic sacred ailegories. Her contempora-
ries styled her the Tenth Museand “the
Mexican Phænix. ) * (See Mexican Nun. ')
Cruz, Ramon de la. A Spanish dramatic
poet (1731-99). He rescued the native Spanish
drama from an inundation of French influ-
A marvelously prolific writer, he pro-
duced some 300 pieces in all departments of
dramatic composition. But of them all only
some interludes can now command attention;
these are alive in every line, reflecting with
absolute truth the life of the lowest orders.
Cruz, San Juan de la. (St. John of the
Cross. ) A Spanish mystic and poet (1542-91).
He was a Carmelite friar, canonized in 1674.
His prose writings on the inner life won for
him the title « The Ecstatic Doctor; famous
among them is (The Soul's Darksome Night.
In form and spirit his poetry is noble, deep,
and inspired by profound feeling. His com-
plete Spiritual Works) were first published
in 1619, and in a 12th edition 1703.
Crinkle, Nym. See Wheeler.
Császár, Ferencz (chā'zār). A Hungarian
poet (1807-58). His Poems, mostly sonnets
in the Italian style and nautical songs, entitle
him to a place among true poets. He trans-
lated several works of Alfieri, Beccaria, Silvio
Pellico, and other Italian writers, into Hun-
garian.
Csiky, Gregor (chēk'e). A Hungarian dram-
atist (1842-91); born at Buda-Pesth. He wrote
several very successful comedies, among them
(The Oracle) and (Suspicion. His tragedies
also – (Janus); (Spartacus); (The Magician' -
were received with great popular favor. He
wrote several novels, and translated plays of
Sophocles, Euripides, Plautus, Molière, and
British dramatists.
Csokonay, Vitéz Mihaly (choʻkõ-noi). A
Hungarian poet (1773-1805). He drew from
the well of the national poesy, and so con-
tributed to the formation of a native lyricism.
Bourbon; and ten comedies, one of the best
being «The Aged Lover. '
Cumberland, Richard. An English drama.
tist, novelist, essayist, and poet, grandson of
Richard Bentley ; born at Cambridge, Feb. 19,
1732; died at Tunbridge Wells, May 7, 1811.
Of good family and the highest prospects, he
was discredited and impoverished in public
service, and made literature a profession. His
comedies, (The West Indian); “The Wheel of
Fortune); “The Jew); and (The Fashionable
Lover,' are an epitome of the culture of the
time; as are his essays, collected under the title
of (The Observer. ' He wrote novels, tracts, re-
ligious and didactic poems, not now important;
(Anecdotes of Eminent Painters in Spain);
(Memoirs) (1806).
Cummins, Maria Susanna. An American
novelist; born at Salem, Mass. , April 9, 1827;
died at Dorchester, Mass. , Oct. 1, 1866. Her
novel “The Lamplighter) (1853) had enormous
success and was translated into foreign lan-
guages; it is still remembered for the idyllic
charm and tenderness of its first few chapters,
but the rest is commonplace. Her other books
are Mabel Vaughn) (1857); «El Fureidis)
(1860); “Haunted Hearts) (1863).
Cunningham, Allan. A Scottish poet and
miscellaneous writer; born in Keir, Dumfries-
shire, Dec. 7, 1784; died in London, Oct. 30
(not 29), 1842. When a youth he served as
an apprentice to a stone-mason; but later be-
came a reporter in London, and wrote (Sir
Marmaduke Maxwell,' a dramatic poem, and
(Lord Roldan) and Paul Jones, interesting
but rather theatrical romances. His Critical
History of the Literature of the Last Fifty
Years) and other books prompted Sir Walter
Scott to call him a genius.
## p. 127 (#143) ############################################
CUPPLES-CUVIER
127
some
Cupples, George. A Scotch sketch and
story writer; born in Legewood, Aug. 2, 1822;
died Oct. 7, 1891. In (The Green Hand' he
gives us a stirring tale of the sea; while his
papers on outdoor sports and tastes, and his
essays on literary topics, denote the scholar
and man of true feeling. *
Curtin, Jeremiah. An American linguist and
antiquarian writer; born in Wisconsin, 1838.
He has written : (Myths and Folk-Lore of Ire-
land); (Tales of the Fairies and the Ghost
World); (Myths and Folk-Tales of the Rus-
sians, Western Slavs, and Magyars); etc. He
is a proficient in the Slavic tongues; has made
addresses in Czech, and translated much from
Russian and Polish.
Curtis, Mrs. Caroline Gardiner (Cary).
(“Carroll Winchester. )) An American novel-
ist; born in New York State, 1827. Her home
is in Boston. She has written : (From Madge
to Margaret' (1880); (The Love of a Lifetime)
(1883).
Curtis, George Ticknor. An American
lawyer; born in Massachusetts, 1812; died
March 28, 1894. In addition to his eminence
at the New York bar, he was noted as the author
of an authoritative History of the Constitution
of the United States); he published likewise :
(Digest of English and American Admiralty
Decisions); (American Conveyancer); (Life of
James Buchanan'; Life of Daniel Webster);
"Creation or Evolution); and (John Charaxes,
a novel.
Curtis, George William. An American
author; born in Providence, R. I. , Feb. 24, 1824;
died at Staten Island, Aug. 31, 1892. He was
an early abolitionist, and a leader in the Re-
publican party from the first; for many years
the editor of Harper's Weekly, and the writer of
the 'Editor's Easy Chair) in Harper's Monthly,
besides the Manners upon the Roadseries for
Harper's Bazar (1867–73). He was also a lect-
urer of great popularity. His works include:
Nile Notes of a Howadji? (1851); (The How-
adji in Syria) (1852); (Lotus Eating) (1852);
« Potiphar Papers) (1853); ( Prue and ' (1856);
(Trumps) (1862); and others. *
Curtis, William Eleroy. An American jour-
nalist and writer of travels; born in Ohio, 1850.
He has written : (Capitals of Spanish America)
(1888); (The Land of the Nihilist) (1888);
Japan Sketches); “Venezuela); “Life of Zach-
ariah Chandler); (The Yankees of the East);
etc.
Curtius, Ernst (kör'tse-ös). A distinguished
German archæologist and historian; born at
Lübeck, 1814; died 1896. His studies were all
directed toward Grecian antiquity, and he vis-
ited Greece repeatedly on scientific missions.
In Peloponnesus) (2 vols. , 1851) he gives an
account of the history of that peninsula, its
traditions, and its works of art. His "Greek
History' is a popularization of the results of
scholarly research, and is written in a pleasing
and popular style. His works on “Olympia)
and other ancient cities are addressed rather
to scholars than to the general public. *
Cushing, Caleb. A famous American jurist,
statesman, and diplomatist; born at Salisbury,
Mass. , Jan. 17, 1800; died at Newburyport,
Mass. , Jan. 2, 1879. He was United States
commissioner to China (1843-44); Attorney-
General (1853-57); Counsel before the Geneva
arbitration tribunal (1871-72); minister to Spain
(1874-77). He published: (Reminiscences of
Spain); Life of William Henry Harrison)
(1840); History of Newburyport' (1826); etc.
Custer, Elizabeth (Bacon). An American
prose-writer; born in Monroe, Mich. , 18--;
wife of Gen. George A. Custer. She is author
of (Boots and Saddles, or Life in Dakota
with General Custer) (1885); (Tenting on the
Plains, or General Custer in Kansas and
Texas) (1887); and (Following the Guidon. )
Custine, Astolphe, Marquis de (küs-tēn').
A French novelist and writer of travels (1790
1857); born near Metz. He traveled in the
British Isles, Switzerland, and Southern Italy
(1811-22), and afterward in Spain and Russia.
The results of his observations in Russia
were of considerable importance, and were pub-
lished in 4 vols. , 1843. He wrote a tragedy, Bea-
trice Cenci? ; and
romances, among
them (Aloysius, or the Monk of St. Bernard”;
Romuald, or the Vocation. His Letters to
Varnhagen von Ense and Rachel Varnhagen
von Ense) were published in 1870.
Custis, George Washington Parke. An
American writer; born at Mt. Airy, Md. , April
30, 1781; died at Arlington House, Fairfax
County, Va. , Oct. 10, 1857. He was the adopted
son of George Washington. He wrote (Recol-
lections of Washington) (1860), and several
plays and orations.
Cutler, Elbridge Jefferson. An American
educator and miscellaneous writer; born in
Holliston, Mass. , Dec. 28, 1831; died in Cam-
bridge, Mass. , Dec. 27, 1870. From 1865 until
his death he was professor of modern lan-
guages at Harvard. His contributions ap-
peared in the Atlantic Monthly and other
periodicals. War Poems) was published in
1867, and (Stella) in 1868.
Cutler, Mrs. Lizzie (Petit). An American
novelist; born in Virginia, 1836. Her home is
in New York. She has written : (Light and
Darkness ); (Household Mysteries,' a romance
of Southern life; (The Stars of the Crowd. '
Cuvier, Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédé.
ric Dagobert (kü-vyā'). A celebrated French
zoologist; born at Montbéliard, Aug. 23, 1769;
died at Paris, May 13, 1832. His first great
work, fruit of most laborious researches, was
(Lectures on Comparative Anatomy) (5 vols. ,
1801), comprising for the most part only such
points of molluscan anatomy as he himself
had developed. It was the same with all his
works: they are records of most painstaking
labor and study. His grand generalizations
a
i
## p. 128 (#144) ############################################
128
CUYLER -- DA COSTA
on the facts of nature appear in the Discourse
on the Revolutions of the Earth's Surface and
on the Changes They have Brought About in
the Animal Kingdom. ? His master work is
(The Animal Kingdom) (4 vols. , 1817). *
Cuyler, Theodore Ledyard. A noted Amer.
ican Presbyterian divine and miscellaneous
writer; born at Aurora, N. Y. , Jan. 10, 1822.
Besides numerous contributions to newspa-
pers and other periodicals, he has written.
(Heart Life) (1871); (From the Nile to Nor-
way) (1881); “Stirring the Eagle's Nest' (1890);
etc.
Cyrano de Bergerac, Savinien (ser-ä-nö de
berzh-räk'). A French writer of literary ex-
travaganzas (1619-55); born at Paris. He was
a famous duelist, and fought more than a
thousand single combats, most of them pro-
voked by comments on his enormously over-
grown nose. In style and composition he is
without taste or judgment; but he is always
sprightly and fanciful, often witty and ingen-
ious. Boileau noted his “daring burlesque. ”
He wrote: Letters,' amorous or satirical; a
"Comic History of the States and Empire of
the Moon,' and another (Of the Sun,' both
full of metaphysical and satirical passages in
the vein later made famous by Swift, to whom
they are thought to have suggested (Gulliver. )
His one tragedy, (Agrippina,' evinces great
dramatic power; he wrote also a clever comedy,
(The Pedant Laughing-Stock. )
Czajkovski, Michal (chi-kov'skē). A Polish
novelist (1808-76). He entered the Turkish
army in 1851, embraced Mohammedanism and
rose to high rank (Pasha Sadyk); later he
went back to the Ukraine and conformed to
the Russo-Greek religion. He struck a new
and original vein in fiction-writing. The force
and fire of his characterizations are extraor-
dinary. His greatest work is (Verny hora,' a
historical novel of the year 1768, which has
been translated into nearly all the languages
of Europe. Hardly less celebrated is (The
Hetman of the Ukraine. )
Czuczor, Gergely (tsö tsor or cho'chor). A
Hungarian poet and philologist (1800-66). His
two fine hero-ballads, "The Battle of Augs-
burg) (1824) and (The Diet of Arad) (1828),
brought him instant celebrity. He was a Bene-
dictine monk, and the eroticism of the first
collection of his “Poetical Works) (1836)
brought on him stern animadversion from his
superiors. In 1848 he published (Reveil, a
passionate appeal to Hungarian national sen-
timent, and was imprisoned for it.
D
Daae, Ludvig (da'ė). A Norwegian his-
torian; born in Aremark, near Frederikshald,
Dec. 7, 1834. He has paid particular atten-
tion to the annals of his own country; his
best-known works being : Norwegian Village
Legends) (1870–72); «Norway's Saints) (1879);
(The Migrations of the Norsemen to Holland
and England (1880); and others in this field.
(
Dabney, Robert Lewis. An American prose-
writer; born in Louisa County, Va. , March 5,
1820. He is a Presbyterian clergyman, and
since 1883 has filled the chair of moral phi-
losophy in the University of Texas. Dr. Dab-
ney has published: Life of General T. J.
(Stonewall) Jackson (1864); “Sacred Rhetoric)
(1866); (Sensualistic Philosophy) (1878); and
(The Christian Sabbath) (1881). (Collected
Discussions) is one of his recent works.
scholar; born in New York State 1844. He
is professor of Romance languages at Cornell
University (1881). Besides many contributions
to periodicals, he has written : (Italian Popu-
lar Tales) (1885); (Pictures of the French
Revolution) (6th ed. 1892); (French Romanti-
cism' (3d ed. 1890); Popular Songs of France)
(1891); etc.
Crashaw, Richard. An English poet; born
in London, 1613 (? ); died at Rome or Loreto,
May or June 1649. A convert to Catholicism,
he wrote (Steps to the Temple) and (Sacred
Poems,' productions of great imaginative power.
Craven, Madame Augustus (Pauline de la
Ferronays). A French novelist; born in Paris
in 1820 or 1808; died at Paris, April or 2,
1891. Her (Family Memories); (The Story of
3
## p. 124 (#140) ############################################
124
CRAVEN - CROFFUT
.
>
3
a Sister); (The Labor of a Soul); and other
fictions, are well known. *
Craven, Elizabeth Berkeley, Lady, subse-
quently Margravine of Ansbach. An English
descriptive prose and verse writer; born in
1750; died at Naples, Jan. 13, 1828. She pro-
duced various sentimentalities in verse and in
prose fiction; a meritorious record of travel,
Journey through the Crimea to Constantino-
ple) (1789); and very readable (Memoirs of the
Margravine of Ansbach, Formerly Lady Cra-
ven, Written by Herself? (1825).
Crawford, Francis Marion. An American
novelist; born in Bagni di Lucca, Italy, Aug. 2,
1854. His works include: (Mr. Isaacs) (1882);
(Dr. Claudius) (1883); (To Leeward) (1883);
(A Roman Singer) (1884); (An American
Politician' (1884); (Zoroaster) (1885); (A Tale
of a Lonely Parish) (1886); "Saracinesca)
(1887); Marzio's Crucifix) (1887); (Paul Pat-
off) (1887); (With the Immortals) (1888);
(Greifenstein) (1889); (Sant'Ilario) (1889);
(A Cigarette-Maker's Romance) (1890); "The
Witch of Prague) (1891); (Khaled) (1891);
(The Three Fates) (1892); (Love in Idleness)
(1894); (Katharine Lauderdale,' and its sequel
(The Ralstons) (1895); “Casa Braccio' (1895);
Taquisara' (1896); A Rose of Yesterday)
(1897); (Corleone) (1897); and others at fre-
quent intervals. *
Crawford, John. A Scottish poet; born at
Greenock, 1816; died at Alloa, Dec. 13, 1873.
He was a journeyman house-painter, remem-
bered for his (Doric Lays, tender and manly
poems.
Crawford, Louise Macartney. An Amer-
ican miscellaneous writer; born in London,
1808. Her song Kathleen Mavourneen) is
usually attributed to Frederick W. N. Crouch,
who however wrote only the music. She wrote
much prose miscellany.
Crawford, Robert. A Scottish song-writer;
born in Edinburgh (? ), probably about 1700;
drowned in France or in the Channel, May
1733. His songs of (Tweedside) and (The
Bush aboon Traquair) were long popular
among Scots, and are still admired.
Crébillon, Claude Prosper Jolyot de (krā.
bë-yôn'), the Younger. A French novelist, son
of P. J. ; born in Paris, Feb. 14, 1707; died
there, April 12, 1777. Author of several licen-
tious novels; personally his life was above
reproach. For certain strictures on the Papal
bull “Unigenitus ) in one of these novels, he
was immured for a time in the Bastille. To
the most objectionable of all his stories he gave
the title (Sopha: A Moral Tale,' after the man-
ner of other impure writers. He possesses a
rich invention, and his characters are drawn
by a master's hand; his style is elegant and
refined almost to unintelligibility.
Crébillon, Prosper Jolyot de. A noted
French dramatist; born at Dijon, Jan. 13, 1674;
died in Paris, June 14, 1762. His plays include:
(The Death of Brutus's Children'; 'Idomeneus)
(1705); (Atreus and Thyestes) (1707); “Elec-
tra' (1708); “Rhadamistus and Zénobia' (1711);
(Xerxes) (1714); (Semiramis) (1717); Pys-
rhus) (1726); (Catalina) (1748); etc. *
Cremer, Jacobus Jan (krā'mār). A Dutch
novelist (1827-80); born at Arnheim. He was
a painter, but quit the pencil for the pen. His
series of "Stories of Betuwe) (a rural district)
are specimens of idiomatic expression, faithful
portraiture, and unsophisticated humor. The
same traits distinguish all his works; but he
is at his best amid rural scenes. He published
a volume of Poems) (1873).
Crespo, Antonio Candido Gonçalves (kres'.
pā). A Portuguese poet; born of a slave mother
at Rio Janeiro, March 11, 1846; died at Lisbon,
June 11, 1883. He graduated in jurisprudence
at the Coimbra University, but devoted him-
self almost exclusively to the Muses at Lisbon.
He published only two small volumes : (Mini-
atures) (1870); Nocturns) (1882). In collabo-
ration with his wife Maria Amalia Vaz de
Carvalho, herself a notable writer, he is author
of (Stories for our Children (1882). His poems
show high sensibility and great power of poetic
form and expression.
Creuz, Friedrich Karl Kasimir, Baron von
(kroits). A German poet and philosopher
(1724-70); born at Homburg vor der Höhe.
He is author of several works on archæology
and philology. He wrote a philosophical
poem,The Graves,' a work of considerable
merit, showing the influence of Young's Night
Thoughts. He published several volumes of
(Odes and Lays); and a tragedy, (The Dying
Seneca. '
Crockett, David. A noted American pio.
neer, hunter, politician, and humorist; born at
Limestone, Tenn. , Aug. 17, 1786; killed at Fort
Alamo, San Antonio, Texas, March 16, 836. He
was member of Congress from Tennessee;
served in the Texan war; and was one of the
eccentric characters of the Southwest, about
whom numerous stories are still told, - notably
of the coon who voluntarily agreed to come
down. ) He wrote his (Autobiography) (1834);
(Tour to the North and Down East) (1835);
(Sketches and Eccentricities) (1847); etc.
Crockett, Samuel Rutherford. A Scotch
novelist ; born in Little Duchrae, Galloway, in
1862. He was a tutor and university pupil.
teacher at an early age; but a volume of verse,
(Dulce Cor,' and (The Stickit Minister, volume
of prose stories, showed literature to be his
vocation. (The Raiders); Mad Sir Ughtred
of the Hills); (The Lilac Sun-Bonnet); (The
Men of the Moss Hags); 'Sweetheart Travel-
ers; Cleg Kelly, Arab of the City); and
(The Grey Man of Auchendrayne, are among
his books. *
Croffut, William Augustus. An American
prose-writer and poet; born in Redding, Conn. ,
Jan. 29, 1835. He is a journalist of wide ex-
perience, having been connected with various
newspapers. His works include: (A Helping
## p. 125 (#141) ############################################
CROKER-CRUGER
125
(
Hand) (1861); (A Midsummer Lark) (1882);
(Bourbon Ballads); (The Folks Next Door);
and (The Vanderbilts. He has long been con-
nected with the United States Geological Survey.
Croker, John Wilson. An Irish miscella-
neous writer; born in Galway, Dec. 20, 1780;
died at Old Brompton, Aug. 10, 1857. His
capacity for satire revealed itself in (An Inter-
cepted Letter from Canton, and his "Songs of
Trafalgar) spread his fame as a poet. Mac-
aulay's review of his edition of Boswell's Life
of Johnson,' and his counterblast upon Mac-
aulay's History of England, are among the
celebrities of literary duels. He was a Tory
politician of intense fervor, permanently resign-
ing his seat in Parliament because of the
passage of the Reform Bill of 1832.
Croker, Thomas Crofton. An Irish anti-
quary and folklorist; born in Cork, Jan. 15,
1798; died at Old Brompton, Aug. 8, 1854.
(Researches in the South of Ireland); Fairy
Legends); and 'Legends of the Lakes, or Say.
ings and Doings at Killarney,' show his talent
in its happiest moods. His learning was pro-
found and accurate, and his style brilliant and
pleasing.
Croly, David Goodman. An American jour-
nalist; born in New York, Nov. 3, 1829; died
there, April 29, 1889. He was at different times
connected with various prominent New York
papers. He wrote : Life of Horatio Seymour)
(1868); History of Reconstruction) (1868);
"Glimpses of the Future) (1888); etc.
Croly, George. An Irish poet, dramatist, and
novelist; born in Dublin, Aug. 17, 1780; died in
London, Nov. 24, 1860. His works include:
Paris in 1815' (1817); (The Angel of the
World (1820); May Fair) (1820); “Salathiel)
(1829); (Marston) (1846); (The Modern Or-
lando) (1846); Life and Times of George
IV. ; and others. *
Croly, Jane (Cunningham). (" Jennie June. ”)
An American prose-writer, wife of D. G. Croly;
born in Market Harborough, England, Dec. 19,
1831; settled in New York city in 1841. From
1800 for many years she was editor of W. J.
Demorest's magazine, and has been editor of
others. She was one of the founders of “Sorosis »
and its president for fourteen years, and one
of the most active promoters of the Federation
of Woman's Clubs. She has published : (Talks
on Women's Topics (1863); For Better or
Worse) (1875); and (Three Manuals for Work)
(1885-89).
Cronegk, Johann Friedrich, Baron von
(krõ'nek). A German dramatist (1731-58);
born at Ansbach. Lessing pronounced his ode
(War) one of the finest produced in that day.
His tragedy (Codrus) won a prize in 1757; it
is admirable for its smooth and stately verse,
but it lacks the true poet's inspiration. He
was also author of some comedies, didactic
poems, epigrams, and spiritual songs.
Crosby, Howard. A distinguished American
Presbyterian divine and educator; born in New
York, Feb. 27, 1826; died there, March 29, 1891.
He was chancellor of the University of New
York 1870-81; one of the New Testament
Revision Committee; and interested in every
reform of his day. He wrote: (Lands of the
Moslem (1850); Life of Jesus) (1871); (The
Christian Preacher' (1880, Yale lectures for
1879-80); etc.
Crosswell, William. An American poet and
hymn-writer; born in Hudson, N. Y. , Nov. 7,
1804; died in Boston, Mass. , Nov. 9, 1851. Many
of his religious poems and hymns appeared in
the collection of Poems, Sacred and Secular,
edited by Arthur Cleveland Coxe (1859).
Crowe, Catherine. An English story-teller;
born (Stevens) at Borough Green, Kent; died
1876. She made her first essay in literature
with a tragedy, 'Aristodemus,' and then turned
to prose fiction. Lily Dawson) (1847) is re-
garded as the best of her novels. She became
an ardent devotee of spiritualism and animal
magnetism, and in 1852 published her most
notable work, «The Night Side of Nature) (2
vols. , 1852).
Crowe, Byre Evans. An English historian
and prose-writer; born 1799 ; died 1868. His
History of France 1830-44' is well known.
Crowe, Joseph Archer. An English historian
of art and miscellaneous writer; born in Lon.
don, Oct. 20, 1825; died 1896. He was long
eminent as a journalist, and for a time served
in the British diplomatic service. His celebrity
rests mainly upon the History of Painting in
Italy) (1864-71), the most important work on
this subject, written in collaboration with G. B.
Cavalcaselle. He also published other volumes
on art subjects.
Crowe, William. An English poet; born in
Midgham, Berkshire, October (? ) 1745; died at
Bath, Feb. 9, 1829. He was a clergyman and the
friend of Samuel Rogers. His work, especially
(Lewesdon Hill, a descriptive poem, was
praised by Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Moore
as noble in diction and elevating in imagery.
Crowne, John. An English dramatist; born
in Nova Scotia, about 1656; died at London (? ),
about 1703. He was esteemed at court for
(Sir Courtly Nice,' a comedy.
Cruden, Alexander. A Scotch writer; born
in Aberdeen, 1700; died 1770. He was noted
for his eccentricity. His Concordance to the
Old and New Testaments) is the familiar
authority on the subject.
Cruger, Mrs. Julia Grinnell (Storrow).
"Julien Gordon. A popular American novel-
ist; born in France, 18%. Her home is in
New York. She has written: "A Diplomat's
Diary); Mademoiselle Réséda); (A Puritan
Pagan'; Marionettes); (A Successful Man';
(Vampires); 'Poppæa.
Cruger, Mary. An American novelist; born
in New York State, 1834. Her home is in Mont-
rose, N. Y. She has written : (Hyperästhesia)
(1885); (A Den of Thieves) (1886); (The
## p. 126 (#142) ############################################
126
CRUSENSTOLPE-CUNNINGHAM
as
His principal works are: (The Hungarian
Muse) (1797); Dorothea, a comic epos (1804);
(Odes) (1805); (The Shepherd King' (1806);
(Anacreontics'; 'Battle of Frogs and Mice.
Cuellar, José T. de (kwāl'är). A Mexican
novelist, dramatist, and poet; born at San Luis
Potosi, Aug. 15, 1835. His reputation rests
mainly on his novel (The Sin of the Century,
published at San Luis Potosi in 1868. His
comedies and dramas include: (Duties and
Sacrifices); “Redemption); and (A Voyage to
the Orient. Among his novels are: Isolina,
the Ex-Ballet Girl); and (Gabriel the Lock.
smith. He has also written several poems.
Cueva, Juan de la (kwā'vä). A Spanish
poet (1550-1607); born at Seville.
A poet at-
tempting all forms, he excelled most as a dra.
matist: he is one of the founders of Spanish
national drama. In a volume of "Works) (1582)
he published a number of lyric poems, sonnets,
songs, and elegies, including the Lament of
Venus over Adonis); noteworthy is his Phæ-
bean Chorus of Historical Romances) (1587).
His greatest epic is (The Conquest of Betica)
(1603). He wrote four tragedies, one of them
ence.
Vanderheyde Manor House) (1887); “How She
Did It, or Comfort on $150 a Year) (1888);
Brotherhood (1891).
Crusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob (kröʻzen-stol-
pe). A Swedish novelist and publicist (1795-
1865). He won considerable distinction with
a series of historico-romantic tales, Little
Stories); but his fame rests mainly on his work
a public journalist, historian, biographer,
and politician. His works of fiction became
in a degree political or progressist pamphlets;
e. g. , (The Moor, or the House of Holstein-
Gottorp in Sweden. '
Cruz, Juana Ines de la (kroth). A Mexi-
can poet (1651-95). Retiring from the vice-
regal court at the age of 17, she became a nun
of the Hieronymite order, and devoted herself
to poetry, music, and mathematics, leading at
the same time a life of great austerity. Her
writings consist of songs, dramas (all these
except two on religious themes), prologues, and
dramatic sacred ailegories. Her contempora-
ries styled her the Tenth Museand “the
Mexican Phænix. ) * (See Mexican Nun. ')
Cruz, Ramon de la. A Spanish dramatic
poet (1731-99). He rescued the native Spanish
drama from an inundation of French influ-
A marvelously prolific writer, he pro-
duced some 300 pieces in all departments of
dramatic composition. But of them all only
some interludes can now command attention;
these are alive in every line, reflecting with
absolute truth the life of the lowest orders.
Cruz, San Juan de la. (St. John of the
Cross. ) A Spanish mystic and poet (1542-91).
He was a Carmelite friar, canonized in 1674.
His prose writings on the inner life won for
him the title « The Ecstatic Doctor; famous
among them is (The Soul's Darksome Night.
In form and spirit his poetry is noble, deep,
and inspired by profound feeling. His com-
plete Spiritual Works) were first published
in 1619, and in a 12th edition 1703.
Crinkle, Nym. See Wheeler.
Császár, Ferencz (chā'zār). A Hungarian
poet (1807-58). His Poems, mostly sonnets
in the Italian style and nautical songs, entitle
him to a place among true poets. He trans-
lated several works of Alfieri, Beccaria, Silvio
Pellico, and other Italian writers, into Hun-
garian.
Csiky, Gregor (chēk'e). A Hungarian dram-
atist (1842-91); born at Buda-Pesth. He wrote
several very successful comedies, among them
(The Oracle) and (Suspicion. His tragedies
also – (Janus); (Spartacus); (The Magician' -
were received with great popular favor. He
wrote several novels, and translated plays of
Sophocles, Euripides, Plautus, Molière, and
British dramatists.
Csokonay, Vitéz Mihaly (choʻkõ-noi). A
Hungarian poet (1773-1805). He drew from
the well of the national poesy, and so con-
tributed to the formation of a native lyricism.
Bourbon; and ten comedies, one of the best
being «The Aged Lover. '
Cumberland, Richard. An English drama.
tist, novelist, essayist, and poet, grandson of
Richard Bentley ; born at Cambridge, Feb. 19,
1732; died at Tunbridge Wells, May 7, 1811.
Of good family and the highest prospects, he
was discredited and impoverished in public
service, and made literature a profession. His
comedies, (The West Indian); “The Wheel of
Fortune); “The Jew); and (The Fashionable
Lover,' are an epitome of the culture of the
time; as are his essays, collected under the title
of (The Observer. ' He wrote novels, tracts, re-
ligious and didactic poems, not now important;
(Anecdotes of Eminent Painters in Spain);
(Memoirs) (1806).
Cummins, Maria Susanna. An American
novelist; born at Salem, Mass. , April 9, 1827;
died at Dorchester, Mass. , Oct. 1, 1866. Her
novel “The Lamplighter) (1853) had enormous
success and was translated into foreign lan-
guages; it is still remembered for the idyllic
charm and tenderness of its first few chapters,
but the rest is commonplace. Her other books
are Mabel Vaughn) (1857); «El Fureidis)
(1860); “Haunted Hearts) (1863).
Cunningham, Allan. A Scottish poet and
miscellaneous writer; born in Keir, Dumfries-
shire, Dec. 7, 1784; died in London, Oct. 30
(not 29), 1842. When a youth he served as
an apprentice to a stone-mason; but later be-
came a reporter in London, and wrote (Sir
Marmaduke Maxwell,' a dramatic poem, and
(Lord Roldan) and Paul Jones, interesting
but rather theatrical romances. His Critical
History of the Literature of the Last Fifty
Years) and other books prompted Sir Walter
Scott to call him a genius.
## p. 127 (#143) ############################################
CUPPLES-CUVIER
127
some
Cupples, George. A Scotch sketch and
story writer; born in Legewood, Aug. 2, 1822;
died Oct. 7, 1891. In (The Green Hand' he
gives us a stirring tale of the sea; while his
papers on outdoor sports and tastes, and his
essays on literary topics, denote the scholar
and man of true feeling. *
Curtin, Jeremiah. An American linguist and
antiquarian writer; born in Wisconsin, 1838.
He has written : (Myths and Folk-Lore of Ire-
land); (Tales of the Fairies and the Ghost
World); (Myths and Folk-Tales of the Rus-
sians, Western Slavs, and Magyars); etc. He
is a proficient in the Slavic tongues; has made
addresses in Czech, and translated much from
Russian and Polish.
Curtis, Mrs. Caroline Gardiner (Cary).
(“Carroll Winchester. )) An American novel-
ist; born in New York State, 1827. Her home
is in Boston. She has written : (From Madge
to Margaret' (1880); (The Love of a Lifetime)
(1883).
Curtis, George Ticknor. An American
lawyer; born in Massachusetts, 1812; died
March 28, 1894. In addition to his eminence
at the New York bar, he was noted as the author
of an authoritative History of the Constitution
of the United States); he published likewise :
(Digest of English and American Admiralty
Decisions); (American Conveyancer); (Life of
James Buchanan'; Life of Daniel Webster);
"Creation or Evolution); and (John Charaxes,
a novel.
Curtis, George William. An American
author; born in Providence, R. I. , Feb. 24, 1824;
died at Staten Island, Aug. 31, 1892. He was
an early abolitionist, and a leader in the Re-
publican party from the first; for many years
the editor of Harper's Weekly, and the writer of
the 'Editor's Easy Chair) in Harper's Monthly,
besides the Manners upon the Roadseries for
Harper's Bazar (1867–73). He was also a lect-
urer of great popularity. His works include:
Nile Notes of a Howadji? (1851); (The How-
adji in Syria) (1852); (Lotus Eating) (1852);
« Potiphar Papers) (1853); ( Prue and ' (1856);
(Trumps) (1862); and others. *
Curtis, William Eleroy. An American jour-
nalist and writer of travels; born in Ohio, 1850.
He has written : (Capitals of Spanish America)
(1888); (The Land of the Nihilist) (1888);
Japan Sketches); “Venezuela); “Life of Zach-
ariah Chandler); (The Yankees of the East);
etc.
Curtius, Ernst (kör'tse-ös). A distinguished
German archæologist and historian; born at
Lübeck, 1814; died 1896. His studies were all
directed toward Grecian antiquity, and he vis-
ited Greece repeatedly on scientific missions.
In Peloponnesus) (2 vols. , 1851) he gives an
account of the history of that peninsula, its
traditions, and its works of art. His "Greek
History' is a popularization of the results of
scholarly research, and is written in a pleasing
and popular style. His works on “Olympia)
and other ancient cities are addressed rather
to scholars than to the general public. *
Cushing, Caleb. A famous American jurist,
statesman, and diplomatist; born at Salisbury,
Mass. , Jan. 17, 1800; died at Newburyport,
Mass. , Jan. 2, 1879. He was United States
commissioner to China (1843-44); Attorney-
General (1853-57); Counsel before the Geneva
arbitration tribunal (1871-72); minister to Spain
(1874-77). He published: (Reminiscences of
Spain); Life of William Henry Harrison)
(1840); History of Newburyport' (1826); etc.
Custer, Elizabeth (Bacon). An American
prose-writer; born in Monroe, Mich. , 18--;
wife of Gen. George A. Custer. She is author
of (Boots and Saddles, or Life in Dakota
with General Custer) (1885); (Tenting on the
Plains, or General Custer in Kansas and
Texas) (1887); and (Following the Guidon. )
Custine, Astolphe, Marquis de (küs-tēn').
A French novelist and writer of travels (1790
1857); born near Metz. He traveled in the
British Isles, Switzerland, and Southern Italy
(1811-22), and afterward in Spain and Russia.
The results of his observations in Russia
were of considerable importance, and were pub-
lished in 4 vols. , 1843. He wrote a tragedy, Bea-
trice Cenci? ; and
romances, among
them (Aloysius, or the Monk of St. Bernard”;
Romuald, or the Vocation. His Letters to
Varnhagen von Ense and Rachel Varnhagen
von Ense) were published in 1870.
Custis, George Washington Parke. An
American writer; born at Mt. Airy, Md. , April
30, 1781; died at Arlington House, Fairfax
County, Va. , Oct. 10, 1857. He was the adopted
son of George Washington. He wrote (Recol-
lections of Washington) (1860), and several
plays and orations.
Cutler, Elbridge Jefferson. An American
educator and miscellaneous writer; born in
Holliston, Mass. , Dec. 28, 1831; died in Cam-
bridge, Mass. , Dec. 27, 1870. From 1865 until
his death he was professor of modern lan-
guages at Harvard. His contributions ap-
peared in the Atlantic Monthly and other
periodicals. War Poems) was published in
1867, and (Stella) in 1868.
Cutler, Mrs. Lizzie (Petit). An American
novelist; born in Virginia, 1836. Her home is
in New York. She has written : (Light and
Darkness ); (Household Mysteries,' a romance
of Southern life; (The Stars of the Crowd. '
Cuvier, Georges Léopold Chrétien Frédé.
ric Dagobert (kü-vyā'). A celebrated French
zoologist; born at Montbéliard, Aug. 23, 1769;
died at Paris, May 13, 1832. His first great
work, fruit of most laborious researches, was
(Lectures on Comparative Anatomy) (5 vols. ,
1801), comprising for the most part only such
points of molluscan anatomy as he himself
had developed. It was the same with all his
works: they are records of most painstaking
labor and study. His grand generalizations
a
i
## p. 128 (#144) ############################################
128
CUYLER -- DA COSTA
on the facts of nature appear in the Discourse
on the Revolutions of the Earth's Surface and
on the Changes They have Brought About in
the Animal Kingdom. ? His master work is
(The Animal Kingdom) (4 vols. , 1817). *
Cuyler, Theodore Ledyard. A noted Amer.
ican Presbyterian divine and miscellaneous
writer; born at Aurora, N. Y. , Jan. 10, 1822.
Besides numerous contributions to newspa-
pers and other periodicals, he has written.
(Heart Life) (1871); (From the Nile to Nor-
way) (1881); “Stirring the Eagle's Nest' (1890);
etc.
Cyrano de Bergerac, Savinien (ser-ä-nö de
berzh-räk'). A French writer of literary ex-
travaganzas (1619-55); born at Paris. He was
a famous duelist, and fought more than a
thousand single combats, most of them pro-
voked by comments on his enormously over-
grown nose. In style and composition he is
without taste or judgment; but he is always
sprightly and fanciful, often witty and ingen-
ious. Boileau noted his “daring burlesque. ”
He wrote: Letters,' amorous or satirical; a
"Comic History of the States and Empire of
the Moon,' and another (Of the Sun,' both
full of metaphysical and satirical passages in
the vein later made famous by Swift, to whom
they are thought to have suggested (Gulliver. )
His one tragedy, (Agrippina,' evinces great
dramatic power; he wrote also a clever comedy,
(The Pedant Laughing-Stock. )
Czajkovski, Michal (chi-kov'skē). A Polish
novelist (1808-76). He entered the Turkish
army in 1851, embraced Mohammedanism and
rose to high rank (Pasha Sadyk); later he
went back to the Ukraine and conformed to
the Russo-Greek religion. He struck a new
and original vein in fiction-writing. The force
and fire of his characterizations are extraor-
dinary. His greatest work is (Verny hora,' a
historical novel of the year 1768, which has
been translated into nearly all the languages
of Europe. Hardly less celebrated is (The
Hetman of the Ukraine. )
Czuczor, Gergely (tsö tsor or cho'chor). A
Hungarian poet and philologist (1800-66). His
two fine hero-ballads, "The Battle of Augs-
burg) (1824) and (The Diet of Arad) (1828),
brought him instant celebrity. He was a Bene-
dictine monk, and the eroticism of the first
collection of his “Poetical Works) (1836)
brought on him stern animadversion from his
superiors. In 1848 he published (Reveil, a
passionate appeal to Hungarian national sen-
timent, and was imprisoned for it.
D
Daae, Ludvig (da'ė). A Norwegian his-
torian; born in Aremark, near Frederikshald,
Dec. 7, 1834. He has paid particular atten-
tion to the annals of his own country; his
best-known works being : Norwegian Village
Legends) (1870–72); «Norway's Saints) (1879);
(The Migrations of the Norsemen to Holland
and England (1880); and others in this field.
(
Dabney, Robert Lewis. An American prose-
writer; born in Louisa County, Va. , March 5,
1820. He is a Presbyterian clergyman, and
since 1883 has filled the chair of moral phi-
losophy in the University of Texas. Dr. Dab-
ney has published: Life of General T. J.
(Stonewall) Jackson (1864); “Sacred Rhetoric)
(1866); (Sensualistic Philosophy) (1878); and
(The Christian Sabbath) (1881). (Collected
Discussions) is one of his recent works.
