Public
Speaking
Class Men Extension Psychology Class Women Professional Women
Totals:
Groups taking Form 60:
University of Oregon Student Women
Univ.
Totals:
Groups taking Form 60:
University of Oregon Student Women
Univ.
Adorno-T-Authoritarian-Personality-Harper-Bros-1950
60 1.
76
Form 45b
N Mean EAB
26 4. 79
2 0 4. 52 7 4. 10
Form 40b
N Mean EA
26 5. 15
12 5. 30 9 4. 26
Over-all
2 3. 85
4 5. 95
2 9 3. 76 14 4. 87
8 4. 88 7 5. 00 17 4. 07 12 5. 45 (53) 4. 60 (47) 5. 02 (39) 3. 99 (25) 5. 08
36 4. 38
5. 35
4. 85
aThese data are based on answers to the question:
organizations do you belong to (union, political, fraternal, etc. )? "
In administering the questionnaire, it was stressed that the men should record their union affiliation.
bAs discussed in Chapter IV, the Maritime School population was divided into two roughly equated halves, one of which received Form 45, the other Form 40.
ask the number of questions required to give an adequate index of socio- economic class level. Also, the several questions included were often left blank, out of defensiveness or lack of knowledge (e. g. , of father's or hus- band's income). Many subjects had no current income, due to momentary unemployment or to student or military status. Income had in some cases increased during the war period without a corresponding increase in actual class level. For these and other reasons, the data below must be interpreted only tentatively and with great care.
Table 17(V) presents mean E scores for groups based on present income.
(56)
21
35
5. 31
5. 25
~~--~~----~--~~----~--~~
"What groups or
? Group
Groups taking Fora 60:
Below
. . n. ,QQQ_
N Mean
~$2,000? $3,000- 3 , 9 0 0 an N Mean
Present Income $4,000- $5,000- Above
4 , 9 0 0 1 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 B l a n k None
N Mean N Mean N Mean N Mean N~an N
O v e r - a l l Mean S,D,
3. 42 1. 38 3. 63 1. 29 2. 93 1. 25
TABLE 17 (V)
MEAN E SCORESa FoR GROUPS WHO HAVE VARIOUS PRF. Smr YEARLY INOOMESb
"" \()
00
Univ, of Oregon Student Women 13 3. 21 15 3. 87 0 Univ, of Oregon and Univ, of
California Student Women 11 3. 15 23 3. 27 15 3. 28
>-l II: M
;;. .
c:: . . ,
II:
0
;. I
::l
;;. .
;. I 3. 28 9 4. 08 50 3. 67 1. 59 ;; 3. 20 25 4. 21 71 3. 65 1. 60 z
3. 22 34 4. 17 121 3. 66 1. 62 '0 M ;. I en
Univ. o f Oregon and Univ, California Student Men
Totals:
Groups taking Fora 45:
Psychiatric Clinic Men Psychiatric Clinic Women
Totals:
Groups taking Fora 40:
Middle-Class Women Middle-ClassMen Working-Class Men
Totals: Over-alltotals:
o f
arhe following scales were used in the various forms:
t"' 2. 80 7 2. 71 3 4. 67 0 1 4. 80 7 4. XI 59 3. 83 1. 72 . . ,.
3. 29 XI 3. 56 31 3. 10 2 5. XI 18 3. 50 98 4. 21 282 3. 74 2. 10 >< 3. 30 26 3. 57 38 3. 02 3 4. 70 72 3. 32 144 4. 10 561 3. 57
~rm 60: E seale ( 12 items) ~rm 45: E Scale ( 10 items) Form 40: E Scale ( 5 items)
14 2. 91 10 3. 06 16 2. 83 38 3. 08 48 3. 41 31 2. 99
6 2. 90 14 3. 58 9 4. 07 12 3. 51 4 3. 03 3 4. 37
2. 26 0 2. 16 0
4. 00 1 3. 70 8 027
18 3. 31 18 3. 46 12
22 2. 80 19 3. 00 8 11 4. 49 3 4. 87 9 7 4. XI 26 4. 11 8
40 3. 51 48 3. 72 25 96 3. 30 114 3. 55 68
4. 14 1 4. 60 2
4. 00
3. 70 35
00
0
5 3. 42 4 5 3. 42 5
1? 4. 60 2 00
011 1. 7404
3. 1483. 2947
3. 27 1 6. 40 17 3. 42 83 4. 13 154 3. 64 1. 96 4. 04 12 4. 27 25 2. 89 1 4. 00 0 8 5. 10 69 3. 89 2. 08
0
z
;;. .
2. 92 1 1. 00 3
bThese groupings are based on answers to the following question: "What is your present income (to nearest $500 per year) .
3. 55 0
54
4 3. 59 4 2. 53 57
19 3. 32 12 3. 04 158 3. 18 1. 31
? POLITICO-ECONOMIC IDEOLOGY AND GROUP MEMBERSHIPS 199
It will be noted that some? 25 per cent of the total sample reported "no in- come," while I 3 per cent left the question blank. The majority of reported incomes were below $3,ooo per year, only three individuals reporting in- comes of over $w,ooo. Among the incomes below $5,ooo there are no appreciable differences in E mean (3. 30 to 3? 57), and no consistent trend of increase or decrease. However, the $5,ooo-$w,ooo group has a conspicuously low E mean of 3. 02, while the "above $w,ooo" group is highest in ethno- centrism, with a mean of 4. 70. The large but heterogeneous group-mostly women-with no income is also relatively high on E (4. 10). Among the Working-Class Men (Form 40), E mean decreases as income increases up to $5,ooo, after which the E mean goes up again. Among the Middle-Class Men (Form 40) and the University of Oregon and University of California Student Men (Form 6o), on the other hand, the $5,ooo-$w,ooo group is by far the lowest on E. Thus, there is no simple relation between income and ethnocentrism, and the relation between income and ideology may well be different for the middle class as compared with the working class. It is of some interest that in the two groups of nonstudent women (Psychiatric Clinic and Middle Class) those with no income were considerably more ethnocentric on the average than those with some income. The lower E mean in women who work may be due to their economic position; it is more likely, however, that the personality trends which lead to nonethnocentrism tend to produce also the willingness or desire to have gainful work.
It seemed that expected income might yield a better measure of economic aspirations (and perhaps of class identification) than did present income. The mean E scores for groups divided on the basis of expected income (ten years from now) are presented in Table IS (V). The two largest groups are those expecting $5,ooo-$w,ooo and $3,ooo-$3,9oo, in that order. The over-all totals for all samples combined show that E mean gradually increases as expected income increases. However, the data for individual samples reveal a more complex state of affairs. The E mean for the three highest income groupings ($4,ooo and above) is greater than that for the low income groupings mainly because the ethnocentric Maritime School samples (Forms 45 and 40) form the bulk (5o-7o per cent) of these groupings. It will be noted that within each Maritime School sample there is no clear-cut relationship between expected income and E mean. Similarly, there are no consistent trends in the other samples. Thus, for Form 78 the $4,ooo-$w,ooo levels are slightly but not significantly more ethnocentric than the lower levels, but the lowest E mean is for the "above $w,ooo" level. For Form 6o, on the other hand, the variations in E mean are small (2. 97 to 3? 34) and unrelated to income. Dif- ferences among samples are, therefore, much greater than differences among actual or expected income levels. 16 These results have little if any bearing
16 Similar negative results were obtained in preliminary (unpublished) studies of E in relation to desired income.
? 200
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY TABLE 18 (V)
MEAN A-S OR E SCORESa FOR GROUPS HAVING VARIOUS LEVELS OF EXPECTED YEARLY INCOME
Group
Groups taking Form 78:
U. C. Public Speaking Class Women U. C.
Public Speaking Class Men Extension Psychology Class Women Professional Women
Totals:
Groups taking Form 60:
University of Oregon Student Women
Univ. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Women Univ. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Men
Totals:
Groups taking Form 45:
Maritime School Men Psychiatric Clinic Men
Totals
Group taking Form 40:
Maritime School Men OVer-all totals:
Expected Income Below $2,000-
$2,000 2,900 N Mean N Mean
on the theory that economic forces play a basic role in creating a setting for the development of ethnocentrism; but they provide evidence against the hypothesis that economic level and economic motives per se operate as major psychological forces impelling the individual in an ethnocentric or anti- ethnocentric direction.
A further hypothesis to be considered is that prejudice is determined by the economic level of the parents. Stated most simply: "A person growing up in a rich family is more likely to be prejudiced than one growing up in a middle- or low-income family. " In order to make a partial test of this hypoth- esis, a question regarding father's income was included in the questionnaire, and the mean A-S or E score was obtained for groups representing several income levels. The data are presented in Table 19(V). The number of cases
6 3. 08 26 0 5 0 4
14 2. 91 11 20 2. 97 46
2. 99 3. 74 3. 80 2. 65
3. 06
3. 27 3. 30 3. 07
3. 27
4. 16 3. 30
3. 94
5. 22 3. 37
2 2. 99 6 3. 90 2 1. 99
9 9 2
10 3. 34 20
3 5. 17 9 0 3
3 5. 17 12
1 5. 20 16 34 3. 34 94
? POLITICO-ECONOMIC IDEOLOGY AND GROUP MEMBERSHIPS 20I
$3,000- $4,000- 3,900 4,900 N Mean N Mean
21 3. 18 6 4. 32 9 3. 00 10 3. 52 4 2. 10 3. 80
14 2. 84 3 2. 07 48 2. 95 20. 3. 56
6 3. 54 1 2. 66 16 2. 91 4 4. 03 12 2. 75 7 2. 70
34 2. 97 12 3. 14
27 4. 57 14 4. 52 83. 5934. 73
35 4. 34 17 4. 55
Expected Income $5, 000- Above
10,000 $10,000 Blank NMean NMean NMean N
None over-all Mean N Mean S . D .
3. 11 140 3. 32 1. 43 52 3. 34 1. 48 42 3. 40 1. 36 63 2. 57 1. 37
3. 11 297 3. 18 1. 46
28 5. 23 20 5. 05 44 5. 06 10 145 3. 73 69 4. 16 193 4. 09 31
113. 62 22 3. 55 4 2. 35 4 2. 10
41 3. 31
1 2. 82
31. 91 24 3. 12
28 2. 98
70 4. 46 10 3. 45
0 56 1 1. 20 5 0 29 3 3. 07 14
4 2. 60 104
0 19 0 8 4 3. 03 6
4 3. 03 33
12 4. 38 2 1 3. 40 0
3. 45 14 2. 76 0 3. 66 0 2. 04 0
3. 28 14
3. 50 9 3. 71 8 3. 03 0
3. 47 17
3. 95 41 25
3. 95 66
45 3. 33 142
3. 55 2. 95
47 3. 42 1. 38 54 3. 24 1. 29 57 2. 93 1. 25
80 4. 34 13
4. 30 2
5. 60 0 4. 34 139
3. 27158 3. 18 1. 31
3. 98178 4. 36 1. 60 3. 70 50 3. 67 1. 59
3. 87228 4. 20 1. 62
4. 84 164 5. 08 1. 76 4. 03 847 3. 82
aThe following scales were used in the various forms:
Form 78: A-S Scale (12 items)
Form 60: Form 45: Form 40:
E Scale E Scale E Scale
(10 items) (10 items) (5 items)
in the various income levels provides another indication of the largely middle- class character of the total sample. The $5,ooo-$ro,ooo group was the largest, with 205 cases. The $z,ooo-$z,9oo and $3,ooo-$3,900 groups, which during 1944-46 would probably have been the largest in the general population, had 154 and r86 cases, respectively. A disproportionately large number, 55, were in the "$ro,ooo and above" group. The interpretation of these data is com- plicated by the fact that the father's income now may not b~ what it was
? 202
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY TABlE 19 (V)
MEAN A-S OR E SCmESa F<Jt GROUPS WHOSE FATHERS HAD VARIOlE Il'? 0MES
Groups taking Form 78:
u. c. Public Speaking Class Women u. c. Public Speaking Class Men Extension Psychology Class Women Professional Women
Totals:
Groups taking Form 60:
University of Oregon Student Women
Univ. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Women Univ. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Men
Totals:
Groups taking Form 45:
Maritime School Men Psychiatric Clinic Men Psychiatric Clinic Women
Totals:
Groups taking Form 40:
George Washington University Student Women Maritime School Men
Middle-Class Women
Middle-Class. Men
Working-Class Men Totals:
Over-all totals:
$2,000- 2,900 N Mean
17 3. 35 6 3. 33 2 4. 25 6 2. 30
31 3. 20
7 3. 08
9 3. 17 11 3. 28
27 3. 19
26 4. 09 4 2. 88 4 3. 70
34 3. 90
7 3. 20 34 5. 48 9 3. 29 8 3. 35 4 5. 40
during the subject's childhood. It should also be noted that almost half of the subjects left this question blank; it is not possible to say how much this has influenced the results.
The E means in Table 19(V) do not vary c"onsistently in relation to father's income. They show negligible and unsystematic variations (from 3? 77 to 3. 92) among the various levels below $w,ooo. However, the group whose fathers earned $ro,ooo per year and above is significantly less ethno- centric than the combined lower income levels (means of 3? 35 and 3. 84
Below $2,000 N Mean
8 2. 94 2 5. 45 1 4. 20 2 5. 65
13 3. 84
5 3. 45 0
6 2. 60
11 2. 99
12 3. 88 6 3. 62 5 4. 36
23 3. 92
2 4. 80 6 5. 57 7 3. 46 3 2. 87 5 4. 00
23 4. 16
70 3. 84 154 3. 92
62 4.
Form 45b
N Mean EAB
26 4. 79
2 0 4. 52 7 4. 10
Form 40b
N Mean EA
26 5. 15
12 5. 30 9 4. 26
Over-all
2 3. 85
4 5. 95
2 9 3. 76 14 4. 87
8 4. 88 7 5. 00 17 4. 07 12 5. 45 (53) 4. 60 (47) 5. 02 (39) 3. 99 (25) 5. 08
36 4. 38
5. 35
4. 85
aThese data are based on answers to the question:
organizations do you belong to (union, political, fraternal, etc. )? "
In administering the questionnaire, it was stressed that the men should record their union affiliation.
bAs discussed in Chapter IV, the Maritime School population was divided into two roughly equated halves, one of which received Form 45, the other Form 40.
ask the number of questions required to give an adequate index of socio- economic class level. Also, the several questions included were often left blank, out of defensiveness or lack of knowledge (e. g. , of father's or hus- band's income). Many subjects had no current income, due to momentary unemployment or to student or military status. Income had in some cases increased during the war period without a corresponding increase in actual class level. For these and other reasons, the data below must be interpreted only tentatively and with great care.
Table 17(V) presents mean E scores for groups based on present income.
(56)
21
35
5. 31
5. 25
~~--~~----~--~~----~--~~
"What groups or
? Group
Groups taking Fora 60:
Below
. . n. ,QQQ_
N Mean
~$2,000? $3,000- 3 , 9 0 0 an N Mean
Present Income $4,000- $5,000- Above
4 , 9 0 0 1 0 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 B l a n k None
N Mean N Mean N Mean N Mean N~an N
O v e r - a l l Mean S,D,
3. 42 1. 38 3. 63 1. 29 2. 93 1. 25
TABLE 17 (V)
MEAN E SCORESa FoR GROUPS WHO HAVE VARIOUS PRF. Smr YEARLY INOOMESb
"" \()
00
Univ, of Oregon Student Women 13 3. 21 15 3. 87 0 Univ, of Oregon and Univ, of
California Student Women 11 3. 15 23 3. 27 15 3. 28
>-l II: M
;;. .
c:: . . ,
II:
0
;. I
::l
;;. .
;. I 3. 28 9 4. 08 50 3. 67 1. 59 ;; 3. 20 25 4. 21 71 3. 65 1. 60 z
3. 22 34 4. 17 121 3. 66 1. 62 '0 M ;. I en
Univ. o f Oregon and Univ, California Student Men
Totals:
Groups taking Fora 45:
Psychiatric Clinic Men Psychiatric Clinic Women
Totals:
Groups taking Fora 40:
Middle-Class Women Middle-ClassMen Working-Class Men
Totals: Over-alltotals:
o f
arhe following scales were used in the various forms:
t"' 2. 80 7 2. 71 3 4. 67 0 1 4. 80 7 4. XI 59 3. 83 1. 72 . . ,.
3. 29 XI 3. 56 31 3. 10 2 5. XI 18 3. 50 98 4. 21 282 3. 74 2. 10 >< 3. 30 26 3. 57 38 3. 02 3 4. 70 72 3. 32 144 4. 10 561 3. 57
~rm 60: E seale ( 12 items) ~rm 45: E Scale ( 10 items) Form 40: E Scale ( 5 items)
14 2. 91 10 3. 06 16 2. 83 38 3. 08 48 3. 41 31 2. 99
6 2. 90 14 3. 58 9 4. 07 12 3. 51 4 3. 03 3 4. 37
2. 26 0 2. 16 0
4. 00 1 3. 70 8 027
18 3. 31 18 3. 46 12
22 2. 80 19 3. 00 8 11 4. 49 3 4. 87 9 7 4. XI 26 4. 11 8
40 3. 51 48 3. 72 25 96 3. 30 114 3. 55 68
4. 14 1 4. 60 2
4. 00
3. 70 35
00
0
5 3. 42 4 5 3. 42 5
1? 4. 60 2 00
011 1. 7404
3. 1483. 2947
3. 27 1 6. 40 17 3. 42 83 4. 13 154 3. 64 1. 96 4. 04 12 4. 27 25 2. 89 1 4. 00 0 8 5. 10 69 3. 89 2. 08
0
z
;;. .
2. 92 1 1. 00 3
bThese groupings are based on answers to the following question: "What is your present income (to nearest $500 per year) .
3. 55 0
54
4 3. 59 4 2. 53 57
19 3. 32 12 3. 04 158 3. 18 1. 31
? POLITICO-ECONOMIC IDEOLOGY AND GROUP MEMBERSHIPS 199
It will be noted that some? 25 per cent of the total sample reported "no in- come," while I 3 per cent left the question blank. The majority of reported incomes were below $3,ooo per year, only three individuals reporting in- comes of over $w,ooo. Among the incomes below $5,ooo there are no appreciable differences in E mean (3. 30 to 3? 57), and no consistent trend of increase or decrease. However, the $5,ooo-$w,ooo group has a conspicuously low E mean of 3. 02, while the "above $w,ooo" group is highest in ethno- centrism, with a mean of 4. 70. The large but heterogeneous group-mostly women-with no income is also relatively high on E (4. 10). Among the Working-Class Men (Form 40), E mean decreases as income increases up to $5,ooo, after which the E mean goes up again. Among the Middle-Class Men (Form 40) and the University of Oregon and University of California Student Men (Form 6o), on the other hand, the $5,ooo-$w,ooo group is by far the lowest on E. Thus, there is no simple relation between income and ethnocentrism, and the relation between income and ideology may well be different for the middle class as compared with the working class. It is of some interest that in the two groups of nonstudent women (Psychiatric Clinic and Middle Class) those with no income were considerably more ethnocentric on the average than those with some income. The lower E mean in women who work may be due to their economic position; it is more likely, however, that the personality trends which lead to nonethnocentrism tend to produce also the willingness or desire to have gainful work.
It seemed that expected income might yield a better measure of economic aspirations (and perhaps of class identification) than did present income. The mean E scores for groups divided on the basis of expected income (ten years from now) are presented in Table IS (V). The two largest groups are those expecting $5,ooo-$w,ooo and $3,ooo-$3,9oo, in that order. The over-all totals for all samples combined show that E mean gradually increases as expected income increases. However, the data for individual samples reveal a more complex state of affairs. The E mean for the three highest income groupings ($4,ooo and above) is greater than that for the low income groupings mainly because the ethnocentric Maritime School samples (Forms 45 and 40) form the bulk (5o-7o per cent) of these groupings. It will be noted that within each Maritime School sample there is no clear-cut relationship between expected income and E mean. Similarly, there are no consistent trends in the other samples. Thus, for Form 78 the $4,ooo-$w,ooo levels are slightly but not significantly more ethnocentric than the lower levels, but the lowest E mean is for the "above $w,ooo" level. For Form 6o, on the other hand, the variations in E mean are small (2. 97 to 3? 34) and unrelated to income. Dif- ferences among samples are, therefore, much greater than differences among actual or expected income levels. 16 These results have little if any bearing
16 Similar negative results were obtained in preliminary (unpublished) studies of E in relation to desired income.
? 200
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY TABLE 18 (V)
MEAN A-S OR E SCORESa FOR GROUPS HAVING VARIOUS LEVELS OF EXPECTED YEARLY INCOME
Group
Groups taking Form 78:
U. C. Public Speaking Class Women U. C.
Public Speaking Class Men Extension Psychology Class Women Professional Women
Totals:
Groups taking Form 60:
University of Oregon Student Women
Univ. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Women Univ. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Men
Totals:
Groups taking Form 45:
Maritime School Men Psychiatric Clinic Men
Totals
Group taking Form 40:
Maritime School Men OVer-all totals:
Expected Income Below $2,000-
$2,000 2,900 N Mean N Mean
on the theory that economic forces play a basic role in creating a setting for the development of ethnocentrism; but they provide evidence against the hypothesis that economic level and economic motives per se operate as major psychological forces impelling the individual in an ethnocentric or anti- ethnocentric direction.
A further hypothesis to be considered is that prejudice is determined by the economic level of the parents. Stated most simply: "A person growing up in a rich family is more likely to be prejudiced than one growing up in a middle- or low-income family. " In order to make a partial test of this hypoth- esis, a question regarding father's income was included in the questionnaire, and the mean A-S or E score was obtained for groups representing several income levels. The data are presented in Table 19(V). The number of cases
6 3. 08 26 0 5 0 4
14 2. 91 11 20 2. 97 46
2. 99 3. 74 3. 80 2. 65
3. 06
3. 27 3. 30 3. 07
3. 27
4. 16 3. 30
3. 94
5. 22 3. 37
2 2. 99 6 3. 90 2 1. 99
9 9 2
10 3. 34 20
3 5. 17 9 0 3
3 5. 17 12
1 5. 20 16 34 3. 34 94
? POLITICO-ECONOMIC IDEOLOGY AND GROUP MEMBERSHIPS 20I
$3,000- $4,000- 3,900 4,900 N Mean N Mean
21 3. 18 6 4. 32 9 3. 00 10 3. 52 4 2. 10 3. 80
14 2. 84 3 2. 07 48 2. 95 20. 3. 56
6 3. 54 1 2. 66 16 2. 91 4 4. 03 12 2. 75 7 2. 70
34 2. 97 12 3. 14
27 4. 57 14 4. 52 83. 5934. 73
35 4. 34 17 4. 55
Expected Income $5, 000- Above
10,000 $10,000 Blank NMean NMean NMean N
None over-all Mean N Mean S . D .
3. 11 140 3. 32 1. 43 52 3. 34 1. 48 42 3. 40 1. 36 63 2. 57 1. 37
3. 11 297 3. 18 1. 46
28 5. 23 20 5. 05 44 5. 06 10 145 3. 73 69 4. 16 193 4. 09 31
113. 62 22 3. 55 4 2. 35 4 2. 10
41 3. 31
1 2. 82
31. 91 24 3. 12
28 2. 98
70 4. 46 10 3. 45
0 56 1 1. 20 5 0 29 3 3. 07 14
4 2. 60 104
0 19 0 8 4 3. 03 6
4 3. 03 33
12 4. 38 2 1 3. 40 0
3. 45 14 2. 76 0 3. 66 0 2. 04 0
3. 28 14
3. 50 9 3. 71 8 3. 03 0
3. 47 17
3. 95 41 25
3. 95 66
45 3. 33 142
3. 55 2. 95
47 3. 42 1. 38 54 3. 24 1. 29 57 2. 93 1. 25
80 4. 34 13
4. 30 2
5. 60 0 4. 34 139
3. 27158 3. 18 1. 31
3. 98178 4. 36 1. 60 3. 70 50 3. 67 1. 59
3. 87228 4. 20 1. 62
4. 84 164 5. 08 1. 76 4. 03 847 3. 82
aThe following scales were used in the various forms:
Form 78: A-S Scale (12 items)
Form 60: Form 45: Form 40:
E Scale E Scale E Scale
(10 items) (10 items) (5 items)
in the various income levels provides another indication of the largely middle- class character of the total sample. The $5,ooo-$ro,ooo group was the largest, with 205 cases. The $z,ooo-$z,9oo and $3,ooo-$3,900 groups, which during 1944-46 would probably have been the largest in the general population, had 154 and r86 cases, respectively. A disproportionately large number, 55, were in the "$ro,ooo and above" group. The interpretation of these data is com- plicated by the fact that the father's income now may not b~ what it was
? 202
THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY TABlE 19 (V)
MEAN A-S OR E SCmESa F<Jt GROUPS WHOSE FATHERS HAD VARIOlE Il'? 0MES
Groups taking Form 78:
u. c. Public Speaking Class Women u. c. Public Speaking Class Men Extension Psychology Class Women Professional Women
Totals:
Groups taking Form 60:
University of Oregon Student Women
Univ. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Women Univ. of Oregon and Univ. of California Student Men
Totals:
Groups taking Form 45:
Maritime School Men Psychiatric Clinic Men Psychiatric Clinic Women
Totals:
Groups taking Form 40:
George Washington University Student Women Maritime School Men
Middle-Class Women
Middle-Class. Men
Working-Class Men Totals:
Over-all totals:
$2,000- 2,900 N Mean
17 3. 35 6 3. 33 2 4. 25 6 2. 30
31 3. 20
7 3. 08
9 3. 17 11 3. 28
27 3. 19
26 4. 09 4 2. 88 4 3. 70
34 3. 90
7 3. 20 34 5. 48 9 3. 29 8 3. 35 4 5. 40
during the subject's childhood. It should also be noted that almost half of the subjects left this question blank; it is not possible to say how much this has influenced the results.
The E means in Table 19(V) do not vary c"onsistently in relation to father's income. They show negligible and unsystematic variations (from 3? 77 to 3. 92) among the various levels below $w,ooo. However, the group whose fathers earned $ro,ooo per year and above is significantly less ethno- centric than the combined lower income levels (means of 3? 35 and 3. 84
Below $2,000 N Mean
8 2. 94 2 5. 45 1 4. 20 2 5. 65
13 3. 84
5 3. 45 0
6 2. 60
11 2. 99
12 3. 88 6 3. 62 5 4. 36
23 3. 92
2 4. 80 6 5. 57 7 3. 46 3 2. 87 5 4. 00
23 4. 16
70 3. 84 154 3. 92
62 4.
