The more he
advanced
in the
affections of the people, the more openly did he de-
clare himself against Antony.
affections of the people, the more openly did he de-
clare himself against Antony.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
It
was on the banks of this stream that the battle of Can-
nes was fought. Polybius (3, 110) remarks of the
Aufidus, that it is the only river which, rising on the
western side of the Apennines, finds its way through
that continuous chain into the Adriatic. But it may
be doubted whether the historian speaks with his usu-
al accuracy. It is certain that the Aufidus cannot be
said to penetrate entirely through the chain of those
mountains, since it rises on one side of it, while the
Silarus flows from the other. The Aufidus was re-
markable for the rapidity of its course. (Horat. , Od. ,
4, 14. -- Id. , Od. , 30, 3-- Id. , Od. , 4, 9. --' Cramer's
Arte. Italy, vol. 2, p. 295. )
Auoe, daughter of Aleus, king of Tcgea. She be-
came a mother by Hercules, and secretly laid her off-
spring, a son, in the sacred enclosure (ri/ievo() of Mi-
nerva. A famine coming on the land, Aleus went to
the re/ievoc of the goddess; and, searching about,
found his daughter's infant, which he exposed on
Mount Parthenion. But the babe was protected by
the care of the gods, for a hind which had just brought
forth came and suckled him; and the shepherds,
finding him thus nursed, named him Telcphus from
that circumstance (Wo^oc, a hind). Aleus gave his
daughter Augc to Nauplius, the son of Neptune, to
sell her out of the country; and he disposed of her to
? ? Tcuthras, king of Teuthrania, on the Cayster, in My-
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? AITGURES.
AUG
to be done or not, and also in what way the omens
themselves were to be taken. (Compare Midler,
Etnuk. , \o\. 2, p. 117. )--The whole system of au-
gural science was of Etrurian origin. In this latter
country it served as a powerful engine of state in the
hands of the aristocracy, and the same result was for
a considerable time effected at Rome. Meetings of
the Comitia Centuriata, for example, could not be held
at all, if any augur declared the omens unpropitious;
or the Comitia were broken off if a magistrate, virtu-
ally invested with augural powers, declared that he had
heard thunder or seen lightning. So, again, all the
business transacted at any comitia, except the Tributa,
went for nothing, if, after the assembly had been held,
an augur declared that there had been some informal-
ity in taking the auspices before the meeting was con-
vened. --The augurs are supposed to have been first
instituted. by Romulus, who appointed three, one for
each tribe. This, however, was mere popular opin-
ion, and had no foundation in reality. A fourth augur
was added, it is thought, by Servius Tullius, when he
increased the number of tribes, and divided the city
into four tribes. The augurs were at first all patri-
cians, until A. U. C. 454, when five plebeians were ad-
ded. Sylla increased their number to fifteen. The
chief of the augurs was called Magis! er Collegii. The
augurs enjoyed this singular privilege, that of what-
ever crime they were guilty, they could not be de-
prived of their office; because, as Plutarch remarks,
they were intrusted with the secrets of the empire.
The laws of friendship were anciently observed with
great care among the augurs, and no one was admitted
into their college who was known to be inimical to
any of their number. --The augur mado his observa-
tions on the heavens usually in the dead of night, or
about twilight. He took his station on an elevated
place, where the view was open on all sides, and, to
make it so, buildings were sometimes pulled down.
Having first offered up sacrifices, and uttered a solemn
prayer, he sat down with his head covered, and with
his face turned to the east, so that he had the south on
his right and the north on his left. Then he deter-
mined with his litu us the regions of the heavens from
east to west, and marked in his mind some object
straightforward, at as great a distance as his eyes could
reach, within which boundaries he should make his
observations. There were generally five things from
which the augurs drew omens: the first consisted in
observing the phenomena of the heavens, such as thun-
der, lightning, comets, &c. The second kind of omen
was drawn from the chirping or flying of birds. The
third was from the sacred chickens, whose eagerness
or indifference in eating the food which was thrown
to them was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. The
fourth was from quadrupeds, from their crossing or
appearing in some unaccustomed place. The fifth
was from different casualties, which were called Dim,
such as spilling salt on the table, or wine upon one's
clothes, hearing ill-omened words or strange noises,
stumbling or sneezing, meeting a wolf, hare, fox, or
pregnant bitch, etc. These the augur explained, and
taught how they ought to be expiated. --In whatever
position the augur stood, omens on the left, among
the Romans, were reckoned lucky. But sometimes
omens on the left are called unlucky, in imitation of
the Greeks, among whom augurs stood with their faces
to the north, and then the east* which was the lucky
? ? quarter, was on the right. Thunder on the left was
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? AUG.
AUGUSTUS.
aries on Scripture; epistles on a great variety of sub-
jects, doctrinal, moral, and personal; sermons and
homilies; treatises on various points of discipline;
and elaborate arguments against heretics. With the
exception of those of Aristotle, no writings contributed
more than Augustine's to encourage the spirit of subtle
disputation which distinguished the scholastic ages.
They exhibit much facility of invention and strength
of reasoning, with more argument than eloquence, and
more wit than learning. Erasmus calls Augustine a
writer of obscure subtlety, who requires in the reader
acute penetration, close attention, and quick recollec-
tion, and by no means repays rum for the application
of all these requisites. His works are now almost
wholly neglected. (Encyclop. Americ. , vol. 1, p. 468. )
--Among the sources of information in modern times
respecting the life and productions of St. Augustine,
the following may be mentioned: CeiUier, Hist. Gen-
eral, des Aut. Eccles. (Paris, 1744, 4to), vols. 11 and
12. --Tiliemont, Memoircs, &c, vol. 13. -- Vit. August.
Vaillant, et Du Frische: ed. Op. Benedict. , vol. 11. --
Act. Sand. Mens. Aug. , vol. 6, p. 213, seqq. --L. Bcrti,
de rebus gestis S. August. (Venet. , 1746, 4to). --Ros-
ier, liild. der Kirchcnvdt. , vol. 9, p. 257. --Fabricms,
Bibl. Lot. , vol. 3, p. bVi,seqq. --Schrockh, Ktrchcng. ,
vol. 15, p. 219, seqq. --Biogr. Univ. , vol. 3, p. 54, scqq.
-- Wiggcrs, Versueh. einer pragmat. DarsteUung des
August, und Pelagianismus (Hamburg, 1822, 8vo),
vol. 1, p. 7, seqq.
Auoustulus (Romulus Momyllus, surname. ! Au-
gustus, or, in derision, Augustulus), the last Roman
emperor of the West. He was the son of Orestes, a
patrician and commander of the Roman forces in
Gaul. Augustulus was crowned by his father A. D.
475; but was dethroned the next year by Odoacer,
king of the Heruli, who put Orestes to death, and ban-
ished the young monarch to Campania, allowing him
at the same time a revenue for his support. The true
name of this emperor was Augustus, but the Romans
of his time gave him, in derision, the appellation of
Augustulus (The Little Augustus), which has become
the historical name of this feeble sovereign. His fa-
ther Orestes was the actual emperor, and the son a
mere puppet in his hands. (Cassiod. et Marccll. in
Ckron. --Jornandes. --Procoptus. )
Auoustus (Caius Octavius Caesar Augustus),
originally called Caius Octavius, was the son of Caius
Octavius, and of Attia daughter of Julia the sister of
Julius Cesar. The family of the Octavii were orig-
inally from Velitre, a city of the Volsci. The branch
from which Augustus sprung was rich, and of eques-
trian rank. His father was the first of the name that
obtained the title of senator, but died when his son
was only four years old. The mother of the young
Octavius soon after married L. Philippus, under whose
care he was brought up, until his great uncle Julius
Cesar, having no children, began to regard him as
his heir (Veil. Paterc, 2, 85), and when he was be-
tween sixteen and seventeen years of age, bestowed
upon him some military rewards at the celebration
of his triumph for his victories in Africa. (Suet. ,
Aug. , 8. ) In the following year he accompanied his
uncle into Spain, where he is said to have given in-
dications of talent and activity; and in the winter of
that same year he was sent to Apolloni>> in Epirus,
there to employ himself in completing his education,
till Cesar should be ready to take him with him on
? ? his expedition against the Parthians. He was accord-
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? r
AUGUSTUS.
had been carried on between the chiefs of the two
armies before they -were advanced very near to one
another; and it was determined that all differences
ihould finally be settled, and the future measures which
they were to take in common should be arranged at
a personal interview. This interview resulted m the
formation of a. Triumvirate, or High Commission of
ihrw, for settling the affairs of the Commonwealth
during five years. (? . z<<7. , Epit. , lib. 120. -- Appian,
Bell, dr. , 4, 3. ) They divided among themselves
those provinces of the empire which were subject to
their power, and the triumvirate was cemented by the
most dreadful scenes of proscription and murder,
daring which fell the celebrated Cicero, a victim to
the vengeance of Antony, and basely left to his fate
by the heartless Octavius. After the hopes of the
republican party had been crushed at Philippi, Anto-
ii',. in an evil hour for himself, turned his back upon
Italy, and left the immediate government of the cap-
ital in the hands of his associate. On returning to
Home, Octavius satisfied the cupidity of his soldiers
by the division of the finest lands in the Italian penin-
sula. This division gave rise to the most violent dis-
turbance. In the midst of the stormy scenes that now
convulsed Italy, Octavius was obliged to contend with
Fulvia, whose daughter Clodia he had rejected, and
with Lucius, the brother-in-law of Antony. After
Mvenl battles, Lucius threw himself into the city of
Pemsii, where he was soon after obliged to surrender.
The city was given up to be plundered, and 300 sen-
ators were condemned to death, as a propitiatory sac-
rifice to the manes of the deified Cssar. After the
return of Antony an end was put to the proscriptions,
and such of the proscribed persons as had escaped
death by flight, and whom Octavius no longer feared,
were allowed to return. There were still some dis-
turbances in Gaul, and the naval war with Sextus
Pompeiug continued for several year*. After his re-
turn from Gaul, Octavius married the famous Livia,
the wife of Claudius Nero, whom he comjyjlcd^to
resign her, after he himself had divorced hiOhird wiK)
Scribooia. Lepidus, who had hitherto retainiWarrSp-
pearance of power, was now deprived of his authority,
and died as a private man B. C. 13. Antony and Oc-
iaviug then divided the empire. But while the for-
mer, in the East, gave himself up to a life of luxury,
the young Octavius pursued his plan of making him-
self'sole master of the Roman world. He especially
strove to obtain the affections of the people. A
firm government was established; the system of auda-
cious robbery, which the distresses of the times had
long fostered at Rome and throughout Italy, was
speedily and effectually suppressed. He showed
mildness and a degree of magnanimity, if it could be
so called, without the appearance of striving after the
highest power, and even declared himself ready to lay
down his power when Antony should return from his
war against the Part hians. He appeared rather to per-
mit than to wish himself to be appointed perpetual
tribune, an office which virtually invested him with
sovereign authority.
The more he advanced in the
affections of the people, the more openly did he de-
clare himself against Antony. Meanwhile the latter
had excited a strong feeling of disgust not only among
the Romans at home, but even among his own offi-
cers, by his shameful abandonment to the celebrated
Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt. His divorcing him-
? ? self from Octavia. the sister of his colleague in the
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? AUGUSTUS.
AUGUSTUS.
-Uthiopians in check. He concluded a treaty with the
Parthians, by which they gave up Armenia, and re-
stored the eagles taken from Crassus and Antony.
At the foot of the Alps he erected monuments of his
triumphs over the mountaineers, the proud remains of
which are yet to be seen at Susa and Aosta. After
he had established peace throughout the empire, he
closed (for the third time since the foundation of Rome)
the temple of Janus (B. C. 10). This universal repose,
however, was interrupted, A. D. 9, by the defeat of
Varus, who lost three legions in an engagement with
the Germans under Arminius, and killed himself in
despair. The intelligence of this misfortune greatly
agitated Augustus. He let his beard and hair grow,
and often cried out, as if in the deepest sorrow, " Oh
Varus, give me back my legions. '" Meanwhile the
Germans were held in check by Tiberius. During the
peace, to which we have just referred, Augustus had
issued many useful decrees, and abolished many abuses
in the government. He gave a new form to the senate,
employed himself in improving the manners of the
people, promoted marriage, suppressed luxury, intro-
duced discipline into the armies, and, in a word, did
everything in his power to subserve the best interests
of the state. He adorned Rome in such a manner,
that it was truly said by him, "he found it of brick,
and left it of marble. " (Sucton. , Aug. , 29. -- Dio
Cass. , 56, 30. ) He also made journeys everywhere,
to increase the blessings of peace; he went to Sicily
and Greece, Asia Minor, Sicily, Gaul, and other quar-
ters: in several places he founded cities and established
colonies. (Veil. Paterc, 2, 92. ) The people erected
altars to him, and by a decree of the senate, the month
Seztilis was called by the new appellation of Augustus
(August). Two conspiracies, which threatened his
life, miscarried. Ctepio, Murana, and Egnatius were
punished with death: Cinna was more fortunate, re-
ceiving pardon from the emperor. This forbearance
increased the love of the Romans, and diminished the
number of the disaffected; so that the master of Rome
would have had nothing to wish for, if his family had
been as obedient as the world. The debauchery of
his daughter Julia gave him the greatest pain, and he
showed himself more severe towards those who de-
stroyed the honour of his family than towards those
who had threatened his life. History says, that in his
old age he was ruled by Livia, the only person per-
haps whom he truly loved. He had no sons, and lost
by death his sister's son Marcellus, and his daughter's
urns Caius and Lucius, whom he had appointed his
successors. Drusus, also, his son-in-law, whom he
loved, died early; and Tiberius, the brother of the
latter, whom he hated on account of his bad qualities,
alone survived. These numerous calamities, together
with his continually increasing infirmities, gave him a
strong desire for repose. He undertook a journey to
Campania, from whose purer air he hoped for relief;
but disease fixed upon him, and he died at Nola (Au-
gust 19, A. D. 14), in the seventy-sixth year of his age,
and forty-fifth of his reign. --Augustus was in his stat-
ure something below the middle size, but extremely
well proportioned. (Sucton. , Aug. , 79. ) His hair
was a little inclined to curl, and of a yellowish brown;
his eyes were bright and lively; but the general ex-
pression of his countenance was remarkably calm and
mild. His health was throughout his life delicate, yet
the constant attention which he paid to it, and his strict
? ? temperance in eating and drinking, enabled him to reach
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? A U I,
piie Dio Cass. , 53, 16. ) And hence, as Gronovius
correctly remarks, the term in question contains deiov
7t, "something of a divine nature. " The Greeks,
moreover, rendered Augustus into their language by
Zfferrof, which Dio Cassias (I. c. ) explains by o-ejirof.
(Creuzer, Rom. Antiq. , p. 292, seqq. )
Avilsrcs, Flavius, a Latin versifier of -Esopic fa-
bles, forty-two in number. The measure adopted by
him is the elegiac. According to Cannegietcr, one of
bis editors, Avianus flourished about 160 A. D. (Hen-
nc. Canneg. de atatc, &c. Flat. Arnani Jhsserlatio,
p. 231, seqq) This opinion, however, is rendered al-
together untenable by the inferior character of the
Latinity, which Cannegieter endeavours, though un-
successfully, to defend. Avianus would seem to have
lived in the reign of Theodosius, long after the date
assigned by the scholar just mentioned. His work is
dedicated to a certain Theodosius, supposed to have
been the grammarian Macrobius Theodosius. The fa-
bles of Avianus are sometimes erroneously ascribed to
Avienus. The best editions of Avianus are that of
Cannegieter, Amstelod. , 1731, 8vo, and that ofNodell,
Amsietod. , 1787, 8vo. (Bahr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol.
1, p. 317. )
AviENfs, Rufus Festus, a Roman poet, whose age
and country have both been disputed. St. Jerome
speaks of him as of a recent writer(m Eptst. ad Tttum,
v. 12). and we can scarcely, therefore, with Crinitu&j
place him in the reign of Dioclesian. (Cnnil. , de poet.
La. , c. 80. ) The death of Jerome happened A. D.
420, in his ninety-first year: on the supposition, there-
fore, that Avienus flourished about the middle of that
father's protracted life, we may assign him to about
A. D. 370, or the period of Valentiman, Valens, and
Gratian. Tradition or conjecture has made him a
Spaniard by birth; but this opinion is unsupported by
written testimony, and even contradicted, if the in-
scription found in the Cssarian Villa refer to this poet,
which there seems small reason to doubt. From this
we learn that he was the son of Musonius Avienus, or
the son of Avienus and descendant of Musonius, ac-
cordingly as we punctuate the first line (" Festus Mu-
stmi soboles prolesque Avieni"); that he was born at
Vulsinii in Etruria; that he resided at Rome; that he
was twice proconsul, and the author of many poetical
pieces. The same inscription contradicts the notion,
too precipitately grounded on some vague expressions
in his writings, that he was a Christian; for it is no-
thing else than a religious address to the goddess Nor-
tia. the Fortune of the Etrurians. The extant and ac-
knowledged works of this poet are versions of the ? <<-
voficva of Aratus, and the lleptyyvmc of Dionysius;
and a portion of a poem "De Ora Marttima," which
includes, with some digressions, the coast between
Cadiz and Marseilles. The other poems generally be-
lieved to be the work of Avienus are, an Epistle to
Flavianus Myrmecius, an elegiac piece "de Canto Si-
renum," and some verses addressed to the author's
friends from the conntry. A poem " de urbibus His-
pam<z Medtterranets," is cited by some Spanish wri-
ters as the production of Avienus (Kicolaus Anionics,
BM. Vet. Hisp. , 2, 9), but it is generally supposed to
be the forgery of a Jesuit of Toledo. Servius (ad Virg. ,
. En. , 10,272--388) ascribes to Avienus iambic versions
of the narrative of Virgil and the history of Livy;
which observation of the grammarian, together with a
consideration of the genius and habits of this poet, ren-
ders it not altogether improbable that he is the author
? ? of a very curious and spirited Latin Epitome of the
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? AURELIANUS.
His next elevation was to the throne, Claudius II. , on
his deathbed, having recommended Aurelian to the
troops of Illyricum, who readily acceded to his wishes.
The reign of this monarch lasted only four years and
about nine months; but every instant of that short
period was filled by some memorable achievement.
He put an end to the Gothic war, chastised the Ger-
mans who invaded Italy, recovered Gaul, Spain, and
Britain out of the hands of Tetricus, and destroyed the
proud monarchy which Zenobia had erected in the East
on the ruins of the afflicted empire. Owing to the un-
fenerous excuse of the queen, that she had waged war
y the advice of her ministers, her secretary, the cel-
ebrated Longinus, was put to death by the victor; but,
after having graced his triumphal entry into Rome,
Zenobia herself was presented with a villa near Tibur,
and allowed to spend the remainder of her days as a
Roman matron. (Kid. Zenobia, Longinus, Palmyra. )
Aurelian followed up his victories by the reformation
of abuses, and the restoration throughout the empire
of order and regularity, but he tarnished his good in-
tentions by the general severity of his measures, and
the sacrifice of the scnatorim order to his slightest
suspicions. He had planned a great expedition against
Persia, and was waiting in Thrace for an opportunity
to cross the straits, when he lost his life, A. I). 125, by
assassination, the result of a conspiracy excited by a
secretary whom he intended to call to account for
peculation. Aurelian was a wise, able, and active
prince, and very useful in the declining state of the
empire; but the austerity of his character caused him
to be very little regretted. It is said that he meditated
a severe persecution on the Christians, when he was
so suddenly cut off. (Hist. August. , p. 211, seqq. --
Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. 11. -- Biogr. Univ. , vol.
3. p. 72. --Encyclop. Am. , vol. 1, p. 474. )--II. Cslius,
a native of Sicca, in Numidia, who is supposed to have
lived between 180 and 240 AD. He was a member
of the medical profession, and has left behind him two
works: the one entitled, " Libit Quinque tardarum
live chronicarum passwnum," and the other, "Libri
tret celerum site acutarum passionum. " Both arc
drawn from Greek authors; from Themison, Thessa-
lus, and, above all, Soranus. Cselius Aurelianus being
the only author of the sect called Methodists who has
come down to us (if we except Octavius Horatianus,
who lived in the days of the Emperor Valentinian, and
is little known), his work is particularly valuable, as
preserving to us an account of many theories and views
of practice which would otherwise have been lost; but
even of itself it is deserving of much attention for the
practical information which it contains. Ctelius is re-
markable for learning, understanding, and scrupulous
accuracy; but his style is much loaded with technical
terms, and by no means elegant. He has treated of
the most important diseases which come under the care
of the physician in the following manner. In the first
place, he gives a very circumstantial account of the
symptoms, which he does, however, more like a syste-
matic writer and a compiler, than as an original ob-
server of nature. Next, he is at great pains to point
out the distinction between the disease he is treating
of and those which very nearly resemble it. He after-
ward endeavors to determine the nature and seat of
the disease; and this part frequently contains valuable
references to the works of Erasistratus, the celebrated
Alexandrean anatomist. Then comes his account of
the treatment, which is, in general, sensible and sci-
? ? entific, but somewhat too formal, timid, and fettered
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? A US
AUS
star above her head, standing in a chariot <lrawn by
winged horses, while in one hand she holds a torch,
and with the other scatters roses, as illustrative of the
flowers springing from the dew, which the poets de-
scribe as diffused from the eyes of the goddess in liquid
pearls. (Compare Inghirami, Man. Etrusc, 1, 5. --
Mtikn. Vase* de Canosa, 5. Vases, 1,15. --Id. ibid. ,
2, 37-- Eckhel, SyU. , 7, 3. --MiUUr, ArchttoL tier
Kunst, p. 611. )
Avbunci, a people of Latium, on the coast towards
Campania, southeast of the Volsci. They were, in
fact, identical with the Ausonians. The Italian form
of the name Ausoncs can have been no other than
Aurun. for from this Aurunci is manifestly derived.
Auruncus is Aurunicus; the termination belongs to
the number of adjective-forms in which the old Latin
luxuriated, so as even to form Tuscanicus from Tuscus.
(lYiebahr's Rom. Hist. , voL 1, p. 56, 2d ed.
was on the banks of this stream that the battle of Can-
nes was fought. Polybius (3, 110) remarks of the
Aufidus, that it is the only river which, rising on the
western side of the Apennines, finds its way through
that continuous chain into the Adriatic. But it may
be doubted whether the historian speaks with his usu-
al accuracy. It is certain that the Aufidus cannot be
said to penetrate entirely through the chain of those
mountains, since it rises on one side of it, while the
Silarus flows from the other. The Aufidus was re-
markable for the rapidity of its course. (Horat. , Od. ,
4, 14. -- Id. , Od. , 30, 3-- Id. , Od. , 4, 9. --' Cramer's
Arte. Italy, vol. 2, p. 295. )
Auoe, daughter of Aleus, king of Tcgea. She be-
came a mother by Hercules, and secretly laid her off-
spring, a son, in the sacred enclosure (ri/ievo() of Mi-
nerva. A famine coming on the land, Aleus went to
the re/ievoc of the goddess; and, searching about,
found his daughter's infant, which he exposed on
Mount Parthenion. But the babe was protected by
the care of the gods, for a hind which had just brought
forth came and suckled him; and the shepherds,
finding him thus nursed, named him Telcphus from
that circumstance (Wo^oc, a hind). Aleus gave his
daughter Augc to Nauplius, the son of Neptune, to
sell her out of the country; and he disposed of her to
? ? Tcuthras, king of Teuthrania, on the Cayster, in My-
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? AITGURES.
AUG
to be done or not, and also in what way the omens
themselves were to be taken. (Compare Midler,
Etnuk. , \o\. 2, p. 117. )--The whole system of au-
gural science was of Etrurian origin. In this latter
country it served as a powerful engine of state in the
hands of the aristocracy, and the same result was for
a considerable time effected at Rome. Meetings of
the Comitia Centuriata, for example, could not be held
at all, if any augur declared the omens unpropitious;
or the Comitia were broken off if a magistrate, virtu-
ally invested with augural powers, declared that he had
heard thunder or seen lightning. So, again, all the
business transacted at any comitia, except the Tributa,
went for nothing, if, after the assembly had been held,
an augur declared that there had been some informal-
ity in taking the auspices before the meeting was con-
vened. --The augurs are supposed to have been first
instituted. by Romulus, who appointed three, one for
each tribe. This, however, was mere popular opin-
ion, and had no foundation in reality. A fourth augur
was added, it is thought, by Servius Tullius, when he
increased the number of tribes, and divided the city
into four tribes. The augurs were at first all patri-
cians, until A. U. C. 454, when five plebeians were ad-
ded. Sylla increased their number to fifteen. The
chief of the augurs was called Magis! er Collegii. The
augurs enjoyed this singular privilege, that of what-
ever crime they were guilty, they could not be de-
prived of their office; because, as Plutarch remarks,
they were intrusted with the secrets of the empire.
The laws of friendship were anciently observed with
great care among the augurs, and no one was admitted
into their college who was known to be inimical to
any of their number. --The augur mado his observa-
tions on the heavens usually in the dead of night, or
about twilight. He took his station on an elevated
place, where the view was open on all sides, and, to
make it so, buildings were sometimes pulled down.
Having first offered up sacrifices, and uttered a solemn
prayer, he sat down with his head covered, and with
his face turned to the east, so that he had the south on
his right and the north on his left. Then he deter-
mined with his litu us the regions of the heavens from
east to west, and marked in his mind some object
straightforward, at as great a distance as his eyes could
reach, within which boundaries he should make his
observations. There were generally five things from
which the augurs drew omens: the first consisted in
observing the phenomena of the heavens, such as thun-
der, lightning, comets, &c. The second kind of omen
was drawn from the chirping or flying of birds. The
third was from the sacred chickens, whose eagerness
or indifference in eating the food which was thrown
to them was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. The
fourth was from quadrupeds, from their crossing or
appearing in some unaccustomed place. The fifth
was from different casualties, which were called Dim,
such as spilling salt on the table, or wine upon one's
clothes, hearing ill-omened words or strange noises,
stumbling or sneezing, meeting a wolf, hare, fox, or
pregnant bitch, etc. These the augur explained, and
taught how they ought to be expiated. --In whatever
position the augur stood, omens on the left, among
the Romans, were reckoned lucky. But sometimes
omens on the left are called unlucky, in imitation of
the Greeks, among whom augurs stood with their faces
to the north, and then the east* which was the lucky
? ? quarter, was on the right. Thunder on the left was
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? AUG.
AUGUSTUS.
aries on Scripture; epistles on a great variety of sub-
jects, doctrinal, moral, and personal; sermons and
homilies; treatises on various points of discipline;
and elaborate arguments against heretics. With the
exception of those of Aristotle, no writings contributed
more than Augustine's to encourage the spirit of subtle
disputation which distinguished the scholastic ages.
They exhibit much facility of invention and strength
of reasoning, with more argument than eloquence, and
more wit than learning. Erasmus calls Augustine a
writer of obscure subtlety, who requires in the reader
acute penetration, close attention, and quick recollec-
tion, and by no means repays rum for the application
of all these requisites. His works are now almost
wholly neglected. (Encyclop. Americ. , vol. 1, p. 468. )
--Among the sources of information in modern times
respecting the life and productions of St. Augustine,
the following may be mentioned: CeiUier, Hist. Gen-
eral, des Aut. Eccles. (Paris, 1744, 4to), vols. 11 and
12. --Tiliemont, Memoircs, &c, vol. 13. -- Vit. August.
Vaillant, et Du Frische: ed. Op. Benedict. , vol. 11. --
Act. Sand. Mens. Aug. , vol. 6, p. 213, seqq. --L. Bcrti,
de rebus gestis S. August. (Venet. , 1746, 4to). --Ros-
ier, liild. der Kirchcnvdt. , vol. 9, p. 257. --Fabricms,
Bibl. Lot. , vol. 3, p. bVi,seqq. --Schrockh, Ktrchcng. ,
vol. 15, p. 219, seqq. --Biogr. Univ. , vol. 3, p. 54, scqq.
-- Wiggcrs, Versueh. einer pragmat. DarsteUung des
August, und Pelagianismus (Hamburg, 1822, 8vo),
vol. 1, p. 7, seqq.
Auoustulus (Romulus Momyllus, surname. ! Au-
gustus, or, in derision, Augustulus), the last Roman
emperor of the West. He was the son of Orestes, a
patrician and commander of the Roman forces in
Gaul. Augustulus was crowned by his father A. D.
475; but was dethroned the next year by Odoacer,
king of the Heruli, who put Orestes to death, and ban-
ished the young monarch to Campania, allowing him
at the same time a revenue for his support. The true
name of this emperor was Augustus, but the Romans
of his time gave him, in derision, the appellation of
Augustulus (The Little Augustus), which has become
the historical name of this feeble sovereign. His fa-
ther Orestes was the actual emperor, and the son a
mere puppet in his hands. (Cassiod. et Marccll. in
Ckron. --Jornandes. --Procoptus. )
Auoustus (Caius Octavius Caesar Augustus),
originally called Caius Octavius, was the son of Caius
Octavius, and of Attia daughter of Julia the sister of
Julius Cesar. The family of the Octavii were orig-
inally from Velitre, a city of the Volsci. The branch
from which Augustus sprung was rich, and of eques-
trian rank. His father was the first of the name that
obtained the title of senator, but died when his son
was only four years old. The mother of the young
Octavius soon after married L. Philippus, under whose
care he was brought up, until his great uncle Julius
Cesar, having no children, began to regard him as
his heir (Veil. Paterc, 2, 85), and when he was be-
tween sixteen and seventeen years of age, bestowed
upon him some military rewards at the celebration
of his triumph for his victories in Africa. (Suet. ,
Aug. , 8. ) In the following year he accompanied his
uncle into Spain, where he is said to have given in-
dications of talent and activity; and in the winter of
that same year he was sent to Apolloni>> in Epirus,
there to employ himself in completing his education,
till Cesar should be ready to take him with him on
? ? his expedition against the Parthians. He was accord-
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? r
AUGUSTUS.
had been carried on between the chiefs of the two
armies before they -were advanced very near to one
another; and it was determined that all differences
ihould finally be settled, and the future measures which
they were to take in common should be arranged at
a personal interview. This interview resulted m the
formation of a. Triumvirate, or High Commission of
ihrw, for settling the affairs of the Commonwealth
during five years. (? . z<<7. , Epit. , lib. 120. -- Appian,
Bell, dr. , 4, 3. ) They divided among themselves
those provinces of the empire which were subject to
their power, and the triumvirate was cemented by the
most dreadful scenes of proscription and murder,
daring which fell the celebrated Cicero, a victim to
the vengeance of Antony, and basely left to his fate
by the heartless Octavius. After the hopes of the
republican party had been crushed at Philippi, Anto-
ii',. in an evil hour for himself, turned his back upon
Italy, and left the immediate government of the cap-
ital in the hands of his associate. On returning to
Home, Octavius satisfied the cupidity of his soldiers
by the division of the finest lands in the Italian penin-
sula. This division gave rise to the most violent dis-
turbance. In the midst of the stormy scenes that now
convulsed Italy, Octavius was obliged to contend with
Fulvia, whose daughter Clodia he had rejected, and
with Lucius, the brother-in-law of Antony. After
Mvenl battles, Lucius threw himself into the city of
Pemsii, where he was soon after obliged to surrender.
The city was given up to be plundered, and 300 sen-
ators were condemned to death, as a propitiatory sac-
rifice to the manes of the deified Cssar. After the
return of Antony an end was put to the proscriptions,
and such of the proscribed persons as had escaped
death by flight, and whom Octavius no longer feared,
were allowed to return. There were still some dis-
turbances in Gaul, and the naval war with Sextus
Pompeiug continued for several year*. After his re-
turn from Gaul, Octavius married the famous Livia,
the wife of Claudius Nero, whom he comjyjlcd^to
resign her, after he himself had divorced hiOhird wiK)
Scribooia. Lepidus, who had hitherto retainiWarrSp-
pearance of power, was now deprived of his authority,
and died as a private man B. C. 13. Antony and Oc-
iaviug then divided the empire. But while the for-
mer, in the East, gave himself up to a life of luxury,
the young Octavius pursued his plan of making him-
self'sole master of the Roman world. He especially
strove to obtain the affections of the people. A
firm government was established; the system of auda-
cious robbery, which the distresses of the times had
long fostered at Rome and throughout Italy, was
speedily and effectually suppressed. He showed
mildness and a degree of magnanimity, if it could be
so called, without the appearance of striving after the
highest power, and even declared himself ready to lay
down his power when Antony should return from his
war against the Part hians. He appeared rather to per-
mit than to wish himself to be appointed perpetual
tribune, an office which virtually invested him with
sovereign authority.
The more he advanced in the
affections of the people, the more openly did he de-
clare himself against Antony. Meanwhile the latter
had excited a strong feeling of disgust not only among
the Romans at home, but even among his own offi-
cers, by his shameful abandonment to the celebrated
Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt. His divorcing him-
? ? self from Octavia. the sister of his colleague in the
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? AUGUSTUS.
AUGUSTUS.
-Uthiopians in check. He concluded a treaty with the
Parthians, by which they gave up Armenia, and re-
stored the eagles taken from Crassus and Antony.
At the foot of the Alps he erected monuments of his
triumphs over the mountaineers, the proud remains of
which are yet to be seen at Susa and Aosta. After
he had established peace throughout the empire, he
closed (for the third time since the foundation of Rome)
the temple of Janus (B. C. 10). This universal repose,
however, was interrupted, A. D. 9, by the defeat of
Varus, who lost three legions in an engagement with
the Germans under Arminius, and killed himself in
despair. The intelligence of this misfortune greatly
agitated Augustus. He let his beard and hair grow,
and often cried out, as if in the deepest sorrow, " Oh
Varus, give me back my legions. '" Meanwhile the
Germans were held in check by Tiberius. During the
peace, to which we have just referred, Augustus had
issued many useful decrees, and abolished many abuses
in the government. He gave a new form to the senate,
employed himself in improving the manners of the
people, promoted marriage, suppressed luxury, intro-
duced discipline into the armies, and, in a word, did
everything in his power to subserve the best interests
of the state. He adorned Rome in such a manner,
that it was truly said by him, "he found it of brick,
and left it of marble. " (Sucton. , Aug. , 29. -- Dio
Cass. , 56, 30. ) He also made journeys everywhere,
to increase the blessings of peace; he went to Sicily
and Greece, Asia Minor, Sicily, Gaul, and other quar-
ters: in several places he founded cities and established
colonies. (Veil. Paterc, 2, 92. ) The people erected
altars to him, and by a decree of the senate, the month
Seztilis was called by the new appellation of Augustus
(August). Two conspiracies, which threatened his
life, miscarried. Ctepio, Murana, and Egnatius were
punished with death: Cinna was more fortunate, re-
ceiving pardon from the emperor. This forbearance
increased the love of the Romans, and diminished the
number of the disaffected; so that the master of Rome
would have had nothing to wish for, if his family had
been as obedient as the world. The debauchery of
his daughter Julia gave him the greatest pain, and he
showed himself more severe towards those who de-
stroyed the honour of his family than towards those
who had threatened his life. History says, that in his
old age he was ruled by Livia, the only person per-
haps whom he truly loved. He had no sons, and lost
by death his sister's son Marcellus, and his daughter's
urns Caius and Lucius, whom he had appointed his
successors. Drusus, also, his son-in-law, whom he
loved, died early; and Tiberius, the brother of the
latter, whom he hated on account of his bad qualities,
alone survived. These numerous calamities, together
with his continually increasing infirmities, gave him a
strong desire for repose. He undertook a journey to
Campania, from whose purer air he hoped for relief;
but disease fixed upon him, and he died at Nola (Au-
gust 19, A. D. 14), in the seventy-sixth year of his age,
and forty-fifth of his reign. --Augustus was in his stat-
ure something below the middle size, but extremely
well proportioned. (Sucton. , Aug. , 79. ) His hair
was a little inclined to curl, and of a yellowish brown;
his eyes were bright and lively; but the general ex-
pression of his countenance was remarkably calm and
mild. His health was throughout his life delicate, yet
the constant attention which he paid to it, and his strict
? ? temperance in eating and drinking, enabled him to reach
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? A U I,
piie Dio Cass. , 53, 16. ) And hence, as Gronovius
correctly remarks, the term in question contains deiov
7t, "something of a divine nature. " The Greeks,
moreover, rendered Augustus into their language by
Zfferrof, which Dio Cassias (I. c. ) explains by o-ejirof.
(Creuzer, Rom. Antiq. , p. 292, seqq. )
Avilsrcs, Flavius, a Latin versifier of -Esopic fa-
bles, forty-two in number. The measure adopted by
him is the elegiac. According to Cannegietcr, one of
bis editors, Avianus flourished about 160 A. D. (Hen-
nc. Canneg. de atatc, &c. Flat. Arnani Jhsserlatio,
p. 231, seqq) This opinion, however, is rendered al-
together untenable by the inferior character of the
Latinity, which Cannegieter endeavours, though un-
successfully, to defend. Avianus would seem to have
lived in the reign of Theodosius, long after the date
assigned by the scholar just mentioned. His work is
dedicated to a certain Theodosius, supposed to have
been the grammarian Macrobius Theodosius. The fa-
bles of Avianus are sometimes erroneously ascribed to
Avienus. The best editions of Avianus are that of
Cannegieter, Amstelod. , 1731, 8vo, and that ofNodell,
Amsietod. , 1787, 8vo. (Bahr, Gesch. Rom. Lit. , vol.
1, p. 317. )
AviENfs, Rufus Festus, a Roman poet, whose age
and country have both been disputed. St. Jerome
speaks of him as of a recent writer(m Eptst. ad Tttum,
v. 12). and we can scarcely, therefore, with Crinitu&j
place him in the reign of Dioclesian. (Cnnil. , de poet.
La. , c. 80. ) The death of Jerome happened A. D.
420, in his ninety-first year: on the supposition, there-
fore, that Avienus flourished about the middle of that
father's protracted life, we may assign him to about
A. D. 370, or the period of Valentiman, Valens, and
Gratian. Tradition or conjecture has made him a
Spaniard by birth; but this opinion is unsupported by
written testimony, and even contradicted, if the in-
scription found in the Cssarian Villa refer to this poet,
which there seems small reason to doubt. From this
we learn that he was the son of Musonius Avienus, or
the son of Avienus and descendant of Musonius, ac-
cordingly as we punctuate the first line (" Festus Mu-
stmi soboles prolesque Avieni"); that he was born at
Vulsinii in Etruria; that he resided at Rome; that he
was twice proconsul, and the author of many poetical
pieces. The same inscription contradicts the notion,
too precipitately grounded on some vague expressions
in his writings, that he was a Christian; for it is no-
thing else than a religious address to the goddess Nor-
tia. the Fortune of the Etrurians. The extant and ac-
knowledged works of this poet are versions of the ? <<-
voficva of Aratus, and the lleptyyvmc of Dionysius;
and a portion of a poem "De Ora Marttima," which
includes, with some digressions, the coast between
Cadiz and Marseilles. The other poems generally be-
lieved to be the work of Avienus are, an Epistle to
Flavianus Myrmecius, an elegiac piece "de Canto Si-
renum," and some verses addressed to the author's
friends from the conntry. A poem " de urbibus His-
pam<z Medtterranets," is cited by some Spanish wri-
ters as the production of Avienus (Kicolaus Anionics,
BM. Vet. Hisp. , 2, 9), but it is generally supposed to
be the forgery of a Jesuit of Toledo. Servius (ad Virg. ,
. En. , 10,272--388) ascribes to Avienus iambic versions
of the narrative of Virgil and the history of Livy;
which observation of the grammarian, together with a
consideration of the genius and habits of this poet, ren-
ders it not altogether improbable that he is the author
? ? of a very curious and spirited Latin Epitome of the
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? AURELIANUS.
His next elevation was to the throne, Claudius II. , on
his deathbed, having recommended Aurelian to the
troops of Illyricum, who readily acceded to his wishes.
The reign of this monarch lasted only four years and
about nine months; but every instant of that short
period was filled by some memorable achievement.
He put an end to the Gothic war, chastised the Ger-
mans who invaded Italy, recovered Gaul, Spain, and
Britain out of the hands of Tetricus, and destroyed the
proud monarchy which Zenobia had erected in the East
on the ruins of the afflicted empire. Owing to the un-
fenerous excuse of the queen, that she had waged war
y the advice of her ministers, her secretary, the cel-
ebrated Longinus, was put to death by the victor; but,
after having graced his triumphal entry into Rome,
Zenobia herself was presented with a villa near Tibur,
and allowed to spend the remainder of her days as a
Roman matron. (Kid. Zenobia, Longinus, Palmyra. )
Aurelian followed up his victories by the reformation
of abuses, and the restoration throughout the empire
of order and regularity, but he tarnished his good in-
tentions by the general severity of his measures, and
the sacrifice of the scnatorim order to his slightest
suspicions. He had planned a great expedition against
Persia, and was waiting in Thrace for an opportunity
to cross the straits, when he lost his life, A. I). 125, by
assassination, the result of a conspiracy excited by a
secretary whom he intended to call to account for
peculation. Aurelian was a wise, able, and active
prince, and very useful in the declining state of the
empire; but the austerity of his character caused him
to be very little regretted. It is said that he meditated
a severe persecution on the Christians, when he was
so suddenly cut off. (Hist. August. , p. 211, seqq. --
Gibbon, Decline and Fall, c. 11. -- Biogr. Univ. , vol.
3. p. 72. --Encyclop. Am. , vol. 1, p. 474. )--II. Cslius,
a native of Sicca, in Numidia, who is supposed to have
lived between 180 and 240 AD. He was a member
of the medical profession, and has left behind him two
works: the one entitled, " Libit Quinque tardarum
live chronicarum passwnum," and the other, "Libri
tret celerum site acutarum passionum. " Both arc
drawn from Greek authors; from Themison, Thessa-
lus, and, above all, Soranus. Cselius Aurelianus being
the only author of the sect called Methodists who has
come down to us (if we except Octavius Horatianus,
who lived in the days of the Emperor Valentinian, and
is little known), his work is particularly valuable, as
preserving to us an account of many theories and views
of practice which would otherwise have been lost; but
even of itself it is deserving of much attention for the
practical information which it contains. Ctelius is re-
markable for learning, understanding, and scrupulous
accuracy; but his style is much loaded with technical
terms, and by no means elegant. He has treated of
the most important diseases which come under the care
of the physician in the following manner. In the first
place, he gives a very circumstantial account of the
symptoms, which he does, however, more like a syste-
matic writer and a compiler, than as an original ob-
server of nature. Next, he is at great pains to point
out the distinction between the disease he is treating
of and those which very nearly resemble it. He after-
ward endeavors to determine the nature and seat of
the disease; and this part frequently contains valuable
references to the works of Erasistratus, the celebrated
Alexandrean anatomist. Then comes his account of
the treatment, which is, in general, sensible and sci-
? ? entific, but somewhat too formal, timid, and fettered
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? A US
AUS
star above her head, standing in a chariot <lrawn by
winged horses, while in one hand she holds a torch,
and with the other scatters roses, as illustrative of the
flowers springing from the dew, which the poets de-
scribe as diffused from the eyes of the goddess in liquid
pearls. (Compare Inghirami, Man. Etrusc, 1, 5. --
Mtikn. Vase* de Canosa, 5. Vases, 1,15. --Id. ibid. ,
2, 37-- Eckhel, SyU. , 7, 3. --MiUUr, ArchttoL tier
Kunst, p. 611. )
Avbunci, a people of Latium, on the coast towards
Campania, southeast of the Volsci. They were, in
fact, identical with the Ausonians. The Italian form
of the name Ausoncs can have been no other than
Aurun. for from this Aurunci is manifestly derived.
Auruncus is Aurunicus; the termination belongs to
the number of adjective-forms in which the old Latin
luxuriated, so as even to form Tuscanicus from Tuscus.
(lYiebahr's Rom. Hist. , voL 1, p. 56, 2d ed.
