suggests
sī, = _be_, for _is_.
Beowulf
and Gr.
read elne unflitme, = _loyally and without contest_, as
at l. 1098. Cf. Ha. , p. 39; H. -So. , p. 97.
l. 1137. scacen = _gone_; cf. ll. 1125, 2307, 2728.
l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B. , _Beit. _ xii. 31, who conjectures a
gap after 1142).
l. 1144. B. separates thus: Hūn Lāfing, = _Hūn placed the sword Lāfing_,
etc. --_Beit. _ xii. 32; cf. R. , _Zachers Zeitschr. _ iii. 396. Heinzel and
Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's _Archiv_, 72, 374, etc. ).
l. 1143. B. , H. -So. , and Möller read: worod rǣdenne, þonne him Hūn Lāfing,
= _military brotherhood, when Hūn laid upon his breast_ (the sword)
_Lāfing_. There is a sword _Laufi, Lövi_ in the Norse sagas; but swords,
armor, etc. , are often called the _leaving_ (lāf) of files, hammers, etc. ,
especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796,
etc. , etc.
l. 1152. roden = _reddened_ (B. , _Tidskr. _ viii. 295).
l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Möller,
_Alteng. Volksepos_, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, _Anz. f. dtsch. Altert. _, 10,
226; B. , _Beit. _ xii. 29-37. Cf. _Wīdsīð_, l. 33, etc.
ll. 1160, 1161. lēoð (lied = _song, lay_) and gyd here appear synonyms.
ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the
contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life
of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved
and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one
another. "--Br. , p. 18.
l. 1163. Cf. _wonderwork_. So _wonder-death, wonder-bidding,
wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight_, etc. at ll. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996,
etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = _wondrous_, in
_wunder-schön_, etc.
l. 1165. þā gȳt points to some future event when "each" was not "true to
other," undeveloped in this poem, suhtor-gefæderan = Hrōðgār and Hrōðulf,
l. 1018. Cf. āðum-swerian, l. 84.
l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, æt fōtum, etc. , where Unferð is first
introduced.
l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged
men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches
still.
l. 1192. ymbutan, _round about_, is sometimes thus separated: ymb hīe ūtan;
cf. _Voyage of Ōhthere_, etc. (Sw. ), p. 18, l. 34, etc. ; _Bēowulf_, ll.
859, 1686, etc.
l. 1194. bewægned, a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον, tr. _offered_ by Th. Probably a p. p.
wægen, made into a vb. by -ian, like _own, drown_, etc. Cf. hafenian ( <
hafen, < hebban), etc.
l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or
broaches. " "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (_Piers Plow. _, etc. ).
l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, ll. 2173,
2174.
ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem
may be approximately dated,--if Hygelāc is the _Chochi-laicus_ of Gregory
of Tours, _Hist. Francorum_, iii. 3,--about A. D. 512-20.
l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. _Brisinga men_) is the necklace of the
goddess Freya; cf. _Elder Edda, Hamarshemt. _ Hāma stole the necklace from
the Gothic King Eormenrīc; cf. _Traveller's Song_, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The
comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate Hygelāc's
history,--a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction.
l. 1200. For Brōsinga mene, cf. B. , _Beit. _ xii. 72. C. suggests flēah, =
_fled_, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making hē subject of
flēah and gecēas.
l. 1202. B. conjectures gecēas ēcne rǣd to mean _he became a pious man and
at death went to heaven_. Heime (Hāma) in the _Thidrekssaga_ goes into a
cloister = to choose the better part (? ). Cf. H. -So. , p. 98. But cf.
Hrōðgār's language to Beowulf, ll. 1760, 1761.
l. 1211. S. proposes feoh, = _property_, for feorh, which would be a
parallel for brēost-gewǣdu . . . bēah below.
l. 1213. E. remarks that in the _Laws of Cnut_, i. 26, the devil is called
se wōdfreca werewulf, _the ravening werwolf_.
l. 1215. C. proposes heals-bēge onfēng. _Beit. _ viii. 570. For hreā- Kl.
suggests hrǣ-.
l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmüller, the one that
reigns after Hrōðgār.
l. 1229. Kl.
suggests sī, = _be_, for _is_.
l. 1232. S. gives _wine-elated_ as the meaning of druncne. --_Beit. _ ix.
139; Kl. _ibid. _ 189, 194. But cf. _Judith_, ll. 67, 107.
l. 1235. Cf. l. 119 for similarity of language.
l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267.
l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the
numerous forms of byrne in cognate languages,--Gothic, Icelandic, OHG. ,
Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, i. 126. Cf.
Murray's _Dict. _ s. v.
l. 1248. ānwīg-gearwe = _ready for single combat_ (C. ); but cf. Ha. p. 43;
_Beit. _ ix. 210, 282.
l. 1252. Some consider this _fitt_ the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. of
the original epic, if not a separate work in itself.
l. 1254. K. , W. , and Ho. read farode = _wasted;_ Kolbing reads furode; but
cf. wēsten warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode.
ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant
parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A. -S. poetry, and is
quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on ende and swylt, on gesȳne and
wīdcūð, etc.
l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay
from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are
described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted
by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale. "--Br. ,
p. 41.
l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and
monsters and their descent from "Cain. "
l. 1261. The MS. has sē þe, m. ; changed by some to seo þe. At ll. 1393,
1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m. ; at ll. 1293, 1505,
1541-1546, etc. , as f. , the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female
in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and
savageness. --H. -So. ; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137,
etc.
l. 1270. āglǣca = _Grendel_, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l.
1513. --Sw.
l. 1273. "It is not certain whether anwalda stands for onwealda, or whether
it should be read ānwealda, = _only ruler_. --Sw.
l. 1279. The MS. has sunu þeod wrecan, which R. changes to sunu
þēod-wrecan, þēod- = _monstrous_; but why not regard þēod as opposition to
sunu, = _her son, the prince? _ See Sweet's Reader, and Körner's discussion,
_Eng. Stud. _ i. 500.
l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for sōna) sāra = _return of sorrows. _
l. 1286. "geþuren (twice so written in MSS. ) stands for geþrúen, _forged_,
and is an isolated p. p. "--Cook's Sievers' Gram. , 209. But see Toller-Bosw.
for examples; Sw. , Gloss. ; March, p. 100, etc.
ll. 1292. þe hine = _whom;_ cf. ll. 441, 1437, 1292; _Hēliand_, l. 1308.
l. 1298. be sǣm tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's _Exod. _ l. 442; and Mod. Eng.
"to _us_-ward, etc. --Earle's _Philol. _, p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192.
l. 1301. C. proposes ōðer him ærn = _another apartment was assigned him_.
l. 1303. B. conjectures under hrōf genam; but Ha. , p. 45, shows this to be
unnecessary, under also meaning _in_, as _in_ (or _under_) these
circumstances.
l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest nǣgde or nēgde, _accosted_, < nēgan = Mid. Ger.
_nēhwian_, pr. p. _nēhwiandans, approach_. For hnǣgan, _press down,
vanquish_, see ll. 1275, 1440, etc.
l. 1321. C. suggests nēad-lāðum for nēod-laðu, _after crushing hostility_;
but cf. frēond-laðu, l. 1193.
l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefægnod = _rejoicing in her fill_, a
parallel to ǣse wlanc, l. 1333.
l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of
far-reaching consequence. "--_Beit. _ xii. 93.
l. 1345. B. reads gēo for ēow (_Zachers Zeitschr. _ iv. 205).
ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant
form.
at l. 1098. Cf. Ha. , p. 39; H. -So. , p. 97.
l. 1137. scacen = _gone_; cf. ll. 1125, 2307, 2728.
l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B. , _Beit. _ xii. 31, who conjectures a
gap after 1142).
l. 1144. B. separates thus: Hūn Lāfing, = _Hūn placed the sword Lāfing_,
etc. --_Beit. _ xii. 32; cf. R. , _Zachers Zeitschr. _ iii. 396. Heinzel and
Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's _Archiv_, 72, 374, etc. ).
l. 1143. B. , H. -So. , and Möller read: worod rǣdenne, þonne him Hūn Lāfing,
= _military brotherhood, when Hūn laid upon his breast_ (the sword)
_Lāfing_. There is a sword _Laufi, Lövi_ in the Norse sagas; but swords,
armor, etc. , are often called the _leaving_ (lāf) of files, hammers, etc. ,
especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796,
etc. , etc.
l. 1152. roden = _reddened_ (B. , _Tidskr. _ viii. 295).
l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Möller,
_Alteng. Volksepos_, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, _Anz. f. dtsch. Altert. _, 10,
226; B. , _Beit. _ xii. 29-37. Cf. _Wīdsīð_, l. 33, etc.
ll. 1160, 1161. lēoð (lied = _song, lay_) and gyd here appear synonyms.
ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the
contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life
of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved
and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one
another. "--Br. , p. 18.
l. 1163. Cf. _wonderwork_. So _wonder-death, wonder-bidding,
wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight_, etc. at ll. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996,
etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = _wondrous_, in
_wunder-schön_, etc.
l. 1165. þā gȳt points to some future event when "each" was not "true to
other," undeveloped in this poem, suhtor-gefæderan = Hrōðgār and Hrōðulf,
l. 1018. Cf. āðum-swerian, l. 84.
l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, æt fōtum, etc. , where Unferð is first
introduced.
l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged
men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches
still.
l. 1192. ymbutan, _round about_, is sometimes thus separated: ymb hīe ūtan;
cf. _Voyage of Ōhthere_, etc. (Sw. ), p. 18, l. 34, etc. ; _Bēowulf_, ll.
859, 1686, etc.
l. 1194. bewægned, a ἃπαξ λεγόμενον, tr. _offered_ by Th. Probably a p. p.
wægen, made into a vb. by -ian, like _own, drown_, etc. Cf. hafenian ( <
hafen, < hebban), etc.
l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or
broaches. " "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (_Piers Plow. _, etc. ).
l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, ll. 2173,
2174.
ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem
may be approximately dated,--if Hygelāc is the _Chochi-laicus_ of Gregory
of Tours, _Hist. Francorum_, iii. 3,--about A. D. 512-20.
l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. _Brisinga men_) is the necklace of the
goddess Freya; cf. _Elder Edda, Hamarshemt. _ Hāma stole the necklace from
the Gothic King Eormenrīc; cf. _Traveller's Song_, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The
comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate Hygelāc's
history,--a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction.
l. 1200. For Brōsinga mene, cf. B. , _Beit. _ xii. 72. C. suggests flēah, =
_fled_, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making hē subject of
flēah and gecēas.
l. 1202. B. conjectures gecēas ēcne rǣd to mean _he became a pious man and
at death went to heaven_. Heime (Hāma) in the _Thidrekssaga_ goes into a
cloister = to choose the better part (? ). Cf. H. -So. , p. 98. But cf.
Hrōðgār's language to Beowulf, ll. 1760, 1761.
l. 1211. S. proposes feoh, = _property_, for feorh, which would be a
parallel for brēost-gewǣdu . . . bēah below.
l. 1213. E. remarks that in the _Laws of Cnut_, i. 26, the devil is called
se wōdfreca werewulf, _the ravening werwolf_.
l. 1215. C. proposes heals-bēge onfēng. _Beit. _ viii. 570. For hreā- Kl.
suggests hrǣ-.
l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmüller, the one that
reigns after Hrōðgār.
l. 1229. Kl.
suggests sī, = _be_, for _is_.
l. 1232. S. gives _wine-elated_ as the meaning of druncne. --_Beit. _ ix.
139; Kl. _ibid. _ 189, 194. But cf. _Judith_, ll. 67, 107.
l. 1235. Cf. l. 119 for similarity of language.
l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267.
l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the
numerous forms of byrne in cognate languages,--Gothic, Icelandic, OHG. ,
Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, i. 126. Cf.
Murray's _Dict. _ s. v.
l. 1248. ānwīg-gearwe = _ready for single combat_ (C. ); but cf. Ha. p. 43;
_Beit. _ ix. 210, 282.
l. 1252. Some consider this _fitt_ the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. of
the original epic, if not a separate work in itself.
l. 1254. K. , W. , and Ho. read farode = _wasted;_ Kolbing reads furode; but
cf. wēsten warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode.
ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant
parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A. -S. poetry, and is
quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on ende and swylt, on gesȳne and
wīdcūð, etc.
l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay
from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are
described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted
by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale. "--Br. ,
p. 41.
l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and
monsters and their descent from "Cain. "
l. 1261. The MS. has sē þe, m. ; changed by some to seo þe. At ll. 1393,
1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m. ; at ll. 1293, 1505,
1541-1546, etc. , as f. , the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female
in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and
savageness. --H. -So. ; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137,
etc.
l. 1270. āglǣca = _Grendel_, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l.
1513. --Sw.
l. 1273. "It is not certain whether anwalda stands for onwealda, or whether
it should be read ānwealda, = _only ruler_. --Sw.
l. 1279. The MS. has sunu þeod wrecan, which R. changes to sunu
þēod-wrecan, þēod- = _monstrous_; but why not regard þēod as opposition to
sunu, = _her son, the prince? _ See Sweet's Reader, and Körner's discussion,
_Eng. Stud. _ i. 500.
l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for sōna) sāra = _return of sorrows. _
l. 1286. "geþuren (twice so written in MSS. ) stands for geþrúen, _forged_,
and is an isolated p. p. "--Cook's Sievers' Gram. , 209. But see Toller-Bosw.
for examples; Sw. , Gloss. ; March, p. 100, etc.
ll. 1292. þe hine = _whom;_ cf. ll. 441, 1437, 1292; _Hēliand_, l. 1308.
l. 1298. be sǣm tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's _Exod. _ l. 442; and Mod. Eng.
"to _us_-ward, etc. --Earle's _Philol. _, p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192.
l. 1301. C. proposes ōðer him ærn = _another apartment was assigned him_.
l. 1303. B. conjectures under hrōf genam; but Ha. , p. 45, shows this to be
unnecessary, under also meaning _in_, as _in_ (or _under_) these
circumstances.
l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest nǣgde or nēgde, _accosted_, < nēgan = Mid. Ger.
_nēhwian_, pr. p. _nēhwiandans, approach_. For hnǣgan, _press down,
vanquish_, see ll. 1275, 1440, etc.
l. 1321. C. suggests nēad-lāðum for nēod-laðu, _after crushing hostility_;
but cf. frēond-laðu, l. 1193.
l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefægnod = _rejoicing in her fill_, a
parallel to ǣse wlanc, l. 1333.
l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of
far-reaching consequence. "--_Beit. _ xii. 93.
l. 1345. B. reads gēo for ēow (_Zachers Zeitschr. _ iv. 205).
ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant
form.
