parted on their Embafiy, according to the
Phocfeans
were deflroyed.
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
hathitrust.
org/access_use#pd
? DEMOSTHENES. 19
Such was the Decree of the Senate ; but when a general
Aflembly was convened, and PhiHp had marched into Ther-
mopylae (for their principal Crime was having given Philip an
Opportunity of furprifing the Phocaeans) when it was become
necefTary for you to take Cognizance of your Affairs, to con-
fult, and to execute, they rendered it difficult for you at once
to hear of PhiHp's Approach, and to determine how you fhould
aft. In addition to thefe Mifchiefs no Man read the Senate's
Decree to the People ; the People heard it not ; but -^fchines
harangued the Aflembly, as I have repeated to you, upon the
numerous and magnificent Advantages, which Philip (fo he
affured us) had granted to his Perfuafions, and for which the
Thebans had fet a Price upon his Head. Thus, although you were
terrified at Philip's March, and angry at them, who had not
informed you of it, yet you became more temperate, and even
to fuch a Degree, as to expert whatever you thought proper
to defire. You would neither hear me fpeak, nor any other.
Philip's Letter was then read, which ^^fchines, who had ftaid
behind us in Macedonia, had himfelf written. It was an open,
manifeft Defence of the guilty Adminiftration of his Collegues.
For it mentions his having hindered them, when they were
determined to go into the Cities of Greece, and require the
Oaths of Philip's Confederates in Ratification of the Peace,
and his having detained them, that they might affift him in
reconciling the Alenfes and Pharfalians, thus taking from them,-
D 2 and
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? 20 ORATIONSOF
and appropriating to himfelf, all their Crimes. But with Re-
gard to the Phocseans, and Thefpians, and all the Promifes he
had made, not a Tingle Syllable. Nor did this happen by
meer Accident; but that Vengeance, which was juftly due
to thofe, who had never aded, during their Embaffy, in Obe-
dience to your Decrees, he voluntarily takes upon himfelf, and
profefles himfelf the Caufe of all their Crimes, becaufe you
are unable, fo I prefume he thinks, to punifh him. Every
Circumftance, by which he could deceive the Republic, or de-
fpoil her of her Poffeflions, thefe he takes to himfelf, that you
might have no Pretence to accufe, or complain of Philip, fince
they are neither mentioned in his Letters, nor any of his Me-
morials. Secretary, read the Letter, which -^fchines wrote
himfelf, and which he himfelf fent, that you may fee, whether
it be fuch as I have reprefented. Read.
The LETTER.
You hear, O Men of Athens, this Letter ; how elegant and
humane ; but of the Phocaeans, or Thebans, or any others,
with regard to whom iEfchines had made fuch Declarations,
not one fingle Expreflion. But there is nothing true, nothing
fmcere in this Letter, as you fhall inftantly perceive. The
Alenfes, for the Sake of whofe Reconciliation with thePhar-
falians, he fays he had detained his Colleagues, have experi-
enced fuch a Reconciliation, that they are driven from their
native
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? DEMOSTHENES. 21
native Country, and their City is totally dedrovcd ; while
Philip, who, it feems, is folicitous to iind an Opportunity of
obliging you, does not even profefs an Intention of rcftoring
their Liberty to the Wretches, whom he has taken Prifoners.
It hath often appeared in Evidence before the People, and (Tiall
again appear, that I took with me a Talent for their Ranfom,
while iEfchines, willing to deprive me of the Honour of fuch
an Acl of Humanity, perfuaded Philip to write, that he would
not fuffer them to be ranfomed. But what is ftill of far greater
Importance, he, who WTOte in the firfl Letter we received,
" Thus have I exprefsly mentioned the Benefits I purpofe to
" confer upon you, if I were perfedlly aflured, that an Alli-
** ance could be formed between us," yet the Moment that
Alliance is concluded, he then declares, he knows not in vvhat
Inftance he can oblige you. What 1 did he not know, what
he himfelf had promifed ? He would certainly have known,
if he had not intended to deceive. To convince you, that he
wrote thefe very Words, take his firft Letter, and read me the
Paflage. Begin.
The Passage is read>>
Thus, before he obtained a Peace, he promifed, if you eon-
eluded an Alliance with him, to write what wonderous Obli-
gations he would confer on the Republic ; but when both were
at length obtained, he then declares, he knows not in what
Manner
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? 22 ORATIONSOF
Manner lie can oblige you. If you inform him how he may
ad with Regard to you without Infamy, or Difhonour to him-
felf ; or if he fliould abfolutely promife, and you (liould pre-
vail upon yourfelves to afk a Favour, he then flies for Refuge
to his ufual Pretences, and leaves you nothing, but Excules
and Apologies.
These and many other Circumfiances might have inftantly
convi(fled him, and inftru6ted you not to fuffer your Affairs to
be totally ruined, if his Promifes of refloring the Thefpians
and Plateaus, and his Menaces of immediately chaftifing the
Thebans had not hindered you from perceiving the real State
of your Affairs. However, thefe Promifes and Menaces, if
the Republic alone were fuppofed to hear and be amufed by
them, were not unwifely employed ; but if really defigned to
be carried into Execution, they had better been pafTed over
in Silence. Becaufe if the Thebans were already in fuch a Si-
tuation, that although they forefaw, yet they were unable to
prevent, their Ruin, why were not thefe Menaces executed ?
If that Ruin was prevented by their being thus made fenfible
of their Danger, who was the Difcoverer ? Was it not JEf-
chines ? But PhiHp never intended their Deflrudion, nor did
JEfchines either propofe, or defire it. He therefore ftands ac-
quitted of any Guilt in making the Difcovery. But it was
neceflary, that you fhould be amufed by this Language, and
de-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 2^
J
determine not to hear the Truth from me ; that you fliould
remain at home, and a Decree be obtained, by which the Pho-
caeans fliould be totally deftroyed. Witli this Intention were
thefe Intrigues thus curioufly woven, and you were thus ha-
rangued.
When I heard him making thefe magnificent Promifes, I
was perfedlly convinced of their Falfehood, and for what Rea-
fons I was convinced, I will inform you. Firft, becaufe when
Philip was to give his Oath in Ratification of the Peace, the
Phocsans vvere by him and -lEfchines exprefsly excluded from,
the Capitulation ; whereas all Mention of them fhould have
been pafled over in Silence and omitted, if it were intended
to preferve them : fecondly, becaufe neither Philip's Ambaf-
fador, nor Philip's Letter, but iEfchines alone, ever made fuch
a Promife. Having formed my Conjedlures upon thefe Cir-
cumftances, I rofe and came forward on the Tribunal, and en-
deavoured to contradidl him. But when you refufed to hear,
I kept Silence, entering only this Proteft (which by all the
Gods I conjure you to remember) that I neither knew thefe
Promifes, nor had any Share in the Intrigues of your Ambaf-
fadors ; I added, neither did I expedt any good Succefs from
th. m. When you received the ExprelHon, that I did not
expeil any Succefs, with fome Refentment, I declared to you,
<<^ O M. ii of Athens, if the Event of thefe Meafures be prof-
perous,.
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? 24 ORATIONSOF
" perous, give to thefe AmbaiTadors your Praifes, and Ho-
" nours, and Crowns ; I claim no Share of them ; but if the
" contrary fliould happen, then let them fuffer your juft In-
'* dignation. For my Part I retire. " Not yet, replied JEC-
chines ; do not yet retire ; only remember, not to claim any
of thefe Revvards, when they are diftributed. I anfvvered, I
fliould then be moil unjuft. Here Philocrates rofe with Info-
lence and Invedives, " It is nothing wonderful, O Men of
*' Athens, that Demofthenes and I never agree in Opinion ;
*' for he drinks Water, but I drink Wine ;" and then you
laughed.
Now confider the Decree, that Philocrates propofed imme-
diately after thefe licentious Pleafantries, for it is, in all its Parts,
mofl: worthy of your Attention ; but if we compute at what
Time it was propofed, and the Promifes iEfchines made on
the Occadon, it will appear, that your Ambafladors delivered
up the Phoc^ans to Philip, only not with their Hands tied
behind them. Read the Decree.
The Decree.
You behold, O Men of Athens, this Decree ; how filled with
Praifes, and honourable Appellations, '' Let the Peace and Con-
*' federacy, we have concluded with Philip, continue to his
*' Poftcrity, and let him receive Praife for his Promifes of adl-
*' ing with Juftice. " Yet he really promifed nothing. So far
other-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 25
othcrwife, that he knew ncn: wherein he could oblige you.
But ^fchines made Speeches and Promifes for him. Philo-
crates therefore finding, that you were earneftly inclined to
rely upon thefe Speeches, inferted in his Decree, " that if the
<' Phocjeans a6led not as they ought, but rcfufed to reftore the
" Temple of Apollo to the Amphi*5i:yons, the Athenian People
<* fliould fend Succours againft thofe, who hindered this Mea-
" fure from being carried into Execution. " While you there-
fore, O Men of Athens, remained inadive, nor marched
out of your own Territories ; when the Lacedemonians, fen-
fible of the Fraud, were returned home, and no other Am-
phidyons appeared at the Aflembly, except the Theffalians and
Thebans, then did iEfchines write in the gentleft Language in
the World, " that the Phocseans fhould deliver up the Tem-
ple to the Amphidyons. " What Amphiclyons ? No others
were aflembled, except the Thebans and Theffalians. But
fhould he not have convoked a general Council ? Should he
not have waited, untill they were aflembled ? Should he not
have ordered Proxenus to fuccour the Phocsans, and the Athe-
nians to take the Field ? Nothing of the kind was ordered.
*' But Philip fent two Letters, in which he called upon you to
** march. " But not with an Intention, that you fliould march.
By no means. Becaufe, he never would have confumed the
Time, in which you might poffibly have been able to have
gone, and then have called upon you ; he never would have
Vol. IL E delayed
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? 26 ORATIONS OF
delayed me, when I had determined to return ; nor would he
have commanded this Mercenary to make fuch Harangues to
you, by which you were very little influenced to go. He in-
tended, that you fhould imagine he would perform whatever
you thought proper to demand, and therefore would not op-
pofe him by your Decrees ; that the Phocaeans fhould not re-
pel his Invafion, or refift him, but relying on the Hopes of
your Afliftance, or broken by Defpair, fhould yield at Difcre-
tion. Read Philip's Letters.
The LETTERS.
These Letters do indeed, andwith Earneftnefs call upon you
to march. But if your Ambafladors had adled with Integrity,
what other Courfe could they have taken, than unanimoufly to
have decreed, that you fhould take the Field, and that Prox-
enus, who they knew was in that Part of the Country, fI:iould
inftantly fuccour the Phocreans ? Yet it is apparent, they
afted directly contrary, and indeed w^ith fome Appearance of
Reafon. For they paid no Regard to Philip's Letters, but to
the Intention>> with which they were confcious he wrote them.
This Intention therefore they laboured, and with Ardour, to
fupport.
But the Pliocaeans, when they heard what you had deter-
mined in your AiTcmbly, when they received the Decree of
Phi-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 37
Philocrates, with this Declaration of iEfchincs, and his Pro-
mifes, were in every Inftance undone. For confider their Cir-
cumftances. Some of their Citizens d^ftrufted PhiHp, and they
were wife ; yet they were induced to place a Confidence in
him. How induced ? Becaufe, although they imagined,
Philip would deceive them a thoufand Times, they never could
imagine, that the Athenian AmbaiTadors would dare to de-
ceive the Athenians. They believed what iEfchines declared,
and that the approaching Deflrudion was to fall, * not upon
them, but the Thebans. There were fome others, who de-
termined to fuifer the lafl: Extremities, and to repel the Inva-
fion ; but they were difpirited by the Perfuafion, that Philip
would prove their Friend, and by their Apprehenfion, if they
refufed to acft in Compliance with your Decree, that the Forces,
which they had expelled fhould fuccour them, would be em-
ployed againft them. Befides, fome of them imagined you had
repented of the Peace you had concluded with Philip. Your
Ambafiadors therefore demonftrated to them your having decreed
this Peace to your Pofterity, that they might in every Inftance
defpair o{ your Aftiftance, and all thefe Circumftances were for
this Reafon colleded into one Decree; in my Opinion, the
greateft Crime they were capable of committing. Becaufe,
when they concluded this Peace with a mortal Man, made
powerful only by fome favourable Conjunctures, they fixed an
immortal Infamy on the Republic, and not only deprived lier
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? 28 ORATIONSOF
of all other poffible AfTiftance, but even of the good Favour
of Fortune. That they proceeded to fuch Excefs of Wick d-
nefs, as not only to injure the prcfent Race of Athenians, but
all their future Defcendants, is it not intolerable ? Never could
you have endured the inferting this Article " and to his Pofte-
*' rity," if you had not relied upon the Promifes of -^fchines,
upon which the Phocasans relied, and were undone. For after
delivering themfelves up to Phihp, and furrendering their Cities
into his Hands, they have experienced every Calamity directly
oppolite to his Promife.
But manifeftly to convince you, that thefe AfTerttons are
true, and that the Phocasans were utterly deftroyed by thefe
Ambafladors, I fhall compute the Time, in wliich every Cir-
cumftance happened, and whoever contradicts me, let him
arife, and take Part of the Hours, appointed to me by the Laws
for this Indictment. (6) The Peace, therefore, was concluded.
on
6. A literal Trannation of this PafTage or even Verfes, quoted by the Orator,,
woLikl to an Englilli Rtader be wholly un- were read by the Secretary. Thefe, wq
inteliio-ible ? , Let him /peak in my Water ; may believe, were therefore artfully ufed
ycL it may be Matter of Curiofity to know to relieve the Fatigue of the Speaker, an(>
the MeariiDg of the Expreflion. Acer- the Attention of his Audience. Some-
tain Ponion of Time, computed prcba- times, as intheprefent Inftance, we find
bly by the Import. mceof the Caufe, was their Orators infulting each other, as iiv
ap oint d for the Plaintiff and Defendant- a Confidence of their Succefs, with an
1 Ms Time was meafured by an Hour- Offer of the remainder of their Water,.
Gla s of Wat. r, v\hi( h was flopped when or, according to the prefent Tranflation,
any thing foreign to t. ic Caufe intervened, qJ the Time aliened to their Pleading.
? r when their Laws, Decrees, Evidence,
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? DEMOSTHENES. 29
on the nineteenth of February. We were abfcnt full three
Months on our Embafly for demanding PhiHp's Oath in Ratifi-
cation of it, and that whole Time the Phocaeans continued in
Safety. (7) We returned from our Embafly the thirteenth of
May. Philip had now entered the Pafs of Thermopylae, and
made fuch Promifes to the Phocceans, as none of them believed.
Certainly ; for otherwife, they never would have conte hither
for Succours. An AfTembly was afterwards convened the fix-
teenth of May, when thefe AmbafTadors by Perfidy and falfc
Reprefentations utterly ruined your Affairs. In five Days, as
I compute, the Phocaeans might have been informed of your
Determinations, for their AmbafTadors were then in Athens,
and it much concerned them to know what Propofils ^fchines
and his Collegues brought home, and what you had decreed.
The Phocasans therefore, according to my Calculation, might
have known your Determinations upon the twentieth. I mean,
in five Days from the fixteenth. Then followed the twenty-
firfl, twenty-fecond, twenty- third, in which a Treaty was.
concluded
7. Our Author is not perfeftly exadl the twenty-th'rd an Alliance was con-
in his reckoning. The AmbaflTadors de- eluded b twetn Philip and i hcbcs, and.
parted on their Embafiy, according to the Phocfeans were deflroyed. The >e-
Doftor Taylor's Calculation^ after the nate w,(S aflembled in the Pyr^rum. and:
third of March, and returned the thir- the News of this Dcllruction re, ( rte 1 at.
teenth of May. The Senate met the fix- A' hens on th^- twenty fcvench
teenth, when they made the Report of This fliortcr Computation ;ray be ufcful;
their Embafiy. Demofthenes computes, to the Reader, and he is indebted for, ic:
that the Phocseans might have received to Do6tor Taylor,
the Athenian Decree the twentieth. On,
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? 30 ORATIONSOF
concluded between Philip and the Thebans, when every Thing
was ruined, and brought to their final Period. How is this
manifeft ? 1 he twenty-feventh the Senate affembled in the
Pyrzeum upon the State of your Marine, when Dercyllus ar-
rived from Chalcis, and gave you an Account, that Phihp had
delivered every Thing into the Hands of the Thebans. He
reckoned that Day the fifth from the Conclufion of the Treaty,
and the twenty-third, fourth, fifth, fixth, and feventh, make
exaflly the five Days, which Dercyllus computed from the
Treaty. Thus by an exa6t Calculation of the Days, upon
which thefe Ambafilidors made their Report of their Embafiy,
and publiilicd their Decree, they ftand convicted of having ftre-
nuoufly afiified Phihp, and adted in Concert with him for the
Defirudion of the Phocseans.
Besides, that none of the Phocaean Cities were taken bj
Siege, or by Aflault, but were utterly ruined by the Treaty
they had concluded, is a convincing Proof, that they fufi^ered
thefe Calamities, becaufe they were perfuaded by your Ambaf-
fadors, that PhiHp would preferve them. For they were not
ignorant of Philip's Charader. Here, give me our Treaty
with the Phoca^ans, and the Decrees by which Philip rafed
their Walls, that you may behold what Alliance fubfifted be-
tween us, and what Misfortunes have befallen them through
? " CD
the Counfels of thefe Enemies of the Gods. Read.
Articles
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? DEMOSTHENES. 31
Articles of Alliance between the Athenians and Piioc^ans.
Such were the Connexions between you and them : Friend-
fhip. Alliance, Succours. Now hear what Calamities they
have endured by this Man's hindering you from aflifting them.
Read.
The Convention! between Philip and the Phoc^ans.
Do you hear, O Men of Athens ? He fays, " the Con-
" vention between Philip and the Phocaeans," not between
the Thebans and Phocsans ; the Theflalians and Phocseans ;
the Locrians or any other People. And again ; he fays>
*' they mufl deliver up their Towns to PhiHp," not to the
Thebans, Theflalians, or any other People. Wherefore? Be-
caufe iiEfchines had declared to you, that Philip had marched
into Thermopyls for the Prefervation of the Phocaeans>> They
therefore placed their entire Confidence in him ; they direded
all their Views towards him ; they concluded a Peace with him.
Let the Secretary read the Remainder. Then do you confider
what they believed, and what they fuffered. Have they any
Likenefs or Refemblance to the Promifes of ^S^fchines ? Read,
The Decree of the Amphictyons.
Calamities, O Men of Athens, more terrible, or greater
than thefe, were never known among the Grecians, neither in
& our^j,
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? 32 ORATIONSOF
ours, nor, I believe, in any former Age. Of Conqneils thus im-
portant, thus numerous, one fmgle Man, by. the Perfidy of
thdQ Ambailadors, is become abfolute Mafter, even whik
Athens ilill exifls, to whom it hath belonged by ancient Cufrom
to hold the Sovereignty of Greece, and not to look with uncon-
cern upon iuch Mifchiefs.
In what Manner, therefore, the unhappy Phoc^eans were
deftroyed, is apparent, not only from thofe Decrees, but from
all the Operations, that followed. A dreadful fpedacle, O
Men of Athens, and full of Mifery. When we lately travelled
to Delphos we were of necellity compelled to fee all tliis Wretch-
ednefs ; Houfes in Ruins ; Walls rafed to the Ground ; the
Country deferted by the young Men ; a few Women and
Children, and old Men, moft miferable. It is impofTible for
Language to cxprefs the Calamities of this unhappy People,
even at this Moment. Yet I have heard you all declare, that
they formerly gave their Vote in Oppofition to the Thebans,
when the Servitude of this Republic was under Debate. What
Sentence therefore, what Judgement do you imagine, O Men
of Atjiens, would our Anceflors, if they returned to Life, pro-
nounce upon the Authors of this Deftrudlion ? In my Opinion,
they would not imagine themfelves guiltlefs of the Treachery,
by which the Phoca^ans were thus totally ruined, if they did
not flone them with even their own Hands. For is it not mofl:
diflionourable,
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? DEMOSTHENES. 33
diflionourable, or rather, if there be any Crime beyond fuch
Turpitude, is it not moft impious, that they, by whom we
were preferved; wlio gave their Vote for our Prefervation,
fhould in return experience fuch Ruin, by the Perfidy of thefe
Traytors, or by tlieir Negledl fhould have fuffercd fuch Mifery,
as no other Grecians ever knew ? who was the Author of this
Mifery ? who was the Impofltor, that deceived you ? was it not
-^fchines ?
Although upon many Accounts, O Men of Athens, vou
may efteem PhiHp extremely happy, yet in this Inftance of his
good Fortune, certainly fuperior to the refl of Mankind ; for
by all our Gods and Goddeftes, I cannot name another Man,
in our Age, fo fortunate. To have taken great Cities, and
fubdued large Territories, with all other Actions of this kind,
are indeed worthy of our Emulation, and, I confefs, exceed-
ing glorious. Unqueftionable. Yet we may affirm, they have
been performed by many others. But this peculiar Felicity,
which was never granted to any other Mortal What is it?
That when he wanted Villains to carry on his Defigns, he found
even greater, than he himlelf expeded, or defired. For how
juftly may Philocrates and iEfchines be faid to deferve this
Charader, who have fold themfelves to Philip, and deceived
you in the very Affairs, in which Philip, although fo deeply
interefted, neither dared to venture a Lie himfelf, nor infert
Vol. II. F it
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? 34 ORATIONS OF
it in his Letters; nor have any of his Ambailiidors ever aflerted
it for him. Antipater and Parmenio, the Minifters of a defpotic
Mafter, who were never to hold Friendship or Correfpondence
with you afterwards, were cautious however, that you fliould
not be impofed upon hy them. On the contrary, thefe chofcn
AmbafTadors of the Athenians ; of a City, that enjoys the moft
unbounded Liberty, had the Hardinefs to deceive even you,
whom they were frequently to meet ; whofe Faces they wece to
behold; with whom they muft necelTarily Hve the Remainder
of their Lives ; to whom they were obliged to render an account
of their Embafly, even you they deceived. Can human Crea-
tures be more vt'icked, or rather more delperate, even ta
Madnefs ?
But to convince you, that this Wretch is already devoted by you
to the infernal Gods, and that it were unholy and impious in you
to acquit the Man, who hath uttered fuch Falfehoods, here j,
take and read the Imprecation contained in this Law.
The Imprecation.
The Herald in your Name, O Men of Athens, pronounces
thefe Imprecations in every Affembly, as commanded by the
Laws, and repeats them to the Senate, when they fit. Neither
is it in the Power of ^Efchines to affirm, he knows them not ;
becaufe, when he was Secretary to your AiTemblies, and a
Servant
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? DEMOSTHENES. 35
Servant in the Senate, he repeated this Law to the Heralij.
Were it not therefore abfurd and monflrous, that what you
yourfelves have commanded ; what you implore the Gods to
? execute in your Name, you yourfelves fhall refufe to execute,
when it is, this Day, in your Power ? On the contrary, the
Man, whom you implore the Gods totally to deflroy, himfclf,
his Relations, and his Family, will you yourfelves acquit?
No, certainly. Him, who can efcape your Vengeance, aflign
to the Gods for his Punifliment; but him, whom you have
within your own Power, do not give them the Trouble of
punifhing. ,
But to fuch Excefs of Shamelefsnefs and Audacioufnefs, I
hear he is arrived, that forgetting all his Adions, all his Decla-
rations, all the Promifes, by which he had deceived the Repub-
lic, and as if he were to be tried before other Judges. , not
before you, who are confcious of his crimes, he propofes, iirfl,
to accufe the Lacedemonians, then the Phocasans and Hege-
{ippus. (8) But the Defign is abfolutely ridiculous, or rather
a fliameful
(8) The Lacedarmonians had been in- Philip had determined utterly to deftroy
vited by Philip to a Congrefs, in which the Phoca^ans. They avoided therefore
they expefted fome certain Territories, all future Engagements witli him, and
they had formerly poflefled, would be left him, perhaps, not without Refeut-
reftored to them. They were not only nient. T hat Retentment, as we may he-
difappointed, but convinced befides, that lieve ^fchines infinuated, really injured
F 2 tlic
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? 36 ORATIONSOF
a fhameful Excefs of Impudence. For whatever Objedlions he
fhall now make with regard to the Phocaeans, the Lacedaemonians
and Hegefippus ; either that the Phocaeans refufed to receive
Proxenus ; that they were impious, or guiky of Bafenefs and
Improbity, or any other Crimes, of which he fhall accufe them,
yet all thefe were equally true before the Ambafladors returned,
and confequently could not have been Obftacles to their Pre-
{ervation. (9) Who made this Declaration? Even iEfchines^
himfelf. For he did not declare, that their Safety depended
upon the Lacedaemonians, or their receiving Proxenus, or upon
the Oppofition of Hegefippus, or this, or any other particular
Circumftance ; he never, at that time, made any Declaration
of this Kind. But pafling over all fuch Objedlions, he de-
clared exprefsly, that he had perfuaded Philip to preferve the
Phocaeans; to fuffer Baeotia to be again inhabited, and to give
you a Power of adling as you pleafed; that all thefe Promifes
fhould be fulfilled in too or three Days, and that the Thebans,
for
the Phocseans, and haftened their De- ported and explained by the Scholiaft.
ftrudion. JEfchines accufes the Phocfeans of Bafe-
Hegefippus, an Orator and Magiftrate nefs and Want of Probity, becaufe,,
of Athens, had oppofed the Refolution when they were yet in Alliance with
of fendinor Ambafladors to negotiate a Athens, they refufed to receive her Ge-
Peace with Philip. He is therefore ima- neral Proxenus, from a Sufpicion, that,
gined to have provoked that Monarch to he intended the Ruin of their Cities. ? He
the Ruin of Phocis, charges them with Impiety, for refufing
(9) The Tranflator here follows a con- to admit fome facred Feftivals, which the
jeftural Reading propofed by Dodor Athenians were accuftomed to celebrate
Taylor j ij ug cciXtCug ha-iv, ^ ug ttovi^- in Phocis.
fo), vi 0, Ti civ lynron, &c. It is fup-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 37
for his fuccefs in thefe Negotiations, had put a Price upon his
Head.
Do not therefore hear, or fuffer him to tell you of any Errors,
committed before his own Declaration, either by the Lacedae-
monians or Phocsans. Do not permit him to accufe the Pho-
caeans of want of Probity. Neither did you formerly protect
the Lacedsemonians for their own Merit, nor thefe devoted
Euboeans, nor many other Nations, but becaufe it was of Ad-
vantage to the Republic, as, in the prefent Inftance, to protect
the Phocaeans. But what Crime did the Phocasans, or the
Lacedaemonians, or you, or any other Mortal commit after
thefe Declarations of ^fchines, that fhould prevent the Effe6h
of his Promifes? Afk him this Queftion, which he fhall never
be able to anlwer. For only five Days intervened, in which
he told his Falfehoods, and you believed them ; in which the
Phocaeans heard them; then voluntarily yielded themfelves,
and perifhed. From whence I imagine, and it is in itfelf clearly
manifeft, that every Fraud, and every Artifice, was employed
for the Deftrudlion of that People. Becaufe, at the time when
Philip had it not in his Power to march into Therm opyl^
without an open Violation of the Peace, but yet was forming
his Operations for that Purpofe, he invited the Lacedsemonians
to a Conference, and promifed every Thing they demanded,
in hopes of preventing their being reconciled, under your Me-
diation. j-.
441323
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? 38 ORATIONSOF
diation, with the Phocasans. But when he had marched into
Thermopylae, and the Lacedemonians, fenfible of the intended
Treachery, had quitted his Party, he once more fecretly em-
ployed this ^fchines to deceive you; left if you Ciould again
perceive, that he was carrying on his fecret Pra6lices with the
Thebans, he might be compelled to hazard fome unfavourable
Conjundture ; to engage in another War, and to confume his
Time while the Phoceeans defended themfelves, and you fentthem
Succours; laftly, that he might without Fatigue or Danger
accomplifli the Defigns, in which he hath fince fucceeded.
Yet becaufe Philip deceived the Lacedaemonians and Phocjeans,
not, for that Reafon, fhould iEfchines with Impunity deceive
the Athenians.
If he fhould aflert, that Cherfonefus is preferved to the Re-
public inftead of Phocis, and Thermopyls, and other Places
we have loft, let me implore you by the Gods, do not admit ;
do not endure, in Addition to the Injuries you have already
received from this Embafty, that this Reproach fhould be
formed, out of his Defence, againft the Commonwealth, that
for the fake of fecretly preferving your own Pofleflions, you
have abandoned the Safety of your Confederates; becaufe, in
Truth, you never adted in this manner. For after the Con-
clufion of the Peace, and while Cherfonefus yet remained in
your PolTeflion, the Phocceans continued four whole Months
8 in
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? DEMOSTHENES. 39
in Safety; but afterwards you were deceived by the Perfidy of
^fchines, and they were deftroyed. Befides you will find
Cherfonefus in greater danger at prefent, than at that Time.
For whether could Philip have been more eafily punifhed for
any Invafion, before he had poffeffed himfelf of our Dominions,
or at prefent ? In my own Opinion, much more eafily at that
Time. How precarious therefore is the fafety of Cherfonefus,
if you take away the Fear and Danger of invading it ?
But iEfchlnes, I hear, intends to urge in his Defence, that
he is furprifed, why Demofthenes, and none of the Phocasans,
accufes him. Permit me to explain the Nature of this Objec-
tion. The beft and wifeft of the Phocasans, now driven out
of their Country, are contented, after having fuffered fuch
Calamities, to reft in Quiet ; nor is any one of them inclined
to undertake, for the general Advantage, a particular Qiiarrel.
Befides, they could not have maintained a Profecution vvithout
Money, and had not a Friend who would fiirnifii the Ex-
pence. (10) Nor have even I given them any Thing to engage
them
(10') Our Orator feems, at firft Sight, withthe Accufersof iEfchines. He will
Incautioufly to have mentioned an Ob- not hire their Clamours in his Favour,
jeftion, that might pufTibly be turned He wants not their Evidence ? , for Truth
againft him. " Why had not you, De- and Fadts themfelves are his Witnefles.
" moilhene? , Generofuy enough to fup- Thus he artfully excufes the Abfence of
? ' port I his unhappy People in this Pro- the Phocsans, and aflerts bis own In-
*' iecution ? " No ? , he difclaims all tegrity.
? DEMOSTHENES. 19
Such was the Decree of the Senate ; but when a general
Aflembly was convened, and PhiHp had marched into Ther-
mopylae (for their principal Crime was having given Philip an
Opportunity of furprifing the Phocaeans) when it was become
necefTary for you to take Cognizance of your Affairs, to con-
fult, and to execute, they rendered it difficult for you at once
to hear of PhiHp's Approach, and to determine how you fhould
aft. In addition to thefe Mifchiefs no Man read the Senate's
Decree to the People ; the People heard it not ; but -^fchines
harangued the Aflembly, as I have repeated to you, upon the
numerous and magnificent Advantages, which Philip (fo he
affured us) had granted to his Perfuafions, and for which the
Thebans had fet a Price upon his Head. Thus, although you were
terrified at Philip's March, and angry at them, who had not
informed you of it, yet you became more temperate, and even
to fuch a Degree, as to expert whatever you thought proper
to defire. You would neither hear me fpeak, nor any other.
Philip's Letter was then read, which ^^fchines, who had ftaid
behind us in Macedonia, had himfelf written. It was an open,
manifeft Defence of the guilty Adminiftration of his Collegues.
For it mentions his having hindered them, when they were
determined to go into the Cities of Greece, and require the
Oaths of Philip's Confederates in Ratification of the Peace,
and his having detained them, that they might affift him in
reconciling the Alenfes and Pharfalians, thus taking from them,-
D 2 and
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? 20 ORATIONSOF
and appropriating to himfelf, all their Crimes. But with Re-
gard to the Phocseans, and Thefpians, and all the Promifes he
had made, not a Tingle Syllable. Nor did this happen by
meer Accident; but that Vengeance, which was juftly due
to thofe, who had never aded, during their Embaffy, in Obe-
dience to your Decrees, he voluntarily takes upon himfelf, and
profefles himfelf the Caufe of all their Crimes, becaufe you
are unable, fo I prefume he thinks, to punifh him. Every
Circumftance, by which he could deceive the Republic, or de-
fpoil her of her Poffeflions, thefe he takes to himfelf, that you
might have no Pretence to accufe, or complain of Philip, fince
they are neither mentioned in his Letters, nor any of his Me-
morials. Secretary, read the Letter, which -^fchines wrote
himfelf, and which he himfelf fent, that you may fee, whether
it be fuch as I have reprefented. Read.
The LETTER.
You hear, O Men of Athens, this Letter ; how elegant and
humane ; but of the Phocaeans, or Thebans, or any others,
with regard to whom iEfchines had made fuch Declarations,
not one fingle Expreflion. But there is nothing true, nothing
fmcere in this Letter, as you fhall inftantly perceive. The
Alenfes, for the Sake of whofe Reconciliation with thePhar-
falians, he fays he had detained his Colleagues, have experi-
enced fuch a Reconciliation, that they are driven from their
native
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? DEMOSTHENES. 21
native Country, and their City is totally dedrovcd ; while
Philip, who, it feems, is folicitous to iind an Opportunity of
obliging you, does not even profefs an Intention of rcftoring
their Liberty to the Wretches, whom he has taken Prifoners.
It hath often appeared in Evidence before the People, and (Tiall
again appear, that I took with me a Talent for their Ranfom,
while iEfchines, willing to deprive me of the Honour of fuch
an Acl of Humanity, perfuaded Philip to write, that he would
not fuffer them to be ranfomed. But what is ftill of far greater
Importance, he, who WTOte in the firfl Letter we received,
" Thus have I exprefsly mentioned the Benefits I purpofe to
" confer upon you, if I were perfedlly aflured, that an Alli-
** ance could be formed between us," yet the Moment that
Alliance is concluded, he then declares, he knows not in vvhat
Inftance he can oblige you. What 1 did he not know, what
he himfelf had promifed ? He would certainly have known,
if he had not intended to deceive. To convince you, that he
wrote thefe very Words, take his firft Letter, and read me the
Paflage. Begin.
The Passage is read>>
Thus, before he obtained a Peace, he promifed, if you eon-
eluded an Alliance with him, to write what wonderous Obli-
gations he would confer on the Republic ; but when both were
at length obtained, he then declares, he knows not in what
Manner
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? 22 ORATIONSOF
Manner lie can oblige you. If you inform him how he may
ad with Regard to you without Infamy, or Difhonour to him-
felf ; or if he fliould abfolutely promife, and you (liould pre-
vail upon yourfelves to afk a Favour, he then flies for Refuge
to his ufual Pretences, and leaves you nothing, but Excules
and Apologies.
These and many other Circumfiances might have inftantly
convi(fled him, and inftru6ted you not to fuffer your Affairs to
be totally ruined, if his Promifes of refloring the Thefpians
and Plateaus, and his Menaces of immediately chaftifing the
Thebans had not hindered you from perceiving the real State
of your Affairs. However, thefe Promifes and Menaces, if
the Republic alone were fuppofed to hear and be amufed by
them, were not unwifely employed ; but if really defigned to
be carried into Execution, they had better been pafTed over
in Silence. Becaufe if the Thebans were already in fuch a Si-
tuation, that although they forefaw, yet they were unable to
prevent, their Ruin, why were not thefe Menaces executed ?
If that Ruin was prevented by their being thus made fenfible
of their Danger, who was the Difcoverer ? Was it not JEf-
chines ? But PhiHp never intended their Deflrudion, nor did
JEfchines either propofe, or defire it. He therefore ftands ac-
quitted of any Guilt in making the Difcovery. But it was
neceflary, that you fhould be amufed by this Language, and
de-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 2^
J
determine not to hear the Truth from me ; that you fliould
remain at home, and a Decree be obtained, by which the Pho-
caeans fliould be totally deftroyed. Witli this Intention were
thefe Intrigues thus curioufly woven, and you were thus ha-
rangued.
When I heard him making thefe magnificent Promifes, I
was perfedlly convinced of their Falfehood, and for what Rea-
fons I was convinced, I will inform you. Firft, becaufe when
Philip was to give his Oath in Ratification of the Peace, the
Phocsans vvere by him and -lEfchines exprefsly excluded from,
the Capitulation ; whereas all Mention of them fhould have
been pafled over in Silence and omitted, if it were intended
to preferve them : fecondly, becaufe neither Philip's Ambaf-
fador, nor Philip's Letter, but iEfchines alone, ever made fuch
a Promife. Having formed my Conjedlures upon thefe Cir-
cumftances, I rofe and came forward on the Tribunal, and en-
deavoured to contradidl him. But when you refufed to hear,
I kept Silence, entering only this Proteft (which by all the
Gods I conjure you to remember) that I neither knew thefe
Promifes, nor had any Share in the Intrigues of your Ambaf-
fadors ; I added, neither did I expedt any good Succefs from
th. m. When you received the ExprelHon, that I did not
expeil any Succefs, with fome Refentment, I declared to you,
<<^ O M. ii of Athens, if the Event of thefe Meafures be prof-
perous,.
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? 24 ORATIONSOF
" perous, give to thefe AmbaiTadors your Praifes, and Ho-
" nours, and Crowns ; I claim no Share of them ; but if the
" contrary fliould happen, then let them fuffer your juft In-
'* dignation. For my Part I retire. " Not yet, replied JEC-
chines ; do not yet retire ; only remember, not to claim any
of thefe Revvards, when they are diftributed. I anfvvered, I
fliould then be moil unjuft. Here Philocrates rofe with Info-
lence and Invedives, " It is nothing wonderful, O Men of
*' Athens, that Demofthenes and I never agree in Opinion ;
*' for he drinks Water, but I drink Wine ;" and then you
laughed.
Now confider the Decree, that Philocrates propofed imme-
diately after thefe licentious Pleafantries, for it is, in all its Parts,
mofl: worthy of your Attention ; but if we compute at what
Time it was propofed, and the Promifes iEfchines made on
the Occadon, it will appear, that your Ambafladors delivered
up the Phoc^ans to Philip, only not with their Hands tied
behind them. Read the Decree.
The Decree.
You behold, O Men of Athens, this Decree ; how filled with
Praifes, and honourable Appellations, '' Let the Peace and Con-
*' federacy, we have concluded with Philip, continue to his
*' Poftcrity, and let him receive Praife for his Promifes of adl-
*' ing with Juftice. " Yet he really promifed nothing. So far
other-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 25
othcrwife, that he knew ncn: wherein he could oblige you.
But ^fchines made Speeches and Promifes for him. Philo-
crates therefore finding, that you were earneftly inclined to
rely upon thefe Speeches, inferted in his Decree, " that if the
<' Phocjeans a6led not as they ought, but rcfufed to reftore the
" Temple of Apollo to the Amphi*5i:yons, the Athenian People
<* fliould fend Succours againft thofe, who hindered this Mea-
" fure from being carried into Execution. " While you there-
fore, O Men of Athens, remained inadive, nor marched
out of your own Territories ; when the Lacedemonians, fen-
fible of the Fraud, were returned home, and no other Am-
phidyons appeared at the Aflembly, except the Theffalians and
Thebans, then did iEfchines write in the gentleft Language in
the World, " that the Phocseans fhould deliver up the Tem-
ple to the Amphidyons. " What Amphiclyons ? No others
were aflembled, except the Thebans and Theffalians. But
fhould he not have convoked a general Council ? Should he
not have waited, untill they were aflembled ? Should he not
have ordered Proxenus to fuccour the Phocsans, and the Athe-
nians to take the Field ? Nothing of the kind was ordered.
*' But Philip fent two Letters, in which he called upon you to
** march. " But not with an Intention, that you fliould march.
By no means. Becaufe, he never would have confumed the
Time, in which you might poffibly have been able to have
gone, and then have called upon you ; he never would have
Vol. IL E delayed
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? 26 ORATIONS OF
delayed me, when I had determined to return ; nor would he
have commanded this Mercenary to make fuch Harangues to
you, by which you were very little influenced to go. He in-
tended, that you fhould imagine he would perform whatever
you thought proper to demand, and therefore would not op-
pofe him by your Decrees ; that the Phocaeans fhould not re-
pel his Invafion, or refift him, but relying on the Hopes of
your Afliftance, or broken by Defpair, fhould yield at Difcre-
tion. Read Philip's Letters.
The LETTERS.
These Letters do indeed, andwith Earneftnefs call upon you
to march. But if your Ambafladors had adled with Integrity,
what other Courfe could they have taken, than unanimoufly to
have decreed, that you fhould take the Field, and that Prox-
enus, who they knew was in that Part of the Country, fI:iould
inftantly fuccour the Phocreans ? Yet it is apparent, they
afted directly contrary, and indeed w^ith fome Appearance of
Reafon. For they paid no Regard to Philip's Letters, but to
the Intention>> with which they were confcious he wrote them.
This Intention therefore they laboured, and with Ardour, to
fupport.
But the Pliocaeans, when they heard what you had deter-
mined in your AiTcmbly, when they received the Decree of
Phi-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 37
Philocrates, with this Declaration of iEfchincs, and his Pro-
mifes, were in every Inftance undone. For confider their Cir-
cumftances. Some of their Citizens d^ftrufted PhiHp, and they
were wife ; yet they were induced to place a Confidence in
him. How induced ? Becaufe, although they imagined,
Philip would deceive them a thoufand Times, they never could
imagine, that the Athenian AmbaiTadors would dare to de-
ceive the Athenians. They believed what iEfchines declared,
and that the approaching Deflrudion was to fall, * not upon
them, but the Thebans. There were fome others, who de-
termined to fuifer the lafl: Extremities, and to repel the Inva-
fion ; but they were difpirited by the Perfuafion, that Philip
would prove their Friend, and by their Apprehenfion, if they
refufed to acft in Compliance with your Decree, that the Forces,
which they had expelled fhould fuccour them, would be em-
ployed againft them. Befides, fome of them imagined you had
repented of the Peace you had concluded with Philip. Your
Ambafiadors therefore demonftrated to them your having decreed
this Peace to your Pofterity, that they might in every Inftance
defpair o{ your Aftiftance, and all thefe Circumftances were for
this Reafon colleded into one Decree; in my Opinion, the
greateft Crime they were capable of committing. Becaufe,
when they concluded this Peace with a mortal Man, made
powerful only by fome favourable Conjunctures, they fixed an
immortal Infamy on the Republic, and not only deprived lier
E 2 of
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? 28 ORATIONSOF
of all other poffible AfTiftance, but even of the good Favour
of Fortune. That they proceeded to fuch Excefs of Wick d-
nefs, as not only to injure the prcfent Race of Athenians, but
all their future Defcendants, is it not intolerable ? Never could
you have endured the inferting this Article " and to his Pofte-
*' rity," if you had not relied upon the Promifes of -^fchines,
upon which the Phocasans relied, and were undone. For after
delivering themfelves up to Phihp, and furrendering their Cities
into his Hands, they have experienced every Calamity directly
oppolite to his Promife.
But manifeftly to convince you, that thefe AfTerttons are
true, and that the Phocasans were utterly deftroyed by thefe
Ambafladors, I fhall compute the Time, in wliich every Cir-
cumftance happened, and whoever contradicts me, let him
arife, and take Part of the Hours, appointed to me by the Laws
for this Indictment. (6) The Peace, therefore, was concluded.
on
6. A literal Trannation of this PafTage or even Verfes, quoted by the Orator,,
woLikl to an Englilli Rtader be wholly un- were read by the Secretary. Thefe, wq
inteliio-ible ? , Let him /peak in my Water ; may believe, were therefore artfully ufed
ycL it may be Matter of Curiofity to know to relieve the Fatigue of the Speaker, an(>
the MeariiDg of the Expreflion. Acer- the Attention of his Audience. Some-
tain Ponion of Time, computed prcba- times, as intheprefent Inftance, we find
bly by the Import. mceof the Caufe, was their Orators infulting each other, as iiv
ap oint d for the Plaintiff and Defendant- a Confidence of their Succefs, with an
1 Ms Time was meafured by an Hour- Offer of the remainder of their Water,.
Gla s of Wat. r, v\hi( h was flopped when or, according to the prefent Tranflation,
any thing foreign to t. ic Caufe intervened, qJ the Time aliened to their Pleading.
? r when their Laws, Decrees, Evidence,
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? DEMOSTHENES. 29
on the nineteenth of February. We were abfcnt full three
Months on our Embafly for demanding PhiHp's Oath in Ratifi-
cation of it, and that whole Time the Phocaeans continued in
Safety. (7) We returned from our Embafly the thirteenth of
May. Philip had now entered the Pafs of Thermopylae, and
made fuch Promifes to the Phocceans, as none of them believed.
Certainly ; for otherwife, they never would have conte hither
for Succours. An AfTembly was afterwards convened the fix-
teenth of May, when thefe AmbafTadors by Perfidy and falfc
Reprefentations utterly ruined your Affairs. In five Days, as
I compute, the Phocaeans might have been informed of your
Determinations, for their AmbafTadors were then in Athens,
and it much concerned them to know what Propofils ^fchines
and his Collegues brought home, and what you had decreed.
The Phocasans therefore, according to my Calculation, might
have known your Determinations upon the twentieth. I mean,
in five Days from the fixteenth. Then followed the twenty-
firfl, twenty-fecond, twenty- third, in which a Treaty was.
concluded
7. Our Author is not perfeftly exadl the twenty-th'rd an Alliance was con-
in his reckoning. The AmbaflTadors de- eluded b twetn Philip and i hcbcs, and.
parted on their Embafiy, according to the Phocfeans were deflroyed. The >e-
Doftor Taylor's Calculation^ after the nate w,(S aflembled in the Pyr^rum. and:
third of March, and returned the thir- the News of this Dcllruction re, ( rte 1 at.
teenth of May. The Senate met the fix- A' hens on th^- twenty fcvench
teenth, when they made the Report of This fliortcr Computation ;ray be ufcful;
their Embafiy. Demofthenes computes, to the Reader, and he is indebted for, ic:
that the Phocseans might have received to Do6tor Taylor,
the Athenian Decree the twentieth. On,
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? 30 ORATIONSOF
concluded between Philip and the Thebans, when every Thing
was ruined, and brought to their final Period. How is this
manifeft ? 1 he twenty-feventh the Senate affembled in the
Pyrzeum upon the State of your Marine, when Dercyllus ar-
rived from Chalcis, and gave you an Account, that Phihp had
delivered every Thing into the Hands of the Thebans. He
reckoned that Day the fifth from the Conclufion of the Treaty,
and the twenty-third, fourth, fifth, fixth, and feventh, make
exaflly the five Days, which Dercyllus computed from the
Treaty. Thus by an exa6t Calculation of the Days, upon
which thefe Ambafilidors made their Report of their Embafiy,
and publiilicd their Decree, they ftand convicted of having ftre-
nuoufly afiified Phihp, and adted in Concert with him for the
Defirudion of the Phocseans.
Besides, that none of the Phocaean Cities were taken bj
Siege, or by Aflault, but were utterly ruined by the Treaty
they had concluded, is a convincing Proof, that they fufi^ered
thefe Calamities, becaufe they were perfuaded by your Ambaf-
fadors, that PhiHp would preferve them. For they were not
ignorant of Philip's Charader. Here, give me our Treaty
with the Phoca^ans, and the Decrees by which Philip rafed
their Walls, that you may behold what Alliance fubfifted be-
tween us, and what Misfortunes have befallen them through
? " CD
the Counfels of thefe Enemies of the Gods. Read.
Articles
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? DEMOSTHENES. 31
Articles of Alliance between the Athenians and Piioc^ans.
Such were the Connexions between you and them : Friend-
fhip. Alliance, Succours. Now hear what Calamities they
have endured by this Man's hindering you from aflifting them.
Read.
The Convention! between Philip and the Phoc^ans.
Do you hear, O Men of Athens ? He fays, " the Con-
" vention between Philip and the Phocaeans," not between
the Thebans and Phocsans ; the Theflalians and Phocseans ;
the Locrians or any other People. And again ; he fays>
*' they mufl deliver up their Towns to PhiHp," not to the
Thebans, Theflalians, or any other People. Wherefore? Be-
caufe iiEfchines had declared to you, that Philip had marched
into Thermopyls for the Prefervation of the Phocaeans>> They
therefore placed their entire Confidence in him ; they direded
all their Views towards him ; they concluded a Peace with him.
Let the Secretary read the Remainder. Then do you confider
what they believed, and what they fuffered. Have they any
Likenefs or Refemblance to the Promifes of ^S^fchines ? Read,
The Decree of the Amphictyons.
Calamities, O Men of Athens, more terrible, or greater
than thefe, were never known among the Grecians, neither in
& our^j,
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? 32 ORATIONSOF
ours, nor, I believe, in any former Age. Of Conqneils thus im-
portant, thus numerous, one fmgle Man, by. the Perfidy of
thdQ Ambailadors, is become abfolute Mafter, even whik
Athens ilill exifls, to whom it hath belonged by ancient Cufrom
to hold the Sovereignty of Greece, and not to look with uncon-
cern upon iuch Mifchiefs.
In what Manner, therefore, the unhappy Phoc^eans were
deftroyed, is apparent, not only from thofe Decrees, but from
all the Operations, that followed. A dreadful fpedacle, O
Men of Athens, and full of Mifery. When we lately travelled
to Delphos we were of necellity compelled to fee all tliis Wretch-
ednefs ; Houfes in Ruins ; Walls rafed to the Ground ; the
Country deferted by the young Men ; a few Women and
Children, and old Men, moft miferable. It is impofTible for
Language to cxprefs the Calamities of this unhappy People,
even at this Moment. Yet I have heard you all declare, that
they formerly gave their Vote in Oppofition to the Thebans,
when the Servitude of this Republic was under Debate. What
Sentence therefore, what Judgement do you imagine, O Men
of Atjiens, would our Anceflors, if they returned to Life, pro-
nounce upon the Authors of this Deftrudlion ? In my Opinion,
they would not imagine themfelves guiltlefs of the Treachery,
by which the Phoca^ans were thus totally ruined, if they did
not flone them with even their own Hands. For is it not mofl:
diflionourable,
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? DEMOSTHENES. 33
diflionourable, or rather, if there be any Crime beyond fuch
Turpitude, is it not moft impious, that they, by whom we
were preferved; wlio gave their Vote for our Prefervation,
fhould in return experience fuch Ruin, by the Perfidy of thefe
Traytors, or by tlieir Negledl fhould have fuffercd fuch Mifery,
as no other Grecians ever knew ? who was the Author of this
Mifery ? who was the Impofltor, that deceived you ? was it not
-^fchines ?
Although upon many Accounts, O Men of Athens, vou
may efteem PhiHp extremely happy, yet in this Inftance of his
good Fortune, certainly fuperior to the refl of Mankind ; for
by all our Gods and Goddeftes, I cannot name another Man,
in our Age, fo fortunate. To have taken great Cities, and
fubdued large Territories, with all other Actions of this kind,
are indeed worthy of our Emulation, and, I confefs, exceed-
ing glorious. Unqueftionable. Yet we may affirm, they have
been performed by many others. But this peculiar Felicity,
which was never granted to any other Mortal What is it?
That when he wanted Villains to carry on his Defigns, he found
even greater, than he himlelf expeded, or defired. For how
juftly may Philocrates and iEfchines be faid to deferve this
Charader, who have fold themfelves to Philip, and deceived
you in the very Affairs, in which Philip, although fo deeply
interefted, neither dared to venture a Lie himfelf, nor infert
Vol. II. F it
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? 34 ORATIONS OF
it in his Letters; nor have any of his Ambailiidors ever aflerted
it for him. Antipater and Parmenio, the Minifters of a defpotic
Mafter, who were never to hold Friendship or Correfpondence
with you afterwards, were cautious however, that you fliould
not be impofed upon hy them. On the contrary, thefe chofcn
AmbafTadors of the Athenians ; of a City, that enjoys the moft
unbounded Liberty, had the Hardinefs to deceive even you,
whom they were frequently to meet ; whofe Faces they wece to
behold; with whom they muft necelTarily Hve the Remainder
of their Lives ; to whom they were obliged to render an account
of their Embafly, even you they deceived. Can human Crea-
tures be more vt'icked, or rather more delperate, even ta
Madnefs ?
But to convince you, that this Wretch is already devoted by you
to the infernal Gods, and that it were unholy and impious in you
to acquit the Man, who hath uttered fuch Falfehoods, here j,
take and read the Imprecation contained in this Law.
The Imprecation.
The Herald in your Name, O Men of Athens, pronounces
thefe Imprecations in every Affembly, as commanded by the
Laws, and repeats them to the Senate, when they fit. Neither
is it in the Power of ^Efchines to affirm, he knows them not ;
becaufe, when he was Secretary to your AiTemblies, and a
Servant
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? DEMOSTHENES. 35
Servant in the Senate, he repeated this Law to the Heralij.
Were it not therefore abfurd and monflrous, that what you
yourfelves have commanded ; what you implore the Gods to
? execute in your Name, you yourfelves fhall refufe to execute,
when it is, this Day, in your Power ? On the contrary, the
Man, whom you implore the Gods totally to deflroy, himfclf,
his Relations, and his Family, will you yourfelves acquit?
No, certainly. Him, who can efcape your Vengeance, aflign
to the Gods for his Punifliment; but him, whom you have
within your own Power, do not give them the Trouble of
punifhing. ,
But to fuch Excefs of Shamelefsnefs and Audacioufnefs, I
hear he is arrived, that forgetting all his Adions, all his Decla-
rations, all the Promifes, by which he had deceived the Repub-
lic, and as if he were to be tried before other Judges. , not
before you, who are confcious of his crimes, he propofes, iirfl,
to accufe the Lacedemonians, then the Phocasans and Hege-
{ippus. (8) But the Defign is abfolutely ridiculous, or rather
a fliameful
(8) The Lacedarmonians had been in- Philip had determined utterly to deftroy
vited by Philip to a Congrefs, in which the Phoca^ans. They avoided therefore
they expefted fome certain Territories, all future Engagements witli him, and
they had formerly poflefled, would be left him, perhaps, not without Refeut-
reftored to them. They were not only nient. T hat Retentment, as we may he-
difappointed, but convinced befides, that lieve ^fchines infinuated, really injured
F 2 tlic
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? 36 ORATIONSOF
a fhameful Excefs of Impudence. For whatever Objedlions he
fhall now make with regard to the Phocaeans, the Lacedaemonians
and Hegefippus ; either that the Phocaeans refufed to receive
Proxenus ; that they were impious, or guiky of Bafenefs and
Improbity, or any other Crimes, of which he fhall accufe them,
yet all thefe were equally true before the Ambafladors returned,
and confequently could not have been Obftacles to their Pre-
{ervation. (9) Who made this Declaration? Even iEfchines^
himfelf. For he did not declare, that their Safety depended
upon the Lacedaemonians, or their receiving Proxenus, or upon
the Oppofition of Hegefippus, or this, or any other particular
Circumftance ; he never, at that time, made any Declaration
of this Kind. But pafling over all fuch Objedlions, he de-
clared exprefsly, that he had perfuaded Philip to preferve the
Phocaeans; to fuffer Baeotia to be again inhabited, and to give
you a Power of adling as you pleafed; that all thefe Promifes
fhould be fulfilled in too or three Days, and that the Thebans,
for
the Phocseans, and haftened their De- ported and explained by the Scholiaft.
ftrudion. JEfchines accufes the Phocfeans of Bafe-
Hegefippus, an Orator and Magiftrate nefs and Want of Probity, becaufe,,
of Athens, had oppofed the Refolution when they were yet in Alliance with
of fendinor Ambafladors to negotiate a Athens, they refufed to receive her Ge-
Peace with Philip. He is therefore ima- neral Proxenus, from a Sufpicion, that,
gined to have provoked that Monarch to he intended the Ruin of their Cities. ? He
the Ruin of Phocis, charges them with Impiety, for refufing
(9) The Tranflator here follows a con- to admit fome facred Feftivals, which the
jeftural Reading propofed by Dodor Athenians were accuftomed to celebrate
Taylor j ij ug cciXtCug ha-iv, ^ ug ttovi^- in Phocis.
fo), vi 0, Ti civ lynron, &c. It is fup-
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? DEMOSTHENES. 37
for his fuccefs in thefe Negotiations, had put a Price upon his
Head.
Do not therefore hear, or fuffer him to tell you of any Errors,
committed before his own Declaration, either by the Lacedae-
monians or Phocsans. Do not permit him to accufe the Pho-
caeans of want of Probity. Neither did you formerly protect
the Lacedsemonians for their own Merit, nor thefe devoted
Euboeans, nor many other Nations, but becaufe it was of Ad-
vantage to the Republic, as, in the prefent Inftance, to protect
the Phocaeans. But what Crime did the Phocasans, or the
Lacedaemonians, or you, or any other Mortal commit after
thefe Declarations of ^fchines, that fhould prevent the Effe6h
of his Promifes? Afk him this Queftion, which he fhall never
be able to anlwer. For only five Days intervened, in which
he told his Falfehoods, and you believed them ; in which the
Phocaeans heard them; then voluntarily yielded themfelves,
and perifhed. From whence I imagine, and it is in itfelf clearly
manifeft, that every Fraud, and every Artifice, was employed
for the Deftrudlion of that People. Becaufe, at the time when
Philip had it not in his Power to march into Therm opyl^
without an open Violation of the Peace, but yet was forming
his Operations for that Purpofe, he invited the Lacedsemonians
to a Conference, and promifed every Thing they demanded,
in hopes of preventing their being reconciled, under your Me-
diation. j-.
441323
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? 38 ORATIONSOF
diation, with the Phocasans. But when he had marched into
Thermopylae, and the Lacedemonians, fenfible of the intended
Treachery, had quitted his Party, he once more fecretly em-
ployed this ^fchines to deceive you; left if you Ciould again
perceive, that he was carrying on his fecret Pra6lices with the
Thebans, he might be compelled to hazard fome unfavourable
Conjundture ; to engage in another War, and to confume his
Time while the Phoceeans defended themfelves, and you fentthem
Succours; laftly, that he might without Fatigue or Danger
accomplifli the Defigns, in which he hath fince fucceeded.
Yet becaufe Philip deceived the Lacedaemonians and Phocjeans,
not, for that Reafon, fhould iEfchines with Impunity deceive
the Athenians.
If he fhould aflert, that Cherfonefus is preferved to the Re-
public inftead of Phocis, and Thermopyls, and other Places
we have loft, let me implore you by the Gods, do not admit ;
do not endure, in Addition to the Injuries you have already
received from this Embafty, that this Reproach fhould be
formed, out of his Defence, againft the Commonwealth, that
for the fake of fecretly preferving your own Pofleflions, you
have abandoned the Safety of your Confederates; becaufe, in
Truth, you never adted in this manner. For after the Con-
clufion of the Peace, and while Cherfonefus yet remained in
your PolTeflion, the Phocceans continued four whole Months
8 in
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? DEMOSTHENES. 39
in Safety; but afterwards you were deceived by the Perfidy of
^fchines, and they were deftroyed. Befides you will find
Cherfonefus in greater danger at prefent, than at that Time.
For whether could Philip have been more eafily punifhed for
any Invafion, before he had poffeffed himfelf of our Dominions,
or at prefent ? In my own Opinion, much more eafily at that
Time. How precarious therefore is the fafety of Cherfonefus,
if you take away the Fear and Danger of invading it ?
But iEfchlnes, I hear, intends to urge in his Defence, that
he is furprifed, why Demofthenes, and none of the Phocasans,
accufes him. Permit me to explain the Nature of this Objec-
tion. The beft and wifeft of the Phocasans, now driven out
of their Country, are contented, after having fuffered fuch
Calamities, to reft in Quiet ; nor is any one of them inclined
to undertake, for the general Advantage, a particular Qiiarrel.
Befides, they could not have maintained a Profecution vvithout
Money, and had not a Friend who would fiirnifii the Ex-
pence. (10) Nor have even I given them any Thing to engage
them
(10') Our Orator feems, at firft Sight, withthe Accufersof iEfchines. He will
Incautioufly to have mentioned an Ob- not hire their Clamours in his Favour,
jeftion, that might pufTibly be turned He wants not their Evidence ? , for Truth
againft him. " Why had not you, De- and Fadts themfelves are his Witnefles.
" moilhene? , Generofuy enough to fup- Thus he artfully excufes the Abfence of
? ' port I his unhappy People in this Pro- the Phocsans, and aflerts bis own In-
*' iecution ? " No ? , he difclaims all tegrity.
