for history, and our
knowledge
of the remainder of 4.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
131, 167; Athen.
inhabitants of which, according to a favourite iii. p. 121, xiv. p. 656 ; Plut. Apophth. p. 175. )
policy of the Sicilian tyrants, he removed from His intimacy with the latter was particularly cele
their native seats, and established them at Leon- brated (Pseud. Plat. Epist. 2), and has been made
tini, while he repeopled Catana with Syracusans, the subject by Xenophon of an imaginary dialogue
## p. 455 (#471) ############################################
HIERON.
455
HIERON.
d Earing
self to be
(Diod i.
1, 120. )
o we end
-k cties is
destruction
he appear
sion of his
Some pean
the soos de
i to patients
; succeeded
from Roe
i Therer in
hrasydazor
AgtigEONES
Teat bazt,
danial of
Hieroa res
grigentines
i important
T which be
Cumae (a
nlly takes
truscars had
Greek seti's
et, and the
fieron, sba
ress, appears
et which be
. i. 137 ;
the victory
elebrated by
en preserved
det found at
ish Museos,
bears to have
Hieroa da
entitled the Hieron (Xen. Opp. tom. v. ed. Schnei- opportunity during the war with the Mamertines
der), but, from the advice there put into the mouth (who, after the departure of Pyrrhus, had attacked
of the philosopher, as well as from the hints inter the Syracusans), to abandon these troops to the
spersed by Pindar, in the midst of his praises and enemy, by whom they were almost all cut to
flatteries, we may gather that there was much to pieces, while Hieron, with the Syracusan citizens,
disapprove of in the conduct of Hieron towards who had kept aloof from the combat, effected in
his subjects and dependants. (See Boeckh, ad safety his retreat to Syracuse. Here he immediately
Pind. Pyth. i. 81–88. ) His love of magnificence proceeded to levy a new army, and as soon as he
was especially displayed, as was the custom of the had organised these troops, marched forth to chas
day, in the great contests of the Grecian games, tise the Mamertines, who were naturally elated
and his victories at Olympia and Delphi have been with their victory. He soon drove them out of all
immortalised by Pindar. He also sent, in imitation the territory they had conquered, took the cities of
of his brother Gelon, splendid offerings to the Mylae and Alaesz, while those of Tyndaris, Aba-
sanctuary at Delphi. (Paus. vi. 12. § 1; Athen. caenum, and Tauromenium, declared in his favour.
vi p. 231, 232. ).
The Mamertines, thus hemmed in in a comer of
We are told that Hieron was afflicted during the the island, ventured on a pitched battle at the
latter years of his life by the stone, and that painful river Longanus, but were totally defeated, their
malady was probably the cause of his death, which leader, Cios, taken prisoner, and Messana itself
took place at Catana, in the twelfth year of his would have probably fallen into the hands of
reign, B. C. 467. (Schol
. ad Pind. Ol. i. 1, Pyth. Hieron, had not the intervention of the Carthagi-
i. 89, iii. 1 ; Plut. de Pyth. Orac. 19; Diod. xi. nians prevailed on him to grant a peace to his
38, 66. ) Aristotle, indeed, says that he reigned humbled enemies. On his return from this glorious
only ten years (Pol. v. 12), but the dates of Dio- expedition, Hieron was saluted by his fellow-
dorus, which are consistent with one another, are citizens with the title of king, B. c. 270. (Polyb.
confirmed by the scholiast on Pindar, and have i. 8, 9; Diod. Exc. Hoesch. xxii. p. 499, 500. )
been justly preferred by Clinton (F. H. vol. Ü. p. The chronology of these events is not very clear
38, 267). He was interred with much pomp at (see Paus. vi. 12. & 2 ; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p.
Catana, and obtained heroic honours as the new 267 ; and Droysen, Hellenism. vol. ii. p. 268, nol. ),
founder of that city, but his tomb was subsequently but if the date above assigned for the commence-
destroyed by the old inhabitants, when they re- ment of the reign of Hieron be correct, it was in
turned thither, after the expulsion of the Aetnaean the year preceding his elevation to the royal dig-
colonists. (Diod. xi. 66 ; Strab. vi. p. 268. ) He nity (B. C. 272), that he assisted the Romans
bad one son, Deinomenes, by his first wife, a during the siege of Rhegium with supplies of corn,
daughter of Nicocles, a Syracusan : by his subse- as well as with an auxiliary force. (Zonar. viii. 6. )
quent marriage with the sister of Theron already We know nothing more of his proceedings from
mentioned he left no issue. (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. this time until the year 264, nor can we clearly
i. 112. ) The scholiast here calls her the cousin discover the relations in which he stood, either
(dyeyla) of Theron, but she is elsewhere repeatedly towards Carthage or Rome ; it is said indeed that
termed his sister (ad Ol. ïi. 29, 37). [E. H. B. ] the assistance furnished by him to the latter had
HIERON II. , king of SYRACUSE, was the son given umbrage to the Carthaginians (Dion Cass.
of Hierocles, a Syracusan of illustrious birth, who Frag. Vat. 57 ; Zonar, viï. 6), and rendered them
claimed descent from the great Gelon, the victor at unfavourable to Hieron, but this disposition did
Himera. He was however illegitimate, being the not break out into actual hostilities. His great
offspring of a female servant, in consequence of object seems still to have been the complete ex-
which it is said that he was exposed as an infant, pulsion of the Mamertines from Sicily ; and when,
but that some omens prophetic of his future great in 264, the Romans for the first time interposed in
ness caused his father to relent, and bring him up favour of that people, his indignation at their in-
with care and attention. (Justin. xxiii. 4; Zonar. terference led him to throw himself at once into
viji. 6. ) The year of his birth cannot be fixed the arms of the Carthaginians, with whom he con-
with certainty, but it must have taken place before cluded an alliance, and united his forces with those
B. C. 306; hence he was at least thirty years old of Hanno, who had just arrived in Sicily, at the
when the departure of Pyrrhus from Sicily (B. C. head of a large army. (HANNO, No. 8. ] With
275) left the Syracusans without a leader. Hieron their combined forces they proceeded to lay siege
had already distinguished himself in the wars of to Messana both by sea and land, but they failed
that monarch, and had acquired so much favour in preventing the Roman consul, Appius Claudius,
with the soldiery, that the Syracusan army, on oc- from crossing the straits with his army. He landed
casion of some dispute with the people of the city, near the Syracusan camp, and Hieron gave him
appointed him, together with Artemidorus, to be battle the next day, but met with a partial defeat ;
their general ; and he had the skill and address to and, alarmed at the aspect of affairs, and mistrust-
procure the ratification of his command from the i ing the faith of his allies, suddenly withdrew with
people, and conciliate the affections of the mul- all his forces to Syracuse. Thither, after some
titude as effectually as he had those of the soldiers. interval, Claudius followed him, and ravaged the
But his ambition did not stop here. By his mar- open country up to the very walls, but was unable
riage with the daughter of Leptines, at that time to effect any thing against the city itself, and was
unquestionably the most distinguished and influ- compelled by the breaking out of a pestilential dis-
ential citizen at Syracuse, he secured for himself order in his army to retreat. The next year (B. C.
the most powerful support in the councils of the 263) hostilities were renewed by the Romans, and
republic. But he felt that he could not rely on the consuls, Otacilius and Valerius, not only laid
the army of mercenaries, which, though they had waste the Syracusan territory, but took many of
been the first to raise him to power, be well knew their smaller and dependent towns ; and Hieron,
to be fickle and treacherous ; he therefore took an finding himself unable to cope single-handed with
G G4
(Rose, Inc.
ar, vol. il.
3
story that je
iz ment saed
of Srracuse,
ded with this
no means of
presenting his
than that of
de maintenance
$, and erined
by the emplo
mers. (Irish
comp. Plat de
- respect, bos.
in the liberal
rtended to Det
ery much to cast
art became the
Jets and Nilo
dar, and Barhr-
71 up their stode
ating in friends
Epicharros
, and
5; Pacs i :
131, 167; Ashes.
I popstå. p. 173)
s particularis cele
and has been made
imaginary dialya
## p. 456 (#472) ############################################
456
HIERON.
HIERON.
the Roman power, and seeing little hope of assist- symene, he hastened to send to Rome a large supe
ance from Carthage, concluded a peace with Rome. ply of com, as well as a body of light-armed
The terms of the treaty were on the whole suf- auxiliaries, and a golden statue of Victory, which
ficiently favourable ; Hieron retained possession of was consecrated by the Romans in the capitol.
• the whole south-east of Sicily, and the eastern side (Liv. xxi. 49–51, xxji. 37 ; Zopar, viï. 26 ; Val.
of the island as far as Tauromenium, advantages Max. iv. 8. ) The still heavier disaster of Cannae
which were cheaply purchased by the surrender of in the following year (B. c. 216) appears to bave
his prisoners and the payment of a large sum of produced as little change in his disposition towards
money. (Polyb. i. 11, 12, 15, 16; Diod. Exc. the contending powers ; and one of the last acts of
Hoesch. xxiii. 2, 4, 5; Zonar. viii. 9 ; Oros. iv. 7. ) his life was the sending a large supply of money
From this time till his death, a period of little and corn to the raetor T. Otacilius. (Liv.
less than half a century, Hieron continued the xxiii. 21. ) The date
his death is nowhere ex-
sted fast friend and ally of the Romans, a policy of pressly mentioned, but it seems clear that it must
which his subjects as well as himself reaped the have occurred before the end of the year 216. (See
benefits, in the enjoyment of a state of tranquillity Clinton, F. II. vol. ii. p. 267. ). According to
and prosperity such as they had never before Lucian (Macrob. 10), he had attained the age of
known for so long a period. But such an interval ninety-two: both Polybiuis and Livy speak of him
of peace and quiet naturally affords ſew materinls as not less than ninety. (Polyb. vii. 8 ; Liv. xxiv.
for history, and our knowledge of the remainder of 4. ) Pausanias, who asserts that he was murdered
Hieron's long life is almost confined to the inter- by Deinomenes (vi. 12. $ 4), has evidently con-
change of good offices between him and the founded him with his grandson Hieronymus.
Romans, which cemented and confirmed their It was not towards the Romans alone that
friendship. During the first Punic war he was Hieron displayed his wealth and munificence in so
frequently called upon to render important services liberal a manner. His eyes were ever turned
to his new allies ; in B. C. 262, by the zeal and towards Greece itself, and he sought to attract the
energy which he displayed in furnishing supplies attention and conciliate the favour of the Greek
to the Roman consuls before Agrigentum, he en- nation not only by costly offerings at Olympia and
abled them to continue the siege, and ultimately other places of national resort, but by coming
effect the reduction of that important fortress. forward readily to the assistance of all who needed
(Polyb. i. 18°; Zonar, viii. 10. ) On a subsequent it. A striking instance of this is recorded in the
occasion we find him sending them the military magnificent presents which he sent to the Rhodians
engines and artillery, by means of which they took when their city had suffered from an earthquake.
Camarina (Diod. Exc. Hoesch. xxiii. 9), and in 255 (Polyb. v. 88, vii. 8 ; Paus. vi. 12. & 2, 15. § 6. )
displaying the utmost solicitude in relieving the Nor did his steady attachment to the Romaus pre-
wants of the Roman mariners and soldiers after vent him from furnishing supplies to the Cariba-
the dreadful shipwreck of their fleet off Camarina. ginians when the very existence of their state was
(Id. ibid. 13. ) Again in 252 he is mentioned as endangered by the war of the mercenaries. (Polyb.
furnishing the consul Aurelius Cotta with ships i. 83. ) His internal administration appears to have
(Zonar, viii. 14), and as relieving the spirits of the been singularly mild and equitable: though he did
Roman army by an opportune supply of corn, when not refuse the title of king, he avoided all external
almost disheartened, during the long protracted display of the insignia of royalty, and appeared in
siege of Lilybaeum, B. C. 249. (Diod. Exc. Hoesch. public unattended by guards, and in the garb of a
xxiv. 1. ) For these faithful services he was re- private citizen. By retaining the senate of the
warded by being included under the protection of republic, and taking care to consult them upon all
the treaty of peace concluded between Rome and important occasions, he preserved the forms of a
Carthage in B. c. 241 (Polyb. i. 62. § 8), and by constitutional government; and we are even told
a renewal of the treaty between him and the that he was sincerely desirous to lay aside the
Romans, which was now changed into a perpetual sovereign power, and was only prevented from
alliance, the payment of all tribute being henceforth doing so by the unanimous voice of his subjects.
remitted. - (Zonar. viii. 16 ; Appian, Sic. 2. ) (Polyb. vii. 8 ; Liv. xxiv. 4, 5, 22). The care he
· During the interval of peace between the two bestowed upon the financial department of his ad-
Punic wars, Hieron vísited Rome in person, where ministration is sufficiently attested by the laws
he appears to have been received with the highest regulating the tithes of corn and other agricultural
honours, and gave a proof at once of his wealth produce, which, under the pame of Leges Hieron-
and liberality, by distributing a vast quantity of icae, are repeatedly referred to by Cicero in his
corn to the people at the secular games. (Eutrop. orations against Verres ; and which, in consequence
iii. 1. ) B. C. 222, after the great victory of of their equitable and precise adjustment, were re-
Marcellus over the Gauls, a portion of the spoils tained by the Romans when they reduced Sicily to
taken on that occasion was sent to him by the a provinee. (Cic. Verr. ii. 13, iii. 8, 51, &c. ) At
senate as a friendly offering. (Plut. Marc. 8 ; the same time he adorned the city of Syracuse
Liv. xxiv. 21. ) The beginning of the second Punic with many public works of great magnificence
war now came, to put his fidelity to the highest test; as well as of real utility, among which are men-
but he was not found wanting to his allies in the tioned temples, gymnasia, porticoes, and public
hour of their danger. He not only fitted out a altars (Athenae. v. 40; Diod. xvi. 83); that his
fleet to co-operate with that of the consul Sem- care in this respect was not confined to Syracuse
pronius (of which, notwithstanding his advanced alone is proved by the occurrence of his name on
age, he appears to have taken the command in the remarkable edifices which have been brought to
person), but offered to supply the Roman legions light of late years at Acrae, now Palazzolo. (See
and naval forces in Sicily with provisions and the Duca di Serra di Falco, Antichità della Sicilia,
clothing at his own expense. The next year (217), vol. iv. p. 158. ) Among other modes in which be
on receiving the tidings of the fatal battle of Thra- displayed his magnificence was the construction of a
## p. 457 (#473) ############################################
HIERON.
457
HIERONYMUS.
ship of enormous size, far exceeding all previously city with many splendid buildings, and left a pro
constructed, which, when completed, he sent laden perty of 2000 talents at his death to be applied to
with corn as a present to Ptolemy king of Egypt. A public purposes. (Strab. xii. p. 578. )
detailed account of this wonderful vessel has been 3. One of the thirty tyrants established at
preserved to us by Athenaeus (v. 40—44). But Athens, B. c. 404. (Xen. Hell. ii. 3. § 2. )
while he secured to his subjects the blessings of 4. One of the chief satraps or governors among
peace, Hieron did not neglect to prepare for war, the Parthians, though, from his naine, evidently
and not only kept up a large and well-appointed of Greek origin, at the time when Tiridates, sup-
fleet, but employed his friend and kinsman Archi-ported by Tiberius and the Roman influence, in-
medes in the construction of powerful engines both vaded Parthia, A. D. 36. After wavering for some
for attack and defence, which afterwards played so time between the two rivals, Hieron declared in
important a part in the siege of Syracuse by Mar- favour of Artabanus, and was mainly instrumental
cellus. (Liv. xxiv. 34 ; Plut. Murc. 14. ) The in re-establishing him upon the throne. (Tac. Ann.
power and magnificence of Hieron were celebrated vi. 42, 43. )
[E. H. B. ]
by Theocritus in his sixteenth Idyll, but the poet's HIERON ('lépwv), a Greek writer on veterinary
panegyric adds hardly any thing to our historical surgery, whose date is unknown, but who may
knowledge.
have lived in the fourth or fifth century after
Hieron had only one son, Gelon, who died shortly Christ. Some fragments, which are all that re-
before his father, but he left two daughters, De-mains of his works, are to be found in the collection
marata and Heraclea, who were married respec- of writers on veterinary surgery, first published in
tively to Andranodorus and Zoïppus, two of the Latin by Joannes Ruellius, Paris, 1530, fol. , and
principal citizens of Syracuse. He was succeeded in Greek by Simon Grynaeus, Basel, 1537, 4to.
by his grandson, Hieronymus.
[W. A. G. )
Numerous coins are extant, which bear the name HIERON, modeller. [TLEPOLEMUS. )
of Hieron, and some of these have been referred by HIERO'NYMUS('lepárvuos), historical. 1. Of
the earlier numismatists to the elder Hieron ; but Elis, a lochagus in the army of the Ten Thousand
it is quite certain, from the style of work of the Greeks, who is mentioned by Xenophon as taking a
coins themselves, and the characters of the inscrip- prominent part in the discussion that ensued after the
tion, that they must all have been struck in the death of Clearchus and the other generals, as well
reign of Hieron II. Eckhel (vol. i. pp. 251–257), as on other occasions during the retreat and subse-
and Visconti (Iconographie Grecque, vol. ii. p. 16) quent operations. (Xen. Anab. iii. 1. & 34, vi. 2.
are, however, of opinion that the head upon them, $ 10, vii. 1. § 32, 4. & 18. )
which bears the diadem, is that of the elder Hieron, 2. An Arcadian, who is reproached by Demo-
and that we cannot suppose Hieron II. to have sthenes with having betrayed the interests of bis
adopted the diadem on his coins when he never country to Philip, by whom he had allowed himself
wore it in public. There does not seem much to be corrupted. (Dem. de Cor. p. 324, de Fuls.
weight in this objection, and it is probable, on the Leg. p. 344, ed. Reiske. ) An elaborate argument
whole, that the portrait which we find on these in defence of the policy adopted by him, and those
coins is that of Hieron II. himself. (E. H. B. ] who acted with him on this occasion, will be
found in Polybius (xvii. 14). (E. H. B. ]
HIEROʻNYMUS (ʻlepuvuuos), of Cardia, an
historian who is frequently cited as one of the
chief authorities for the history of the times imme-
diately following the death of Alexander. He
had himself taken an active part in the events of
that period. Whether he had accompanied his
fellow-citizen Eumenes during the campaigns of
Alexander we have no distinct testimony, but
SAEMEOS
after the death of that prince, we find him not only
attached to the service of his countryman, but
already enjoying a high place in his confidence. It
seems probable also from the terms in which he is
alluded to as describing the magnificent bier or fu-
neral car of Alexander, that his admiration was that
of an eye-witness, and that he was present at
Babylon at the time of its construction. (Athen.
NEPANOS v. p. 206 ; comp. Diod. xviii. 26. ) The first
express mention of him occurs in B. C. 320, when
he was sent by Eumenes, at that time shut up in
the castle of Nora, at the head of the deputation
HIERON ('lépwr). 1. A pilot or navigator of which he despatched to Antipater. But before he
Soli in Cilicia, was sent out by Alexander with a could return to Eumenes, the death of the regent
triaconter to explore the southern shores of the produced a complete change in the relative position
Erythraean sea, and circumnavigate Arabia. He of parties, and Antigonus, now desirous to con-
advanced much further than any previous navigator ciliate Eumenes, charged Hieronymus to be the
had done, but at length returned, apparently dis- bearer of friendly offers and protestations to his
couraged by the unexpected extent of the Arabian friend and countryman. (Diod. xviii.
inhabitants of which, according to a favourite iii. p. 121, xiv. p. 656 ; Plut. Apophth. p. 175. )
policy of the Sicilian tyrants, he removed from His intimacy with the latter was particularly cele
their native seats, and established them at Leon- brated (Pseud. Plat. Epist. 2), and has been made
tini, while he repeopled Catana with Syracusans, the subject by Xenophon of an imaginary dialogue
## p. 455 (#471) ############################################
HIERON.
455
HIERON.
d Earing
self to be
(Diod i.
1, 120. )
o we end
-k cties is
destruction
he appear
sion of his
Some pean
the soos de
i to patients
; succeeded
from Roe
i Therer in
hrasydazor
AgtigEONES
Teat bazt,
danial of
Hieroa res
grigentines
i important
T which be
Cumae (a
nlly takes
truscars had
Greek seti's
et, and the
fieron, sba
ress, appears
et which be
. i. 137 ;
the victory
elebrated by
en preserved
det found at
ish Museos,
bears to have
Hieroa da
entitled the Hieron (Xen. Opp. tom. v. ed. Schnei- opportunity during the war with the Mamertines
der), but, from the advice there put into the mouth (who, after the departure of Pyrrhus, had attacked
of the philosopher, as well as from the hints inter the Syracusans), to abandon these troops to the
spersed by Pindar, in the midst of his praises and enemy, by whom they were almost all cut to
flatteries, we may gather that there was much to pieces, while Hieron, with the Syracusan citizens,
disapprove of in the conduct of Hieron towards who had kept aloof from the combat, effected in
his subjects and dependants. (See Boeckh, ad safety his retreat to Syracuse. Here he immediately
Pind. Pyth. i. 81–88. ) His love of magnificence proceeded to levy a new army, and as soon as he
was especially displayed, as was the custom of the had organised these troops, marched forth to chas
day, in the great contests of the Grecian games, tise the Mamertines, who were naturally elated
and his victories at Olympia and Delphi have been with their victory. He soon drove them out of all
immortalised by Pindar. He also sent, in imitation the territory they had conquered, took the cities of
of his brother Gelon, splendid offerings to the Mylae and Alaesz, while those of Tyndaris, Aba-
sanctuary at Delphi. (Paus. vi. 12. § 1; Athen. caenum, and Tauromenium, declared in his favour.
vi p. 231, 232. ).
The Mamertines, thus hemmed in in a comer of
We are told that Hieron was afflicted during the the island, ventured on a pitched battle at the
latter years of his life by the stone, and that painful river Longanus, but were totally defeated, their
malady was probably the cause of his death, which leader, Cios, taken prisoner, and Messana itself
took place at Catana, in the twelfth year of his would have probably fallen into the hands of
reign, B. C. 467. (Schol
. ad Pind. Ol. i. 1, Pyth. Hieron, had not the intervention of the Carthagi-
i. 89, iii. 1 ; Plut. de Pyth. Orac. 19; Diod. xi. nians prevailed on him to grant a peace to his
38, 66. ) Aristotle, indeed, says that he reigned humbled enemies. On his return from this glorious
only ten years (Pol. v. 12), but the dates of Dio- expedition, Hieron was saluted by his fellow-
dorus, which are consistent with one another, are citizens with the title of king, B. c. 270. (Polyb.
confirmed by the scholiast on Pindar, and have i. 8, 9; Diod. Exc. Hoesch. xxii. p. 499, 500. )
been justly preferred by Clinton (F. H. vol. Ü. p. The chronology of these events is not very clear
38, 267). He was interred with much pomp at (see Paus. vi. 12. & 2 ; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. p.
Catana, and obtained heroic honours as the new 267 ; and Droysen, Hellenism. vol. ii. p. 268, nol. ),
founder of that city, but his tomb was subsequently but if the date above assigned for the commence-
destroyed by the old inhabitants, when they re- ment of the reign of Hieron be correct, it was in
turned thither, after the expulsion of the Aetnaean the year preceding his elevation to the royal dig-
colonists. (Diod. xi. 66 ; Strab. vi. p. 268. ) He nity (B. C. 272), that he assisted the Romans
bad one son, Deinomenes, by his first wife, a during the siege of Rhegium with supplies of corn,
daughter of Nicocles, a Syracusan : by his subse- as well as with an auxiliary force. (Zonar. viii. 6. )
quent marriage with the sister of Theron already We know nothing more of his proceedings from
mentioned he left no issue. (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. this time until the year 264, nor can we clearly
i. 112. ) The scholiast here calls her the cousin discover the relations in which he stood, either
(dyeyla) of Theron, but she is elsewhere repeatedly towards Carthage or Rome ; it is said indeed that
termed his sister (ad Ol. ïi. 29, 37). [E. H. B. ] the assistance furnished by him to the latter had
HIERON II. , king of SYRACUSE, was the son given umbrage to the Carthaginians (Dion Cass.
of Hierocles, a Syracusan of illustrious birth, who Frag. Vat. 57 ; Zonar, viï. 6), and rendered them
claimed descent from the great Gelon, the victor at unfavourable to Hieron, but this disposition did
Himera. He was however illegitimate, being the not break out into actual hostilities. His great
offspring of a female servant, in consequence of object seems still to have been the complete ex-
which it is said that he was exposed as an infant, pulsion of the Mamertines from Sicily ; and when,
but that some omens prophetic of his future great in 264, the Romans for the first time interposed in
ness caused his father to relent, and bring him up favour of that people, his indignation at their in-
with care and attention. (Justin. xxiii. 4; Zonar. terference led him to throw himself at once into
viji. 6. ) The year of his birth cannot be fixed the arms of the Carthaginians, with whom he con-
with certainty, but it must have taken place before cluded an alliance, and united his forces with those
B. C. 306; hence he was at least thirty years old of Hanno, who had just arrived in Sicily, at the
when the departure of Pyrrhus from Sicily (B. C. head of a large army. (HANNO, No. 8. ] With
275) left the Syracusans without a leader. Hieron their combined forces they proceeded to lay siege
had already distinguished himself in the wars of to Messana both by sea and land, but they failed
that monarch, and had acquired so much favour in preventing the Roman consul, Appius Claudius,
with the soldiery, that the Syracusan army, on oc- from crossing the straits with his army. He landed
casion of some dispute with the people of the city, near the Syracusan camp, and Hieron gave him
appointed him, together with Artemidorus, to be battle the next day, but met with a partial defeat ;
their general ; and he had the skill and address to and, alarmed at the aspect of affairs, and mistrust-
procure the ratification of his command from the i ing the faith of his allies, suddenly withdrew with
people, and conciliate the affections of the mul- all his forces to Syracuse. Thither, after some
titude as effectually as he had those of the soldiers. interval, Claudius followed him, and ravaged the
But his ambition did not stop here. By his mar- open country up to the very walls, but was unable
riage with the daughter of Leptines, at that time to effect any thing against the city itself, and was
unquestionably the most distinguished and influ- compelled by the breaking out of a pestilential dis-
ential citizen at Syracuse, he secured for himself order in his army to retreat. The next year (B. C.
the most powerful support in the councils of the 263) hostilities were renewed by the Romans, and
republic. But he felt that he could not rely on the consuls, Otacilius and Valerius, not only laid
the army of mercenaries, which, though they had waste the Syracusan territory, but took many of
been the first to raise him to power, be well knew their smaller and dependent towns ; and Hieron,
to be fickle and treacherous ; he therefore took an finding himself unable to cope single-handed with
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## p. 456 (#472) ############################################
456
HIERON.
HIERON.
the Roman power, and seeing little hope of assist- symene, he hastened to send to Rome a large supe
ance from Carthage, concluded a peace with Rome. ply of com, as well as a body of light-armed
The terms of the treaty were on the whole suf- auxiliaries, and a golden statue of Victory, which
ficiently favourable ; Hieron retained possession of was consecrated by the Romans in the capitol.
• the whole south-east of Sicily, and the eastern side (Liv. xxi. 49–51, xxji. 37 ; Zopar, viï. 26 ; Val.
of the island as far as Tauromenium, advantages Max. iv. 8. ) The still heavier disaster of Cannae
which were cheaply purchased by the surrender of in the following year (B. c. 216) appears to bave
his prisoners and the payment of a large sum of produced as little change in his disposition towards
money. (Polyb. i. 11, 12, 15, 16; Diod. Exc. the contending powers ; and one of the last acts of
Hoesch. xxiii. 2, 4, 5; Zonar. viii. 9 ; Oros. iv. 7. ) his life was the sending a large supply of money
From this time till his death, a period of little and corn to the raetor T. Otacilius. (Liv.
less than half a century, Hieron continued the xxiii. 21. ) The date
his death is nowhere ex-
sted fast friend and ally of the Romans, a policy of pressly mentioned, but it seems clear that it must
which his subjects as well as himself reaped the have occurred before the end of the year 216. (See
benefits, in the enjoyment of a state of tranquillity Clinton, F. II. vol. ii. p. 267. ). According to
and prosperity such as they had never before Lucian (Macrob. 10), he had attained the age of
known for so long a period. But such an interval ninety-two: both Polybiuis and Livy speak of him
of peace and quiet naturally affords ſew materinls as not less than ninety. (Polyb. vii. 8 ; Liv. xxiv.
for history, and our knowledge of the remainder of 4. ) Pausanias, who asserts that he was murdered
Hieron's long life is almost confined to the inter- by Deinomenes (vi. 12. $ 4), has evidently con-
change of good offices between him and the founded him with his grandson Hieronymus.
Romans, which cemented and confirmed their It was not towards the Romans alone that
friendship. During the first Punic war he was Hieron displayed his wealth and munificence in so
frequently called upon to render important services liberal a manner. His eyes were ever turned
to his new allies ; in B. C. 262, by the zeal and towards Greece itself, and he sought to attract the
energy which he displayed in furnishing supplies attention and conciliate the favour of the Greek
to the Roman consuls before Agrigentum, he en- nation not only by costly offerings at Olympia and
abled them to continue the siege, and ultimately other places of national resort, but by coming
effect the reduction of that important fortress. forward readily to the assistance of all who needed
(Polyb. i. 18°; Zonar, viii. 10. ) On a subsequent it. A striking instance of this is recorded in the
occasion we find him sending them the military magnificent presents which he sent to the Rhodians
engines and artillery, by means of which they took when their city had suffered from an earthquake.
Camarina (Diod. Exc. Hoesch. xxiii. 9), and in 255 (Polyb. v. 88, vii. 8 ; Paus. vi. 12. & 2, 15. § 6. )
displaying the utmost solicitude in relieving the Nor did his steady attachment to the Romaus pre-
wants of the Roman mariners and soldiers after vent him from furnishing supplies to the Cariba-
the dreadful shipwreck of their fleet off Camarina. ginians when the very existence of their state was
(Id. ibid. 13. ) Again in 252 he is mentioned as endangered by the war of the mercenaries. (Polyb.
furnishing the consul Aurelius Cotta with ships i. 83. ) His internal administration appears to have
(Zonar, viii. 14), and as relieving the spirits of the been singularly mild and equitable: though he did
Roman army by an opportune supply of corn, when not refuse the title of king, he avoided all external
almost disheartened, during the long protracted display of the insignia of royalty, and appeared in
siege of Lilybaeum, B. C. 249. (Diod. Exc. Hoesch. public unattended by guards, and in the garb of a
xxiv. 1. ) For these faithful services he was re- private citizen. By retaining the senate of the
warded by being included under the protection of republic, and taking care to consult them upon all
the treaty of peace concluded between Rome and important occasions, he preserved the forms of a
Carthage in B. c. 241 (Polyb. i. 62. § 8), and by constitutional government; and we are even told
a renewal of the treaty between him and the that he was sincerely desirous to lay aside the
Romans, which was now changed into a perpetual sovereign power, and was only prevented from
alliance, the payment of all tribute being henceforth doing so by the unanimous voice of his subjects.
remitted. - (Zonar. viii. 16 ; Appian, Sic. 2. ) (Polyb. vii. 8 ; Liv. xxiv. 4, 5, 22). The care he
· During the interval of peace between the two bestowed upon the financial department of his ad-
Punic wars, Hieron vísited Rome in person, where ministration is sufficiently attested by the laws
he appears to have been received with the highest regulating the tithes of corn and other agricultural
honours, and gave a proof at once of his wealth produce, which, under the pame of Leges Hieron-
and liberality, by distributing a vast quantity of icae, are repeatedly referred to by Cicero in his
corn to the people at the secular games. (Eutrop. orations against Verres ; and which, in consequence
iii. 1. ) B. C. 222, after the great victory of of their equitable and precise adjustment, were re-
Marcellus over the Gauls, a portion of the spoils tained by the Romans when they reduced Sicily to
taken on that occasion was sent to him by the a provinee. (Cic. Verr. ii. 13, iii. 8, 51, &c. ) At
senate as a friendly offering. (Plut. Marc. 8 ; the same time he adorned the city of Syracuse
Liv. xxiv. 21. ) The beginning of the second Punic with many public works of great magnificence
war now came, to put his fidelity to the highest test; as well as of real utility, among which are men-
but he was not found wanting to his allies in the tioned temples, gymnasia, porticoes, and public
hour of their danger. He not only fitted out a altars (Athenae. v. 40; Diod. xvi. 83); that his
fleet to co-operate with that of the consul Sem- care in this respect was not confined to Syracuse
pronius (of which, notwithstanding his advanced alone is proved by the occurrence of his name on
age, he appears to have taken the command in the remarkable edifices which have been brought to
person), but offered to supply the Roman legions light of late years at Acrae, now Palazzolo. (See
and naval forces in Sicily with provisions and the Duca di Serra di Falco, Antichità della Sicilia,
clothing at his own expense. The next year (217), vol. iv. p. 158. ) Among other modes in which be
on receiving the tidings of the fatal battle of Thra- displayed his magnificence was the construction of a
## p. 457 (#473) ############################################
HIERON.
457
HIERONYMUS.
ship of enormous size, far exceeding all previously city with many splendid buildings, and left a pro
constructed, which, when completed, he sent laden perty of 2000 talents at his death to be applied to
with corn as a present to Ptolemy king of Egypt. A public purposes. (Strab. xii. p. 578. )
detailed account of this wonderful vessel has been 3. One of the thirty tyrants established at
preserved to us by Athenaeus (v. 40—44). But Athens, B. c. 404. (Xen. Hell. ii. 3. § 2. )
while he secured to his subjects the blessings of 4. One of the chief satraps or governors among
peace, Hieron did not neglect to prepare for war, the Parthians, though, from his naine, evidently
and not only kept up a large and well-appointed of Greek origin, at the time when Tiridates, sup-
fleet, but employed his friend and kinsman Archi-ported by Tiberius and the Roman influence, in-
medes in the construction of powerful engines both vaded Parthia, A. D. 36. After wavering for some
for attack and defence, which afterwards played so time between the two rivals, Hieron declared in
important a part in the siege of Syracuse by Mar- favour of Artabanus, and was mainly instrumental
cellus. (Liv. xxiv. 34 ; Plut. Murc. 14. ) The in re-establishing him upon the throne. (Tac. Ann.
power and magnificence of Hieron were celebrated vi. 42, 43. )
[E. H. B. ]
by Theocritus in his sixteenth Idyll, but the poet's HIERON ('lépwv), a Greek writer on veterinary
panegyric adds hardly any thing to our historical surgery, whose date is unknown, but who may
knowledge.
have lived in the fourth or fifth century after
Hieron had only one son, Gelon, who died shortly Christ. Some fragments, which are all that re-
before his father, but he left two daughters, De-mains of his works, are to be found in the collection
marata and Heraclea, who were married respec- of writers on veterinary surgery, first published in
tively to Andranodorus and Zoïppus, two of the Latin by Joannes Ruellius, Paris, 1530, fol. , and
principal citizens of Syracuse. He was succeeded in Greek by Simon Grynaeus, Basel, 1537, 4to.
by his grandson, Hieronymus.
[W. A. G. )
Numerous coins are extant, which bear the name HIERON, modeller. [TLEPOLEMUS. )
of Hieron, and some of these have been referred by HIERO'NYMUS('lepárvuos), historical. 1. Of
the earlier numismatists to the elder Hieron ; but Elis, a lochagus in the army of the Ten Thousand
it is quite certain, from the style of work of the Greeks, who is mentioned by Xenophon as taking a
coins themselves, and the characters of the inscrip- prominent part in the discussion that ensued after the
tion, that they must all have been struck in the death of Clearchus and the other generals, as well
reign of Hieron II. Eckhel (vol. i. pp. 251–257), as on other occasions during the retreat and subse-
and Visconti (Iconographie Grecque, vol. ii. p. 16) quent operations. (Xen. Anab. iii. 1. & 34, vi. 2.
are, however, of opinion that the head upon them, $ 10, vii. 1. § 32, 4. & 18. )
which bears the diadem, is that of the elder Hieron, 2. An Arcadian, who is reproached by Demo-
and that we cannot suppose Hieron II. to have sthenes with having betrayed the interests of bis
adopted the diadem on his coins when he never country to Philip, by whom he had allowed himself
wore it in public. There does not seem much to be corrupted. (Dem. de Cor. p. 324, de Fuls.
weight in this objection, and it is probable, on the Leg. p. 344, ed. Reiske. ) An elaborate argument
whole, that the portrait which we find on these in defence of the policy adopted by him, and those
coins is that of Hieron II. himself. (E. H. B. ] who acted with him on this occasion, will be
found in Polybius (xvii. 14). (E. H. B. ]
HIEROʻNYMUS (ʻlepuvuuos), of Cardia, an
historian who is frequently cited as one of the
chief authorities for the history of the times imme-
diately following the death of Alexander. He
had himself taken an active part in the events of
that period. Whether he had accompanied his
fellow-citizen Eumenes during the campaigns of
Alexander we have no distinct testimony, but
SAEMEOS
after the death of that prince, we find him not only
attached to the service of his countryman, but
already enjoying a high place in his confidence. It
seems probable also from the terms in which he is
alluded to as describing the magnificent bier or fu-
neral car of Alexander, that his admiration was that
of an eye-witness, and that he was present at
Babylon at the time of its construction. (Athen.
NEPANOS v. p. 206 ; comp. Diod. xviii. 26. ) The first
express mention of him occurs in B. C. 320, when
he was sent by Eumenes, at that time shut up in
the castle of Nora, at the head of the deputation
HIERON ('lépwr). 1. A pilot or navigator of which he despatched to Antipater. But before he
Soli in Cilicia, was sent out by Alexander with a could return to Eumenes, the death of the regent
triaconter to explore the southern shores of the produced a complete change in the relative position
Erythraean sea, and circumnavigate Arabia. He of parties, and Antigonus, now desirous to con-
advanced much further than any previous navigator ciliate Eumenes, charged Hieronymus to be the
had done, but at length returned, apparently dis- bearer of friendly offers and protestations to his
couraged by the unexpected extent of the Arabian friend and countryman. (Diod. xviii.
