On the meaning ofthis term, see Arns,
Technique
du livre, pp.
Hadot - The Inner Citadel The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius
Fronto, Deferiis Alsiensibus, 6, p.
230, 14 Van den Hout = vol.
II, p.
IO Haines.
55. C Rist, "Are You a Stoic? "
56. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar. , V, 24, p. 73, 7 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 196 Haines.
57. Fronto,AdAntonin. Imper. ,I,3,2,p. 91,21VandenHout=vol. 2,p. 120 Haines.
58. Historia Augusta, , XXIII, 5.
5 9 . O n Galen's testimony, see the remarks of V. Nutton in his commentary on Galen, On Prognosis, pp. 163 , as well as Hahn, Der Philosoph und die Gesell sch , p. 29 n. 42; pp. 148 (on philosophical li in Rome during Galen's time). On the careers of these personages, see G. Al ldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn, 1977); Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Em
pire, p. 82.
60. Persius, Satires, III, 54.
61. Galen, In Hippocrat. Epidem. , VI, ed. Wenkelbach/P (Berlin, 19562),
p. 206 = vol. XVII B, p. 15 K hn. The conclusions drawn om this text by Dailly and van E enterre, in "Le cas Marc-Aurele," Revue des Ctudes anciennes, 56 (1954): 365, are risky to say the least. Remarks on Imperial shions in hairstyles may be und in ]. Marquardt, Das Privatleben der Romer (1886; reprinted Darmstadt, 1980), vol. II, p. 602.
62. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 35, 2.
2. A First Glimpse the Meditations
1. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 24, 1; c A. S. L. Farquharson, The Meditations ofthe EmperorMarcus Aurelius (Ox rd, 1968), vol. I, p. xiv.
2. Themistius, Oratio 6 (Philadelphoi), 81c.
3. Aurelius Victor, Book the Caesars, 16, 9; Historia Augusta, Avidius Cas sius, III, 6-7.
4. Nicephoras Callistos Xanthopoulos, Ecclesiastical Histo , III, 3 1 , in Mi gne's Patrologia Graeca, vol. 145, col. 960.
5. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler (Stuttgart, 1967'), vol. III, §214, p. 328, 24.
6. Arethae Scripta Minora, ed. L. G. Westerink (Leipzig [Teubner], 1968), vol. I, p. 305.
7. Ibid. , vol. II, p. I05, 5 (= Meditations, I, 7, 7); Scholia in Lucianum, ed. H. Rabe (Leipzig [Teubner], 1906), pp. 189, 207 (= Meditations, VIII, 25; 37).
8. C P. Meyer, "Des Joseph Bryennios Schri en, Leben und Bildung,"
Notes to Pages 22-32 321
Byzantinische Zeitschr i , 5 (l 896): IO, who points out several literal citations om Marcus in the writings ofthis eenth-century author.
9. Ioannis Reuchlin, De arte cabalistica libri tres (Hagenau, l517), p. verso (quoting Meditations, IV, 36, designated by the rmula "in libro ad se ipsum tertio," as well as VII, 23); p. xlviii verso (quoting IV, 28, 2, where the verb haploun is understood not in the sense of"to simpli onesel " but "to get rid o " "to ee oneself": explicare se). On the manuscript ofMarcus used by Reuch lin, c L. Bergson, "Fragment einer Marc-Aurel-Handschrift," Rheinisches Mu seum, 129 (1986): l 57-169.
IO. Marci Antonini Imperatoris de rebus suis, sive de eis quae ad se pertinere censebat libri XII, commentario perpetuo explicati atque illustrati studio Thomae Gatak eri, Cambridge, 1652.
l l. C P. Hadot, "Pre ce" to the Dictionnaire desphilosophes antiques, publish ed under the direction ofRichard Goulet, vol. I (Paris, 1989), p. IO.
12. P. Moraux, Galien de Pergame: Souvenirs d'un medicin (Paris, 1985), p. 153; L . Brisson, M. -0. Goulet-Caze, e t al. , Po hyre, e de Plotin, vol. I (Paris,
1982), p. 283.
13. Arethae Scripta Minora, vol. I, p. 305.
14. Anthologia Palatina, book XV, §23, in The Greek Anthology, XII, 135: "If
you want to vanquish sadness, open this blessed book and go over it care lly; with its help, you will easily persuade yourself of this oh so uit l truth: whether past, present or ture, pleasures and pains are naught but smoke. "
15. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler (Stuttgart, 19672), §214, vol. III, p. 328, 24.
16. See Meric Casaubon's edition ofMarcus Aurelius: Marci Antonini Impera toris De seipso et ad seipsum libri XII (London, 1643), Prolegomena, pp. 12-14 (unnumbered pages), citing the second edition ofthe Editioprinceps (1568).
17. See Casaubon, pp. 2-3 ofhis notes, which are at the end ofthe work.
18. Gataker, p. 24.
19. Caspar Barthius, Adversariorum Commentariorum Libri LX (Frank rt, 1 624) ,
Book I, ch. 2, pp. 22-24.
20. J. -P. de Joly, Pensees de l'empereur Marc Aurele (Paris, 17732), pp. xxxiv-
xliii.
2r. Farquharson, pp. lxiv-lxvii.
22. Renan, pp. 157-158.
23. G. Misch, Geschichte derAutobiographie, I, 2 (Bern, 19512), p. 449.
24. P. A. Brunt, "Marcus Aurelius in His Meditations, " Jou al of Roman
Studies, 64 (1974): r.
25. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar. , II, 8, 3, p. 29, 2 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 138
Haines.
26. Brunt in Jou al ef Roman Studies, 64, p. 3 n. 12; R. B. Rutherford,
Meditations, p. 29 n. 90.
27. C Photius, Libra , vol. II, codex no. 175, pp. 170-171 Henry. 28. Aulus Gellius, Pre ce, §2.
322 Notes to Pages 32-52
29. Plutarch, On the Tranquillity ofthe Soul, I, 464F.
30. Augustine, Soliloquies, ed. and trans. P. de Labriolle, in Oeuvres de saint Augustin, 1st series, V, Dialogues philosophiques, II, Dieu et /'Ame (Paris, 1935), p. 25.
3 I. Po hyry, Li efPlotinus, 8, 4.
32. See E. Arns, La Technique du /ivre d'apres saintJerome (Paris, 1953), pp. 47- 4 8 ( q u o t i n g t h e Pa t r o l o g i a l a t i n a , v o l . 2 5 , 1 1 1 8 A ) .
33. Brunt in]ou al ofRoman Studies, 64: I, quoting Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, 2.
34. T. Dorandi, "Den Autoren ber die Schulter geschaut: Arbeitsweise und Autographie bei den antiken Schri stellern," Zeitschr fur Papyrologie und Epi g phik, 87 (1991): II-33, especially pp. 29-33.
35.
On the meaning ofthis term, see Arns, Technique du livre, pp. 18-22.
36. J. -P. deJoly, Pensees de Marc Aurele, pp. xiv-xliii.
37. Brunt, "Marcus Aurelius," pp. 1-15; G. Cortasso, Filosofo, i libri, la
memoria. Poeti e. loso nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1989), pp. 60; Ia n. I I (bibliography) .
3 . The Meditations as Spiritual Exercises
I. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 3, 1; I, 18, 20; II, 16 (title); III, IO, I. 2 . Victor Hugo, Quatre-vingt-treize, III, 2 , 7.
3. Stoi. ciens, pp. 48 (§§I00--I01)[= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, IOI-102], 271 [= Cicero, On Ends, III, 8, 27 ]; S , vol. III, §§29-48; Epictetus, Dis courses, IV, I, I33.
4 . I am llowing here the division of the text proposed by Theiler, but I retain, with Dalfen, the reading mimos.
5. Stoi. ciens, p. 97 [= Plutarch, On Stoic Se -Contradictions, 9, I035A ] =SVF, vol. III, §68.
6. Cicero, On the Laws, I, 7, 33; I, 12, 33, carries out the same linkage between the idea of common law and that of the community among reasonable beings .
7. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, III, I024-I052; F. Villon, Ballade des dames du temps Jadis, in Villon, Poesies completes (Paris, Livre de poche, Lettres gothiques, 1991), p. I I7. Cf G. B. Conte, "Il trion della Morte e la galleria dei grandi trapassati in Lucrezio III, I024-I053," Studi italiani di lologia classica, NS, 37 (1965): II4-132, especially p. 131 n. 2.
8. Stoi iens, p. 58 (§134) [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 134]; SVF, vol. II, §§299-305.
9. On the use ofGreek in Rome, cf Quintillian, Instit. , I, I, 12; I. Hadot, Arts liberaux etphilosophie dans lapensee antique (Paris, 1984), p. 248.
IO. As is the view of]. M. Rist, "Are You a Stoic? " in Meyer and Sanders, eds. ,Jewish and Christian Se -De nition.
I I . Aulus Gellius, Attic N hts, VII, I , 7; VII, 2, I .
Notes to Pages 54-58 323
4 . The Philosopher-Slave and the Emperor-Philosopher
r . On quotations in Marcus Aurelius, see the excellent study by G. Cortassa, Filos o, i libri, la memoria. Poeti e. los nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1989).
2. See, r example, A. A. Long, "Heraclitus and Stoicism," Philosophia, 5-6 (1975-1976): 133-153.
3. Cf M. Conche, He clite, Fragmen (Paris, 1986), pp. 68-69 ( . II Con che = . 73 Diels/Kranz). See G. Cortassa, Filos o, pp. 41-54. [Cf Charles H. Kahn, The Art and Thought ofHeraclitus (Cambridge, 1979), . v. , pp. 30-3r. -Trans. ]
4. Cf Conche, p. 333 ( . 96 Conche = 71 Diels/Kranz) [= . cvi, pp. 76-77 Kahn -Trans. ].
5. Ibid. , p. 71 ( . 12 Conche = 75 Diels/Kranz) [= . xci, pp. 70-71 Kahn]. 6. Ibid. , p. 65 ( . IO Conche = 72 Diels/Kranz) [= . v, pp. 30-3l Kahn].
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid. , p. 297 ( . 85 Conche = 76 Diels/Kranz) [= . , pp. 46-7 Kahn]. 9. We could add to this list the theme ofthe cosmic seasons: IV, 23; IX, 3;
IX, IO (a reminiscence of Heraclitus); cf Conche, p. 198 ( . 51 = IOO Diels/Kranz) [= . xlii, pp. 48- Kahn].
IO. Cortassa, n Filosofo, pp. 65-70: Empedocles, . 27-28 Diels/Kranz. Cf Horace's well-known remark about the Sage (Satires, II, 7, 86): "And, round and spherical, he nds everything within himself "
lr. Cf Cortassa, II Filosofo, pp. I07-113; Democritus, . 3 Diels/Kranz. Analogous criticisms ofthis dictum are to be und in Seneca, On Peace ofMind, 1 3 , l ; On Anger, III, 6, 3 ; as well as in Plutarch, On Peace ofMind, 465c.
12. Democritus, . I I 5 Diels/Kranz. Cf Cortassa, n Filosofo, pp. u 5-I I7.
l 3 . D e m o c r i t u s , t e s t i m o n y 4 9 D i e l s / K r a n z = G a l e n , D e e l e m e n t i s e x Hipp o c r a t e , libri , ed. G. Helmreich, E angen 1878, I, 2, p. 3, 20 (Vol. I, p. 417 K hn).
14. This is the interpretation ofCortassa, Filosofo, pp. I09-1 13.
l 5. This is the inte retation given by Theiler in his translation ofthis passage. 16. Diogenes Laertius, VI, 83. The translation proposed by L. Paquet, "Every
human undertaking is naught but smoke" (Les Cyniques grecs: F gments et temoig nages [Paris: Livre de Poche, 1992], p. 164), certainly does not correspond to what Marcus understood.
17. It is not known to which precise anecdote Marcus is alluding; cf Cortassa, F i l o s o fo , p . 5 7 .
18. Cortassa, n Filosofo, pp. 129-139·
19. Ibid. , pp. 141-145.
20. On the possibility ofmoral progress, see I. Hadot, Seneca, pp. 76-77; and
on the di erence in the seriousness of ults, ibid. , pp. 144-152. Cf Seneca, On Clemency, IV, 3 : "Pe avimus omnes, alii g via, alii leviora. "
2r. Cortassa, Filosofo, pp. 125-128. 22. Ibid. , pp. 147-162.
324 Notes to Pages 59-65
23. C P. Hadot, '"Only the Present Is Our Happiness': The Value ofthe Present Instant in Goethe and in Ancient Philosophy, " in Philosophy As a Way of L e, pp. 2I7-237.
24. Aulus Gellius, AtticNights, I, 2, I-I3; II, I8, II; XV, II, 5; XVII, I9, I; XIX, I, I4.
2 5 . Lucian, The Ignorant Book- Collector, § I 3 , in Loeb Classical Library edition, vol. 3, p. I92.
26. Galen, De librispropriis, in era omnia, vol. XX, p. 44, IO K hn.
27. Origen, Against Celsus, III, 54, 23; VI, 2, I5; VII, 53, I3; 54, 24.
28. Simplicius, In Epicteti Enchiridion, pp. 45, 35; I I6, 48 D bner.
29. Lucian, Demonax, § 5 5 , in Loeb Classical Library edition, vol. I , p. I 6 8 . 30. See the excellent article by S. Follet, "Arrien de Nicomedie," in
R.
55. C Rist, "Are You a Stoic? "
56. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar. , V, 24, p. 73, 7 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 196 Haines.
57. Fronto,AdAntonin. Imper. ,I,3,2,p. 91,21VandenHout=vol. 2,p. 120 Haines.
58. Historia Augusta, , XXIII, 5.
5 9 . O n Galen's testimony, see the remarks of V. Nutton in his commentary on Galen, On Prognosis, pp. 163 , as well as Hahn, Der Philosoph und die Gesell sch , p. 29 n. 42; pp. 148 (on philosophical li in Rome during Galen's time). On the careers of these personages, see G. Al ldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn, 1977); Bowersock, Greek Sophists in the Roman Em
pire, p. 82.
60. Persius, Satires, III, 54.
61. Galen, In Hippocrat. Epidem. , VI, ed. Wenkelbach/P (Berlin, 19562),
p. 206 = vol. XVII B, p. 15 K hn. The conclusions drawn om this text by Dailly and van E enterre, in "Le cas Marc-Aurele," Revue des Ctudes anciennes, 56 (1954): 365, are risky to say the least. Remarks on Imperial shions in hairstyles may be und in ]. Marquardt, Das Privatleben der Romer (1886; reprinted Darmstadt, 1980), vol. II, p. 602.
62. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 35, 2.
2. A First Glimpse the Meditations
1. Cassius Dio, LXXII, 24, 1; c A. S. L. Farquharson, The Meditations ofthe EmperorMarcus Aurelius (Ox rd, 1968), vol. I, p. xiv.
2. Themistius, Oratio 6 (Philadelphoi), 81c.
3. Aurelius Victor, Book the Caesars, 16, 9; Historia Augusta, Avidius Cas sius, III, 6-7.
4. Nicephoras Callistos Xanthopoulos, Ecclesiastical Histo , III, 3 1 , in Mi gne's Patrologia Graeca, vol. 145, col. 960.
5. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler (Stuttgart, 1967'), vol. III, §214, p. 328, 24.
6. Arethae Scripta Minora, ed. L. G. Westerink (Leipzig [Teubner], 1968), vol. I, p. 305.
7. Ibid. , vol. II, p. I05, 5 (= Meditations, I, 7, 7); Scholia in Lucianum, ed. H. Rabe (Leipzig [Teubner], 1906), pp. 189, 207 (= Meditations, VIII, 25; 37).
8. C P. Meyer, "Des Joseph Bryennios Schri en, Leben und Bildung,"
Notes to Pages 22-32 321
Byzantinische Zeitschr i , 5 (l 896): IO, who points out several literal citations om Marcus in the writings ofthis eenth-century author.
9. Ioannis Reuchlin, De arte cabalistica libri tres (Hagenau, l517), p. verso (quoting Meditations, IV, 36, designated by the rmula "in libro ad se ipsum tertio," as well as VII, 23); p. xlviii verso (quoting IV, 28, 2, where the verb haploun is understood not in the sense of"to simpli onesel " but "to get rid o " "to ee oneself": explicare se). On the manuscript ofMarcus used by Reuch lin, c L. Bergson, "Fragment einer Marc-Aurel-Handschrift," Rheinisches Mu seum, 129 (1986): l 57-169.
IO. Marci Antonini Imperatoris de rebus suis, sive de eis quae ad se pertinere censebat libri XII, commentario perpetuo explicati atque illustrati studio Thomae Gatak eri, Cambridge, 1652.
l l. C P. Hadot, "Pre ce" to the Dictionnaire desphilosophes antiques, publish ed under the direction ofRichard Goulet, vol. I (Paris, 1989), p. IO.
12. P. Moraux, Galien de Pergame: Souvenirs d'un medicin (Paris, 1985), p. 153; L . Brisson, M. -0. Goulet-Caze, e t al. , Po hyre, e de Plotin, vol. I (Paris,
1982), p. 283.
13. Arethae Scripta Minora, vol. I, p. 305.
14. Anthologia Palatina, book XV, §23, in The Greek Anthology, XII, 135: "If
you want to vanquish sadness, open this blessed book and go over it care lly; with its help, you will easily persuade yourself of this oh so uit l truth: whether past, present or ture, pleasures and pains are naught but smoke. "
15. Suidae Lexikon, ed. A. Adler (Stuttgart, 19672), §214, vol. III, p. 328, 24.
16. See Meric Casaubon's edition ofMarcus Aurelius: Marci Antonini Impera toris De seipso et ad seipsum libri XII (London, 1643), Prolegomena, pp. 12-14 (unnumbered pages), citing the second edition ofthe Editioprinceps (1568).
17. See Casaubon, pp. 2-3 ofhis notes, which are at the end ofthe work.
18. Gataker, p. 24.
19. Caspar Barthius, Adversariorum Commentariorum Libri LX (Frank rt, 1 624) ,
Book I, ch. 2, pp. 22-24.
20. J. -P. de Joly, Pensees de l'empereur Marc Aurele (Paris, 17732), pp. xxxiv-
xliii.
2r. Farquharson, pp. lxiv-lxvii.
22. Renan, pp. 157-158.
23. G. Misch, Geschichte derAutobiographie, I, 2 (Bern, 19512), p. 449.
24. P. A. Brunt, "Marcus Aurelius in His Meditations, " Jou al of Roman
Studies, 64 (1974): r.
25. Fronto, Ad Marc. Caesar. , II, 8, 3, p. 29, 2 Van den Hout = vol. I, p. 138
Haines.
26. Brunt in Jou al ef Roman Studies, 64, p. 3 n. 12; R. B. Rutherford,
Meditations, p. 29 n. 90.
27. C Photius, Libra , vol. II, codex no. 175, pp. 170-171 Henry. 28. Aulus Gellius, Pre ce, §2.
322 Notes to Pages 32-52
29. Plutarch, On the Tranquillity ofthe Soul, I, 464F.
30. Augustine, Soliloquies, ed. and trans. P. de Labriolle, in Oeuvres de saint Augustin, 1st series, V, Dialogues philosophiques, II, Dieu et /'Ame (Paris, 1935), p. 25.
3 I. Po hyry, Li efPlotinus, 8, 4.
32. See E. Arns, La Technique du /ivre d'apres saintJerome (Paris, 1953), pp. 47- 4 8 ( q u o t i n g t h e Pa t r o l o g i a l a t i n a , v o l . 2 5 , 1 1 1 8 A ) .
33. Brunt in]ou al ofRoman Studies, 64: I, quoting Cassius Dio, LXXII, 36, 2.
34. T. Dorandi, "Den Autoren ber die Schulter geschaut: Arbeitsweise und Autographie bei den antiken Schri stellern," Zeitschr fur Papyrologie und Epi g phik, 87 (1991): II-33, especially pp. 29-33.
35.
On the meaning ofthis term, see Arns, Technique du livre, pp. 18-22.
36. J. -P. deJoly, Pensees de Marc Aurele, pp. xiv-xliii.
37. Brunt, "Marcus Aurelius," pp. 1-15; G. Cortasso, Filosofo, i libri, la
memoria. Poeti e. loso nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1989), pp. 60; Ia n. I I (bibliography) .
3 . The Meditations as Spiritual Exercises
I. Epictetus, Discourses, I, 3, 1; I, 18, 20; II, 16 (title); III, IO, I. 2 . Victor Hugo, Quatre-vingt-treize, III, 2 , 7.
3. Stoi. ciens, pp. 48 (§§I00--I01)[= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, IOI-102], 271 [= Cicero, On Ends, III, 8, 27 ]; S , vol. III, §§29-48; Epictetus, Dis courses, IV, I, I33.
4 . I am llowing here the division of the text proposed by Theiler, but I retain, with Dalfen, the reading mimos.
5. Stoi. ciens, p. 97 [= Plutarch, On Stoic Se -Contradictions, 9, I035A ] =SVF, vol. III, §68.
6. Cicero, On the Laws, I, 7, 33; I, 12, 33, carries out the same linkage between the idea of common law and that of the community among reasonable beings .
7. Lucretius, On the Nature of Things, III, I024-I052; F. Villon, Ballade des dames du temps Jadis, in Villon, Poesies completes (Paris, Livre de poche, Lettres gothiques, 1991), p. I I7. Cf G. B. Conte, "Il trion della Morte e la galleria dei grandi trapassati in Lucrezio III, I024-I053," Studi italiani di lologia classica, NS, 37 (1965): II4-132, especially p. 131 n. 2.
8. Stoi iens, p. 58 (§134) [= Diogenes Laertius, Lives, VII, 134]; SVF, vol. II, §§299-305.
9. On the use ofGreek in Rome, cf Quintillian, Instit. , I, I, 12; I. Hadot, Arts liberaux etphilosophie dans lapensee antique (Paris, 1984), p. 248.
IO. As is the view of]. M. Rist, "Are You a Stoic? " in Meyer and Sanders, eds. ,Jewish and Christian Se -De nition.
I I . Aulus Gellius, Attic N hts, VII, I , 7; VII, 2, I .
Notes to Pages 54-58 323
4 . The Philosopher-Slave and the Emperor-Philosopher
r . On quotations in Marcus Aurelius, see the excellent study by G. Cortassa, Filos o, i libri, la memoria. Poeti e. los nei Pensieri di Marco Aurelio (Turin, 1989).
2. See, r example, A. A. Long, "Heraclitus and Stoicism," Philosophia, 5-6 (1975-1976): 133-153.
3. Cf M. Conche, He clite, Fragmen (Paris, 1986), pp. 68-69 ( . II Con che = . 73 Diels/Kranz). See G. Cortassa, Filos o, pp. 41-54. [Cf Charles H. Kahn, The Art and Thought ofHeraclitus (Cambridge, 1979), . v. , pp. 30-3r. -Trans. ]
4. Cf Conche, p. 333 ( . 96 Conche = 71 Diels/Kranz) [= . cvi, pp. 76-77 Kahn -Trans. ].
5. Ibid. , p. 71 ( . 12 Conche = 75 Diels/Kranz) [= . xci, pp. 70-71 Kahn]. 6. Ibid. , p. 65 ( . IO Conche = 72 Diels/Kranz) [= . v, pp. 30-3l Kahn].
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid. , p. 297 ( . 85 Conche = 76 Diels/Kranz) [= . , pp. 46-7 Kahn]. 9. We could add to this list the theme ofthe cosmic seasons: IV, 23; IX, 3;
IX, IO (a reminiscence of Heraclitus); cf Conche, p. 198 ( . 51 = IOO Diels/Kranz) [= . xlii, pp. 48- Kahn].
IO. Cortassa, n Filosofo, pp. 65-70: Empedocles, . 27-28 Diels/Kranz. Cf Horace's well-known remark about the Sage (Satires, II, 7, 86): "And, round and spherical, he nds everything within himself "
lr. Cf Cortassa, II Filosofo, pp. I07-113; Democritus, . 3 Diels/Kranz. Analogous criticisms ofthis dictum are to be und in Seneca, On Peace ofMind, 1 3 , l ; On Anger, III, 6, 3 ; as well as in Plutarch, On Peace ofMind, 465c.
12. Democritus, . I I 5 Diels/Kranz. Cf Cortassa, n Filosofo, pp. u 5-I I7.
l 3 . D e m o c r i t u s , t e s t i m o n y 4 9 D i e l s / K r a n z = G a l e n , D e e l e m e n t i s e x Hipp o c r a t e , libri , ed. G. Helmreich, E angen 1878, I, 2, p. 3, 20 (Vol. I, p. 417 K hn).
14. This is the interpretation ofCortassa, Filosofo, pp. I09-1 13.
l 5. This is the inte retation given by Theiler in his translation ofthis passage. 16. Diogenes Laertius, VI, 83. The translation proposed by L. Paquet, "Every
human undertaking is naught but smoke" (Les Cyniques grecs: F gments et temoig nages [Paris: Livre de Poche, 1992], p. 164), certainly does not correspond to what Marcus understood.
17. It is not known to which precise anecdote Marcus is alluding; cf Cortassa, F i l o s o fo , p . 5 7 .
18. Cortassa, n Filosofo, pp. 129-139·
19. Ibid. , pp. 141-145.
20. On the possibility ofmoral progress, see I. Hadot, Seneca, pp. 76-77; and
on the di erence in the seriousness of ults, ibid. , pp. 144-152. Cf Seneca, On Clemency, IV, 3 : "Pe avimus omnes, alii g via, alii leviora. "
2r. Cortassa, Filosofo, pp. 125-128. 22. Ibid. , pp. 147-162.
324 Notes to Pages 59-65
23. C P. Hadot, '"Only the Present Is Our Happiness': The Value ofthe Present Instant in Goethe and in Ancient Philosophy, " in Philosophy As a Way of L e, pp. 2I7-237.
24. Aulus Gellius, AtticNights, I, 2, I-I3; II, I8, II; XV, II, 5; XVII, I9, I; XIX, I, I4.
2 5 . Lucian, The Ignorant Book- Collector, § I 3 , in Loeb Classical Library edition, vol. 3, p. I92.
26. Galen, De librispropriis, in era omnia, vol. XX, p. 44, IO K hn.
27. Origen, Against Celsus, III, 54, 23; VI, 2, I5; VII, 53, I3; 54, 24.
28. Simplicius, In Epicteti Enchiridion, pp. 45, 35; I I6, 48 D bner.
29. Lucian, Demonax, § 5 5 , in Loeb Classical Library edition, vol. I , p. I 6 8 . 30. See the excellent article by S. Follet, "Arrien de Nicomedie," in
R.
