A noted Jewish
poet and religious writer; lived at Saragossa,
Spain, in the nth century.
poet and religious writer; lived at Saragossa,
Spain, in the nth century.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
*
Baccalar y Baña, Vicente, Marquis of st.
Philip (bäk'ä-lär ē sän'yä). A Spanish his-
torian and statesman; born in Sardinia; died
in Madrid, 1726. He served the King of Spain
with less disinterestedness than distinction dur-
ing the revolt of his native isle, and was ennobled
after writing a very rhetorical History of the
Kingdom of the Jews, as well as (Memoirs for
a History of Philip V. ,' the latter work cover-
ing the period between 1699 and 1725.
Bache, Alexander Dallas (bãch). A dis-
tinguished American scientist and educator,
great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin; born at
Philadelphia, July 19, 1806; died at Newport,
Feb. 17, 1867. Graduating from West Point at
the head of his class (1825), he became profes-
sor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the
University of Pennsylvania (1828); organizer
and first president of Girard College (1836);
superintendent of the United States Coast Sur-
vey (1843), his services in that position being
invaluable; active member of the sanitary com-
mission during the Civil War; a regent of the
Smithsonian Institution (1846-67); president
of the National Academy of Sciences (1863).
He wrote (Observations at the Magnetic and
Meteorological Observatory at the Girard Col-
lege,' a scientifically valuable work; a helpful
report on education in Europe (1839); and a
long series of notable annual reports of the
United States Coast Survey.
Bache, Franklin (bãch). A distinguished
American physician and chemist; born at Phil-
adelphia, Oct. 25, 1792; died there, March 19,
1864. He was professor of chemistry at the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (1831) and
the Jefferson Medical College (1841). Besides
writing (A System of Chemistry for Students of
Medicine) (1819), he was one of the authors of
Wood and Bache's (Dispensatory of the United
States) (1833), an acknowledged authority.
Bacher, Julius (bäch'er). A German story-
writer and dramatist; born in Ragnit, East Prus-
sia, Aug. 8, 1810. He was a practicing physi-
cian, who turned man of letters and attained
reputation with «The First Love of Charles
XII. (1850), a tragedy; Princess Sidonie)
(1870), a novel; and various other pieces.
Bacheracht, Therese von (bä'chér-ächt). A
German novelist (1804-52), who chose her sub-
jects mostly from the life of the upper classes,
and was distinguished for her careful delinea-
tion of character. The best among her nov-
els are: (Falkenberg) (1843); (Lydia) (1844);
;
3
## p. 34 (#50) ##############################################
34
BACHMAN – BAСULARD D'ARNAUD
(Heinrich Burkart) (1846). Much credit is due
her for the publication of W. von Humboldt's
(Letters to a Friend) (1847).
Bachman, John (bak'man). An American
clergyman and naturalist; born in Dutchess
county, N. Y. , Feb. 4, 1790; died at Charleston,
S. C. , Feb. 25, 1874. He was associated with
Audubon in the Quadrupeds of North Amer-
ica, writing the principal part of the work,
which Audubon and his sons illustrated.
Back, Sir George. An English admiral and
Arctic explorer; born in Stockport, Cheshire,
Nov. 6, 1796; died in London, June 23, 1878.
Having accompanied Franklin in several ex-
peditions, he discovered the Great Fish or
Back River (1833-35), commanded the Terror in
an Arctic expedition (1836–37), and became
admiral (1857). He wrote: Narrative of the
Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the
Great Fish River); Narrative of an Expedi-
tion in H. M. S. Terror); etc.
Bäckström, Per Johan Edvard (bāk'strėm).
A Swedish dramatist and lyric poet; born in
Stockholm, Oct. 27, 1841; died there, Feb. 13,
1886. His principal work is (Dagvard Frey)
(1876), a tragedy; besides this the dramas (A
Crown) (1869), Eva's Sisters) (1869), (The
Prisoner of Kallö) (1870), met with success.
His lyrics were published in three collections
(1860, 1870, 1876).
Bacon, Delia. An American writer (1811-
59), daughter of Leonard Bacon. She is best
remembered for her Philosophy of the Plays
of Shakespeare ) (1857); to which Nathaniel
Hawthorne (without concurring) wrote a preface,
and which brought into prominence the Bacon-
Shakespeare controversy.
Bacon, Francis. The English philosopher;
born in London, Jan. 22, 1561; died April 9,
1626. His immortal Essays) were published
in 1597, and in the same year appeared (On
the Colors of Good and Evil. The two books
of “The Advancement of Learning' appeared
in 1605; and in 1620 the Novum Organum,
written, like very many of Bacon's works, in
Latin. The (Novum Organum) is an essay
toward the science of a better use of reason in
the investigation of things. His histories of
(Henry VII. ,' of (Henry VIII. ,' and of Eliz-
abeth, are of unequal value and authority :
the first is eminently faithful and trustworthy;
the other two are probably biased by the au-
thor's desire to stand well at court. His New
Atlantis) is one of the world's great Utopian
speculations. *
Bacon, Leonard. An American clergyman;
born at Detroit, Mich. , Feb. 19, 1802; died in
New Haven, Conn. , Dec. 24, 1881. He gradu-
ated at Yale in 1820, after which he studied
theology at Andover, Mass. In 1825 he be-
came pastor of the First Congregational Church
in New Haven, a position which he held offi-
cially, though not always actively, until his
death. He was professor of didactic theology
in Yale (1866–71). He was throughout his life
an active opponent of slavery. In 1847 he
joined with Drs. Storrs and Thompson to found
the New York Independent, in the joint edi-
torship of which he continued for 16 years.
Besides a vast number of reviews and pam.
phlets, he published many theological and his-
torical works.
Bacon, Leonard Woolsey. An American
Congregational minister and religious writer,
son of Leonard Bacon; born at New Haven,
1830. Among his writings are: (The Vatican
Council (1872); Church Music Papers) (1876);
(Sunday Evenings Essays) (1877); etc.
Bacon, Roger. An English philosopher, one
of the greatest mediæval scholars.
He was
born of good family in Somersetshire, about
1214; died about 1294. He studied at Oxford,
taking orders there 1233; proceeded to Paris,
returned, and entered the Franciscan Order
1250. His discoveries in chemistry and phys-
ics brought upon him accusations of magic,
and he was imprisoned at Paris, 1257. At the
request of Pope Clement IV. in 1265 he drew
up his (Opus Majus. He gained his liberty a
little later, but suffered a further imprisonment
of ten years under Nicholas II. , and was not
finally liberated till 1292, two years before his
death. He was learned in several languages
and wrote elegant Latin. His wide knowledge
gained for him the name of Doctor Admirabi-
lis. His chief work, the Opus Majus,' shows
great learning and remarkably advanced think
ing, considering the age in which he lived.
He treats of the unity of the sciences, of the
necessity of a true linguistic science for the
understanding either of philosophy, science, or
the Scriptures; he treats also of mathematics,
as “the alphabet of philosophy," and of ge-
ography and astronomy as related thereto, of
perspective, and of experimental science, fore-
shadowing the inductive method. The portion
relating to geography was read by Columbus,
who was strongly influenced by it.
Bacon, Thomas Scott. An American theo.
logical writer; born at Saratoga, N. Y. , Feb. 1,
1825. Originally a lawyer, he became an Epis.
copalian clergyman (1854). Besides sermons,
addresses, reviews, etc. , he has written : Both
Sides of the Controversy between the Roman
and the Reformed Church (1858); (The Reign
of God, not the Reign of Law) (1879); (The
Beginnings of Religion (1887); Primitive and
Catholic Doctrine as to Holy Scripture '; etc.
Bacsányi, János (bo'chän-yē). A Hunga-
rian poet, prose-writer, and journalist; born at
Tapolcza, May 11, 1763; died at Linz, May 12,
1845. With Baróti and Kazinczy, he founded
a journal, the Magyar Museum (1788), and was
editor of the Magyar Minerva. Having trans-
lated Napoleon's proclamation to the Hunga-
rians (1809), he was obliged to fee to Paris,
whence he was extradited after Napoleon's
fall, but was compelled to live at Linz.
Baculard d'Arnaud, François (bä-kü-lär'
där-nö'). A French novelist and dramatist
(1718-1805), protégé of Voltaire, for two years
## p. 35 (#51) ##############################################
BADEAU-BAHR
35
literary correspondent, in Paris, of Frederick the
Great, who afterwards called him to Berlin.
Thence he went to Dresden, and on his return
to France wrote a considerable number of sen-
timental novels in the taste of the times. Of
his dramas, in which the sombre and horrible
element prevails, only (The Count of Com-
minges) (1765) was performed.
Badeau, Adam. An American soldier and
author; born in New York city, Dec. 29, 1831 ;
died in Ridgewood, N. J. , March 19, 1895. He
served in the United States army during the
Civil War, was military secretary to General
Grant in 1864-69, then secretary of legation in
London, and from 1870 till 1881 consul-general
there, and in 1882-84 in Havana. He accom-
panied General Grant on his tour around the
world in 1877–78. Author of : (The Vagabond)
(New York, 1858); Military History of U. S.
Grant) (3 vols. , 1867-81); Conspiracy: a Cu-
ban Romance) (1885); (Aristocracy in Eng-
land) (1886); and (Grant in Peace) (1886).
Baden-Powell, Sir George Smyth (bā'den-
pou'l). An English politician and political
writer; born at Oxford, Dec. 24, 1847. He has
been member of various important commissions,
among others that on United States and Cana-
dian fisheries (1886-87), the Bering Sea inquiry
(1891); of the Joint Commission (Washington,
1892). He has written : (New Homes for the
Old Country) (1872), a storehouse of informa-
tion about Australia; Protection and Bad
Times) (1879); State Aid and State Interfer-
ence) (1882); (The Truth about Home Rule)
(1888); (The Land Systems of India) (1892);
(
accounts have been recently edited by Clem-
ents R. Markham for the Hakluyt Society,
(Voyages of William Baffin (1881).
Bagby, George William. An American phy-
sician, journalist, and humorist; born in Buck-
ingham County, Va. , Aug. 13, 1828; died at
Richmond, Va. , Nov. 29, 1883. He wrote under
the pseudonym (Mozis Addums. He was
editor of the Lynchburg Express (1853) and
Southern Literary Messenger (1859), State Li-
brarian of Virginia (1870–78), and contributor
to various magazines. He wrote: John M.
Daniel's Latch-Key) (1868); (What I Did
with My Fifty Millions) (1875); Meekins's
Twinses) (1877).
Bage, Robert (bāj). An English novelist;
born at Darley, Derbyshire, Feb. 29, 1728; died
at Tamworth, Sept. 1, 1801. He only began to
write at the age of fifty-three. Among his
works were: Mount Henneth) (1781); Bar-
ham Downs) (1784); (Hermsprong, or Man as
He is Not! (1796); etc.
Bagehot, Walter (baj'ot). An English writer
on political economy and government; born
in Langport, Somersetshire, Feb. 3, 1826; died
there, March 24, 1877. After graduating from
University College, London, he studied law
and was admitted to the bar; but never en-
tered practice, being drawn rather to the study
of economics and political science. His prin-
cipal works are: (The English Constitution)
(1867); (Physics and Politics,' in which the
life and growth of nations are studied in the
light of Darwin's theory (1863); and (Lombard
Street: a Description of the Money Market. '
His complete works, edited by Forrest Morgan,
were published at Hartford, Conn. , 1889.
Baggesen, Jens (bäg'e-sen). A noted Dan-
ish poet; born at Korsör, Zealand, Feb. 15,
1764; died in Hamburg, Oct. 3, 1826. He be-
came involved in a great literary feud with
Oehlenschläger. His first poetic effort, Comic
Tales) (1785), at once attracted attention; but
(The Labyrinth) (1792), afterwards entitled
(Wanderings of a Poet,' a description of his
traveling impressions, equally distinguished for
its overflowing humor and finished style, is his
most important work, a landmark in Danish
prose literature. *
Bahr, Hermann (bär). An Austrian dram-
atist, novelist, and critic; born in Linz, July 19,
1863. He took a firm stand in opposition to
the naturalism, «modernism, and (sym-
bolism of the dominant school of French
novelists, and published two collections of his
strictures on these phases of literature, under
the titles (A Critique of Modernism) (1890)
and (The Overthrow of Naturalism) (1891).
He is author of several dramas, among them
(The New Men) (1888); “The Mother) (1891);
of "The Domestic Woman) (1893), a comedy ;
and of some novels and romances, among them
(Dora, Stories of Vienna (1893).
Bähr, Johann Christian (băr). A distin-
guished German philologist; born at Darmstadt,
etc.
Baena, Antonio (bä-yı'nä). A Portuguese-
Brazilian historian and geographer; born in
Portugal about 1795; died in Pará, March 28,
1850. He was an officer in the Portuguese, after-
ward in the Brazilian, army. He studied the
geography and history of the Amazon valley.
His principal works were: (The Ages of Pará)
(1838), a historic compend stopping at 1823, and
Chorographic Essay on the Province of Pará)
(1839), a geographical and statistical work
giving the details of explorations made by him-
self.
Baer, Karl Ernst von (bãr). A noted Rus-
sian naturalist, famous especially as an embry-
ologist; born at Piep, Esthonia, Feb. 28, 1792 ;
died at Dorpat, Nov. 28, 1876. He was pro-
fessor of zoology at Königsberg (1819), and
librarian of the Academy of Sciences at St.
Petersburg (1834). His principal works were:
(History of the Development of Animals) (2
vols. , 1828–37); (Researches into the Develop-
ment of Fishes) (1835).
Baffin, William. A noted English navigator
and explorer; born probably in London, 1584;
died at the siege of Ormuz, Jan. 23, 1622. In
the second of two arctic expeditions, he dis-
covered Baffin's Bay. Of these voyages he
wrote two accounts, in the first giving a new
method of computing longitude at sea. These
## p. 36 (#52) ##############################################
36
BAHRDT — BAILY
June 13, 1798; died at Heidelberg, Nov. 29, 1872.
He was professor of classical literature at the
University of Heidelberg. Besides editing sev-
eral of Plutarch's Lives,' making a Latin trans-
lation of Herodotus, with notes, etc. , his prin-
cipal work was History of Roman Literature)
(2 vols. , 1828; 4th ed. 1868-73).
Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich (bärt). A German
theologian; born at Bischofswerda, Saxony,
Aug. 25, 1741; died near Halle, April 23, 1792.
He was condemned to imprisonment in 1789 for
publishing (The Religious Edict: a Comedy. )
As a theologian, he was noted for extreme
rationalism. He wrote: (Letters on Systematic
Theology) (2 vols. , 1770-72); Newest Revela-
tions of God) (1773); while in prison, History
of his Life) (4 vols. , 1790), etc.
Bahya ben Joseph ben Pakoda (bä'hé-yä
ben yö'sef ben pä-kõ'dä).
A noted Jewish
poet and religious writer; lived at Saragossa,
Spain, in the nth century. He is best known
by his celebrated religious work, Duties of the
Heart, written by him in Arabic and trans-
lated into Hebrew. It abounds in spiritual
meditations and exhortations, and occupies
among the Jews a position similar to that held
among Christians by the Imitation of Christ. )
It was translated into Spanish (1610) and Eng-
lish (1894).
Baïf, Jean Antoine de (bä-ef'). A French
poet (1532-89), one of the literary league known
as the “Pléiade, and the chief advocate of its
plan of reducing French poetry to the metres
of the classic tongues; also a spelling reformer,
in favor of the phonetic system. His most
meritorious works were translations of Greek
and Roman dramas. Among his original pro-
ductions, (The Mimes, Precepts, and Proverbs)
(6 editions, 1576–1619) are the most noteworthy.
Bailey, Gamaliel. An American journalist;
born at Mt. Holly, N. J. , Dec. 3, 1807 ; died at
sea, on his way to Europe, June 5, 1859. With
J. G. Birney, he founded the anti-slavery jour-
nal, the Cincinnati Philanthropist (1836), the
office of which was destroyed by a mob, though
it continued to be published till 1847. He es-
tablished the well-known newspaper, the Wash-
ington National Era (1847), in which the famous
novel (Uncle Tom's Cabin' appeared first.
Bailey, James Montgomery. An American
author; born in Albany, N. Y. , Sept. 25, 1841;
died in Danbu Conn. , March 4, 1894. He
served in the 17th Connecticut regiment during
the war; returned to Danbury, founded the Dan-
bury News in 1870. His articles in this paper
were widely quoted. He wrote: (Life in Dan-
bury) (Boston, 1873); (They All Do It) (1877);
and (The Danbury Boom (1880).
Bailey, Nathan. An English lexicographer
and classical scholar; died at Stepney, June 27,
1742. He was a school-teacher at Stepney, and
a Seventh-day Baptist. Besides educational
books, he was the author of a (Universal Ety.
blog nglish Dictionary) (1721), the first
English dictionary with any pretensions to
being complete, and the basis of Dr. Johnson's
better known work. He wrote also a (Domestic
Dictionary) (1736).
Bailey, Philip James. An English poet;
born in Basford, Nottinghamshire, April 22,
1816. He was educated in Glasgow, and stud-
ied law at Lincoln's Inn, being admitted to the
bar in 1840. In his twentieth year he began
the composition of Festus, a lyrico-dramatic
poem on the Faust legend. The poem was
published in 1839, and attracted unusual atten-
tion. The eleventh edition was published in
1889. His other works -(The Angel World)
(1850); (The Mystic) (1855); (The Age, a
colloquial satire (1858); and (The Universal
Hymn) (1867) -- have not added to his reputa-
tion. *
Bailey, Samuel. An English writer on phi.
losophy and political economy; born at Shef-
field, 1791; died there, Jan. 18, 1870. He was
chairman of the Sheffield Banking Company
and several times president of the Sheffield
Literary and Philosophical Society. Besides
works on political economy, he wrote: (On
the Formation and Publication of Opinions)
(3d ed. 1831); (The Pursuit of Truth and the
Progress of Knowledge) (2d ed. 1844); "Let-
ters from an Egyptian Kafir in Search of Re-
ligion (1837, anonymously); (Maro, or Poetic
Sensibility) (1846, anonymously); (Theory of
Reasoning (2d ed. , 1852); Philosophy of the
Human Mind' (three series, 1855, 1858, 1863);
(The Received Text of Shakespeare's Dra-
matic Writings) (2 vols. , 1861-62); etc.
Baillie, Joanna. A Scottish poet; born in
Bothwell, Lanarkshire, Sept. II, 1762; died at
Hampstead, England, Feb. 23, 1851.
At an
early age she removed to London and settled
at Hampstead, where, with her sister Agnes,
she passed the remainder of her life. The first
volume of her (Plays on the Passions) was
published in 1798; one of them, “The Family
Legend, was successfully presented at Edin-
burgh under the patronage of Sir Walter Scott.
Miss Baillie published many short poems and
songs of great beauty. She enjoyed the close
friendship of Scott, Jeffrey (who at first had
severely criticized her work), Lucy Aikin, Mrs.
Siddons, and other eminent persons. For her
benevolent deeds at Hampstead, the poor gave
her the name of "Lady Bountiful. ” *
Bailly, Jean Sylvain (bä-ye'). A distin-
guished French astronomer and statesman;
born in Paris, Sept. 15, 1736; died there, Nov.
12, 1793. The first president of the States-
General or National Assembly (1789), and
mayor of Paris (1789). He was the advocate of
order and moderation, and having offended the
Jacobins, he died on the guillotine. He wrote:
(History of Astronomy) (4 vols. , 1775-83), which
became very popular; (Memoirs of the Revolu-
tion) (3 vols. , 1804); etc.
Baily, Francis (bă'lē). An English astron-
omer;
born at Newbury, Berkshire, April 28,
174; died in London, Au 30, 1844. He re-
formed the Nautical Almanac,) and was the
## p. 37 (#53) ##############################################
BAIN -- BAKER
37
>
author of the Astronomical Society's Cata-
logue of Stars. He wrote also a Life of
Flamsteed) (1835); (Journal of a Tour in Un-
settled Parts of North America) (1856, edited
by De Morgan); etc.
Bain, Alexander (bãn). A distinguished
Scotch philosophical writer; born at Aberdeen,
1818. He became professor of natural philos-
ophy in the Andersonian University, Glasgow,
(1845); examiner in logic and moral philoso-
phy for the University of London (1857–62,
1864-69); professor of logic (1860–80) at, and
lord rector (1881) of, the University of Aber-
deen. He belongs to the Spencerian or ex-
periential school of philosophy, and teaches
physiological psychology. His chief works are:
(The Senses and the Intellect) (1855); “The
Emotions and the Will (1859), the two form-
ing a complete course of mental philosophy;
(English Composition and Rhetoric) (1866);
(Mental and Moral Science) (1868); (Logic)
(2 vols. , 1870); Mind and Body) (1873); (Ed-
ucation as a Science' (1879); James Mill and
John Stuart Mill) (1882); Practical Essays)
(1884); etc.
Baird, Charles Washington. An American
historian and religious writer, son of Robert
Baird; born at Princeton, N. J. , Aug. 28, 1828;
died in Rye, N. Y. , Feb. 10, 1881. Besides works
on the Presbyterian liturgies (which he was the
first to collect and investigate) and local his-
tories, he wrote: (History of the Huguenot
Emigration to America) (2 vols. , 1885). It is
interesting especially to the genealogist.
Baird, Henry Carey. An American writer
on political economy, nephew of Henry C.
Carey; born at Bridesburg, Pa. , 1825. He is a
publisher at Philadelphia. A protectionist, his
economical views generally are similar to those
of his distinguished uncle. He has written
numerous economic pamphlets.
Baird, Henry Martyn. An American au-
thor; born in Philadelphia, Pa. , Jan. 17, 1832.
He graduated from the University of the City
of New York in 1850, and after spending some
years in Europe, took a course in theology at
Union and Princeton. In 1859 he was appointed
professor of the Greek language and literature
in the University of the City of New York. His
principal works are the History of the Rise of
the Huguenots) (1879); (The Huguenots and
Henry of Navarre) (1886); and (The Hugue-
nots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes)
(1895). *
Baird, Robert. An American historian and
divine; born in Fayette County, Pa. , Oct. 6,
1708; died at Yonkers, N. Y. , March 15, 1863.
Among his works were : (History of the Wal-
denses, Albigenses, and Vaudois); “History of
the Temperance Societies) (1836); Religion
in America) (1844); etc. He was correspond-
ing secretary of the American and Foreign
Christian Union (1849-55, 1861-63).
Baird, Spencer Fullerton. A distinguished
American naturalist; born at Reading, Pa. ,
Feb. 3, 1823; died at Wood's Holl, Mass. , Aug.
19, 1887. He became professor of natural sci-
ences at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. , 1845;
United States commissioner of fish and fisher-
ies, 1871; secretary of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, 1878. A very prolific writer, among his
more important works may be named : a (Cat-
alogue of North American Reptiles) (1853);
(Birds of North America) (with Cassin and
Lawrence, 1860); Mammals of North America)
(1858); History of North American Birds )
(with Brewer and Ridgeway, 1874-84) ; etc. His
writings cover nearly every branch of natural
history.
Bajza, Joseph (boy'zä). A Hungarian poet
and critic (1804-58). He devoted himself to
the field of history, and edited a Historical
Library) (1843-45) and the New Plutarch)
(1845-47). Since 1831 he was a member of the
Hungarian Academy, and since 1836 of the
Kisfaludy Society. He ranks among the best
lyric poets of Hungary. His “Poems) were
published in 1835, and his “Collected Works)
(2d ed. , in 6 vols. , by Toldy) in 1861.
Baker, George Augustus. An American
writer of verse and stories; born in New York,
N. Y. , in August 1849. He graduated from Co-
lumbia College Law School, and has written :
(Point Lace and Diamonds, light society verse
(New York, 1875); (Bad Habits of Good So-
ciety) (1876); Mrs. Hephæstus and Other
Stories) (1887); and comedies.
Baker, Mrs. Harriette Newell (Woods)
(pseudonyms “Madeline Leslie) and “Aunt
Hatty”). An American writer of juvenile
stories; born 1815; died 1893. A very vo-
luminous writer, several of her works have
been translated into French and German. She
has written : (Tim the Scissors-Grinder) (1861,
equel in 1862), her most opul work; (Up
the Ladder) (1862); (The Two Homes) (1862);
(The Organ-Grinder) (1863); “White and Black
Lies) (1864); "Worth and Wealth) (1864);
(Tim's Sister) (1864); (Wheel of Fortune)
(1865); (Courtesies of Wedded Life) (1869);
(Paul Barton) (1869); (Fashion and Folly)
(1869); "Lost but Found) (1869); (Ingleside)
(1886); (This and That) (1887); etc. She is
daughter of Rev. Leonard Woods and wife of
Rev. S. R. Baker.
Baker, Samuel White, Sir. An English
traveler and author; born June 8, 1821; died
in Newton Abbot, England, Dec. 30, 1893. At
an early age he went to Ceylon, and estab-
lished a sanitarium at Newera Ellia 6,200 feet
above sea level; in 1861 undertook to explore
the sources of the Nile, discovered and named
Lake Albert Nyanza, and reached Gondokoro
in 1865. In 1866 he was knighted. He after-
wards traveled in India, Syria, Japan, and
America. His books include: (The Rifle and
Hound in Ceylon (1856); (Eight Years'
Wanderings in Ceylon) (1855); (The Albert
Nyanza) (1866); (The Nile Tributaries of
Abyssinia (1867); (Ismailia) (1874); (Cyprus)
(1879); (Wild Beasts and their Ways) (1890);
## p. 38 (#54) ##############################################
38
BAKER-BALFOUR
:
and "Cast up by the Sea, a popular tale of
adventure (1869). *
Baker, William Mumford. An American
descriptive and miscellaneous writer; born in
Washington, D. C. , June 27, 1825; died in South
Boston, Mass. , Aug. 20, 1883. He graduated
from Princeton in 1846, and became pastor of
churches in Texas and in South Boston, Mass.
His most important book was (Inside: A
Chronicle of Secession' (New York, 1866). He
also wrote many stories, including His Maj-
esty Myself(Boston, 1879).
Baki (bä'kē). The greatest lyric poet of
Turkey; died about 1600. His Divan) con-
tains almost exclusively odes in praise of the
Sultan.
Balaguer, Victor (bä-lä-går'). A noted
Spanish-Catalan poet, novelist, and historian;
born in Barcelona, Dec. II, 1824. As a poet
he first attracted notice by his dramas, taken
partly from antiquity, partly from Catalan his-
tory; among them are: “Sappho); Don En-
rique the Magnificent'; Juan de Padilla);
(Coriolanus. Of his lyrics the best are em-
bodied in the collection (The Troubadour of
Montserrat' (1850). He also wrote widely read
historical romances and tales, among which
(Don Juan de Serravalle) deserves especial
mention. Other works are: Historical and
Political Studies) (1876); History of Cata-
lonia) (1886-89), and Political and Literary
History of the Troubadours) (1878–80). A
complete edition of his works appears in the
"Collection of Castilian Writers. )
Balbi, Gasparo (bäl'be). A Venetian mer-
chant and writer of travels; lived in the 16th
century. He visited Aleppo, spent the years
1579-88 in India, and published Journey in the
East Indies) (1590). It contained the first Eu-
ropean description of India beyond the Ganges.
Balbo, Count Cesare (bäl’bo). An Italian
statesman, historian, and publicist; born at
Turin, Nov. 21, 1789; died there, June 3, 1853.
A moderate and liberal patriot, he became
prominent in the revolutionary disturbances of
1848, being premier of Sardinia in that year.
He wrote : Life of Dante' (1839); Hopes of
Italy) (1843), advocating Italian independence;
(History of Italy) (1849), which takes high
rank.
Balboa or Balvoa, Miguel Cabello de (bäl-
bo'ä). A Spanish historian ; born in Archi-
dona, about 1525; died, probably in Peru, after
1586. At first a soldier, he became afterward
a priest and went to America (about 1566), re-
siding at Bogota, later in Lima and Cuzco.
He left in manuscript a history, which was
published 1840, when it appeared in a French
translation entitled (History of Peru. It treats
of the origin of the Incas.
Balbuena, Don Bernardo de (bäl-bwā'nä).
A Spanish poet; born at Val de Peñas in 1568 ;
died in Porto Rico in 1627. At an early age
he went to Mexico, where he completed his
theological studies and acquired reputation as
a poet. Of his works only the following are
extant: (The Greatness of Mexico! (1604), a
poetic description of that city; (The Age of
Gold in the Forests of Eryphile (1608), a pas.
toral romance in prose, interspersed with lyrics ;
(Bernardo, or the Victory of Roncesvalles )
(1624), an epic treating of the national hero
Bernardo del Carpio.
Baldovini, Francesco (bäl-do-ve'nē). An
Italian poet; born at Florence, Feb. 27, 1635;
died Nov. 18, 1716. He wrote Lament of
Cecco of Varlungo, etc.
Baccalar y Baña, Vicente, Marquis of st.
Philip (bäk'ä-lär ē sän'yä). A Spanish his-
torian and statesman; born in Sardinia; died
in Madrid, 1726. He served the King of Spain
with less disinterestedness than distinction dur-
ing the revolt of his native isle, and was ennobled
after writing a very rhetorical History of the
Kingdom of the Jews, as well as (Memoirs for
a History of Philip V. ,' the latter work cover-
ing the period between 1699 and 1725.
Bache, Alexander Dallas (bãch). A dis-
tinguished American scientist and educator,
great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin; born at
Philadelphia, July 19, 1806; died at Newport,
Feb. 17, 1867. Graduating from West Point at
the head of his class (1825), he became profes-
sor of natural philosophy and chemistry at the
University of Pennsylvania (1828); organizer
and first president of Girard College (1836);
superintendent of the United States Coast Sur-
vey (1843), his services in that position being
invaluable; active member of the sanitary com-
mission during the Civil War; a regent of the
Smithsonian Institution (1846-67); president
of the National Academy of Sciences (1863).
He wrote (Observations at the Magnetic and
Meteorological Observatory at the Girard Col-
lege,' a scientifically valuable work; a helpful
report on education in Europe (1839); and a
long series of notable annual reports of the
United States Coast Survey.
Bache, Franklin (bãch). A distinguished
American physician and chemist; born at Phil-
adelphia, Oct. 25, 1792; died there, March 19,
1864. He was professor of chemistry at the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (1831) and
the Jefferson Medical College (1841). Besides
writing (A System of Chemistry for Students of
Medicine) (1819), he was one of the authors of
Wood and Bache's (Dispensatory of the United
States) (1833), an acknowledged authority.
Bacher, Julius (bäch'er). A German story-
writer and dramatist; born in Ragnit, East Prus-
sia, Aug. 8, 1810. He was a practicing physi-
cian, who turned man of letters and attained
reputation with «The First Love of Charles
XII. (1850), a tragedy; Princess Sidonie)
(1870), a novel; and various other pieces.
Bacheracht, Therese von (bä'chér-ächt). A
German novelist (1804-52), who chose her sub-
jects mostly from the life of the upper classes,
and was distinguished for her careful delinea-
tion of character. The best among her nov-
els are: (Falkenberg) (1843); (Lydia) (1844);
;
3
## p. 34 (#50) ##############################################
34
BACHMAN – BAСULARD D'ARNAUD
(Heinrich Burkart) (1846). Much credit is due
her for the publication of W. von Humboldt's
(Letters to a Friend) (1847).
Bachman, John (bak'man). An American
clergyman and naturalist; born in Dutchess
county, N. Y. , Feb. 4, 1790; died at Charleston,
S. C. , Feb. 25, 1874. He was associated with
Audubon in the Quadrupeds of North Amer-
ica, writing the principal part of the work,
which Audubon and his sons illustrated.
Back, Sir George. An English admiral and
Arctic explorer; born in Stockport, Cheshire,
Nov. 6, 1796; died in London, June 23, 1878.
Having accompanied Franklin in several ex-
peditions, he discovered the Great Fish or
Back River (1833-35), commanded the Terror in
an Arctic expedition (1836–37), and became
admiral (1857). He wrote: Narrative of the
Arctic Land Expedition to the Mouth of the
Great Fish River); Narrative of an Expedi-
tion in H. M. S. Terror); etc.
Bäckström, Per Johan Edvard (bāk'strėm).
A Swedish dramatist and lyric poet; born in
Stockholm, Oct. 27, 1841; died there, Feb. 13,
1886. His principal work is (Dagvard Frey)
(1876), a tragedy; besides this the dramas (A
Crown) (1869), Eva's Sisters) (1869), (The
Prisoner of Kallö) (1870), met with success.
His lyrics were published in three collections
(1860, 1870, 1876).
Bacon, Delia. An American writer (1811-
59), daughter of Leonard Bacon. She is best
remembered for her Philosophy of the Plays
of Shakespeare ) (1857); to which Nathaniel
Hawthorne (without concurring) wrote a preface,
and which brought into prominence the Bacon-
Shakespeare controversy.
Bacon, Francis. The English philosopher;
born in London, Jan. 22, 1561; died April 9,
1626. His immortal Essays) were published
in 1597, and in the same year appeared (On
the Colors of Good and Evil. The two books
of “The Advancement of Learning' appeared
in 1605; and in 1620 the Novum Organum,
written, like very many of Bacon's works, in
Latin. The (Novum Organum) is an essay
toward the science of a better use of reason in
the investigation of things. His histories of
(Henry VII. ,' of (Henry VIII. ,' and of Eliz-
abeth, are of unequal value and authority :
the first is eminently faithful and trustworthy;
the other two are probably biased by the au-
thor's desire to stand well at court. His New
Atlantis) is one of the world's great Utopian
speculations. *
Bacon, Leonard. An American clergyman;
born at Detroit, Mich. , Feb. 19, 1802; died in
New Haven, Conn. , Dec. 24, 1881. He gradu-
ated at Yale in 1820, after which he studied
theology at Andover, Mass. In 1825 he be-
came pastor of the First Congregational Church
in New Haven, a position which he held offi-
cially, though not always actively, until his
death. He was professor of didactic theology
in Yale (1866–71). He was throughout his life
an active opponent of slavery. In 1847 he
joined with Drs. Storrs and Thompson to found
the New York Independent, in the joint edi-
torship of which he continued for 16 years.
Besides a vast number of reviews and pam.
phlets, he published many theological and his-
torical works.
Bacon, Leonard Woolsey. An American
Congregational minister and religious writer,
son of Leonard Bacon; born at New Haven,
1830. Among his writings are: (The Vatican
Council (1872); Church Music Papers) (1876);
(Sunday Evenings Essays) (1877); etc.
Bacon, Roger. An English philosopher, one
of the greatest mediæval scholars.
He was
born of good family in Somersetshire, about
1214; died about 1294. He studied at Oxford,
taking orders there 1233; proceeded to Paris,
returned, and entered the Franciscan Order
1250. His discoveries in chemistry and phys-
ics brought upon him accusations of magic,
and he was imprisoned at Paris, 1257. At the
request of Pope Clement IV. in 1265 he drew
up his (Opus Majus. He gained his liberty a
little later, but suffered a further imprisonment
of ten years under Nicholas II. , and was not
finally liberated till 1292, two years before his
death. He was learned in several languages
and wrote elegant Latin. His wide knowledge
gained for him the name of Doctor Admirabi-
lis. His chief work, the Opus Majus,' shows
great learning and remarkably advanced think
ing, considering the age in which he lived.
He treats of the unity of the sciences, of the
necessity of a true linguistic science for the
understanding either of philosophy, science, or
the Scriptures; he treats also of mathematics,
as “the alphabet of philosophy," and of ge-
ography and astronomy as related thereto, of
perspective, and of experimental science, fore-
shadowing the inductive method. The portion
relating to geography was read by Columbus,
who was strongly influenced by it.
Bacon, Thomas Scott. An American theo.
logical writer; born at Saratoga, N. Y. , Feb. 1,
1825. Originally a lawyer, he became an Epis.
copalian clergyman (1854). Besides sermons,
addresses, reviews, etc. , he has written : Both
Sides of the Controversy between the Roman
and the Reformed Church (1858); (The Reign
of God, not the Reign of Law) (1879); (The
Beginnings of Religion (1887); Primitive and
Catholic Doctrine as to Holy Scripture '; etc.
Bacsányi, János (bo'chän-yē). A Hunga-
rian poet, prose-writer, and journalist; born at
Tapolcza, May 11, 1763; died at Linz, May 12,
1845. With Baróti and Kazinczy, he founded
a journal, the Magyar Museum (1788), and was
editor of the Magyar Minerva. Having trans-
lated Napoleon's proclamation to the Hunga-
rians (1809), he was obliged to fee to Paris,
whence he was extradited after Napoleon's
fall, but was compelled to live at Linz.
Baculard d'Arnaud, François (bä-kü-lär'
där-nö'). A French novelist and dramatist
(1718-1805), protégé of Voltaire, for two years
## p. 35 (#51) ##############################################
BADEAU-BAHR
35
literary correspondent, in Paris, of Frederick the
Great, who afterwards called him to Berlin.
Thence he went to Dresden, and on his return
to France wrote a considerable number of sen-
timental novels in the taste of the times. Of
his dramas, in which the sombre and horrible
element prevails, only (The Count of Com-
minges) (1765) was performed.
Badeau, Adam. An American soldier and
author; born in New York city, Dec. 29, 1831 ;
died in Ridgewood, N. J. , March 19, 1895. He
served in the United States army during the
Civil War, was military secretary to General
Grant in 1864-69, then secretary of legation in
London, and from 1870 till 1881 consul-general
there, and in 1882-84 in Havana. He accom-
panied General Grant on his tour around the
world in 1877–78. Author of : (The Vagabond)
(New York, 1858); Military History of U. S.
Grant) (3 vols. , 1867-81); Conspiracy: a Cu-
ban Romance) (1885); (Aristocracy in Eng-
land) (1886); and (Grant in Peace) (1886).
Baden-Powell, Sir George Smyth (bā'den-
pou'l). An English politician and political
writer; born at Oxford, Dec. 24, 1847. He has
been member of various important commissions,
among others that on United States and Cana-
dian fisheries (1886-87), the Bering Sea inquiry
(1891); of the Joint Commission (Washington,
1892). He has written : (New Homes for the
Old Country) (1872), a storehouse of informa-
tion about Australia; Protection and Bad
Times) (1879); State Aid and State Interfer-
ence) (1882); (The Truth about Home Rule)
(1888); (The Land Systems of India) (1892);
(
accounts have been recently edited by Clem-
ents R. Markham for the Hakluyt Society,
(Voyages of William Baffin (1881).
Bagby, George William. An American phy-
sician, journalist, and humorist; born in Buck-
ingham County, Va. , Aug. 13, 1828; died at
Richmond, Va. , Nov. 29, 1883. He wrote under
the pseudonym (Mozis Addums. He was
editor of the Lynchburg Express (1853) and
Southern Literary Messenger (1859), State Li-
brarian of Virginia (1870–78), and contributor
to various magazines. He wrote: John M.
Daniel's Latch-Key) (1868); (What I Did
with My Fifty Millions) (1875); Meekins's
Twinses) (1877).
Bage, Robert (bāj). An English novelist;
born at Darley, Derbyshire, Feb. 29, 1728; died
at Tamworth, Sept. 1, 1801. He only began to
write at the age of fifty-three. Among his
works were: Mount Henneth) (1781); Bar-
ham Downs) (1784); (Hermsprong, or Man as
He is Not! (1796); etc.
Bagehot, Walter (baj'ot). An English writer
on political economy and government; born
in Langport, Somersetshire, Feb. 3, 1826; died
there, March 24, 1877. After graduating from
University College, London, he studied law
and was admitted to the bar; but never en-
tered practice, being drawn rather to the study
of economics and political science. His prin-
cipal works are: (The English Constitution)
(1867); (Physics and Politics,' in which the
life and growth of nations are studied in the
light of Darwin's theory (1863); and (Lombard
Street: a Description of the Money Market. '
His complete works, edited by Forrest Morgan,
were published at Hartford, Conn. , 1889.
Baggesen, Jens (bäg'e-sen). A noted Dan-
ish poet; born at Korsör, Zealand, Feb. 15,
1764; died in Hamburg, Oct. 3, 1826. He be-
came involved in a great literary feud with
Oehlenschläger. His first poetic effort, Comic
Tales) (1785), at once attracted attention; but
(The Labyrinth) (1792), afterwards entitled
(Wanderings of a Poet,' a description of his
traveling impressions, equally distinguished for
its overflowing humor and finished style, is his
most important work, a landmark in Danish
prose literature. *
Bahr, Hermann (bär). An Austrian dram-
atist, novelist, and critic; born in Linz, July 19,
1863. He took a firm stand in opposition to
the naturalism, «modernism, and (sym-
bolism of the dominant school of French
novelists, and published two collections of his
strictures on these phases of literature, under
the titles (A Critique of Modernism) (1890)
and (The Overthrow of Naturalism) (1891).
He is author of several dramas, among them
(The New Men) (1888); “The Mother) (1891);
of "The Domestic Woman) (1893), a comedy ;
and of some novels and romances, among them
(Dora, Stories of Vienna (1893).
Bähr, Johann Christian (băr). A distin-
guished German philologist; born at Darmstadt,
etc.
Baena, Antonio (bä-yı'nä). A Portuguese-
Brazilian historian and geographer; born in
Portugal about 1795; died in Pará, March 28,
1850. He was an officer in the Portuguese, after-
ward in the Brazilian, army. He studied the
geography and history of the Amazon valley.
His principal works were: (The Ages of Pará)
(1838), a historic compend stopping at 1823, and
Chorographic Essay on the Province of Pará)
(1839), a geographical and statistical work
giving the details of explorations made by him-
self.
Baer, Karl Ernst von (bãr). A noted Rus-
sian naturalist, famous especially as an embry-
ologist; born at Piep, Esthonia, Feb. 28, 1792 ;
died at Dorpat, Nov. 28, 1876. He was pro-
fessor of zoology at Königsberg (1819), and
librarian of the Academy of Sciences at St.
Petersburg (1834). His principal works were:
(History of the Development of Animals) (2
vols. , 1828–37); (Researches into the Develop-
ment of Fishes) (1835).
Baffin, William. A noted English navigator
and explorer; born probably in London, 1584;
died at the siege of Ormuz, Jan. 23, 1622. In
the second of two arctic expeditions, he dis-
covered Baffin's Bay. Of these voyages he
wrote two accounts, in the first giving a new
method of computing longitude at sea. These
## p. 36 (#52) ##############################################
36
BAHRDT — BAILY
June 13, 1798; died at Heidelberg, Nov. 29, 1872.
He was professor of classical literature at the
University of Heidelberg. Besides editing sev-
eral of Plutarch's Lives,' making a Latin trans-
lation of Herodotus, with notes, etc. , his prin-
cipal work was History of Roman Literature)
(2 vols. , 1828; 4th ed. 1868-73).
Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich (bärt). A German
theologian; born at Bischofswerda, Saxony,
Aug. 25, 1741; died near Halle, April 23, 1792.
He was condemned to imprisonment in 1789 for
publishing (The Religious Edict: a Comedy. )
As a theologian, he was noted for extreme
rationalism. He wrote: (Letters on Systematic
Theology) (2 vols. , 1770-72); Newest Revela-
tions of God) (1773); while in prison, History
of his Life) (4 vols. , 1790), etc.
Bahya ben Joseph ben Pakoda (bä'hé-yä
ben yö'sef ben pä-kõ'dä).
A noted Jewish
poet and religious writer; lived at Saragossa,
Spain, in the nth century. He is best known
by his celebrated religious work, Duties of the
Heart, written by him in Arabic and trans-
lated into Hebrew. It abounds in spiritual
meditations and exhortations, and occupies
among the Jews a position similar to that held
among Christians by the Imitation of Christ. )
It was translated into Spanish (1610) and Eng-
lish (1894).
Baïf, Jean Antoine de (bä-ef'). A French
poet (1532-89), one of the literary league known
as the “Pléiade, and the chief advocate of its
plan of reducing French poetry to the metres
of the classic tongues; also a spelling reformer,
in favor of the phonetic system. His most
meritorious works were translations of Greek
and Roman dramas. Among his original pro-
ductions, (The Mimes, Precepts, and Proverbs)
(6 editions, 1576–1619) are the most noteworthy.
Bailey, Gamaliel. An American journalist;
born at Mt. Holly, N. J. , Dec. 3, 1807 ; died at
sea, on his way to Europe, June 5, 1859. With
J. G. Birney, he founded the anti-slavery jour-
nal, the Cincinnati Philanthropist (1836), the
office of which was destroyed by a mob, though
it continued to be published till 1847. He es-
tablished the well-known newspaper, the Wash-
ington National Era (1847), in which the famous
novel (Uncle Tom's Cabin' appeared first.
Bailey, James Montgomery. An American
author; born in Albany, N. Y. , Sept. 25, 1841;
died in Danbu Conn. , March 4, 1894. He
served in the 17th Connecticut regiment during
the war; returned to Danbury, founded the Dan-
bury News in 1870. His articles in this paper
were widely quoted. He wrote: (Life in Dan-
bury) (Boston, 1873); (They All Do It) (1877);
and (The Danbury Boom (1880).
Bailey, Nathan. An English lexicographer
and classical scholar; died at Stepney, June 27,
1742. He was a school-teacher at Stepney, and
a Seventh-day Baptist. Besides educational
books, he was the author of a (Universal Ety.
blog nglish Dictionary) (1721), the first
English dictionary with any pretensions to
being complete, and the basis of Dr. Johnson's
better known work. He wrote also a (Domestic
Dictionary) (1736).
Bailey, Philip James. An English poet;
born in Basford, Nottinghamshire, April 22,
1816. He was educated in Glasgow, and stud-
ied law at Lincoln's Inn, being admitted to the
bar in 1840. In his twentieth year he began
the composition of Festus, a lyrico-dramatic
poem on the Faust legend. The poem was
published in 1839, and attracted unusual atten-
tion. The eleventh edition was published in
1889. His other works -(The Angel World)
(1850); (The Mystic) (1855); (The Age, a
colloquial satire (1858); and (The Universal
Hymn) (1867) -- have not added to his reputa-
tion. *
Bailey, Samuel. An English writer on phi.
losophy and political economy; born at Shef-
field, 1791; died there, Jan. 18, 1870. He was
chairman of the Sheffield Banking Company
and several times president of the Sheffield
Literary and Philosophical Society. Besides
works on political economy, he wrote: (On
the Formation and Publication of Opinions)
(3d ed. 1831); (The Pursuit of Truth and the
Progress of Knowledge) (2d ed. 1844); "Let-
ters from an Egyptian Kafir in Search of Re-
ligion (1837, anonymously); (Maro, or Poetic
Sensibility) (1846, anonymously); (Theory of
Reasoning (2d ed. , 1852); Philosophy of the
Human Mind' (three series, 1855, 1858, 1863);
(The Received Text of Shakespeare's Dra-
matic Writings) (2 vols. , 1861-62); etc.
Baillie, Joanna. A Scottish poet; born in
Bothwell, Lanarkshire, Sept. II, 1762; died at
Hampstead, England, Feb. 23, 1851.
At an
early age she removed to London and settled
at Hampstead, where, with her sister Agnes,
she passed the remainder of her life. The first
volume of her (Plays on the Passions) was
published in 1798; one of them, “The Family
Legend, was successfully presented at Edin-
burgh under the patronage of Sir Walter Scott.
Miss Baillie published many short poems and
songs of great beauty. She enjoyed the close
friendship of Scott, Jeffrey (who at first had
severely criticized her work), Lucy Aikin, Mrs.
Siddons, and other eminent persons. For her
benevolent deeds at Hampstead, the poor gave
her the name of "Lady Bountiful. ” *
Bailly, Jean Sylvain (bä-ye'). A distin-
guished French astronomer and statesman;
born in Paris, Sept. 15, 1736; died there, Nov.
12, 1793. The first president of the States-
General or National Assembly (1789), and
mayor of Paris (1789). He was the advocate of
order and moderation, and having offended the
Jacobins, he died on the guillotine. He wrote:
(History of Astronomy) (4 vols. , 1775-83), which
became very popular; (Memoirs of the Revolu-
tion) (3 vols. , 1804); etc.
Baily, Francis (bă'lē). An English astron-
omer;
born at Newbury, Berkshire, April 28,
174; died in London, Au 30, 1844. He re-
formed the Nautical Almanac,) and was the
## p. 37 (#53) ##############################################
BAIN -- BAKER
37
>
author of the Astronomical Society's Cata-
logue of Stars. He wrote also a Life of
Flamsteed) (1835); (Journal of a Tour in Un-
settled Parts of North America) (1856, edited
by De Morgan); etc.
Bain, Alexander (bãn). A distinguished
Scotch philosophical writer; born at Aberdeen,
1818. He became professor of natural philos-
ophy in the Andersonian University, Glasgow,
(1845); examiner in logic and moral philoso-
phy for the University of London (1857–62,
1864-69); professor of logic (1860–80) at, and
lord rector (1881) of, the University of Aber-
deen. He belongs to the Spencerian or ex-
periential school of philosophy, and teaches
physiological psychology. His chief works are:
(The Senses and the Intellect) (1855); “The
Emotions and the Will (1859), the two form-
ing a complete course of mental philosophy;
(English Composition and Rhetoric) (1866);
(Mental and Moral Science) (1868); (Logic)
(2 vols. , 1870); Mind and Body) (1873); (Ed-
ucation as a Science' (1879); James Mill and
John Stuart Mill) (1882); Practical Essays)
(1884); etc.
Baird, Charles Washington. An American
historian and religious writer, son of Robert
Baird; born at Princeton, N. J. , Aug. 28, 1828;
died in Rye, N. Y. , Feb. 10, 1881. Besides works
on the Presbyterian liturgies (which he was the
first to collect and investigate) and local his-
tories, he wrote: (History of the Huguenot
Emigration to America) (2 vols. , 1885). It is
interesting especially to the genealogist.
Baird, Henry Carey. An American writer
on political economy, nephew of Henry C.
Carey; born at Bridesburg, Pa. , 1825. He is a
publisher at Philadelphia. A protectionist, his
economical views generally are similar to those
of his distinguished uncle. He has written
numerous economic pamphlets.
Baird, Henry Martyn. An American au-
thor; born in Philadelphia, Pa. , Jan. 17, 1832.
He graduated from the University of the City
of New York in 1850, and after spending some
years in Europe, took a course in theology at
Union and Princeton. In 1859 he was appointed
professor of the Greek language and literature
in the University of the City of New York. His
principal works are the History of the Rise of
the Huguenots) (1879); (The Huguenots and
Henry of Navarre) (1886); and (The Hugue-
nots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes)
(1895). *
Baird, Robert. An American historian and
divine; born in Fayette County, Pa. , Oct. 6,
1708; died at Yonkers, N. Y. , March 15, 1863.
Among his works were : (History of the Wal-
denses, Albigenses, and Vaudois); “History of
the Temperance Societies) (1836); Religion
in America) (1844); etc. He was correspond-
ing secretary of the American and Foreign
Christian Union (1849-55, 1861-63).
Baird, Spencer Fullerton. A distinguished
American naturalist; born at Reading, Pa. ,
Feb. 3, 1823; died at Wood's Holl, Mass. , Aug.
19, 1887. He became professor of natural sci-
ences at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. , 1845;
United States commissioner of fish and fisher-
ies, 1871; secretary of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, 1878. A very prolific writer, among his
more important works may be named : a (Cat-
alogue of North American Reptiles) (1853);
(Birds of North America) (with Cassin and
Lawrence, 1860); Mammals of North America)
(1858); History of North American Birds )
(with Brewer and Ridgeway, 1874-84) ; etc. His
writings cover nearly every branch of natural
history.
Bajza, Joseph (boy'zä). A Hungarian poet
and critic (1804-58). He devoted himself to
the field of history, and edited a Historical
Library) (1843-45) and the New Plutarch)
(1845-47). Since 1831 he was a member of the
Hungarian Academy, and since 1836 of the
Kisfaludy Society. He ranks among the best
lyric poets of Hungary. His “Poems) were
published in 1835, and his “Collected Works)
(2d ed. , in 6 vols. , by Toldy) in 1861.
Baker, George Augustus. An American
writer of verse and stories; born in New York,
N. Y. , in August 1849. He graduated from Co-
lumbia College Law School, and has written :
(Point Lace and Diamonds, light society verse
(New York, 1875); (Bad Habits of Good So-
ciety) (1876); Mrs. Hephæstus and Other
Stories) (1887); and comedies.
Baker, Mrs. Harriette Newell (Woods)
(pseudonyms “Madeline Leslie) and “Aunt
Hatty”). An American writer of juvenile
stories; born 1815; died 1893. A very vo-
luminous writer, several of her works have
been translated into French and German. She
has written : (Tim the Scissors-Grinder) (1861,
equel in 1862), her most opul work; (Up
the Ladder) (1862); (The Two Homes) (1862);
(The Organ-Grinder) (1863); “White and Black
Lies) (1864); "Worth and Wealth) (1864);
(Tim's Sister) (1864); (Wheel of Fortune)
(1865); (Courtesies of Wedded Life) (1869);
(Paul Barton) (1869); (Fashion and Folly)
(1869); "Lost but Found) (1869); (Ingleside)
(1886); (This and That) (1887); etc. She is
daughter of Rev. Leonard Woods and wife of
Rev. S. R. Baker.
Baker, Samuel White, Sir. An English
traveler and author; born June 8, 1821; died
in Newton Abbot, England, Dec. 30, 1893. At
an early age he went to Ceylon, and estab-
lished a sanitarium at Newera Ellia 6,200 feet
above sea level; in 1861 undertook to explore
the sources of the Nile, discovered and named
Lake Albert Nyanza, and reached Gondokoro
in 1865. In 1866 he was knighted. He after-
wards traveled in India, Syria, Japan, and
America. His books include: (The Rifle and
Hound in Ceylon (1856); (Eight Years'
Wanderings in Ceylon) (1855); (The Albert
Nyanza) (1866); (The Nile Tributaries of
Abyssinia (1867); (Ismailia) (1874); (Cyprus)
(1879); (Wild Beasts and their Ways) (1890);
## p. 38 (#54) ##############################################
38
BAKER-BALFOUR
:
and "Cast up by the Sea, a popular tale of
adventure (1869). *
Baker, William Mumford. An American
descriptive and miscellaneous writer; born in
Washington, D. C. , June 27, 1825; died in South
Boston, Mass. , Aug. 20, 1883. He graduated
from Princeton in 1846, and became pastor of
churches in Texas and in South Boston, Mass.
His most important book was (Inside: A
Chronicle of Secession' (New York, 1866). He
also wrote many stories, including His Maj-
esty Myself(Boston, 1879).
Baki (bä'kē). The greatest lyric poet of
Turkey; died about 1600. His Divan) con-
tains almost exclusively odes in praise of the
Sultan.
Balaguer, Victor (bä-lä-går'). A noted
Spanish-Catalan poet, novelist, and historian;
born in Barcelona, Dec. II, 1824. As a poet
he first attracted notice by his dramas, taken
partly from antiquity, partly from Catalan his-
tory; among them are: “Sappho); Don En-
rique the Magnificent'; Juan de Padilla);
(Coriolanus. Of his lyrics the best are em-
bodied in the collection (The Troubadour of
Montserrat' (1850). He also wrote widely read
historical romances and tales, among which
(Don Juan de Serravalle) deserves especial
mention. Other works are: Historical and
Political Studies) (1876); History of Cata-
lonia) (1886-89), and Political and Literary
History of the Troubadours) (1878–80). A
complete edition of his works appears in the
"Collection of Castilian Writers. )
Balbi, Gasparo (bäl'be). A Venetian mer-
chant and writer of travels; lived in the 16th
century. He visited Aleppo, spent the years
1579-88 in India, and published Journey in the
East Indies) (1590). It contained the first Eu-
ropean description of India beyond the Ganges.
Balbo, Count Cesare (bäl’bo). An Italian
statesman, historian, and publicist; born at
Turin, Nov. 21, 1789; died there, June 3, 1853.
A moderate and liberal patriot, he became
prominent in the revolutionary disturbances of
1848, being premier of Sardinia in that year.
He wrote : Life of Dante' (1839); Hopes of
Italy) (1843), advocating Italian independence;
(History of Italy) (1849), which takes high
rank.
Balboa or Balvoa, Miguel Cabello de (bäl-
bo'ä). A Spanish historian ; born in Archi-
dona, about 1525; died, probably in Peru, after
1586. At first a soldier, he became afterward
a priest and went to America (about 1566), re-
siding at Bogota, later in Lima and Cuzco.
He left in manuscript a history, which was
published 1840, when it appeared in a French
translation entitled (History of Peru. It treats
of the origin of the Incas.
Balbuena, Don Bernardo de (bäl-bwā'nä).
A Spanish poet; born at Val de Peñas in 1568 ;
died in Porto Rico in 1627. At an early age
he went to Mexico, where he completed his
theological studies and acquired reputation as
a poet. Of his works only the following are
extant: (The Greatness of Mexico! (1604), a
poetic description of that city; (The Age of
Gold in the Forests of Eryphile (1608), a pas.
toral romance in prose, interspersed with lyrics ;
(Bernardo, or the Victory of Roncesvalles )
(1624), an epic treating of the national hero
Bernardo del Carpio.
Baldovini, Francesco (bäl-do-ve'nē). An
Italian poet; born at Florence, Feb. 27, 1635;
died Nov. 18, 1716. He wrote Lament of
Cecco of Varlungo, etc.
