) There
dren, persuaded Alexander to put an end to his was also a M.
dren, persuaded Alexander to put an end to his was also a M.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
This city was not taken till the mid- sociates.
Alexander sent his body to Persepolis, to
dle of B. c. 332, after an obstinate defence of seven be buried in the tombs of the Persian kings. Bessus
months, and was fearfully punished by the slaugh- escaped to Bactria, and assumed the title of king
ter of 8000 Tyrians and the sale of 30,000 into of Persia. Alexander advanced into Hyrcania, in
blavery. Nexi followed the siege of Gaza, which order to gain over the remnant of the Greeks of
again delayed Alexander two months, and after- Darius's army, who were assembled there. After
wards, according to Josephus, he marched to Jeru- some negotiation he succeeded; they were all par-
salem, intending to punish the people for refusing doned, and a great many of them taken into his
to assist him, but he was diverted from his purpose pay. After spending fifteen days at Zadracarta,
by the appear
nce of the high priest, and pardoned the capital of Parthia, he marched to the frontiers
the people. This story is not mentioned by Arrian, of Areia, which he entrusted to Satibarzanes, the
and rests on questionable evidence.
former satrap of the country, and set out on his
Alexander next marched into Egypt, which march towards Bactria to attack Bessus, but had
gladly submitted to the conqueror, for the Egyp not proceeded far, when he was recalled by the re-
tians had ever hated the Persians, who insulted volt of Satibarzanes. By incredible exertions he
their religion and violated their temples. In the returned to Artacoana, the capital of the province,
beginning of the following year (B. C. 331), Alex. in two days' march: the satrap took to flight, and
ander founded at the mouth of the western branch a new governor was appointed. Instead of re-
of the Nile, the city of Alexandria, which he in- suming his march into Bactria Alexander seems
tended should form the centre of commerce between to have thought it more prudent to subdue the
the eastern and western worlds, and which soon south-eastern parts of Areia, and accordingly
more than realized the expectations of its founder. marched into the country of the Drangae and
He now determined to visit the temple of Jupiter Sarangae.
Ammon, and after proceeding from Alexandria During the army's stay at Prophthasia, the capi-
along the coast to Paraetonium, he turned south- tal of the Drangae, an event occurred, which
ward through the desert and thus reached the temple. shews the altered character of Alexander, and re
He was saluted by the priests as the son of Ju- presents him in the light of a suspicious oriental
piter Ammon.
despot. Philotas, the son of his faithful general,
In the spring of the same year (B. C. 331), Parmenion, and who had been himself a personal
Alexander set out to meet Darius, who had col friend of Alexander, was accused of a plot against
lected another army. He marched through Phoe the king's life. He was accused by Alexander
nicia and Syria to the Euphrates, which he crossed at before the army, condemned, and put to death.
the ford of Thapsacus; from thence he proceeded Parmenion, who was at the head of an army at
through Mesopotamia, crossed the Tigris, and at Ecbatana, was also put to death by command of
length met with the immense hosts of Darius, said Alexander, who feared lest he should attempt to
to have amounted to more than a million of men, revenge his son. Several other trials for treason
in the plains of Gaugamela. The battle was fought followed, and many Macedonians were executed.
in the month of October, B. C. 331, and ended in Alexander now advanced through the country
the complete defeat of the Persians, who suffered of the Ariaspi to the Arachoti, a people west of
immense slaughter. Alexander pursued the fugi- the Indus, whom he conquered.
Their conquest
tives to Arbela (Erbil), which place has given its and the complete subjugation of Areia occupied
name to the battle, and which was distant about the winter of this year. (B. C. 330. ) In the be-
fifty miles from the spot where it was fought. Da- ginning of the following year (B. C. 329), he
rius, who had left the field of battle early in the crossed the mountains of the Paropamisus (the
1
## p. 121 (#141) ############################################
ALEXANDER.
121
ALEXANDER
Hindoo Coosh), and marched into Bactria against the Macedonians, worn out by long service, and
Bessus. On the approach of Alexander, Bessus tired of the war, refused to proceed; and Alexan-
Aed across the Oxus into Sogdiana. Alexander der, notwithstanding his entreaties and prayers,
followed him, and transported his army across the was obliged to lead them back. He returned
river on the skins of the tents stuffed with straw. to the Hydaspes, where he had previously given
Shortly after the passage Bessus was betrayed into orders for the building of a ficet, and then sailed
his hands, and, after being cruelly mutilated by down the river with about 8000 men, while the
order of Alexander, was put to death. From the remainder marched along the banks in two divi-
Oxus Alexander advanced as far as the Jaxartes sions. This was late in the autumn of 327. The
(the Sir), which he crossed, and defeated several people on each side of the river submitted with-
Scythian tribes north of that river. After out resistance, except the Malli, in the conquest
founding a city Alexandria on the Jaxartes, he of one of whose places Alexander was severely
retraced his steps, recrossed the Oxus, and returned wounded. At the confluence of the Acesines
to Zariaspa or Bactra, where he spent the winter and the Indus, Alexander founded a city, and
of 329. It was here that Alexander killed his left Philip as satrap, with a considerable body
friend Cleitus in a drunken revel. [CLEITUS. ] of Greeks. Here he built some fresh ships, and
In the spring of B. C. 328, Alexander again shortly afterwards sent about a third of the
crossed the Oxus to complete the subjugation of army, under Craterus, through the country of
Sogdiana, but was not able to effect it in the year, the Arachoti and Drangae into Carmania. He
and accordingly went into winter quarters at Nau- himself continued his voyage down the Indus,
taca, a place in the middle of the province. At the founded a city at Pattala, the apex of the della
beginning of the following year, B. C. 327, he took of the Indus, and sailed into the Indian ocean.
a mountain fortress, in which Oxyartes, a Bactrian He seems to have reached the mouth of the
prince, had deposited his wife and daughters. Indus about the middle of 326. Nearchus was
The beauty of Roxana, one of the latter, captivated sent with the feet to sail along the coast to
the conqueror, and he accordingly made her his the Persian gulf (NEARCH Us), and Alexander
wife. This marriage with one of his eastern sub- set out from Pattala, about September, to return
jects was in accordance with the whole of his to Persia. In his march through Gedrosia, bis
policy. Having completed the conquest of Sogdi- army suffered greatly from want of water and
ana, Alexander marched southward into Bactrian provisions, till they arrived at Pura, where they
and made preparations for the invasion of India obtained supplies. From Pura he advanced to
While in Bactria, another conspiracy was discor- Carman (Kirman), the capital of Carmania, where
ered for the murder of the king. The plot was he was joined by Craterus, with his detachment
formed by Hermolaus with a number of the royal of the army, and also by Nearchus, who had
pages, and Callisthenes, a pupil of Aristotle, was accomplished the voyage in safety. Alexander
involved in it. All the conspirators were put to sent the great body of the army, under He-
death,
phaestion, along the Persian gulf, while he him-
Alexander did not leave Bactria till late in the self, with a small force, marched to Pasargadae,
spring of B. C. 327, and crossed the Indus, proba- and from thence to Persepolis, where he ap-
bly near the modern Attock. He now entered pointed Peucestas, a Macedonian, governor, in
the country of the Penjab, or the Five Rivers. place of the former one, a Persian, whom he
Taxilas, the king of the people immediately east put to death, for oppressing the province.
of the Indus, submitted to him, and thus he met From Persepolis Alexander advanced to Susa,
with no resistance till he reached the Hydaspes, which he reached in the beginning of 325. Here
upon the opposite bank of which Porus, an Indian he allowed himself and his troops some rest from
king, was posted with a large army and a consider their labours; and faithful to his plan of forming
able number of elephants. Alexander managed to his European and Asiatic subjects into one people,
cross the river unperceived by the Indian king, he assigned to about eighty of his generals Asiatic
and then an obstinate battle followed, in which wives, and gave with them rich dowries. He him-
Porus was defeated after a gallant resistance, and self took a second wife, Barsine, the eldest daugh-
taken prisoner. Alexander restored to him bis ter of Darius, and according to some accounts, a
kingdom, and treated him with distinguished third, Parysatis, the daughter of Ochus. About
honour.
10,000 Macedonians also followed the example
Alexander remained thirty days on the Hydaspes, of their king and generals, and married Asiatic
during which time he founded two towns, one on women; all these received presents from the king.
each bank of the river: one was called Bucephala, Alexander also enrolled large numbers of Asiatics.
in honour of his horse Bucephalus, who died here, among his troops, and taught them the Macedonian
after carrying him through so many victories; and tactics. He moreover directed his attention to the
the other Nicaea, to commemorate his victory, increase of commerce, and for this purpose bad the
From thence he marched to the Acesines (the Euphrates and Tigris made navigable, by removing
Chinab), which he crossed, and subsequently to the the artificial obstructions which had been made in
Hydraotes (the Ravee), which he also crossed, the river for the purpose of irrigation.
to attack another Porus, who had prepared The Macedonians, who were discontented with
to resist him. But as he approached nearer, several of the new arrangements of the king, and
this Porus Aled, and his dominions were given especially at his placing the Persians on an equality
to the one whom he bad conquered on the with themselves in many respects, rose in mutiny
Hydaspes. The Cathaei, however, who also against him, which he quelled with some little
dwelt east of the Hydraotes, offered a rigorous difficulty, and he afterwards dismissed about 10,000
resistance, but were defeated. Alexander still Macedonian veterans, who returned to Europe un-
pressed forward till he reached the Hyphasis der the command of Craterus. Towards the close
(Garra), which he was preparing to cross, when of the same year (B. c. 325) he went to Ecbatana,
## p. 122 (#142) ############################################
122
ALEXANDER
ALEXANDER
where he lost his great favourite Hephaestion ; and epitomes of Justin and Diodorus Siculus, were also
his grief for his loss knew no bounds. From Ecba- compiled from earlier writers. The best modern
tana he marched to Babylon, subduing in his way writers on the subject are : St. Croix, Examen
the Cossaei, a mountain tribe ; and before he reach- critique des anciens Historiens d'Alexandre le Grand,
ed Babylon, he was met by ambassadors from Droysen, Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen ; Wil-
almost every part of the known world, who had liams, Life of Alexander; Thirlwall, History of
come to do homage to the new conqueror of Asia. Greece, vols. vi. and vii.
Alexander reached Babylon in the spring of B. C. ALEXANDER IV. (Anégavāpos), king of
324, about a year before his death, notwithstand MACEDONIA, the son of Alexander the Great and
ing the warnings of the Chaldeans, who predicted Roxana, was born shortly after the death of his
evil to him if he entered the city at that time. He father, in B. c. 323. He was acknowledged as the
intended to make Babylon the capital of his empire, partner of Philip Arrhidaeus in the empire, and was
as the best point of communication between his under the guardianship of Perdiccas, the regent,
eastern and western dominions. His schemes were till the death of the latter in B. c. 321. He was
numerous and gigantic. His first object was the then for a short time placed under the guardianship
conquest of Arabia, which was to be followed, it of Pithon and the general Arrhidaeus, and subse
was said, by the subjugation of Italy, Carthage, quently under that of Antipater, who conveyed
and the west. But his views were not confined him with his mother Roxana, and the king Philip
merely to conquest. He sent Heracleides to build Arrhidaeus and his wife to Macedonia in 326.
a fleet on the Caspian, and to explore that sea, (Diod. xviii. 36, 39. ) On the death of Antipater
which was said to be connected with the northern in 319, the government fell into the hands of
ocean. He also intended to improve the distribu- Polysperchon ; but Eurydice, the wife of Philip
tion of waters in the Babylonian plain, and for Arrhidaeus, began to form a powerful party in
that purpose sailed down the Euphrates to inspect Macedonia in opposition to Polysperchon ; and
the canal called Pallacopas. On his return to Roxana, dreading her influence, fled with her son
Babylon, be found the preparations for the Arabian Alexander into Epeirus, where Olympias had lived
expedition nearly complete ; but almost immedi- for a long time. At the instigation of Olympias,
ately afterwards he was attacked by a fever, pro Aeacides, king of Epeirus, made common cause
bably brought on by his recent exertions in the with Polysperchon, and restored the young Alex-
marshy districts around Babylon, and aggra- ander to Macedonia in 317. [AEACIDES. ] Eury-
vated by the quantity of wine he had drunk dice and her husband were put to death, and the
at a banquet given to his principal officers. He supreme power fell into the hands of Olympias.
died after an illness of eleven days, in the month (xix. 11; Justin, xiv. 5. ) But in the following
of May or June, B. C. 323. He died at the age of year Cassander obtained possession of Macedonia,
thirty-two, after a reign of twelve years and eight put Olympias to death, and imprisoned Alexander
months. He appointed no one as his successor, and his mother. They remained in prison till the
but just before his death he gave his ring to Per- general peace made in 311, when Alexander's title
diccas. Roxana was with child at the time of his to the crown was recognized. Many of his par-
death, and afterwards bore a son, who is known by tizans demanded that he should be immediately
the name of Alexander Aegus.
released from prison and placed upon the throne.
The history of Alexander forms an important Cassander therefore resolved to get rid of so dan-
epoch in the history of mankind. Unlike other gerous a rival, and caused him and his mother
Asiatic conquerors, his progress was marked by Roxana to be murdered secretly in prison. (B. C.
something more than devastation and ruin ; at 311. Diod. xix. 51, 52, 61, 105; Justin, xv. 2;
every step of his course the Greek language and Paus. ix. 7. $ 2. )
civilization took root and flourished ; and after his ALEXANDER (AN6Javopos), a MEGALOPO
death Greek kingdoms were formed in all parts of LITAN. He was originally a Macedonian, but had
Asia, which continued to exist for centuries. By received the franchise and was settled at Megalo
his conquests the knowledge of mankind was in- polis about B. c. 190. He pretended to be a de
creased; the sciences of geography, natural history scendant of Alexander the Great, and accordingly
and others, received vast additions; and it was called his two sons Philip and Alexander. His
through him that a road was opened to India, and daughter Apama was married to Amynander,
that Europeans became acquainted with the pro king of the Athamanians. Her eldest brother,
ducts of the remote East.
Philip, followed her to her court, and being of a
No contemporary author of the campaigns of vain character, he allowed himself to be tempted
Alexander survives. Our best account comes from with the prospect of gaining possession of the
Arrian, who lived in the second century of the throne of Macedonia. (Liv. xxxv. 47; Appian, Syr.
Christian aera, but who drew up his history from 13; comp. Philip, son of ALEXANDER. ) [L. Š. ]
the accounts of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, and ALEXANDER ('Alétavopos), brother of Molo.
Aristobulus of Cassandria. The history of Quintus On the accession of Antiochus III. , afterwards
Curtius Plutarch's life of Alexander, and the called the Great, in B. C. 224, he entrusted Aler-
ander with the government of the satrapy of Persis,
and Molo received Media. Antiochus was then
only fifteen years of age, and this circumstance,
together with the fact that Hermeias, a base fiat-
terer and crafty intriguer, whom every one bad to
fear, was all-powerful at his court, induced the two
brothers to form the plan of causing the upper
satrapies of the kingdom to revolt. It was the
ΕΑΝ ΔΡ
secret wish of Hermeias to see the king involved in
as many difficulties as possible, and it was on his
&
AAEMANA
## p. 123 (#143) ############################################
ALEXANDER
123
ALEXANDER.
advice that the war against the rebels was entrust- mann, Gesch. der Griech. Beredtsamkeit, $ 95, n. 13,
cd to meu without courage and ability. In B. C. $ 104, n. 7. )
(L. S. )
220, however, Antiochus himself undertook the ALEXANDER, 'an Athenian PAINTER, one of
command. Molo was deserted by his troops, and whose productions is extant, painted on a marble
to avoid falling into the hands of the king, put an tablet which bears his name. (Winckelmann,
end to his own life. All the leaders of the rebel- vol. ü. p. 47, v. p. 120, ed. Eiselein. ) There was
lion followed his example, and one of them, who a son of king Perseus of this name, who was a
escaped to Persis, killed Molo's mother and chil- skilful toreutes. (Plut. Aemil. Paul. 37.
) There
dren, persuaded Alexander to put an end to his was also a M. Lollius Alexander, an engraver,
life, and at last killed himself upon the bodies of whose name occurs in an inscription in Doni, p.
his friends. (Polyb. v. 40, 41, 43, 54. ) [L. S. ] 319, No. 14.
(C. P. M. ]
ALEXANDER the MONK (Αλέξανδρος μονα- ALEXANDER ('Anégavo pos), the PAPHLAGO
xos), perhaps a native of Cyprus. All we know NIAN, a celebrated impostor, who flourished about
of his age is, that he lived before Michael Glycas, the beginning of the second century (Lucian. Alex.
A. d. 1120, who quotes him. Two orations by him 6), a native of Abonoteichos on the Euxine, and
are extant. 1. A Panegyric on St. Barnabas, ap. the pupil of a friend of Apollonius Tyanaeus. His
Bollandi Ada Sanctorum, vol. xxi. p. 436. 2. Con- history, which is told by Lucian with great naïvelé,
cerning the Invention of the Cross, ap. Gretser. de is chiefly an account of the various contrivances by
Cruce Christi, 4to. Ingolst. 1600. (A. J. C. ] which he established and maintained the credit of
ALEXANDER ('Aré avopos) of Myndus in an oracle. Being, according to Lucian's account, at
Caria, a Greek writer on zoology of uncertain date. his wit's end for the means of life, with many
His works, which are now lost, must have been natural advantages of manner and person, he de-
considered very valuable by the ancients, since termined on the following imposture. After rais-
they refer to them very frequently. The titles of ing the expectations of the Paphlagonians with a
his works are : KTTVW 'loropla, a long fragment reported visit of the god Aesculapius, and giving
of which, belonging to the second book, is quoted himself out, under the sanction of an oracle, as a
by Athenaeus. (v. p. 221, comp. ï. p. 65; Aelian, descendant of Perseus, he gratified the expectation
Hist. An. iii. 23, iv. 33, v. 27, 1. 34. ) This work which he had himself raised, by finding a serpent,
is probably the same as that which in other pas which he juggled out of an egg, in the foundations
sages is simply called Nepl Zów, and of which of the new temple of Aesculapius. A larger ser-
Athenaeus (ix. p. 392) likewise quotes the second pent, which he brought with him from Pella, was
book. The work on birds (Nepi Nonwv, Plut. disguised with a buman head, until the dull Paph-
Mar. 17; Athen. ix. pp. 387, 388, 390, &c. ) was lagonians really believed that a new god Glycon
a separate work, and the second book of it is quot-had appeared among them, and gave oracles in the
ed by Athenaeus. Diogenes Laertius (i. 29) men- likeness of a serpent. Dark and crowded rooms,
tions one Alexon of Myndus as the author of a juggling tricks, and the other arts of more vulgar
work on myths, of which he quotes the ninth book. magicians, were the chief means used to impose
This author being otherwise unknown, Menage on a credulous populace, which Lucian detects
proposed to read 'Anégardpos & Múvolos instead of with as much zest as any modem sceptic in the
'Anéğw. But everything is uncertain, and the marvels of animal magnetism. Every one who
conjecture at least is not very probable. [L. S. ] attempted to expose the impostor, was accused of
ALEXANDER NUMÉNIUS ('Arégardpos being a Christian or Epicurean; and even Lucian,
Novurinios, or o Novunviou, as Suidas calls him), a who amused himself with his contradictory ora-
Greek rhetorician, who lived in the reign of Ha-cles, hardly escaped the effects of his malignity.
drian or that the Antonines. About his life He had his spies at Rome, and busied himself
nothing is known. We possess two works which with the affairs of the whole world : at the time
are ascribed to him. The one which certainly is when a pestilence was raging, many were executed
his work bears the title Nepl Twv tñs Alavoias kal at his instigation, as the authors of this calamity.
séļews Xxnudtwv, i. e. “ De Figuris Sententiarum He said, that the soul of Pythagoras had migrated
et Elocutionis. ” J. Rufinianus in his work on the into his body, and prophesied that he should live
same subject (p. 195, ed. Ruhnken) expressly states a hundred and fifty years, and then die from the
that Aquila Romanus, in his treatise “ De Figuris fall of a thunderbolt : unfortunately, an ulcer in
Sententiarum et Elocutionis," took his materials the leg put an end to his imposture in the seven-
from Alexander Numenius' work mentioned above. tieth year of his age, just as he was in the height
The second work bearing the name of Alexander of his glory, and had requested the emperor to
Numenius, entitled Nepl 'ETIO ELKTIK@, ¿e. “ On have a medal struck in honour of himself and the
Show-speeches," is admitted on all hands not to be new god. The influence he attained over the
his work, but of a later grammarian of the name of populace seems incredible ; indeed, the narrative
Alexander ; it is, to speak more correctly, made up of Lucian would appear to be a mere romance,
very clumsily from two distinct ones, one of which were it not confirmed by some medals of Antoninus
was written by one Alexander, and the other by and M. Aurelius.
(B. J. )
Menander. (Vales. ad Eusel. Hist. Eccles. p. 28. ) ALEXANDER (Anéavdpos) of Paphius, a
The first edition of these two works is that of Greek writer on mythology of uncertain date.
Aldus, in his collection of the Rhetores Graeci, Eustathius (ad Hom. Od. x. pp. 1658, 1713) refers
Venice, 1508, fol. , vol. i. p. 574, &c. They are to him as his authority.
(L. S. )
also contained in Walz's Rhetores Graeci, vol. viii. ALEXANDER ('Alçavd pos), surnamed Pelo-
The genuine work of Alexander Numenius has PLATON (Innot átwv), a Greek rhetorician of the
also been edited, together with Minucianus and age of the Antonines, was a son of Alexander of
Phoebammon, by L. Normann, with a Latin trans- Seleucia, in Cilicia, and of Seleucis. (Philostr.
lation and useful notes, Upsala, 1690, 8vo. (See Vit. Soph. ii. 5. § 1, compared with Epist. A pullon.
Ruhnken, ad Aquil. Rom. p. 139, &c. ; Wester- | Tyan. 13, where the father of Alexander Pelopla-
.
a
## p. 124 (#144) ############################################
124
ALEXANDER.
ALEXANDER
|
ton is called Straton, which, however, may be a Alexander worshipped as a god the spear with
mere surname. ) His father was distinguished as which he slew his uncle. (Plut. Pelop. p. 293, &c. ;
a pleader in the courts of justice, by which he ac- Wess, ad Diod. I. c. ) Alexander governed tyran-
quired considerable property, but he died at an age nically, and according to Diodorus (c. ), differently
when his son yet wanted the care of a father. from the former rulers, but Polyphron, at leasi,
His place, however, was supplied by his friends, seems to have set him the example. (Xen. l. c. )
especially by Apollonius of Tyana, who is said to The Thessalian states, however, which had ac-
have been in love with Seleucis on account of ber knowledged the authority of Jason the Tagus
extraordinary beauty, in which she was equalled (Xen. Hell. vi. 1. $ 4, 5, &c. ; Diod. xv. 60), were
by her son. His education was entrusted at first not so willing to submit to the oppression of Alex-
to Phavorinus, and afterwards to Dionysius. He ander the tyrant, and they applied therefore (and
spent the property which his father had left him especially the old family of the Aleuadae of La-
upon pleasures, but, says Philostratus, not con- rissim
, who had most reason to fear him) to Alex-
temptible pleasures. When he had attained the ander, king of Macedon, son of Amyntas 11.
age of manhood, the town of Seleucia, for some The tyrant, with his characteristic energy, pre-
reason now unknown, sent Alexander as ambassa- pared to meet his enemy in Macedonia, but the
dor to the emperor Antoninus Pius, who is said to king anticipated him, and, reaching Larissa was
have ridiculed the young man for the extravagant admitted into the city, obliged the Thessalian Alex-
care he bestowed on his outward appearance. He ander to flee to Phere, and left a garrison in La-
spent the greater part of his life away from his rissa, as well as in Cranon, which had also come
native place, at Antiochia, Rome, Tarsus, and tra- over to him. (Diod. xv. 61. ) But the Macedonian
velled through all Egypt, as far as the country of having retired, his friends in Thessaly, dreading
the Túuvoi. (Ethiopians. ) It seems to have been the vengeance of Alexander, sent for aid to Thebes,
during his stay at Antiochia that he was appointed the policy of which state, of course, was to check a
Greek secretary to the emperor M. Antoninus, neighbour who might otherwise become so formid-
who was carrying on a war in Pannonia, about able, and Pelopidas was accordingly despatched to
A. D. 174. On his journey to the emperor he succour them. On the arrival of the latter at La-
made a short stay at Athens, where he met the rissa, whence according to Diodorus (xv. 67) he
celebrated rhetorician Herodes Atticus. He had dislodged the Macedonian garrison, Alexander pre-
a rhetorical contest with him in which he not only sented himself and offered submission ; but soon
conquered his famous adversary, but gained his after escaped by flight, alarmed by the indignation
esteem and admiration to such a degree, that which Pelopidas expressed at the tales he heard of
Herodes honoured him with a munificent present. his cruelty and tyrannical profligacy. (Diod. h. c. ;
One Corinthian, however, of the name of Sceptes, Plut. Pelop. p. 291, d. ) These events appear to
when asked what he thought of Alexander, ex- be referable to the early part of the year 368. In
pressed his disappointment by saying that he had the summer of that year Pelopidas was again sent
found " the clay (riñaos), but not Plato. ” This into Thessaly, in consequence of fresh complaints
saying gave rise to the surname of Peloplaton. against Alexander. Accompanied by Ismenias, he
The place and time of his death are not known. went merely as a negotiator, and without any mi-
Philostratus gives the various statements which he litary force, and venturing incautiously within the
found about these points. Alexander was one of power of the tyrant, was seized by him and
the greatest rhetoricians of his age, and he is thrown into prison. (Diod. xv. 71; Plul Pel. p.
especially praised for the sublimity of his style and 292, d; Polyb. vii. '2. ) The language of De
the boldness of his thoughts ; but he is not known mosthenes (c. Aristoct. p. 660) will hardly
to have written anything. An account of his life support Mitford's inference, that Pelopidas was
is given by Philostratus (Vit. Soph. ii.
dle of B. c. 332, after an obstinate defence of seven be buried in the tombs of the Persian kings. Bessus
months, and was fearfully punished by the slaugh- escaped to Bactria, and assumed the title of king
ter of 8000 Tyrians and the sale of 30,000 into of Persia. Alexander advanced into Hyrcania, in
blavery. Nexi followed the siege of Gaza, which order to gain over the remnant of the Greeks of
again delayed Alexander two months, and after- Darius's army, who were assembled there. After
wards, according to Josephus, he marched to Jeru- some negotiation he succeeded; they were all par-
salem, intending to punish the people for refusing doned, and a great many of them taken into his
to assist him, but he was diverted from his purpose pay. After spending fifteen days at Zadracarta,
by the appear
nce of the high priest, and pardoned the capital of Parthia, he marched to the frontiers
the people. This story is not mentioned by Arrian, of Areia, which he entrusted to Satibarzanes, the
and rests on questionable evidence.
former satrap of the country, and set out on his
Alexander next marched into Egypt, which march towards Bactria to attack Bessus, but had
gladly submitted to the conqueror, for the Egyp not proceeded far, when he was recalled by the re-
tians had ever hated the Persians, who insulted volt of Satibarzanes. By incredible exertions he
their religion and violated their temples. In the returned to Artacoana, the capital of the province,
beginning of the following year (B. C. 331), Alex. in two days' march: the satrap took to flight, and
ander founded at the mouth of the western branch a new governor was appointed. Instead of re-
of the Nile, the city of Alexandria, which he in- suming his march into Bactria Alexander seems
tended should form the centre of commerce between to have thought it more prudent to subdue the
the eastern and western worlds, and which soon south-eastern parts of Areia, and accordingly
more than realized the expectations of its founder. marched into the country of the Drangae and
He now determined to visit the temple of Jupiter Sarangae.
Ammon, and after proceeding from Alexandria During the army's stay at Prophthasia, the capi-
along the coast to Paraetonium, he turned south- tal of the Drangae, an event occurred, which
ward through the desert and thus reached the temple. shews the altered character of Alexander, and re
He was saluted by the priests as the son of Ju- presents him in the light of a suspicious oriental
piter Ammon.
despot. Philotas, the son of his faithful general,
In the spring of the same year (B. C. 331), Parmenion, and who had been himself a personal
Alexander set out to meet Darius, who had col friend of Alexander, was accused of a plot against
lected another army. He marched through Phoe the king's life. He was accused by Alexander
nicia and Syria to the Euphrates, which he crossed at before the army, condemned, and put to death.
the ford of Thapsacus; from thence he proceeded Parmenion, who was at the head of an army at
through Mesopotamia, crossed the Tigris, and at Ecbatana, was also put to death by command of
length met with the immense hosts of Darius, said Alexander, who feared lest he should attempt to
to have amounted to more than a million of men, revenge his son. Several other trials for treason
in the plains of Gaugamela. The battle was fought followed, and many Macedonians were executed.
in the month of October, B. C. 331, and ended in Alexander now advanced through the country
the complete defeat of the Persians, who suffered of the Ariaspi to the Arachoti, a people west of
immense slaughter. Alexander pursued the fugi- the Indus, whom he conquered.
Their conquest
tives to Arbela (Erbil), which place has given its and the complete subjugation of Areia occupied
name to the battle, and which was distant about the winter of this year. (B. C. 330. ) In the be-
fifty miles from the spot where it was fought. Da- ginning of the following year (B. C. 329), he
rius, who had left the field of battle early in the crossed the mountains of the Paropamisus (the
1
## p. 121 (#141) ############################################
ALEXANDER.
121
ALEXANDER
Hindoo Coosh), and marched into Bactria against the Macedonians, worn out by long service, and
Bessus. On the approach of Alexander, Bessus tired of the war, refused to proceed; and Alexan-
Aed across the Oxus into Sogdiana. Alexander der, notwithstanding his entreaties and prayers,
followed him, and transported his army across the was obliged to lead them back. He returned
river on the skins of the tents stuffed with straw. to the Hydaspes, where he had previously given
Shortly after the passage Bessus was betrayed into orders for the building of a ficet, and then sailed
his hands, and, after being cruelly mutilated by down the river with about 8000 men, while the
order of Alexander, was put to death. From the remainder marched along the banks in two divi-
Oxus Alexander advanced as far as the Jaxartes sions. This was late in the autumn of 327. The
(the Sir), which he crossed, and defeated several people on each side of the river submitted with-
Scythian tribes north of that river. After out resistance, except the Malli, in the conquest
founding a city Alexandria on the Jaxartes, he of one of whose places Alexander was severely
retraced his steps, recrossed the Oxus, and returned wounded. At the confluence of the Acesines
to Zariaspa or Bactra, where he spent the winter and the Indus, Alexander founded a city, and
of 329. It was here that Alexander killed his left Philip as satrap, with a considerable body
friend Cleitus in a drunken revel. [CLEITUS. ] of Greeks. Here he built some fresh ships, and
In the spring of B. C. 328, Alexander again shortly afterwards sent about a third of the
crossed the Oxus to complete the subjugation of army, under Craterus, through the country of
Sogdiana, but was not able to effect it in the year, the Arachoti and Drangae into Carmania. He
and accordingly went into winter quarters at Nau- himself continued his voyage down the Indus,
taca, a place in the middle of the province. At the founded a city at Pattala, the apex of the della
beginning of the following year, B. C. 327, he took of the Indus, and sailed into the Indian ocean.
a mountain fortress, in which Oxyartes, a Bactrian He seems to have reached the mouth of the
prince, had deposited his wife and daughters. Indus about the middle of 326. Nearchus was
The beauty of Roxana, one of the latter, captivated sent with the feet to sail along the coast to
the conqueror, and he accordingly made her his the Persian gulf (NEARCH Us), and Alexander
wife. This marriage with one of his eastern sub- set out from Pattala, about September, to return
jects was in accordance with the whole of his to Persia. In his march through Gedrosia, bis
policy. Having completed the conquest of Sogdi- army suffered greatly from want of water and
ana, Alexander marched southward into Bactrian provisions, till they arrived at Pura, where they
and made preparations for the invasion of India obtained supplies. From Pura he advanced to
While in Bactria, another conspiracy was discor- Carman (Kirman), the capital of Carmania, where
ered for the murder of the king. The plot was he was joined by Craterus, with his detachment
formed by Hermolaus with a number of the royal of the army, and also by Nearchus, who had
pages, and Callisthenes, a pupil of Aristotle, was accomplished the voyage in safety. Alexander
involved in it. All the conspirators were put to sent the great body of the army, under He-
death,
phaestion, along the Persian gulf, while he him-
Alexander did not leave Bactria till late in the self, with a small force, marched to Pasargadae,
spring of B. C. 327, and crossed the Indus, proba- and from thence to Persepolis, where he ap-
bly near the modern Attock. He now entered pointed Peucestas, a Macedonian, governor, in
the country of the Penjab, or the Five Rivers. place of the former one, a Persian, whom he
Taxilas, the king of the people immediately east put to death, for oppressing the province.
of the Indus, submitted to him, and thus he met From Persepolis Alexander advanced to Susa,
with no resistance till he reached the Hydaspes, which he reached in the beginning of 325. Here
upon the opposite bank of which Porus, an Indian he allowed himself and his troops some rest from
king, was posted with a large army and a consider their labours; and faithful to his plan of forming
able number of elephants. Alexander managed to his European and Asiatic subjects into one people,
cross the river unperceived by the Indian king, he assigned to about eighty of his generals Asiatic
and then an obstinate battle followed, in which wives, and gave with them rich dowries. He him-
Porus was defeated after a gallant resistance, and self took a second wife, Barsine, the eldest daugh-
taken prisoner. Alexander restored to him bis ter of Darius, and according to some accounts, a
kingdom, and treated him with distinguished third, Parysatis, the daughter of Ochus. About
honour.
10,000 Macedonians also followed the example
Alexander remained thirty days on the Hydaspes, of their king and generals, and married Asiatic
during which time he founded two towns, one on women; all these received presents from the king.
each bank of the river: one was called Bucephala, Alexander also enrolled large numbers of Asiatics.
in honour of his horse Bucephalus, who died here, among his troops, and taught them the Macedonian
after carrying him through so many victories; and tactics. He moreover directed his attention to the
the other Nicaea, to commemorate his victory, increase of commerce, and for this purpose bad the
From thence he marched to the Acesines (the Euphrates and Tigris made navigable, by removing
Chinab), which he crossed, and subsequently to the the artificial obstructions which had been made in
Hydraotes (the Ravee), which he also crossed, the river for the purpose of irrigation.
to attack another Porus, who had prepared The Macedonians, who were discontented with
to resist him. But as he approached nearer, several of the new arrangements of the king, and
this Porus Aled, and his dominions were given especially at his placing the Persians on an equality
to the one whom he bad conquered on the with themselves in many respects, rose in mutiny
Hydaspes. The Cathaei, however, who also against him, which he quelled with some little
dwelt east of the Hydraotes, offered a rigorous difficulty, and he afterwards dismissed about 10,000
resistance, but were defeated. Alexander still Macedonian veterans, who returned to Europe un-
pressed forward till he reached the Hyphasis der the command of Craterus. Towards the close
(Garra), which he was preparing to cross, when of the same year (B. c. 325) he went to Ecbatana,
## p. 122 (#142) ############################################
122
ALEXANDER
ALEXANDER
where he lost his great favourite Hephaestion ; and epitomes of Justin and Diodorus Siculus, were also
his grief for his loss knew no bounds. From Ecba- compiled from earlier writers. The best modern
tana he marched to Babylon, subduing in his way writers on the subject are : St. Croix, Examen
the Cossaei, a mountain tribe ; and before he reach- critique des anciens Historiens d'Alexandre le Grand,
ed Babylon, he was met by ambassadors from Droysen, Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen ; Wil-
almost every part of the known world, who had liams, Life of Alexander; Thirlwall, History of
come to do homage to the new conqueror of Asia. Greece, vols. vi. and vii.
Alexander reached Babylon in the spring of B. C. ALEXANDER IV. (Anégavāpos), king of
324, about a year before his death, notwithstand MACEDONIA, the son of Alexander the Great and
ing the warnings of the Chaldeans, who predicted Roxana, was born shortly after the death of his
evil to him if he entered the city at that time. He father, in B. c. 323. He was acknowledged as the
intended to make Babylon the capital of his empire, partner of Philip Arrhidaeus in the empire, and was
as the best point of communication between his under the guardianship of Perdiccas, the regent,
eastern and western dominions. His schemes were till the death of the latter in B. c. 321. He was
numerous and gigantic. His first object was the then for a short time placed under the guardianship
conquest of Arabia, which was to be followed, it of Pithon and the general Arrhidaeus, and subse
was said, by the subjugation of Italy, Carthage, quently under that of Antipater, who conveyed
and the west. But his views were not confined him with his mother Roxana, and the king Philip
merely to conquest. He sent Heracleides to build Arrhidaeus and his wife to Macedonia in 326.
a fleet on the Caspian, and to explore that sea, (Diod. xviii. 36, 39. ) On the death of Antipater
which was said to be connected with the northern in 319, the government fell into the hands of
ocean. He also intended to improve the distribu- Polysperchon ; but Eurydice, the wife of Philip
tion of waters in the Babylonian plain, and for Arrhidaeus, began to form a powerful party in
that purpose sailed down the Euphrates to inspect Macedonia in opposition to Polysperchon ; and
the canal called Pallacopas. On his return to Roxana, dreading her influence, fled with her son
Babylon, be found the preparations for the Arabian Alexander into Epeirus, where Olympias had lived
expedition nearly complete ; but almost immedi- for a long time. At the instigation of Olympias,
ately afterwards he was attacked by a fever, pro Aeacides, king of Epeirus, made common cause
bably brought on by his recent exertions in the with Polysperchon, and restored the young Alex-
marshy districts around Babylon, and aggra- ander to Macedonia in 317. [AEACIDES. ] Eury-
vated by the quantity of wine he had drunk dice and her husband were put to death, and the
at a banquet given to his principal officers. He supreme power fell into the hands of Olympias.
died after an illness of eleven days, in the month (xix. 11; Justin, xiv. 5. ) But in the following
of May or June, B. C. 323. He died at the age of year Cassander obtained possession of Macedonia,
thirty-two, after a reign of twelve years and eight put Olympias to death, and imprisoned Alexander
months. He appointed no one as his successor, and his mother. They remained in prison till the
but just before his death he gave his ring to Per- general peace made in 311, when Alexander's title
diccas. Roxana was with child at the time of his to the crown was recognized. Many of his par-
death, and afterwards bore a son, who is known by tizans demanded that he should be immediately
the name of Alexander Aegus.
released from prison and placed upon the throne.
The history of Alexander forms an important Cassander therefore resolved to get rid of so dan-
epoch in the history of mankind. Unlike other gerous a rival, and caused him and his mother
Asiatic conquerors, his progress was marked by Roxana to be murdered secretly in prison. (B. C.
something more than devastation and ruin ; at 311. Diod. xix. 51, 52, 61, 105; Justin, xv. 2;
every step of his course the Greek language and Paus. ix. 7. $ 2. )
civilization took root and flourished ; and after his ALEXANDER (AN6Javopos), a MEGALOPO
death Greek kingdoms were formed in all parts of LITAN. He was originally a Macedonian, but had
Asia, which continued to exist for centuries. By received the franchise and was settled at Megalo
his conquests the knowledge of mankind was in- polis about B. c. 190. He pretended to be a de
creased; the sciences of geography, natural history scendant of Alexander the Great, and accordingly
and others, received vast additions; and it was called his two sons Philip and Alexander. His
through him that a road was opened to India, and daughter Apama was married to Amynander,
that Europeans became acquainted with the pro king of the Athamanians. Her eldest brother,
ducts of the remote East.
Philip, followed her to her court, and being of a
No contemporary author of the campaigns of vain character, he allowed himself to be tempted
Alexander survives. Our best account comes from with the prospect of gaining possession of the
Arrian, who lived in the second century of the throne of Macedonia. (Liv. xxxv. 47; Appian, Syr.
Christian aera, but who drew up his history from 13; comp. Philip, son of ALEXANDER. ) [L. Š. ]
the accounts of Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, and ALEXANDER ('Alétavopos), brother of Molo.
Aristobulus of Cassandria. The history of Quintus On the accession of Antiochus III. , afterwards
Curtius Plutarch's life of Alexander, and the called the Great, in B. C. 224, he entrusted Aler-
ander with the government of the satrapy of Persis,
and Molo received Media. Antiochus was then
only fifteen years of age, and this circumstance,
together with the fact that Hermeias, a base fiat-
terer and crafty intriguer, whom every one bad to
fear, was all-powerful at his court, induced the two
brothers to form the plan of causing the upper
satrapies of the kingdom to revolt. It was the
ΕΑΝ ΔΡ
secret wish of Hermeias to see the king involved in
as many difficulties as possible, and it was on his
&
AAEMANA
## p. 123 (#143) ############################################
ALEXANDER
123
ALEXANDER.
advice that the war against the rebels was entrust- mann, Gesch. der Griech. Beredtsamkeit, $ 95, n. 13,
cd to meu without courage and ability. In B. C. $ 104, n. 7. )
(L. S. )
220, however, Antiochus himself undertook the ALEXANDER, 'an Athenian PAINTER, one of
command. Molo was deserted by his troops, and whose productions is extant, painted on a marble
to avoid falling into the hands of the king, put an tablet which bears his name. (Winckelmann,
end to his own life. All the leaders of the rebel- vol. ü. p. 47, v. p. 120, ed. Eiselein. ) There was
lion followed his example, and one of them, who a son of king Perseus of this name, who was a
escaped to Persis, killed Molo's mother and chil- skilful toreutes. (Plut. Aemil. Paul. 37.
) There
dren, persuaded Alexander to put an end to his was also a M. Lollius Alexander, an engraver,
life, and at last killed himself upon the bodies of whose name occurs in an inscription in Doni, p.
his friends. (Polyb. v. 40, 41, 43, 54. ) [L. S. ] 319, No. 14.
(C. P. M. ]
ALEXANDER the MONK (Αλέξανδρος μονα- ALEXANDER ('Anégavo pos), the PAPHLAGO
xos), perhaps a native of Cyprus. All we know NIAN, a celebrated impostor, who flourished about
of his age is, that he lived before Michael Glycas, the beginning of the second century (Lucian. Alex.
A. d. 1120, who quotes him. Two orations by him 6), a native of Abonoteichos on the Euxine, and
are extant. 1. A Panegyric on St. Barnabas, ap. the pupil of a friend of Apollonius Tyanaeus. His
Bollandi Ada Sanctorum, vol. xxi. p. 436. 2. Con- history, which is told by Lucian with great naïvelé,
cerning the Invention of the Cross, ap. Gretser. de is chiefly an account of the various contrivances by
Cruce Christi, 4to. Ingolst. 1600. (A. J. C. ] which he established and maintained the credit of
ALEXANDER ('Aré avopos) of Myndus in an oracle. Being, according to Lucian's account, at
Caria, a Greek writer on zoology of uncertain date. his wit's end for the means of life, with many
His works, which are now lost, must have been natural advantages of manner and person, he de-
considered very valuable by the ancients, since termined on the following imposture. After rais-
they refer to them very frequently. The titles of ing the expectations of the Paphlagonians with a
his works are : KTTVW 'loropla, a long fragment reported visit of the god Aesculapius, and giving
of which, belonging to the second book, is quoted himself out, under the sanction of an oracle, as a
by Athenaeus. (v. p. 221, comp. ï. p. 65; Aelian, descendant of Perseus, he gratified the expectation
Hist. An. iii. 23, iv. 33, v. 27, 1. 34. ) This work which he had himself raised, by finding a serpent,
is probably the same as that which in other pas which he juggled out of an egg, in the foundations
sages is simply called Nepl Zów, and of which of the new temple of Aesculapius. A larger ser-
Athenaeus (ix. p. 392) likewise quotes the second pent, which he brought with him from Pella, was
book. The work on birds (Nepi Nonwv, Plut. disguised with a buman head, until the dull Paph-
Mar. 17; Athen. ix. pp. 387, 388, 390, &c. ) was lagonians really believed that a new god Glycon
a separate work, and the second book of it is quot-had appeared among them, and gave oracles in the
ed by Athenaeus. Diogenes Laertius (i. 29) men- likeness of a serpent. Dark and crowded rooms,
tions one Alexon of Myndus as the author of a juggling tricks, and the other arts of more vulgar
work on myths, of which he quotes the ninth book. magicians, were the chief means used to impose
This author being otherwise unknown, Menage on a credulous populace, which Lucian detects
proposed to read 'Anégardpos & Múvolos instead of with as much zest as any modem sceptic in the
'Anéğw. But everything is uncertain, and the marvels of animal magnetism. Every one who
conjecture at least is not very probable. [L. S. ] attempted to expose the impostor, was accused of
ALEXANDER NUMÉNIUS ('Arégardpos being a Christian or Epicurean; and even Lucian,
Novurinios, or o Novunviou, as Suidas calls him), a who amused himself with his contradictory ora-
Greek rhetorician, who lived in the reign of Ha-cles, hardly escaped the effects of his malignity.
drian or that the Antonines. About his life He had his spies at Rome, and busied himself
nothing is known. We possess two works which with the affairs of the whole world : at the time
are ascribed to him. The one which certainly is when a pestilence was raging, many were executed
his work bears the title Nepl Twv tñs Alavoias kal at his instigation, as the authors of this calamity.
séļews Xxnudtwv, i. e. “ De Figuris Sententiarum He said, that the soul of Pythagoras had migrated
et Elocutionis. ” J. Rufinianus in his work on the into his body, and prophesied that he should live
same subject (p. 195, ed. Ruhnken) expressly states a hundred and fifty years, and then die from the
that Aquila Romanus, in his treatise “ De Figuris fall of a thunderbolt : unfortunately, an ulcer in
Sententiarum et Elocutionis," took his materials the leg put an end to his imposture in the seven-
from Alexander Numenius' work mentioned above. tieth year of his age, just as he was in the height
The second work bearing the name of Alexander of his glory, and had requested the emperor to
Numenius, entitled Nepl 'ETIO ELKTIK@, ¿e. “ On have a medal struck in honour of himself and the
Show-speeches," is admitted on all hands not to be new god. The influence he attained over the
his work, but of a later grammarian of the name of populace seems incredible ; indeed, the narrative
Alexander ; it is, to speak more correctly, made up of Lucian would appear to be a mere romance,
very clumsily from two distinct ones, one of which were it not confirmed by some medals of Antoninus
was written by one Alexander, and the other by and M. Aurelius.
(B. J. )
Menander. (Vales. ad Eusel. Hist. Eccles. p. 28. ) ALEXANDER (Anéavdpos) of Paphius, a
The first edition of these two works is that of Greek writer on mythology of uncertain date.
Aldus, in his collection of the Rhetores Graeci, Eustathius (ad Hom. Od. x. pp. 1658, 1713) refers
Venice, 1508, fol. , vol. i. p. 574, &c. They are to him as his authority.
(L. S. )
also contained in Walz's Rhetores Graeci, vol. viii. ALEXANDER ('Alçavd pos), surnamed Pelo-
The genuine work of Alexander Numenius has PLATON (Innot átwv), a Greek rhetorician of the
also been edited, together with Minucianus and age of the Antonines, was a son of Alexander of
Phoebammon, by L. Normann, with a Latin trans- Seleucia, in Cilicia, and of Seleucis. (Philostr.
lation and useful notes, Upsala, 1690, 8vo. (See Vit. Soph. ii. 5. § 1, compared with Epist. A pullon.
Ruhnken, ad Aquil. Rom. p. 139, &c. ; Wester- | Tyan. 13, where the father of Alexander Pelopla-
.
a
## p. 124 (#144) ############################################
124
ALEXANDER.
ALEXANDER
|
ton is called Straton, which, however, may be a Alexander worshipped as a god the spear with
mere surname. ) His father was distinguished as which he slew his uncle. (Plut. Pelop. p. 293, &c. ;
a pleader in the courts of justice, by which he ac- Wess, ad Diod. I. c. ) Alexander governed tyran-
quired considerable property, but he died at an age nically, and according to Diodorus (c. ), differently
when his son yet wanted the care of a father. from the former rulers, but Polyphron, at leasi,
His place, however, was supplied by his friends, seems to have set him the example. (Xen. l. c. )
especially by Apollonius of Tyana, who is said to The Thessalian states, however, which had ac-
have been in love with Seleucis on account of ber knowledged the authority of Jason the Tagus
extraordinary beauty, in which she was equalled (Xen. Hell. vi. 1. $ 4, 5, &c. ; Diod. xv. 60), were
by her son. His education was entrusted at first not so willing to submit to the oppression of Alex-
to Phavorinus, and afterwards to Dionysius. He ander the tyrant, and they applied therefore (and
spent the property which his father had left him especially the old family of the Aleuadae of La-
upon pleasures, but, says Philostratus, not con- rissim
, who had most reason to fear him) to Alex-
temptible pleasures. When he had attained the ander, king of Macedon, son of Amyntas 11.
age of manhood, the town of Seleucia, for some The tyrant, with his characteristic energy, pre-
reason now unknown, sent Alexander as ambassa- pared to meet his enemy in Macedonia, but the
dor to the emperor Antoninus Pius, who is said to king anticipated him, and, reaching Larissa was
have ridiculed the young man for the extravagant admitted into the city, obliged the Thessalian Alex-
care he bestowed on his outward appearance. He ander to flee to Phere, and left a garrison in La-
spent the greater part of his life away from his rissa, as well as in Cranon, which had also come
native place, at Antiochia, Rome, Tarsus, and tra- over to him. (Diod. xv. 61. ) But the Macedonian
velled through all Egypt, as far as the country of having retired, his friends in Thessaly, dreading
the Túuvoi. (Ethiopians. ) It seems to have been the vengeance of Alexander, sent for aid to Thebes,
during his stay at Antiochia that he was appointed the policy of which state, of course, was to check a
Greek secretary to the emperor M. Antoninus, neighbour who might otherwise become so formid-
who was carrying on a war in Pannonia, about able, and Pelopidas was accordingly despatched to
A. D. 174. On his journey to the emperor he succour them. On the arrival of the latter at La-
made a short stay at Athens, where he met the rissa, whence according to Diodorus (xv. 67) he
celebrated rhetorician Herodes Atticus. He had dislodged the Macedonian garrison, Alexander pre-
a rhetorical contest with him in which he not only sented himself and offered submission ; but soon
conquered his famous adversary, but gained his after escaped by flight, alarmed by the indignation
esteem and admiration to such a degree, that which Pelopidas expressed at the tales he heard of
Herodes honoured him with a munificent present. his cruelty and tyrannical profligacy. (Diod. h. c. ;
One Corinthian, however, of the name of Sceptes, Plut. Pelop. p. 291, d. ) These events appear to
when asked what he thought of Alexander, ex- be referable to the early part of the year 368. In
pressed his disappointment by saying that he had the summer of that year Pelopidas was again sent
found " the clay (riñaos), but not Plato. ” This into Thessaly, in consequence of fresh complaints
saying gave rise to the surname of Peloplaton. against Alexander. Accompanied by Ismenias, he
The place and time of his death are not known. went merely as a negotiator, and without any mi-
Philostratus gives the various statements which he litary force, and venturing incautiously within the
found about these points. Alexander was one of power of the tyrant, was seized by him and
the greatest rhetoricians of his age, and he is thrown into prison. (Diod. xv. 71; Plul Pel. p.
especially praised for the sublimity of his style and 292, d; Polyb. vii. '2. ) The language of De
the boldness of his thoughts ; but he is not known mosthenes (c. Aristoct. p. 660) will hardly
to have written anything. An account of his life support Mitford's inference, that Pelopidas was
is given by Philostratus (Vit. Soph. ii.
