No More Learning

His
place in his country's literature is due to
Laments of the Bohemian Crown) (1868), a
political pamphlet; (The Vampire) (1849), a
patriotic poem; “Ulric von Hutten) and (Ma.
zeppa, dramas; and various other productions.
Friedländer, Ludwig (frēd'len-der). A Ger-
man classical philologist and scholar; born in
Königsberg, July 16, 1824. His most represent-
ative work is (Typical Studies in the History
of Roman Manners and Morals) (6th ed. 1889),
written in popular style. (The Remains of
Nicanor's Emendations of the Punctuation of
the Riad (1850), and like theses, constitute
him an authority in Homeric criticism.
Friedmann, Alfred (frēd'man). A German
poet and story-teller; born at Frankfort-on-the-
Main, Oct. 26, 1845. His poems have every
grace of form, but lack original inspiration.
Among them are : (Merlin. Orpheus) (1874),
two ballads ; ( Biblical Stars) (1875), compris.
ing three idylls ; Love's Fire Test. Angio-
letta); Lays of the Heart) (1888). He is the
author of many novels, including: (Two Mar-
riages); "Suddenly Rich (1891); (The Wild
Rose) (1893).
Friedrich, Friedrich (frēd'rich). A German
novelist; born in Gross-Vahlberg, Little Bruns-
wick, May 2, 1828; died in Plauen, near Dres-
den, April 13, 1890. He was the author of
many pleasing romances; the best of them -
(War Scenes) (1860); (The Minister's Wife)
(1871); Frank and Free) (1872); and “The
Honor of the House) (1884) --evincing a con-
siderable degree of constructive ingenuity.
Friedrichs, Hermann (fredrichs). A Ger.
man poet and story-writer; born in St. Goar


## p. 203 (#219) ############################################

FRIES - FROMMEL
203
on the Rhine, June 14, 1854. He has distin-
guished himself in periodical journalism, and
shown taste as a maker of polite literature in
( The Revenge of the Bayadere) (1880), a
lyric; (Love Ordeals) ( 1888 ), a volume of
stories; and (Forms and Passions) (1889),
poems, all uniting tropical intensity to rhetorical
grace and purity of diction.
Fries, Jakob Friedrich (frēs). A German
philosopher; born in Barby, Aug. 23, 1773;
died at Wartburg, Aug. 10, 1843. He is a link
between Kant's system and the so-called his-
torical school. The New or Anthropological
Critique of Reason (1807) is his most important
book; although his Handbook to Psychical
Anthropology) (1820), “System of Metaphysics)
(1824), and two or three besides, must be con-
sidered in an estimation of his position in Ger-
man letters.
Friis, Jens Andreas (frēs). A Norwegian
philologist, ethnologist, and sketch-writer; born
in Sogndal, 1821 (? ). He has exhaustively investi-
gated the language and literature of the Finns
and Laps; a Lap Grammar) (1856), Lap
Mythology) (1871), and like works, giving him
pre-eminence in this field. (Holidays among
Crags and Mountains) (1876) -- hunting and
fishing sketches, with the mountains of his
country as background -give another side
of his literary power.
Friman, Klaus (frē'män). A Danish poet;
born in Selloe, Norway, Aug. 4, 1746 ; died in
Dawigen, Norway, Oct. 16, 1829. He was a
country clergyman. Ilis descriptive poem
(Hornelen' (1777) had merits; but the grace-
ful pastoral lyrics which followed constitute
him a poet of strongly individualized charm.
Friman, Peder Harboe.
A Danish poet,
brother of Klaus; born in Selloe, Nov. 19,
1752; died in Copenhagen, Sept. 31, 1839. He
also exploited Hornelen in a pleasing metrical
description (1777). He wrote odes, and a poem,
"St. Sunniva's Cloister, of much beauty.
Froebel, Friedrich (fré'bel). A notable Ger-
man educator; born at Oberweissbach, April
21, 1782; died at Marienthal, June 21, 1852. He
was for some time associated with Pestalozzi,
but evolved a theory of education of his own.
To explain it he wrote (The Education of
Man) (Vol. i. , 1826), a work of deep and ori-
ginal thought. He opened the first Kinder-
garten or Children's Garden at Blankenburg,
Thuringia, 1840. *
Froebel, Julius. A German journalist, polit-
ical and descriptive writer, and publicist ; born
in Griesheim, near Stadtilm, July 16, 1805;
died in Zürich, Switzerland, Nov. 6, 1893. He
was active in the popular movements preced-
ing and during 1848. He wrote: (The Re-
publicans, a political drama; (Theory of
Politics) (1861-64); (America: Experiences,
Studies, and Travels' (1857-58), the latter work
the fruit of much personal observation and a
residence there of nine years; and (A System
of Social Politics) (2d ed. 1847). He was a
remarkably keen and accurate observer, and a
writer of rare plausibility.
Fröhlich, Abraham Emanuel (fre’lich). A
Swiss poet and fabulist (1796-1865). His first
work was a volume of (Fables) (1825), fol-
lowed (1827) by a small volume of Swiss
Lays. (The Gospel of St. John in Songs )
(1835) explains itself. He also wrote (Elegies
on Cradle and Bier) (1835); three epics on
the Reformers Zwingli, Ulrich von Hutten,
and Calvin ; a volume of (Rhymed Proverbs)
(1850); “Selected Psalms and Spiritual Songs)
(2d ed. 1845).
Fröhlich, Karl Hermann. A German juve-
nile poet and artist; born in Stralsund, April
8, 1821. His silhouettes and figures, accom-
panied by verse, have delighted childhood in
two continents. Fables and Tales) (1853-54),
and New Silhouettes and Rhymes) (1855),
are particular favorites.
Frohschammer, Jakob (fro'shäm-er). A
German philosopher; born in Illkosen, Bavaria,
Jan. 6, 1821 ; died at the Kreuth, June 14, 1893.
He was a Catholic priest when he began the
series of writings which called public attention
to him and cost him his pastorate. These
include Christianity and Modern (Nature )
Science) (1868); “The Imagination (Phantasie)
as the Fundamental Factor (Grundprinzip) in
Cosmic Evolution (Weltprozess (1877); and
(Outline System of Philosophy) (Part 1, 1892):
in which, and other works, mysticism, "other-
worldliness, and the phenomena of the im-
agination are incorporated among the more
ordinary particles of the philosophic mosaic.
Froissart, Jean (froi'särt or frwä-sär'). A
celebrated French chronicler and poet; born
at Valenciennes in Hainault, 1337; died at.
Chimay, 1416(? ). He began at 20 to write the
history of the wars of his time. His Chron-
icle ) (as the title is usually abbreviated) cov-
ering the years 1326-1400, is of capital impor-
tance for its period. To a collection of the
verses of Wenceslaus of Brabant, Froissart
added some of his own, and gave to the
whole the title (Meliador, or the Knight of
the Golden Sun. All his extant poems were
published at Brussels in 3 vols. , 1870-72. *
Fromentin, Eugène (fro-mon-tan'). A French
artist, critic, and writer of travel sketches; born
in La Rochelle, Oct. 24, 1820; died in St.
Maurice near La Rochelle, Aug. 27, 1876. A
journey undertaken in the interest of art re-
sulted in "A Year in the Sahel (5th ed. 1884)
and (A Summer in the Sahara) (9th ed. 1888).
He has also entered another department of lit-
erature with «The Masters of a Former Day).
(1876), a happy bit of appreciation of old
painters.
Frommel, Emil (from'el). A German popu-
lar story-writer and theologian; born in Karls-
ruhe, Jan. 5, 1828. He was a brave army
chaplain, and turned out good sermons to the
general edification; but (Tales for the People)
>


## p. 204 (#220) ############################################

204
FRONTAURA - FUN-FUSINATO
(9 vols. , 1873-86), and similar collections of
humorous and realistic compositions, will form
his memorials in the future.
Frontaura, Carlos (fron-tou'rä). A Spanish
story-writer and dramatist; born in Madrid,
Sept. 4, 1834. (The Philanthropist,' a comedy,
and Fortunes and Misfortunes of Rosita, a
novel, illustrate his talent at its best. His
compositions are characterized in general by
a light gayety. He was a very prolific writer.
Frontinus, Sextus Julius. A Roman gen-
eral, public official, and author; born about 40
A. D. ; died probably in 103 A. D. He was
urban prætor of Rome in 70, and as governor
of Britain (76-78) acquired a great reputation
by the conquest of the warlike Silures. He
was twice consul, and during the reign of Nerva
became superintendent of aqueducts, to which
appointment we owe his valuable treatise (On
the Aqueducts of Rome. Of the other works
attributed to him, the only genuine one is the
(Strategematicon,' treating of military tactics.
Fronto, Marcus Cornelius (fron'tő). A
Roman rhetorician and epistolary writer; born
in Cirta, Numidia, about 100 A. D. ; died in
Rome (? ), 180 (? ). It is in his letters, first
brought to light in 1815, that he is revealed as
a writer of ability and importance.
Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon. An
American Unitarian clergyman and religious
writer; born in Boston, Mass. , July 23, 1793;
died there, April 4, 1870. He was author of
Deism or Christianity); “Sermons in the Or-
der of a Twelvemonth) (1852); and Metrical
Pieces) (1855). His writings are marked by
grace and refinement.
Frothingham, Octavius Brooks. An Ameri-
can Unitarian clergyman, son of Nathaniel ;
'born in Massachusetts, 1822; died 1895. His
radical views led to the resignation of his pas-
torate in the Unitarian Church, Salem, Mass.
He preached in Jersey City, 1855-59; then or-
ganized the Third Unitarian Church in New
York city, where he preached very radical and
advanced views until the dissolution of the
church in 1879. The remainder of his life
was devoted to travel and literary pursuits,
his home being in Boston. His works were :
(Stories from the Lips of the Teacher); (Stories
from the Old Testament); (The Religion of
Humanity); 'The Cradle of the Christ); Me.
moir of W. H. Channing); (The Safest Creed);
(Beliefs of the Unbelievers); Creed and Con-
duct); (The Spirit of the New Faith); (The
Rising and the Setting Faith'; 'Lives of Ger-
rit Smith, George Ripley, Theodore Parker);
(Transcendentalism in New England); (Rec-
ollections and Impressions); etc.
Froude, James Anthony (fröd). A notable
English historian; born at Dartington in Devon-
shire, April 23, 1818; died in London Oct. 20,
1894. In the beginning of the Tractarian con-
troversy he was a close friend of Newman, and
was a contributor to the Lives of the English
Saints. He took orders in the Anglican Church
(1844). Among his works may be mentioned :
Luther : A Short Biography) (1833); “Shadows
of a Cloud) (1847); (Nemesis of Faith) (1848);
History of England from the Fall of Wolsey
to the Death of Elizabeth) (12 vols. , 1850–70);
"Influence of the Reformation on the Scottish
Character) (1867); “The English in Ireland in
the Eighteenth Century' (3 vols. , 1872); Cæsar:
A Sketch) (1879); (Thomas Carlyle) (1882);
(Spanish Story of the Armada! (1892). He
was the successor of E. A. Freeman in the pro-
fessorship of modern history at Oxford. *
Frugoni, Carlo Innocenzio Maria (frö-
go'nē). An Italian poet (1692-1768). He was
a Franciscan friar, and was professor of rhet-
oric at Brescia, Bologna, Modena, etc. ; at the
court of Parma he was appointed poet lau-
reate and historiographer. His History of the
House of Farnese' was published in 1729. His
poetical works (15 vols. , 1779) show great ele-
gance of style, richness of imagery, and har-
mony of numbers. He was happy in his poet.
ical (Epistles) after the manner of Horace.
Frullani, Emilio (frö-län'ē). An Italian poet;
born at Florence, 1808; died there, Oct. 24,
1879. He holds honorable rank among contem-
porary Italian lyrists. He is a master of elegiac
verse; many of his threnodies on the death
of friends - above all, the one entitled (The
Three Souls) - are admirable. His poems are
collected in two volumes : Verses! (1863);
(New Verses) (1874).
Fry, James Barnet. An American military
officer and author; born in Carrollton, Ill. , Feb.
22, 1827; died at Newport, R. I. , July 11, 1894.
Ile graduated at West Point in 1847; served
in the Mexican War (1847–48); and was in-
structor and adjutant at West Point (1853-59).
He saw active service in the Civil War and
was provost-marshal-general (1863–66). After
the war he was appointed adjutant-general, and
retired in 1881. His works include : Histor-
ical and Legal Effects of Brevets) (1877);
(Army Sacrifices) (1879); "Operations Under
Buell (1884).
Fryxell, Anders (früks'el). A Swedish his-
torian, literary critic, and grammarian; born
in Edsleskog, Dalsland, Feb. 7, 1795; died in
Stockholm, March 21, 1881. He was a clergy-
man and a scholar. His writings are char-
acterized by purity of idiom and great beauty
of style ; the strongest of his works, (Stories
from Swedish History) (1832–79), is through-
out its many volumes admirable in its combi-
nation of accuracy with historical insight and
literary grace. (The Prejudice against Aris-
tocracy among Historians of Sweden' (1845-
50); Contributions to Swedish Literary His-
tory) (1860-62); and Manual of the Swedish
Tongue,' are among his most important works.
Fuà-Fusinato, Erminia (fwä'fö-sēn-ä'to).
An Italian poetess, wife of the poet Arnaldo
Fusinato; born of Jewish parents at Rovigo,
Oct. 5, 1834; died in Rome, Sept. 27, 1876.
Her spirited appeals to national sentiment


## p. 205 (#221) ############################################

FULDA — FÜRST
205
an
in 1848 brought her widely into notice. In
1852 was published her "Verses and Flowers.
She wrote a series of "Stornelli, advocating
Florence as the national capital instead of
Rome. Her complete poetical works, Versi,
were published in 1879; her Literary Writ-
ings) in 1883.
Fulda, Ludwig (föl'dä). A German dram-
atist; born at Frankfort-on-the-Main, July 15,
1862. One of his first pieces, a comedy in verse,
(Honest Men,' was repeatedly put upon the
stage. His most successful plays are the two
comedies Under Four Eyes) (1886) and (The
Wild Chase) (1888); and the drama of society
(The Lost Paradise (1890). His dramatic tale
(The Talisman (1893) was received with ex-
traordinary favor. His special gifts are
easy mastery of the resources of language and
of poetical technique, and a lively wit ever
conscious of a serious purpose.
Fuller, Anna. An American novelist; born
in Massachusetts in 1853.
Her works are :
(Pratt Portraits : Sketched in a New England
Suburb) (1892); (A Literary Courtship’ (1893);
(Peak and Prairie) (1894); (A Venetian June)
(1896).
Fuller, Henry B. An American story-writer
and novelist; born in Chicago of New Eng.
land blood, 1859. He was intended for a mer-
cantile career, but entered literature anony-
mously with (The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani)
(new ed. 1892), and (The Châtelaine of La
Trinité) (1892). He next wrote (The Cliff
Dwellers) (1893), and "With the Procession)
(1895), novels of Chicago life. *
Fuller, Hiram. An American journalist;
born in Plymouth County, Mass. , about 1815;
died in 1880. Together with N. P. Willis and
George P. Morris he published the New Mir-
The three subsequently established the
Daily Mirror, which Mr. Fuller edited for four-
teen years. He resided for a number of years
in London and Paris, and on his return wrote
(Grand Transformation Scenes in the United
States; or, Glimpses of Home after Thirteen
Years Abroad) (1875).
Fuller, Margaret. See Ossoli, Sarah Mar-
garet Fuller, Marchioness d'.
Fuller, Thomas. A noted English historian
(1608-61). He was a presbyter of the Estab-
lished Church and a prebendary of Salisbury
Cathedral. He was a voluminous writer. His
works include : David's Heinous Sin) (1631),
a poem ; History of the Holy War) (1639);
A Pisgah Sight of Palestine) (1650); 'Church
History of Britain (1655). The one work for
which he is now esteemed is “The Worthies
of England (folio, 1662), which is full of bio-
graphical anecdote and acute observations on
men and manners.
Fullerton, Georgiana, Lady. An English
novelist, daughter of the first Earl Granville
and wife of Alexander Fullerton ; born at Tixall
Hall, Staffordshire, Sept. 23, 1812; died at
Bournemouth, Jan. 19, 1885. Her first novel,
(Ellen Middleton) (1844) was followed by
(Grantley Manor) (1847). Her later stories,
after her conversion to the Catholic faith in
1840, are in a mild way “stories with a pur-
pose,” the purpose being to develop the influ-
ence of religious belief on life and character;
among them are: Lady Bird (1852); (Too
Strange Not to be True) (1864); (Mrs. Gerald's
Niece) (1871); (A Will and a Way) (1881).
She wrote also (The Gold-Digger, and Other
Verses) (1872).
Funck-Brentano, Théophile (fönk''bren-
tä"no). A French philosophical and critical
writer; born in Luxembourg, Aug. 23, 1830.
His thorough studies in law and medicine
have imparted to his philosophical writings an
exactitude of thought and inspired a special
stress upon method, as in New Thoughts and
Maxims) (1858); "Exact Thought in Philoso-
phy) (1869); (Greek Sophists and Contempo-
rary English Sophists (1879); and others. As
a critic he is esteemed for the happy presenta-
tion and careful elaboration of his thought.
Furness, Horace Howard. An American
Shakespearean scholar and editor, son of
William H. ; born in Philadelphia, Nov. 2,
1833. He graduated from Harvard in 1854;
studied law, and was admitted to the bar in
1859. The honorary degree of Ph. D. was con-
ferred upon him by the University of Gottingen
in recognition of his services to Shakespearean
literature. He is the editor of the exhaustive
New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare, eight
volumes of which have appeared since 1871.
Furness, William Henry. An American
clergyman and author; born in Boston, April
20, 1802; died in Philadelphia, Jan. 30, 1896.
He was educated at Harvard ; studied theology
at Cambridge, Mass. , and was pastor of the
First Unitarian Church in Philadelphia from
1825 to 1875. Among his numerous works are :
(Remarks on the Four Gospels) (1836); Jesus
and his Biographers' (1838); Verses and
Translations from the German Poets) (1886);
(Pastoral Offices (1893).
Furnivall, Frederick James. An English
historian of literature; born in Egham, Surrey,
Feb. 4, 1825. A lawyer by profession, he became
a socialist and reformer, and a student of de-
batable literary problems. His labors resulted
in the production of "Shakespeare's England'
(1877), and many editions of old masterpieces,
such as : (Saint-Graal, the History of the Holy
Graal in English Verse, by Henry Lonelich)
(1861-63), and "Caxton's Book of Curtesye)
(1868).
Fürst, Julius (fürst). A Polish Oriental
scholar; born in Zerkovo, Posen, May 12, 1805;
died in Leipsic, Feb. 9, 1873. His origin was
Jewish. He obtained a marvelous mastery of
the rabbinical literature, utilized in his great
(History of Jewish General and Literary Cult-
ure in Asia,' and History of Biblical Litera-
ture and of Hellenico-Judaic Letters' (1867-70),
etc. He suffered many attacks from critics.
ror.


## p. 206 (#222) ############################################

206
FUSINATO - GALL
tions in Old France) (1875-92), are interesting
and exhaustive works.
Fusinato, Arnaldo (fö-sen-ä'to). An Italian
poet; born at Schio in the district of Vicenza,
1817; died at Verona, Dec. 29, 1888. His high
poetical gifts were first exercised in humorous
poetry, often with a political aim. At the out-
break of the revolution of 1848 he and his
brother raised a battalion of volunteers and
took part in several actions. His collected
(Poems) were published in 1853, and have
since been many times republished in cheap
popular editions. His (Unpublished Patriotic
Poems) appeared in 1871.
Fustel de Coulanges, Numa Denis (füs-tel'.
de kö-länzh'). A French historian; born in
Paris, March 18, 1830; died there, Sept. 12,
1889. His Polybius, or Greece Conquered by
the Romans) (1858); (The Ancient City) (12th
ed. 1889); and History of Political Institu-
Fyffe, Charles Alan. An English historian;
born at Blackheath, Kent, December 1845;
died Feb. 19, 1892. He graduated at Balliol
College, Oxford, in 1868, and was called to the
bar in 1876, but never actively practiced. As
correspondent of the Daily News during the
Franco-Prussian war he is said to have sent to
that journal the first account of the battle of
Sedan that appeared in print. On account of
a false charge, he became depressed and com-
mitted suicide. His historical works are dis-
tinguished by accuracy and a pleasing, perspic-
uous style. They include : History of Greece)
(1875); History Primers ); and the well-known
(History of Modern Europe (1880, 1886, 1890),
covering the period from 1792 to 1878.
G
(
Gaboriau, Émile (ga-bo-ryo'). A French
writer of detective stories; born in Saujon,
Nov. 9, 1835; died at Paris, Sept. 28, 1873. His
early years were a succession of vicissitudes;
the army, the law, and even the church, were
in turn the objects of his inconstant attentions,
until at last he wrote his way to fame and
fortune with «The Lerouge Affair) in 1866.
He had previously tried his luck with a hu-
morous tale or two. His works include: (File
No. 113' (1867); (The Crime of Orcival) (1867);
(Monsieur Lecoq' (1869); (The Fall (1871);
(The Rope about the Neck) (1873); etc. *
Gage, William Leonard. An American
clergyman and author; born in Loudon, N. H. ,
in 1832; died in 1889. He was the pastor of
a Congregational church at Hartford, Conn. ,
from 1868 to 1884. Besides several translations
from the German, he has written ( Trinitarian
Sermons) (1860); (Songs of War Time) (1863);
"Life of Carl Ritter) (1887); Palestine, His-
toric and Descriptive) (1887).
Gagneur, Louise (gän-yėr'). A French nov-
elist ; born at Domblans, in the Jura, January (? )
1832. At 18 she wrote an essay on trades-
unionism which attracted the attention of Vlad-
imir Gagneur, a deputy in the Chamber, ho
married her. She wrote novels of a socialistic
and anti-Catholic tendency, many of which
proved popular. An Expiation); (The Black
Crusade); 'The Story of a Priest); and (The
Crime of the Abbé Maufrac,' are some of the
better known among these works, which are
characterized by vividness of narration and in-
tense warmth of partisan feeling.
Gairdner, James. A Scotch compiler and
historical writer; born in Edinburgh, Scotland,
March 22, 1828. Besides memorials and com-
pilations relating to the mediæval period of
English history, he has published (The Houses
of Lancaster and York) (1874), in the 'Epochs
of History) Series; Life and Reign of Rich-
ard III. (1878); the volume (England, in the
Christian Knowledge Society's series entitled
(Early Chroniclers of Europe) (1879); "Henry
VII. ,' in "Twelve English Statesmen (1889).
Galdós, Benito Perez (gäl’dos). A Span-
ish novelist; born in Las Palmas, Canary
Islands, May 10, 1845. He went to Madrid
when a lad to study law; but instead began
writing plays, till their persistent rejection by
managers caused him to try novel-writing, in
which he established his fame and his for-
tune. "The Fountain of Gold) is the first, and
Halma) is one of the latest, of a long series
of novels demonstrating that, as regards liſe,
few see it more clearly than Galdós. *
Galen, Philipp (gäl'en), pseudonym of Ernst
Philipp Karl Lange. A German novelist;
born in Potsdam, Dec. 21, 1813. He was
for years an army physician, retiring with a
reputation for medical lore; he had also won
fame with (The Island King,' a widely popu-
lar story, and (The Madman of St. James,
by far his best work. (Fritz Stilling) is the
tale of a practicing physician's adventures, and
"Walther Lund) deals with literary life. "The
Diplomat's Daughters) and Free from the
Yoke) are meritorious fictions. He is a pleas-
ing realist with no special “tendency. )
Gall, Richard. A Scottish song-writer; born
at Linkhouse, December 1776; died in Edin-
burgh, May 10, 1801. At first apprenticed to his
uncle, a carpenter, afterwards to a printer in
Edinburgh, he subsequently became a traveling
clerk. Burns and Thomas Campbell were
counted among his friends. Several of his
songs were set to music, and were popular.


## p. 207 (#223) ############################################

GALLAGHER - GANGHOFER
207
Two of these, (The Farewell to Ayrshire) and
that beginning Now bank and brae are clad
in green,” are often credited to Burns.
Gallagher, William Davis. An American
journalist and poet; born at Philadelphia, Aug.
21, 1808; died 1894. (A Journey through
Kentucky and Mississippi, published in the
Cincinnati Chronicle in 1828, first drew public
attention to him. He wrote (The Wreck of the
Hornet,' a poem; and edited (Selections from
the Political Literature of the West (1841).
(Fruit Culture in the Ohio Valley) is among
the best of his agricultural writings. Miami
Woods,' and A Golden Wedding and Other
Poems, were published in 1881.
Gallardo, Aurelio Luis (gal-yar'-do). A
Mexican poet; born in León, Guanajuato, Nov.
3, 1831 ; died in Napa, Cal. , Nov. 27, 1869. He
published three volumes of poems : Dreams
and Visions) (Mexico, 1856); (Clouds and
Stars) (Guadalajara, 1865); and Legends and
Romances) (San Francisco, 1868); also a col-
lection of poems, "Home Stories. He wrote
many comedies. The drama (Maria Antonieta
de Lorena) is regarded as his best work.
Gallatin, Albert. An American statesman,
financier, and author; born in Geneva, Switzer-
land, Jan. 29, 1761; came to this country in
1780; died at Astoria, L. I. , Aug. 12, 1849.
He was in Congress 1795-1801; Secretary of
the Treasury 1801-1813; minister to France
1815-1823, and to England 1826-27. Later he
engaged in banking. Among his works are:
"Considerations of the Currency and Banking
Systems of the United States) (1831); (Memoir
on Northeastern Boundary) (1843); Notes on
the Semi-Civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan,
and Central America' (1845).
Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins. An American
writer and educator; born at Philadelphia,
1787; died at Hartford, Conn. , 1851. In 1817
founded at Hartford the first deaf-mute insti-
tute in America, but in 1830 he resigned the
presidency of it. He was afterwards chaplain
of the Connecticut Retreat for the Insane from
1838 until his death. He wrote (Bible Stories
for the Young) (1838) and (The Child's Book
of the Soul (1850).
Gallego, Juan Nicasio (gäl-yā'go). A Span-
ish lyric poet; born in Zamora, Dec. 14, 1777 ;
died at Madrid, Jan. 9, 1853. He studied law,
philosophy, and theology, at Salamanca; but
began a poetical career upon becoming in-
timate with Valdés, Quintana, and Cienfuegos.
His political activity resulted in his imprison-
ment in 1814, and banishment for a short time
subsequently. His first poetry was light and
amorous, but he later took up sterner subjects.
His “The Second of May,' and an elegy upon
the death of Queen Isabella (1818), have at.
tained particular celebrity. He served in the
Spanish Cortes for some years.
Gallenga, Antonio Carlo Napoleon (gäl-
leng'gä). An Italian publicist and author;
born in Parma, Nov. 4, 1810. He left Italy in
1831 by reason of political disturbances, and
lived abroad. Hie represented Piedmont at
Frankfort in 1848-49, and was a member of
Parliament from 1854 to 1864. He was long the
London Times's special correspondent in Italy.
His works, many of them issued under the
name of “Mariotti,” include: Italy, Past and
Present (1841-49); (Castellamonte, an Auto-
biography) (1854); Mariotti's Italian Gram-
mar,' which went through twelve editions ;
(History of Piedmont' (1855-56); (The Pearl
of the Antilles) (1873); and several books of
travel.
Galt, John. A Scottish novelist; born at
Irvine, Ayrshire, May 2, 1779; died at Greenock,
April II, 1839. Going abroad, he met Lord
Byron at Gibraltar, and sailed with him for
Greece. Returning to London, he contributed
to Blackwood's. (The Annals of the Parish
was published in 1821, and met a popular wel-
come. In rapid succession appeared (Sir An.
drew Wylie,' (The Entail, (The Steamboat,'
(The Provost,' (Ringan Gilhaize, (The Spae-
wife,' and (Rothelan. His Literary Miscel-
lanies) was published in 1834. He also wrote
a 'Life of Byron.
Galton, Francis. A distinguished English
anthropologist and traveler; born at Duddes-
ton, near Birmingham, 1822. He is grandson
of Erasmus Darwin, and thus a kinsman of the
celebrated author of «The Origin of Species.
His principal works are : Narrative of an Ex-
plorer in Tropical South Africa) (1853); (The
Art of Travel, or Shifts and Contrivances in
Wild Countries) (1855); Hereditary Genius,
its Laws and Consequences) (1869); “Experi-
ments in Pangenesis) (1871); and in the same
line of studies, (English Men of Science, their
Nature and Nurture) (1874); "Inquiry into
Human Faculty) (1883); (Natural Inheritance)
(1889); Finger Prints) (1893). He has also
written several memoirs on anthropometric sub-
jects and kindred topics. He has held official
positions in connection with the Royal Society,
the Royal Geographical Society, and other scien-
tific bodies. He invented the system of com-
posite photography.
Gama, José Basilio da (gä'mä). A Brazil-
ian poet; born in the district of Rio-dos-Mor.
tes, Brazil, in 1740; died in Lisbon, Portugal,
July 31, 1795. Educated by the Jesuits, he joined
their order; but about 1786 renounced his al-
legiance to it, and published the poem (Uru-
guay) to expose the alleged Jesuit design of
forming an independent State among the Uru-
guay Indians. He was elected a member of
the Academy of Lisbon. He also published
"Lenitivo da Sandade do Principe D. José
(1788), and Quitubia (1791).