He used the dialectic method
invented
by
his master Socrates.
his master Socrates.
Marcus Aurelius - Meditations
'
"The hardihood of Socrates was famous"; see Plato, Siymposium, p. 220.
BOOK X XXII. The Greek means, "paltry breath bearing up corpses, so that
the tale of Dead Man's Land is clearer. "
XXII. "The poet" (21): Euripides, frag. 898 (Nauck); compare Aeschylus,
Danaides, frag. 44.
XXIV. "Plato" (23): Theaetetus, p. 174 D.
XXXIV. "The poet" (34): Homer, Iliad, vi. 147.
XXXIV. "Wood": A translation of ulh, "matter. "
XXXVIII. "Rhetoric" (38): Rather "the gift of speech"; or perhaps the
"decree" of the reasoning faculty.
BOOK XI V. "Cithaeron" (6): Oedipus utters this cry after discovering
that he has fulfilled his awful doom, he was exposed on Cithaeron as
an infant to die, and the cry implies that he wishes he had died there.
Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus, 1391.
V. "New Comedy. . . ," etc. C. has here strayed from the Greek rather
widely. Translate: "and understand to what end the New Comedy was
adopted, which by small degrees degenerated into a mere show of skill
in mimicry. " C. writes Comedia Vetus, Media, Nova. XII. "Phocion" (13):
When about to be put to death he charged his son to bear no malice
against the Athenians.
XXVIII. "My heart," etc. (31): From Homer, Odyssey ix. 413. "They will"
From Hesiod, Opera et Dies, 184.
"Epictetus" Arr. i. II, 37.
XXX. "Cut down grapes" (35): Correct "ears of corn. " "Epictetus"(36):
Arr. 3, 22, 105.
GLOSSARY
This Glossary includes all proper names (excepting a few which are
insignificant or unknown) and all obsolete or obscure words. ADRIANUS,
or Hadrian (76-138 A. D. ), 14th Roman Emperor.
Agrippa, M. Vipsanius (63-12 B. C. ), a distinguished soldier under
Augustus.
Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, and Conqueror of the East,
356-323 B. C.
Antisthenes of Athens, founder of the sect of Cynic philosophers, and an
opponent of Plato, 5th century B. C Antoninus Pius, 15th Roman Emperor,
138-161 AD. one of the best princes that ever mounted a throne.
Apathia: the Stoic ideal was calmness in all circumstance an
insensibility to pain, and absence of all exaltation at, pleasure or
good fortune.
Apelles, a famous painter of antiquity.
Apollonius of Alexandria, called Dyscolus, or the 'ill-tempered,'
a great grammarian.
Aposteme, tumour, excrescence.
Archimedes of Syracuse 287-212 B. C. , the most famous mathematician of
antiquity.
Athos, a mountain promontory at the N. of the Aegean Sea.
Augustus, first Roman Emperor (ruled 31 B. C. -14 AD. ).
Avoid, void.
BACCHIUS: there Were several persons of this name, and the one meant is
perhaps the musician.
Brutus (1) the liberator of the Roman people from their kings, and (2)
the murderer of Caesar.
Both names were household words.
Caesar, Caius, Julius, the Dictator and Conqueror.
Caieta, a town in Latium.
Camillus, a famous dictator in the early days of the Roman Republic.
Carnuntum, a town on the Danube in Upper Pannonia.
Cato, called of Utica, a Stoic who died by his own hand after the battle
of Thapsus, 46 B. C. His name was proverbial for virtue and courage.
Cautelous, cautious.
Cecrops, first legendary King of Athens.
Charax, perhaps the priestly historian of that name, whose date is
unknown, except that it must be later than Nero.
Chirurgeon, surgeon.
Chrysippus, 280-207 B. C. , a Stoic philosopher, and the founder of
Stoicism as a systematic philosophy.
Circus, the Circus Maximus at Rome, where games were held.
There were four companies who contracted to provide horses, drivers,
etc. These were called Factiones, and each had its distinguishing
colour: russata (red), albata (white), veneta (blue), prasina (green).
There was high rivalry between them, and riots and bloodshed not
infrequently.
Cithaeron, a mountain range N. of Attica.
Comedy, ancient; a term applied to the Attic comedy of Aristophanes and
his time, which criticised persons and politics, like a modern comic
journal, such as Punck. See New Comedy.
Compendious, short.
Conceit, opinion.
Contentation, contentment.
Crates, a Cynic philosopher of the 4th century B. C.
Croesus, King of Lydia, proverbial for wealth; he reigned 560-546 B. C.
Cynics, a school of philosophers, founded by Antisthenes. Their texts
were a kind of caricature of Socraticism. Nothing was good but virtue,
nothing bad but vice. The Cynics repudiated all civil and social claims,
and attempted to return to what they called a state of nature. Many of
them were very disgusting in their manners.
DEMETRIUS of Phalerum, an Athenian orator, statesman, philosopher, and
poet. Born 345 B. C.
Democritus of Abdera (460-361 B. C. ), celebrated as the 'laughing
philosopher,' whose constant thought was 'What fools these mortals be. '
He invented the Atomic Theory.
Dio of Syracuse, a disciple of Plato, and afterwards tyrant of Syracuse.
Murdered 353 B. C.
Diogenes, the Cynic, born about 412 B. C. , renowned for his rudeness and
hardihood.
Diognetus, a painter.
Dispense with, put up with.
Dogmata, pithy sayings, or philosophical rules of life.
EMPEDOCLES of Agrigentum, fl.
5th century B. C. , a philosopher, who first laid down that there were
"four elements. " He believed in the transmigration of souls, and the
indestructibility of matter.
Epictetus, a famous Stoic philosopher. He was of Phrygia, at first a
slave, then freedman, lame, poor, and contented.
The work called Encheiridion was compiled by a pupil from his
discourses.
Epicureans, a sect of philosophers founded by Epicurus, who "combined
the physics of Democritus," i. e. the atomic theory, "with the ethics of
Aristippus. "
They proposed to live for happiness, but the word did not bear that
coarse and vulgar sense originally which it soon took.
Epicurus of Samos, 342-270 B. C.
Lived at Athens in his "gardens," an urbane and kindly, if somewhat
useless, life. His character was simple and temperate, and had none of
the vice or indulgence which was afterwards associated with the name of
Epicurean.
Eudoxus of Cnidus, a famous astronomer and physician of the 4th century
B. C.
FATAL, fated.
Fortuit, chance (adj. ).
Fronto, M. Cornelius, a rhetorician and pleader, made consul in 143 A. D.
A number of his letters to M, Aur. and others are extant.
GRANUA, a tributary of the Danube.
HELICE, ancient capital city of Achaia, swallowed up by an earthquake,
373 B. C.
Helvidius Priscus, son-in-law of Thrasea Paetus, a noble man and a lover
of liberty. He was banished by Nero, and put to death by Vespasian.
Heraclitus of Ephesus, who lived in the 6th century B. C. He wrote on
philosophy and natural science.
Herculaneum, near Mount Vesuvius, buried by the eruption of 79 AD.
Hercules, p. 167, should be Apollo. See Muses.
Hiatus, gap.
Hipparchus of Bithynia, an astronomer of the 2nd century B. C. , "The true
father of astronomy. "
Hippocrates of Cos, about 460-357 B. C. One of the most famous physicians
of antiquity.
IDIOT, means merely the non-proficient in anything, the "layman," he who
was not technically trained in any art, craft, or calling.
LEONNATUS, a distinguished general under Alexander the Great.
Lucilla, daughter of M. Aurelius, and wife of Verus, whom she survived.
MAECENAS, a trusted adviser of Augustus, and a munificent patron of wits
and literary men.
Maximus, Claudius, a Stoic philosopher.
Menippus, a Cynic philosopher.
Meteores, ta metewrologika, "high philosophy," used specially of
astronomy and natural philosophy, which were bound up with other
speculations.
Middle Comedy, something midway between the Old and New Comedy. See
Comedy, Ancient, and New Comedy.
Middle things, Book 7, XXV. The Stoics divided all things into virtue,
vice, and indifferent things; but as "indifferent" they regarded most of
those things which the world regards as good or bad, such as wealth or
poverty. Of these, some were "to be desired," some "to be rejected. "
Muses, the nine deities who presided over various kinds of poesy, music,
etc. Their leader was Apollo, one of whose titles is Musegetes, the
Leader of the Muses.
NERVES, strings.
New Comedy, the Attic Comedy of Menander and his school, which
criticised not persons but manners, like a modern comic opera. See
Comedy, Ancient.
PALESTRA, wrestling school.
Pancratiast, competitor in the pancratium, a combined contest which
comprised boxing and wrestling.
Parmularii, gladiators armed with a small round shield (parma).
Pheidias, the most famous sculptor of antiquity.
Philippus, founder of the Macedonian supremacy, and father of Alexander
the Great.
Phocion, an Athenian general and statesman, a noble and high-minded man,
4th century B. C.
He was called by Demosthenes, "the pruner of my periods. "
He was put to death by the State in 317, on a false suspicion, and left
a message for his son "to bear no grudge against the Athenians. "
Pine, torment.
Plato of Athens, 429-347 B. C.
He used the dialectic method invented by
his master Socrates.
He was, perhaps, as much poet as philosopher. He is generally identified
with the Theory of Ideas, that things are what they are by participation
with our eternal Idea. His "Commonwealth" was a kind of Utopia.
Platonics, followers of Plato.
Pompeii, near Mount Vesuvius, buried in the eruption of 79 A. D.
Pompeius, C. Pompeius Magnus, a very successful general at the end of
the Roman Republic (106-48 B. C. ).
Prestidigitator, juggler.
Pythagoras of Samos, a philosopher, scientist, and moralist of the 6th
century B. C.
QUADI, a tribe of S. Germany.
M. Aurelius carried on war against them, and part of this book was
written in the field.
RICTUS, gape, jaws.
Rusticus, Q. Junius, or Stoic philosopher, twice made consul by M.
Aurelius.
SACRARY, shrine.
Salaminius, Book 7, XXXVII. Leon of Sala-mis. Socrates was ordered by
the Thirty Tyrants to fetch him before them, and Socrates, at his own
peril, refused.
Sarmatae, a tribe dwelling in Poland.
Sceletum, skeleton.
Sceptics, a school of philosophy founded by Pyrrho (4th contury B. C. ).
He advocated "suspension of judgment," and taught the relativity of
knowledge and impossibility of proof. The school is not unlike the
Agnostic school.
Scipio, the name of two great soldiers, P. Corn. Scipio Africanus,
conqueror of Hannibal, and P.
Corn. Sc. Afr. Minor, who came into the family by adoption, who
destroyed Carthage.
Secutoriani (a word coined by C. ), the Sececutores, light-armed
gladiators, who were pitted against others with net and trident.
Sextus of Chaeronea, a Stoic philosopher, nephew of Plutarch.
Silly, simple, common.
Sinuessa, a town in Latium.
Socrates, an Athenian philosopher (469-399 B. C. ), founder of the
dialectic method. Put to death on a trumped-up charge by his countrymen.
Stint, limit (without implying niggardliness).
Stoics, a philosophic system founded by Zeno (4th century B. C. ), and
systematised by Chrysippus (3rd century B. C. ). Their physical theory
was a pantheistic materialism, their summum bonum "to live according
to nature. " Their wise man needs nothing, he is sufficient to himself;
virtue is good, vice bad, external things indifferent.
THEOPHRASTUS, a philosopher, pupil of Aristotle, and his successor as
president of the Lyceum. He wrote a large number of works on philosophy
and natural history. Died 287 B. C.
Thrasea, P. Thrasea Pactus, a senator and Stoic philosopher, a noble and
courageous man. He was condemned to death by Nero.
Tiberius, 2nd Roman Emperor (14-31 AD. ). He spent the latter part of his
life at Capreae (Capri), off Naples, in luxury or debauchery, neglecting
his imperial duties.
To-torn, torn to pieces.
Trajan, 13th Roman Emperor, 52-117 A. D.
VERUS, Lucius Aurelius, colleague of M. Aurelius in the Empire.
He married Lucilla, daughter of M. A. , and died 169 A. D.
Vespasian, 9th Roman Emperor XENOCRATES of Chalcedon, 396-314 B. C. , a
philosopher, and president of the Academy.
"The hardihood of Socrates was famous"; see Plato, Siymposium, p. 220.
BOOK X XXII. The Greek means, "paltry breath bearing up corpses, so that
the tale of Dead Man's Land is clearer. "
XXII. "The poet" (21): Euripides, frag. 898 (Nauck); compare Aeschylus,
Danaides, frag. 44.
XXIV. "Plato" (23): Theaetetus, p. 174 D.
XXXIV. "The poet" (34): Homer, Iliad, vi. 147.
XXXIV. "Wood": A translation of ulh, "matter. "
XXXVIII. "Rhetoric" (38): Rather "the gift of speech"; or perhaps the
"decree" of the reasoning faculty.
BOOK XI V. "Cithaeron" (6): Oedipus utters this cry after discovering
that he has fulfilled his awful doom, he was exposed on Cithaeron as
an infant to die, and the cry implies that he wishes he had died there.
Sophocles, Oedipus Tyrannus, 1391.
V. "New Comedy. . . ," etc. C. has here strayed from the Greek rather
widely. Translate: "and understand to what end the New Comedy was
adopted, which by small degrees degenerated into a mere show of skill
in mimicry. " C. writes Comedia Vetus, Media, Nova. XII. "Phocion" (13):
When about to be put to death he charged his son to bear no malice
against the Athenians.
XXVIII. "My heart," etc. (31): From Homer, Odyssey ix. 413. "They will"
From Hesiod, Opera et Dies, 184.
"Epictetus" Arr. i. II, 37.
XXX. "Cut down grapes" (35): Correct "ears of corn. " "Epictetus"(36):
Arr. 3, 22, 105.
GLOSSARY
This Glossary includes all proper names (excepting a few which are
insignificant or unknown) and all obsolete or obscure words. ADRIANUS,
or Hadrian (76-138 A. D. ), 14th Roman Emperor.
Agrippa, M. Vipsanius (63-12 B. C. ), a distinguished soldier under
Augustus.
Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, and Conqueror of the East,
356-323 B. C.
Antisthenes of Athens, founder of the sect of Cynic philosophers, and an
opponent of Plato, 5th century B. C Antoninus Pius, 15th Roman Emperor,
138-161 AD. one of the best princes that ever mounted a throne.
Apathia: the Stoic ideal was calmness in all circumstance an
insensibility to pain, and absence of all exaltation at, pleasure or
good fortune.
Apelles, a famous painter of antiquity.
Apollonius of Alexandria, called Dyscolus, or the 'ill-tempered,'
a great grammarian.
Aposteme, tumour, excrescence.
Archimedes of Syracuse 287-212 B. C. , the most famous mathematician of
antiquity.
Athos, a mountain promontory at the N. of the Aegean Sea.
Augustus, first Roman Emperor (ruled 31 B. C. -14 AD. ).
Avoid, void.
BACCHIUS: there Were several persons of this name, and the one meant is
perhaps the musician.
Brutus (1) the liberator of the Roman people from their kings, and (2)
the murderer of Caesar.
Both names were household words.
Caesar, Caius, Julius, the Dictator and Conqueror.
Caieta, a town in Latium.
Camillus, a famous dictator in the early days of the Roman Republic.
Carnuntum, a town on the Danube in Upper Pannonia.
Cato, called of Utica, a Stoic who died by his own hand after the battle
of Thapsus, 46 B. C. His name was proverbial for virtue and courage.
Cautelous, cautious.
Cecrops, first legendary King of Athens.
Charax, perhaps the priestly historian of that name, whose date is
unknown, except that it must be later than Nero.
Chirurgeon, surgeon.
Chrysippus, 280-207 B. C. , a Stoic philosopher, and the founder of
Stoicism as a systematic philosophy.
Circus, the Circus Maximus at Rome, where games were held.
There were four companies who contracted to provide horses, drivers,
etc. These were called Factiones, and each had its distinguishing
colour: russata (red), albata (white), veneta (blue), prasina (green).
There was high rivalry between them, and riots and bloodshed not
infrequently.
Cithaeron, a mountain range N. of Attica.
Comedy, ancient; a term applied to the Attic comedy of Aristophanes and
his time, which criticised persons and politics, like a modern comic
journal, such as Punck. See New Comedy.
Compendious, short.
Conceit, opinion.
Contentation, contentment.
Crates, a Cynic philosopher of the 4th century B. C.
Croesus, King of Lydia, proverbial for wealth; he reigned 560-546 B. C.
Cynics, a school of philosophers, founded by Antisthenes. Their texts
were a kind of caricature of Socraticism. Nothing was good but virtue,
nothing bad but vice. The Cynics repudiated all civil and social claims,
and attempted to return to what they called a state of nature. Many of
them were very disgusting in their manners.
DEMETRIUS of Phalerum, an Athenian orator, statesman, philosopher, and
poet. Born 345 B. C.
Democritus of Abdera (460-361 B. C. ), celebrated as the 'laughing
philosopher,' whose constant thought was 'What fools these mortals be. '
He invented the Atomic Theory.
Dio of Syracuse, a disciple of Plato, and afterwards tyrant of Syracuse.
Murdered 353 B. C.
Diogenes, the Cynic, born about 412 B. C. , renowned for his rudeness and
hardihood.
Diognetus, a painter.
Dispense with, put up with.
Dogmata, pithy sayings, or philosophical rules of life.
EMPEDOCLES of Agrigentum, fl.
5th century B. C. , a philosopher, who first laid down that there were
"four elements. " He believed in the transmigration of souls, and the
indestructibility of matter.
Epictetus, a famous Stoic philosopher. He was of Phrygia, at first a
slave, then freedman, lame, poor, and contented.
The work called Encheiridion was compiled by a pupil from his
discourses.
Epicureans, a sect of philosophers founded by Epicurus, who "combined
the physics of Democritus," i. e. the atomic theory, "with the ethics of
Aristippus. "
They proposed to live for happiness, but the word did not bear that
coarse and vulgar sense originally which it soon took.
Epicurus of Samos, 342-270 B. C.
Lived at Athens in his "gardens," an urbane and kindly, if somewhat
useless, life. His character was simple and temperate, and had none of
the vice or indulgence which was afterwards associated with the name of
Epicurean.
Eudoxus of Cnidus, a famous astronomer and physician of the 4th century
B. C.
FATAL, fated.
Fortuit, chance (adj. ).
Fronto, M. Cornelius, a rhetorician and pleader, made consul in 143 A. D.
A number of his letters to M, Aur. and others are extant.
GRANUA, a tributary of the Danube.
HELICE, ancient capital city of Achaia, swallowed up by an earthquake,
373 B. C.
Helvidius Priscus, son-in-law of Thrasea Paetus, a noble man and a lover
of liberty. He was banished by Nero, and put to death by Vespasian.
Heraclitus of Ephesus, who lived in the 6th century B. C. He wrote on
philosophy and natural science.
Herculaneum, near Mount Vesuvius, buried by the eruption of 79 AD.
Hercules, p. 167, should be Apollo. See Muses.
Hiatus, gap.
Hipparchus of Bithynia, an astronomer of the 2nd century B. C. , "The true
father of astronomy. "
Hippocrates of Cos, about 460-357 B. C. One of the most famous physicians
of antiquity.
IDIOT, means merely the non-proficient in anything, the "layman," he who
was not technically trained in any art, craft, or calling.
LEONNATUS, a distinguished general under Alexander the Great.
Lucilla, daughter of M. Aurelius, and wife of Verus, whom she survived.
MAECENAS, a trusted adviser of Augustus, and a munificent patron of wits
and literary men.
Maximus, Claudius, a Stoic philosopher.
Menippus, a Cynic philosopher.
Meteores, ta metewrologika, "high philosophy," used specially of
astronomy and natural philosophy, which were bound up with other
speculations.
Middle Comedy, something midway between the Old and New Comedy. See
Comedy, Ancient, and New Comedy.
Middle things, Book 7, XXV. The Stoics divided all things into virtue,
vice, and indifferent things; but as "indifferent" they regarded most of
those things which the world regards as good or bad, such as wealth or
poverty. Of these, some were "to be desired," some "to be rejected. "
Muses, the nine deities who presided over various kinds of poesy, music,
etc. Their leader was Apollo, one of whose titles is Musegetes, the
Leader of the Muses.
NERVES, strings.
New Comedy, the Attic Comedy of Menander and his school, which
criticised not persons but manners, like a modern comic opera. See
Comedy, Ancient.
PALESTRA, wrestling school.
Pancratiast, competitor in the pancratium, a combined contest which
comprised boxing and wrestling.
Parmularii, gladiators armed with a small round shield (parma).
Pheidias, the most famous sculptor of antiquity.
Philippus, founder of the Macedonian supremacy, and father of Alexander
the Great.
Phocion, an Athenian general and statesman, a noble and high-minded man,
4th century B. C.
He was called by Demosthenes, "the pruner of my periods. "
He was put to death by the State in 317, on a false suspicion, and left
a message for his son "to bear no grudge against the Athenians. "
Pine, torment.
Plato of Athens, 429-347 B. C.
He used the dialectic method invented by
his master Socrates.
He was, perhaps, as much poet as philosopher. He is generally identified
with the Theory of Ideas, that things are what they are by participation
with our eternal Idea. His "Commonwealth" was a kind of Utopia.
Platonics, followers of Plato.
Pompeii, near Mount Vesuvius, buried in the eruption of 79 A. D.
Pompeius, C. Pompeius Magnus, a very successful general at the end of
the Roman Republic (106-48 B. C. ).
Prestidigitator, juggler.
Pythagoras of Samos, a philosopher, scientist, and moralist of the 6th
century B. C.
QUADI, a tribe of S. Germany.
M. Aurelius carried on war against them, and part of this book was
written in the field.
RICTUS, gape, jaws.
Rusticus, Q. Junius, or Stoic philosopher, twice made consul by M.
Aurelius.
SACRARY, shrine.
Salaminius, Book 7, XXXVII. Leon of Sala-mis. Socrates was ordered by
the Thirty Tyrants to fetch him before them, and Socrates, at his own
peril, refused.
Sarmatae, a tribe dwelling in Poland.
Sceletum, skeleton.
Sceptics, a school of philosophy founded by Pyrrho (4th contury B. C. ).
He advocated "suspension of judgment," and taught the relativity of
knowledge and impossibility of proof. The school is not unlike the
Agnostic school.
Scipio, the name of two great soldiers, P. Corn. Scipio Africanus,
conqueror of Hannibal, and P.
Corn. Sc. Afr. Minor, who came into the family by adoption, who
destroyed Carthage.
Secutoriani (a word coined by C. ), the Sececutores, light-armed
gladiators, who were pitted against others with net and trident.
Sextus of Chaeronea, a Stoic philosopher, nephew of Plutarch.
Silly, simple, common.
Sinuessa, a town in Latium.
Socrates, an Athenian philosopher (469-399 B. C. ), founder of the
dialectic method. Put to death on a trumped-up charge by his countrymen.
Stint, limit (without implying niggardliness).
Stoics, a philosophic system founded by Zeno (4th century B. C. ), and
systematised by Chrysippus (3rd century B. C. ). Their physical theory
was a pantheistic materialism, their summum bonum "to live according
to nature. " Their wise man needs nothing, he is sufficient to himself;
virtue is good, vice bad, external things indifferent.
THEOPHRASTUS, a philosopher, pupil of Aristotle, and his successor as
president of the Lyceum. He wrote a large number of works on philosophy
and natural history. Died 287 B. C.
Thrasea, P. Thrasea Pactus, a senator and Stoic philosopher, a noble and
courageous man. He was condemned to death by Nero.
Tiberius, 2nd Roman Emperor (14-31 AD. ). He spent the latter part of his
life at Capreae (Capri), off Naples, in luxury or debauchery, neglecting
his imperial duties.
To-torn, torn to pieces.
Trajan, 13th Roman Emperor, 52-117 A. D.
VERUS, Lucius Aurelius, colleague of M. Aurelius in the Empire.
He married Lucilla, daughter of M. A. , and died 169 A. D.
Vespasian, 9th Roman Emperor XENOCRATES of Chalcedon, 396-314 B. C. , a
philosopher, and president of the Academy.
