I could not walk a hundred yards in the streets but I was stopped by in
quiries, 'when shall we have Bonaparte?
quiries, 'when shall we have Bonaparte?
Hunt - Fourth Estate - History of Newspapers and Liberty of Press - v2
Itwould surely have been a more honourable one than that of an excise gauger.
" I think I have already shown that with my purse I was liberal to Coleridge to excess. A circumstance has occurred to my mind, which still more conclu sively negatives Mr. Henry Coleridge's assertion, on his uncle's authority, that Coleridge raised The Morn ing Post in one year from a low number to 7,000. The last time Coleridge wrote for The Morning Post was in the autumn of 1802, and it was well known
that he wrote for and what was he wrote. re collect conversation at that time, with Mr. Perry of The Morning Chronicle, in the smoking-room of the House of Commons, in which Perry described Cole ridge's writings as poetry in prose. The Morning Herald and The Times, then leading Papers, were neglected, and The Morning Post by vigilance and activity rose rapidly. Advertisements flowed in beyond bounds. encouraged the small miscellaneous adver tisements in the front page, preferring them to any others, upon the rule that the more numerous the customers, the more independent and permanent the custom. Besides, numerous and various advertise ments interest numerous and various readers, looking out for employment, servants, sales, and purchases, &c, &c. Advertisements act and re-act. They attract readers, promote circulation, and circulation attracts advertisements. The Daily Advertiser, which sold to the public for twopence-halfpenny, after paying
a
I
a
it,
it
I
118 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
stamp-duty of three halfpence, never had more than half a column of News ; it never noticed Parliament, but it had the best Foreign Intelligence before the French Revolution. The Daily Advertiser lost by its publication, but it gained largely by its advertise ments, with which it was crammed full. Shares in it
I recollect my brother Peter saying, that on proposing to a tradesman to take shares in a new Paper, he was
sold by auction at twenty years' purchase.
answered with a sneer and a shake of the head—' Ah! none of you can touch the Daily. ' It was the Paper of business, filled with miscellaneous advertisements, conducted at little expense, very profitable, and taken in by all public-houses, coffee-houses, &c. , but by scarcely any private families. It fell in a day by the scheme of Grant, a printer, which made all publicans proprietors of a rival, the Morning Advertiser, the profits going to a publicans' benefit society; and they of course took in their own Paper ;—an example of the danger of dependance on any class. Soon after I joined The Morning Post, in the autumn of 1795, Christie, the auctioneer, left it on account of its low sale, and left a blank, a ruinous proclamation of decline. But in 1802, he came to me again, praying
for re-admission. At that time particular Newspapers were known to possess particular classes of advertise ments : — The Morning Post, horses and carriages ; The Public Ledger, shipping and sales of wholesale foreign merchandise ; The Morning Herald and Times, auctioneers ; The Morning Chronicle, books. All Papers had all sorts of advertisements, it is true, but some were more remarkable than others for a particu lar class ; and Mr. Perry, who aimed at making The
THE MORNING POST. 119
Morning Chronicle a very literary Paper, took pains to produce a striking display of book advertisements.
" This display had something more solid for its object than vanity. Sixty or seventy short advertise ments, filling three columns, by Longman, one day, by Cadell, &c, another —' Bless me, what an exten sive business they must have ! ' The auctioneers to this day stipulate to have all their advertisements inserted at once, that they may impress the public with great ideas of their extensive business. They will not have them dribbled out, a few at a time, as the days of sale approach. The Journals have of late years adopted the same rule with the same design.
They keep back advertisements, fill up with pamph lets, and other stuff unnecessary to a Newspaper, and then come out with a swarm of advertisements in a double sheet to astonish their readers, and strike them with high ideas of the extent of their circulation, which attracts so many advertisers. The meagre days
are forgotten ; the days of swarm are remembered. " Stuart goes on further to tell some of his personal
contests and troubles, and, in so doing, gossips about how"The Globe was established :—
The booksellers and others crowded to The Morning Post, when its circulation and character raised it above all its competitors. Each was desirous of having his cloud of advertisements inserted at once in the front page. I would not drive away the short miscellaneous advertisements by allowing space to be monopolized by any class. When a very long adver
tisement of a column or two came, I charged enor mously high, that it might be taken away without the parties being able to say it was refused admission. I
120 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
accommodated the booksellers as well I could with a few new and pressing advertisements at a time. That would not do ; they would have the cloud ; then, said I, there is no place for the cloud but the last page, where the auctioneers already enjoy that privilege. The booksellers were affronted, indignant. The last page ! To obtain the accommodation refused by The Morning Post, they set up a Morning Paper — The British Press ; and to oppose The Courier, an evening one—The Globe. Possessed of general influence among literary men, could there be a doubt of success ?
" As is common in such cases, they took from me my chief assistant, George Lane ; supposing that, hav ing got him, they got The Morning Post, and that I was nobody. Mr. Lane, as he owned, was indebted to me for all he knew of Newspapers. At first he was slow and feeble, but his language was always that of a scholar and a gentleman, rather tame, but free from anything low, scurrilous, or violent. After several years of instruction by me — I may say education — he had become a valuable parliamentary reporter, a judicious theatrical critic, a ready translator, and the best writer of jeux d? esprit— short paragraphs of three
or four lines—I ever had. With poetry and light pa ragraphs I endeavoured to make the Paper cheerfully
entertaining, not filled entirely with ferocious politics. One of Lane's paragraphs I well remember. Theatrical ladies and others were publishing their memoirs. Lane said they would not give a portrait, but a bust.
Legat, the eminent engraver, came to me in raptures and pointed out the merits of the paragraph during an hour's expressions of admiration. Lane had little knowledge of politics, and little turn for political writ-
everything.
THE MORNING POST. 121
ing; but he was a valuable assistant. He resided near the office, was ready and willing, at all hours, to go anywhere, and report anything, and he could do
Sometimes I even entrusted the last duties of the Paper, the putting it to press, to him ;
an important and hazardous office, in the discharge of which he was growing more and more into my con fidence. Of the corn riots in 1800, he and others gave long accounts in leaded large type, while The Times and Herald had only a few lines in obscure corners, in black. The procession proclaiming peace, the ascent of balloons, a great fire, a boxing match, a law trial — in all such occurrences The Morning Post outstripped its competitors, and its success was rapid. Lane was my chief assistant, and no wonder the booksellers thought they had got The Morning Post when they got Lane. But they never thought of Coleridge ! though he, as we are told, raised the Paper in one year from a low number to 7,000 daily ! and though it was well known he did write, and what he did write, as Perry's remarks to me in the House of Commons two months before Lane was taken away prove. Coleridge's last writings in The Morning Post appeared in the autumn of 1802 ; a few months after wards the booksellers set up a rival Journal, and took from me my chief assistant, but they never thought of Coleridge; no offer, or hint of a wish was made to him. "
Bearing in mind that Mackintosh was a regular contributor to The Morning Post, and a son-in-law of its proprietor, we may go on with our quotations from the amusing gossip of Mr. Stuart, without any fear
of being too much biassed against the poet.
122 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
"Mr. (afterwards Sir James) Mackintosh was on a visit at Cote House, Bristol, the residence of Mr. Wedgewood, passing the Christmas holidays in 1797.
A large party of the Wedgewoods and Allans was assembled, among whom were Coleridge and Mac kintosh. Coleridge was not a mere holiday visitor : he had been an inmate for some time, and had so riveted, by his discourse, the attention of the gentlemen, par ticularly of Mr. Thomas Wedgewood, an infirm bache lor; he had so prevented all general conversation, that several of the party wished him out of the house. I believe the Wedgewoods were at the same time very liberal to him with their purse : he was said to be— his family, at least — starving, and that he had no means of employment. Mackintosh wrote to me, soliciting for him an engagement to write for The Morning Post pieces of poetry, and such trifles. I agreed ; and settled him at a small salary. Mackin tosh, at the instance of some of the inmates, attacked
Coleridge on all subjects, politics, poetry, religion, ethics, &c. Mackintosh was by far the most dex terous disputer. Coleridge overwhelmed listeners in, as he said with reference to Madame de Stael, a monologue; but at sharp cut- and -thrust fencing, by a master like Mackintosh, he was speedily confused and subdued. He felt himself lowered in the eyes of the Wedgewoods : a salary, though small as it was, was provided for him ; and Mackintosh drove him out of the house —an offence which Coleridge never for gave. He sent to me three or four pieces of poetry, a Christmas carol, some lines on an unfortunate girl in the boxes of the theatre, and ' Fire, Famine, and
THE MORNING POST AND COLERIDGE. 123
slaughter. ' This last was much admired, particularly, I recollect, by Mr. Morthland, a Scotch advocate, a gentleman of the best class in all respects, who was cruelly used in Scotland for his connexion with a Whig journal, The Edinburgh Gazetteer. Among other poems, Coleridge sent one attacking Mackin tosh, too obviously for me not to understand and of course was not published. Mackintosh had had one of his front teeth broken, and the stump was black. The poem described hungry, pert Scotch man, with little learning but much brass, with black tooth in front, indicative of the blackness of his heart. Long afterwards, Coleridge told me how well Mack intosh maintained an argument about Locke, in these conflicts at Cote House but Coleridge detecting his mistakes, Mackintosh privately owned he had never read Locke.
" Coleridge did not send me much not even, as thought, to the value of his small salary. By letter written to him more than twenty years ago, calcu lated the whole, in eight months, at ten or twelve short pieces. But, conscious of the deficiency, Southey supplied most satisfactory quantity, for believe the small salary went to Mrs. Coleridge. In half year or thereabouts, Coleridge went to Germany and Southey continued on the small salary. At this time
do not think Wordsworth sent anything. Cole ridge always spoke of him with the highest admira tion, as one of the greatest men he had ever known. But, though Coleridge was driven out of Cote House,
appears, by recent publications, he kept up close intimacy with the Messrs. Wedgewood, particularly
it
I
a
; I
a;aIaa I
it,
;
a
it
124 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
-with Thomas, a kind, infirm man, who found much pleasure in Coleridge's society. They travelled about
the country together, and probably Mr. T. Wedge- wood was with Coleridge when he went to preach at Shrewsbury, in 1798 ; for Coleridge attended not at all to his engagement with me, but went about the country, as it now appears, on other pursuits. During this time I suppose it was, that Thomas Wedge wood settled upon him, by deed, £75 per annum, and that Josiah Wedgewood agreed to allow him the same sum, to enable him to go to Germany. Josiah paid this annuity till Sir James Mackintosh got Coleridge placed on the fund of the Royal Society of Literature at £100 per annum. It was represented to George the Fourth that it would be a becoming act of grace to give £1000 per annum to this society, to be dis tributed among literary men of merit who required pecuniary aid ; and, with a spirit becoming a king, he gave that sum annually out of his privy purse. When
William came to the throne, his allowances were so pared down, he could not continue this largess; and Coleridge, in his last days, was thrown into embarrass ment. Earl Grey offered him two years of the in
come, as the last payment, which Coleridge refused to
He wrote a beautiful letter to Lord Brougham, soliciting his good offices, without success : it should be published. Coleridge could not have had reason to expect that the Whigs would appoint him to any thing new ; but it was a hard-hearted act of severity to cut off the bread of such a man, which he had
enjoyed for years. There were one or two others on the list fully entitled by their literary services, who
accept.
THE MORNING POST AND COLERIDGE. 125
were also cut off and thrown into distress ; but most of those annuities of £100 had been settled on men less entitled either by their merits or poverty. And yet, by the returns to Parliament, the Whigs have settled annuities, double, treble the amount, on other
of science and literature. Who could have expected that Godwin would die in a place in the Exchequer ?
persons
" In September, 1798, Coleridge went to Germany, and returned about Christmas, 1799. He came to me, and offered to give up his whole time and services to The Morning Post. Whether he made any stipula tions about the politics or tone of the Paper, I cannot now say ; but it would be unnecessary for him to do so, as these were already to his mind, and it was not likely I would make great changes to please any one, or wholly give the conduct of the Paper out of my own power. I agreed to allow him my largest salary. I took a first floor for him in King Street, Covent
Garden, at my tailor's, Howell's, whose wife was a cheerful good housewife, of middle age, who I knew would nurse Coleridge as kindly as if he were her son ; and he owned he was comfortably taken care of. My practice was to call on him in the middle of the day, talk over the News, and project a leading paragraph for the next morning. In conversation he would make a brilliant display. This reminds me of a story he often told with glee :—At a dinner party, Sir Richard Phillips, the bookseller,
being present, Coleridge held forth with his usual splendour, when Sir Richard, who had been listening with delight, came
round behind his chair, and tapping him on the
126 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
shoulder, said, ' I wish I had you in a garret without a coat to your back. ' In something like this state I had Coleridge ; but though he would talk over
so well, I soon found he could not write daily on the occurrences of the day. "
everything
The next passage will call to mind many a scene witnessed by the Journalist, when clever people have offered to lend assistance in his labours. Coleridge could write books, but not a Newspaper.
" Having arranged with him the matter of a lead ing paragraph one day, I went about six o'clock for it ; I found him stretched on the sofa groaning with pain. He had not written a word ; nor could he write. The subject was one of a temporary, an important, and a
nature. I returned to The Morning Post office, wrote it out myself, and then I went to Coleridge, at Howell's, read it over, begged he would correct it, and decorate it a little with some of his graceful touches. When I had done reading, he exclaimed,
pressing
It is as well written as
I or
' Me correct that ?
other man could write it. ' And so I was obliged to content myself with my own works.
" I did not suppose Coleridge's illness to be of the permanently disabling kind which it proved years
I expected his health to be restored
afterwards to be ;
soon, and that I should have an ample supply, on paper, of the brilliant things he said in conversation. I did not complain, or in any way betray impatience or discontent. I took him to the gallery of the House of Commons, in hopes he would assist me in parliamentary reporting, and that a near view of men and things would bring up new topics in his mind.
any
COLERIDGE IN THE REPORTERS' GALLERY. 127
But he never could write a thing that was immediately required of him. The thought of compulsion dis armed him. I could name other able literary men in this unfortunate plight. The only occasions, I recol lect, on which this general rule was contradicted, were his observations, as a leading paragraph in The Morn
ing Post, on Lord Grenville's state paper, haughtily rejecting Bonaparte's overtures of peace in January 1800. I remember Coleridge's sneers at his Lordship's using the double phrase, ' the result of experience,
and the evidence of facts. '"
Stuart next takes up the assertions relative to
Coleridge's attempt to become a parliamentary re porter, and in so doing gives us a glimpse of the gallery in 1800 :—
" Mr. Gillman says, Coleridge went very early to the House of Commons, was much pressed in getting in, and obliged to remain so many hours before the debate began, that he was exhausted, fell asleep, and wrote a brilliant speech for Pitt mostly out of his own ima gination, he having heard it but by starts when his slumbers were broken. Iremember the occurrence per fectly, though I do not recollect all the circumstances. On considering the overtures for peace byBonaparte, in January 1800, Parliament had voted by large majorities to support a continuance of the war ; and some time after this, on the 1 7th of February, Mr. Pitt moved for half a million to be sent to Germany, to assist our different allies. In two separate speeches, he said, that
after the strong votes to support the war, he did not suppose there would be any opposition to this vote of money ; and hence, I think, there was no crowd at
128 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
the gallery, no early hour for seats, as no debate was expected. But Mr. Tierney rose and made a speech in opposition to the vote, to which Mr. Pitt made a powerful, a brilliant, a triumphant reply, quite unex pectedly. Coleridge, who was with me in the gallery, certainly reported a part, if not all of that speech, which was not a very long one. On one occasion, a short-hand writer reporting for me, enfeebled and lowered the style of the speaker, on which Coleridge said it was passing the speech through the ' flatting mills. ' If I doubt whether it was not on the occasion of this speech he said so, it is because, to have written the whole of it immediately, was an effort unlike Cole
ridge's habits. But that he did report all or part, I well remember. It was in that speech that Pitt called Bonaparte the Child and Champion of Jacob inism. Coleridge reported this the Child and Nurse ling of Jacobinism, and it was with difficulty I could prevail on him to adopt my reading. Again, Coleridge reported Pitt to have said, England had ' breasted the tide of Jacobinism. ' I recollect objecting that Pitt did not say so, but it passed as Coleridge wished. I knew the speech would be well reported next day in The True Briton by Mr. Clarke, now conductor of The London Gazette, and so it was. I have that speech, and the proceedings of the day, as reported in Debrett's Debates, now before me, and I think no one who reads the two will deny that Mr. Clarke's report
is not only the most faithful but the most splendid, and that the story of Mr. Canning's call at The Morn ing Post office, where the name of the reporter was refused to his inquiries, as if I wished to deprive
THE MORNING POST COLERIDGE. 129
Coleridge of the merit—the account of the great sen sation the report made in the town, and the demand for the Paper—the statement that Canning said, in the office, the report did more credit to the head than the
memory of the reporter —is altogether a romance ; though not of Mr. Gillman's* creation, I am sure. The two reports are so alike in substance, Mr. Can ning never could have said any such thing ; and, for my part, I never spoke to Mr. Canning till after I had left The Morning Post.
It could not be to establish a character for Cole ridge as an able parliamentary reporter that this fiction
* Mr. Gillman's version of the story is as follows : — " Coleridge was requested by the proprietor and editor to report a speech of Pitt's, which at this time was expected to be one of great eclat. Accordingly, early in the morning, off Coleridge set, carrying with him his supplies for the campaign. Those who are acquainted with the gallery of the House on a press night, when a man can scarcely find elbow room, will better understand how incompetent Coleridge was for such an undertaking. He, however, started by seven in the morning, but was exhausted long before night. Mr. Pitt, for the first quarter of an hour, spoke fluently, and in his usual manner, and sufficiently to give a notion of his best style ; this was followed by a repetition of words, and words only ; he appeared to ' talk against time,' as the phrase is.
Coleridge fell asleep, and listened occasionally only to the speeches that followed. On his return, the proprietor being anxious for the report, Coleridge informed him of the result, and finding his anxiety great, immediately volunteered a speech for Mr. Pitt, which he wrote off-hand, and which answered the purpose exceedingly well. The following day, and for days after publication, the proprietor received complimentary letters announcing the pleasure received at the report, and wishing to know who was the reporter. The secret was, however, kept, and the real author of the speech concealed ; but one day Mr. Canning, calling on business, made similar inquiries, and received the same answer. Canning replied, ' It does more credit to the author's head than to his memory. ' "—Life of Coleridge.
VOL. II. J
130 THE FOCRTH ESTATE.
has been put forth, but to strengthen his assertion that he wasted the prime and manhood of his intellect in writing for The Morning Post and Courier; the
fortunes of which Papers, it is said, he made. Of The Courier, anon ; and first of The Morning Post. He wrote nothing that I remember, and consequently nothing that is worth remembering in The Morning Post during the first six or eight months of his engage ment, except the paragraph on Lord Grenville's state paper already mentioned, and the Character of Pitt. I may add the poem of ' The Devil's Thoughts,' which I think came by post from Dorsetshire. I never knew two pieces of writing, so wholly discon nected with daily occurrences, produce so lively a
sensation. Several hundred sheets extra were sold by them, and the Paper was in demand for days and weeks afterwards. Mr. Gillman has republished in his volume the Character of Pitt ; and, as a masterly production, the perusal will delight any and every class of men. Coleridge promised a pair of portraits, Pitt and Bonaparte. He gave Pitt ; but to this day Bonaparte has not appeared.
I could not walk a hundred yards in the streets but I was stopped by in
quiries, 'when shall we have Bonaparte? ' One of the most eager of these inquirers, daily, was Dr. Moore (Zelucco) ; and, for ten or twelve years afterwards, whenever Coleridge required a favour from me, he promised Bonaparte, though then it would have been for The Courier, as I sold and finally left The Morning Post in August, 1803. I did not conceal who was the
author of the Character of Pitt ;
though it seems I refused to disclose who reported
I told it
everywhere,
meant
"paragraphs of seven or eight lines each,"
COLERIDGE AND STUART.
131
Pitt's speech, a much humbler effort of literary com position. "
Stuart does not hesitate to give various letters
Coleridge, in which various matters relative abruptly
from
to the poet's private affairs are somewhat
exhibited, the object being to show how difficult it was to get "copy" from him, and how impossible it
was that Mr. Stuart owed any obligation to Mr. Coleridge. On this point the public are to judge ; and perhaps the truth would be found to be, that Coleridge claims too much merit, whilst Stuart accords too little.
Stuart sold The Morning Post in 1803,
when it was
highest point it attained whilst in his hands, no other Paper at that time selling more than 3,000.
In one of Coleridge's letters to Stuart, we find the
enjoying a circulation of 4,500; the
name of another
The date of the epistle is believed to be about 1800, and it runs as follows :—
Dear Stuart,—I am very unwell; if you are pressed for the paragraph to-day, I will write but cannot come out. If will do as well to-morrow, so much the better, for in truth my head shockingly giddy. If you want matter, Lamb has got plenty of my great aunt's manuscript would advise you, by all means, to make an article in The Morning Post. Please send me the (the wafer defaces this).
Yours very sincerely,
T. Coleridge.
P. will send you by Lamb, this evening, three or four paragraphs of seven or eight lines each.
Charles Lamb has left us an account of what was
contributor to The Morning Post.
J
I
by
S. I
it
2 ;' I
S.
it
it,
is '
132 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
in his pleasant recollections of " Newspapers thirty-
five years ago :"—
" Dan Stuart once told us, that he did not remem
ber that he ever deliberately walked into the Exhibi tion at Somerset House in his life. He might occa sionally have escorted a party of ladies across the way that were going in ; but he never went in of his own head. Yet the office of the Morning Post Newspaper stood then just where it does now — we are carrying you back, reader, some thirty years or more—with its
front facing that emporium of our artist's grand Annual Exposure. We sometimes wish that we had observed the same abstinence with
Daniel.
"Aword or two of D. S. He ever appeared to us
one of the finest tempered of editors. Perry, of The Morning Chronicle, was equally pleasant, with a dash, no slight one either, of the courtier. S. was frank, plain, and English all over. We have worked for
both these gentlemen.
" It is soothing to contemplate the head of the
Ganges ; to trace the first little bubblings of a mighty
river—
With holy reverence to approach the rocks,
Whence glide the streams renowned in ancient song.
" Fired with a perusal of the Abyssinian Pilgrim's exploratory rambles after the cradle of the infant Nilus, we well remember on one fine summer holyday (a ' whole day's leave ' we called it at Christ's Hospi tal) sallying forth at rise of sun, not very well pro
visioned either for such an undertaking, to trace the current of the New River—Middletonian stream ! —to
gilt-globe-topt
THE MORNING POST — CHARLES LAMB. 133
its scaturient source, as we had read, in meadows by fair Amwell. Gallantly did we commence our solitary quest—for it was essential to the dignity of a Dis
covery, that no eye of schoolboy, save our own, should beam on the detection. By flowery spots, and verdant lanes skirting Hornsey, Hope trained us on in many a baffling turn ; endless, hopeless meanders, as it seemed ; or as if the jealous waters had dodged us, reluctant to have the humble spot of their nativity revealed ; till spent, and nigh famished, before set of the same sun, we sate down somewhere by Bowe's Farm, near Tottenham, with a tithe of our proposed labours only yet accomplished ; sorely convinced in spirit, that that Brucian enterprise was as yet too arduous for our young shoulders.
"Not more refreshing to the thirsty curiosity of the traveller is the tracing of some mighty waters up to their shallow fontlet, than it is to a pleased and candid reader to go back to the inexperienced essays, the first callow flights in authorship, of some established name in literature ; from the Gnat which preluded to the iEneid, to the Duck which Samuel Johnson trod"on.
In those days every Morning Paper, as an essen tial retainer to its establishment, kept an author, who was bound to furnish daily a quantum of witty para graphs. Sixpence a joke—and it was thought pretty high too—was Dan Stuart's settled remuneration in these cases. The chat of the day, scandal, but, above all, dress, furnished the material. The length of no paragraph was to exceed seven lines. Shorter they might be, but they must be poignant.
134 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
" A fashion of flesh, or rather pink-coloured hose for the ladies, luckily coming up at the juncture when we were on our probation for the place of Chief Jester to S. 's Paper, established our reputation in that line. We were pronounced a ' capital hand. ' 0 the conceits which we varied upon red in all its prismatic differences ! from the trite and obvious flower of Cytherea, to the flaming costume of the lady that has her sitting upon ' many waters. ' Then there was the collateral topic of ankles. What an occasion to a truly chaste writer, like ourself, of touching that nice brink, and yet never tumbling over of seemingly ever approximating something 'not quite proper;'
while, like skilful posture-master, balancing betwixt decorums and their opposites, he keeps the line, from which hair's breadth deviation destruction hover ing in the confines of light and darkness, or where
both seem either hazy uncertain delicacy Autolycus-like in the play, still putting off his ex pectant auditory with Whoop, do me no harm, good man But, above all, that conceit arrided us most at that time, and still tickles our midriff to remember, where, allusively to the flight of Astreea—ultima Cce- lestum terras reliquit—we pronounced—in reference to the stockings still — that "Modesty, taking her final leave of mortals, her last Blush was visible in
her ascent to the Heavens by the tract of the glow
ing instep. " This might be called the crowning con ceit; and was esteemed tolerable writing in those
days.
" But the fashion of jokes, with all other things,
passes away as did the transient mode which had so
;
' ! '
a
a
;' '
a
;
is
it,
;
a
THE MORNING POST CHARLES LAMB. 135
favoured us. The ankles of our fair friends in a few weeks began to reassume their whiteness, and left us scarce a leg to stand upon. Other female whims followed, but none methought so pregnant, so invita- tory of shrewd conceits, and more than single meanings.
" Somebody has said, that to swallow six cross-buns
daily, consecutively for a fortnight, would surfeit the stoutest digestion. But to have to furnish as many jokes daily, and that not for a fortnight, but for a
long twelvemonth, as we were constrained to do, was a little harder exaction. ' Man goeth forth to his work until the evening'—from a reasonable hour in the morning, we presume it was meant. Now, as our main occupation took us up from eight till five every day in the City, and as our evening hours, at that time of life, had generally to do with anything rather than business, it follows, that the only time we could spare for this manufactory ofjokes—our supplementary livelihood, that supplied us in every want beyond mere bread and cheese —was exactly that part of the day which (as we have heard of No Man's Land) may be fitly denominated No Man's Time ; that is, no time in which a man ought to be up and awake in. To speak more plainly, it is that time of an hour, or an hour and a half's duration, in which a man whose occasions call him up so preposterously, has to wait for his breakfast.
" 0 those headaches at dawn of day, when at five or half-past five in summer, and not much later in the dark seasons, we were compelled to rise, having been perhaps not above four hours in bed — (for we were not go-to -beds with the lamb, though we antici
136 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
pated the lark oft-times in her rising — we like a part
ing cup at midnight, as all young men did before these effeminate times, and to have our friends about us — we were not constellated under Aquarius, that watery sign, and therefore incapable of Bacchus, cold, washy, bloodless —we were none of your Basilian water-sponges, nor had taken our degrees at Mount Ague — we were right toping Capulets, jolly com panions, we and they). But to have to get up, as we said before, curtailed of half our fair sleep, fasting, with only a dim vista of refreshing bohea in the dis tance ; to be necessitated to rouse ourselves at the
detestible rap of an old hag of a domestic, who seemed to take a diabolical pleasure in her announce ment that it was ' time to rise ;' and whose chappy knuckles we have often yearned to amputate, and string them up at our chamber door, to be a terror to all such unseasonable rest-breakers in future.
" ' Facil' and sweet, as Virgil sings, had been the ' descending' of the over-night, balmy the first sinking of the heavy head upon the pillow ; but to get up, as he goes on to say,
—rovocare gradus, superasque evadere ad auras —
and to get up, moreover to make jokes with malice prepended — there was the ' labour,' there the ' work. '
" No Egyptian taskmaster ever devised a slavery like to that, our slavery. No fractious operants ever turned out for half the tyranny which this necessity exercised upon us. Half a dozen jests in a day
too), why, it seems nothing !
make twice the number every day in our lives as ji
(bating Sundays
We
process
THE MORNING POST — CHARLES LAMB. 137
matter of course, and claim no Sabbatical
But then they come into our head. But when the head has to go out to them — when the mountain must go to Mahomet —
" Reader, try it for once, only for one short twelve month.
" It was not every week that a fashion of pink
stockings came up ; but mostly, instead of it, some
rugged, untractable subject ; some topic impossible to be contorted into the risible ; some feature, upon which no smile could play ; some flint, from which no
of ingenuity could procure a scintillation. There they lay ; there your appointed tale of brick- making was set before you, which you must finish with or without straw, as it happened. The craving dragon — the Public — like him in Bel's temple — must be fed ; it expected its daily rations; and Daniel, and ourselves, to do us justice, did the best we could on this side bursting him.
" While we were ringing out coy sprightlinesses for The Post, and writhing under the toil of what is called ' easy writing,' Bob Allen, our quondam schoolfellow, was tapping his impracticable brains in a like service for The Oracle. Not that Robert troubled himself much about wit. If his paragraphs had a sprightly air about them, it was sufficient. He carried this non chalance so far at last, that a matter of intelligence, and that no very important one, was not seldom palmed upon his employers for a good jest; for example sake—' Walking yesterday morning casually down Snow Hill, who should we meet but Mr. Deputy Humphreys ! we rejoice to add, that the worthy De
exemptions.
138 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
puty appeared to enjoy a good state of health. We do not ever remember to have seen him look better. '
This gentleman so surprisingly met upon Snow Hill, from some peculiarities in gait or gesture, was a con stant butt for mirth to the small paragraph-mongers of the day ; and our friend thought that he might have his fling at him with the rest. We met A. in Holborn shortly after this extraordinary rencounter, which he told with tears of satisfaction in his eyes, and chuckling at the anticipated effects of its announce ment next day in the Paper. We did not quite com prehend where the wit of it lay at the time ; nor was it easy to be detected, when the thing came out ad vantaged by type and letter-press. He had better have met anything that morning than a Common Council Man. His services were shortly after dis pensed with, on the plea that his paragraphs of late had been deficient in point. The one in question, it must be owned, had an air, in the opening especially, proper to awaken curiosity ; and the sentiment, or moral, wears the aspect of humanity and good neigh bourly feeling. But somehow the conclusion was not judged altogether to answer to the magnificent pro mise of the premises. We traced our friend's pen afterwards in The True Briton, The Star, The Tra veller—from all which he was successively dismissed, the Proprietors having ' no further occasion for his services. ' Nothing was easier than to detect him. When wit failed, or topics ran low, there constantly appeared the following — " It is not generally known
that the three Blue Balls at the pawnbrokers' shops are the ancient arms of Lombardy. The Lombards
CHARLES LAMB S REMINISCENCES. 139
were the first money-brokers in Europe. " Bob has done more to set the public right on this important point of blazonry, than the whole College of Heralds.
" The appointment of a regular wit has long ceased to be a part of the economy of a Morning Paper. Editors find their own jokes, or do as well without them. Parson Este, and Topham, brought up the set custom of ' witty paragraphs' first in The
World. Boaden was a reigning paragraphist in his day, and succeeded poor Allen in The Oracle. But, as we said, the fashion of jokes passes away ; and it would be difficult to discover in the biographer of Mrs. Siddons, any traces of that vivacity and fancy
which charmed the whole town at the commencement of the present century. — Even the prelusive delicacies of the present writer the curt ' Astrsean allusion' —would be thought pedantic and out of date, in these days.
" From the office of The Morning Post (for we may as well exhaust our Newspaper Reminiscences at once) by change of property in the Paper, we were transferred, mortifying exchange ! to the office of The Albion Newspaper, late Rackstrow's Museum, in Fleet Street. What a transition—from a handsome apart ment, from rosewood desks, and silver inkstands, to an office — no office, but a den rather, but just re
deemed from the occupation of dead monsters, of which it seemed redolent —from the centre of loyalty and fashion, to a focus of vulgarity and sedition ! Here in murky closet, inadequate from its square con tents to the receipt of the two bodies of Editor and humble paragraph maker, together at one time, sat in
140 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
" F. , without a guinea in his pocket, and having left not many in the pockets of his friends whom he might command, had purchased (on tick doubtless) the whole and sole editorship, proprietorship, with all the rights and titles (such as they were worth) of the Albion, from one Lovell ; of whom we know nothing, save that he had stood in the pillory for a libel on the Prince of Wales. With this hopeless concern — for it had been sinking ever since its com mencement, and could now reckon upon not more
than a hundred subscribers —F. resolutely determined upon pulling down the Government in the first in stance, and making both our fortunes by way of
the discharge of his new editorial functions (the ' Bigod' of Elia) the redoubted John Fenwick.
For seven weeks and more did this in fatuated democrat go about borrowing seven-shilling pieces, and lesser coin, to meet the daily demands of the Stamp-office, which allowed no credit to publi cations of that side in politics. An outcast from politer bread, we attached our small talents to the forlorn fortunes of our friend. Our occupation now was to write treason.
corollary.
" Recollections of feelings —which were all that now remained from our first boyish heats kindled by the French Revolution, when, if we were misled, we erred in the company of some who are accounted very good men now — rather than any tendency at this time to republican doctrines —assisted us in assuming a style of writing, while the Paper lasted, consonant in no very under tone — to the right earnest fanaticism of F. Our cue was now to insinuate, rather than
THE MORNING POST. 141
recommend, possible abdications. Blocks, axes, White hall tribunals, were covered with flowers of so cunning a periphrasis—as Mr. Bayes says, never naming the
thing directly — that the keen eye of an Attorney General was insufficient to detect the lurking snake among them. There were times, indeed, when we sighed for our more gentleman-like occupation under Stuart. But with change of masters it is ever
of service. Already one paragraph, and another, as we learned afterwards from a gentleman at
the Treasury, had begun to be marked at that office, with a view of its being submitted at least to the attention of the proper Law Officers —when an un lucky, or rather lucky epigram from our pen, aimed at
s M h, who was on the eve of departing
for India to reap the fruits of his apostacy, as F. pro
nounced hardly worth particularizing,) hap
pening to offend the nice sense of Lord, or, as he then
delighted to be called, Citizen Stanhope, deprived F. at once of the last hopes of guinea from the last patron that had stuck by us; and breaking up our establishment, left us to the safe, but somewhat mor tifying, neglect of the Crown lawyers. It was about this time, or little earlier, that Dan Stuart made that curious confession to us, that he had never
change
Sir J
walked into an exhibition at Somerset House in his life. ' "
Amongst the minor literary labourers engaged on this Paper, was Mr. John Vint, who, for some time acted as sub-editor of The Morning Post, duty he had also fulfilled on The Courier. He subsequently
edited the Manchester Mercury, and finally settled
deliberately
a
'
a
(it is
a
it,
142 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
down as conductor of a Newspaper in the Isle of Man, where he died in 1814.
The parson Este spoken of by Charles Lamb, was the Rev. Charles Este, for many years one of the readers at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall. He was con nected with two or three Newspapers, and amongst them were The Morning Post and World. The latter he edited in conjunction with Captain Topham. Este published a work under the title of " My Life ;" and also a Journey through Flanders, Brabant, Ger many, and Switzerland.
Stuart tells us that he sold The Post in 1803, and since that time it appears to have had several proprie tors and editors, and to have become the represent ative of aristocratic politics. In the days of Mackintosh, and Coleridge, and Charles Lamb, it was a liberal opposition Paper, and as such was abused by Canning, who talks of
Couriers and Stars, seditious EveningPosts,
Ye morning Chronicles, and Morning Posts ; Whether you make the rights of man your theme, Your country libel, or your God blaspheme.
Byron was fond also of having a fling at Coleridge and The Morning Post, as every reader of his verses and his notes will remember. *
* See Don Juan, stanzas xcii. , xciii. , and ccv :—
" Or Coleridge long before his flighty pen
Let to The Morning Post its aristocracy.
When he and Southey, following the same path, Espoused two sisters (milliners at Bath).
One of The Morning Post contributors, Stott, is named in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
THE MORNING POST 143
In the New Monthly Magazine* we find a strange story told. John Taylor, who was connected with several Newspapers, and who was at one time editor of the Journal here spoken of, relates the anecdote as showing the method of silencing a Newspaper in the time of a late royal personage. It had been stated in a paragraph in The Morning Post, that a lady (Mrs. Fitzherbert) in great favour in high quarters, had demanded a peerage, and £6,000 a-year to suppress certain facts. " Permanently to silence such ill-timed paragraphs, Taylor was requested by a confidential
servant of the ' high personage' to inquire whether the person who farmed the Paper, and who was also part proprietor, would dispose of his share, and also of the term for which he was authorized to conduct it. " " The party in question," writes Taylor, " struck while the iron was hot, received a large sum for his share of the Paper, another for the time he was to hold a control over and an annuity for life. The Morning Post was purchased for the allotted period, and was vested with the editorship. "
Amongst the notable names connected with the Morning Post we find that of James Stephen, who was for time reporter on that Paper. Stephen was
native of the West Indies. He entered as student of Lincoln's Inn, but being in narrow circumstances, and having little practice, he acted as reporter to The Morning Post until he got an appointment in the
Admiralty Court of St. Christopher's. During his re sidence there he acquired handsome fortune. He was related by marriage to Mr. Wilberforce, and on his
New Monthly Magazine, Vol. LXXXIL, 19.
p.
I *a
a
a
a
a
it,
144 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
return to England obtained a seat in Parliament, which he held until he obtained legal advancement. Whilst in Parliament he was a strong supporter of the ministry, and his pen was frequently employed in their defence. * In 1816 he obtained the appointment of a mastership in Chancery, and that in opposition to a rule the Chancellor had laid down, to make no one master who had not been a barrister of that court. Stephen appeared to great advantage when it was proposed by the benchers of Lincoln's Inn to exclude from the bar all persons connected with Newspapers. When this question was being debated, Stephens can didly confessed that he had in his youth been glad of the assistance afforded to him by engagements on the public Journals.
Mr. Eugenius Eoche, the projector and editor of Literary Eecreations, a magazine to which Byron contributed in 1807, was subsequently one of the editors of The Morning Post ; and from the introduc tion to a volume of poems by Eoche, published after his death, we glean the following particulars of his Newspaper career : —
"In the beginning of the year 1809, Roche be came connected with a Newspaper called The Day, first as a parliamentary reporter, and subsequently as editor. His prospects were soon overcast. Politics ran high, and the disturbances which occurred in 1810, when Sir Francis Burdett was committed to the
Tower by order of the House of Commons, gave rise
* lie published " War in Disguise, 1806 ;" " The Dangers of the Country, 1807 ;" and " Speech in the House of Commons on the Overtures of the American Government, 1808. "
THE MORNING HERALD. 145
to angry comment in the Newspapers of that time. The soldiers, called out to restrain the turbulence of the populace, were said to have misconducted them selves, and some very severe animadversions on the subject appeared in The Day. These were prosecuted by the Government, and the editor, printer, and pub lisher, were severally convicted of libel, and sentenced each to a year's imprisonment, the two latter in New gate, the first in the King's Bench Prison. "
After suffering imprisonment for an article which it appears he never saw till it appeared in print, and losing much labour and money upon an unsuccessful Journal called The National Register, Roche obtained, in 1813, an engagement on The Morning Post, and shortly afterwards became one of its editors, retaining the post for fourteen years; when, in 1827, he left this Paper to take the editorship of The New Times, formerly The Day, and afterwards metamorphosed into The Morning Journal.
Mackworth Praed was for a time the editor of The Morning Post, but his early years of promise were closed by a premature death. He wanted the sturdy frame of his contemporary Macaulay, and fell prema turely under the weight of literary and political conflict.
The Morning Herald arose, as we have seen, in
consequence of a disagreement among the conductors of The Morning Post — the Rev. Mr. Bate seceding from that Paper, and starting an opposition Journal, under the title of " The Morning Herald and Daily
Advertiser;" No. 1 being dated Wednesday, Novem- vol. ir. K
146 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
ber 1, 1780. In the Paper of that date, the editor published the following address :—
Nov. 1, 1780. To the Public. — It can require but little apology for introducing a political publication to the world, that is meant to be conducted upon liberal principles. If The Morning Herald does not owe its general complexion to such principles, it cannot be entitled to public support. The editor natters himself it will appear early in the course of his arduous undertaking that he has been attentive to every arrangement from whence his readers
could derive information or entertainment. His power now being equal to the suppression of obscene trash and low invective, he trusts such articles will never stray from their natural channel to defile a single column of The Morning Herald ! To what ever system of politics he may individually be inclined, no prejudices arising from thence shall induce him to sacrifice at any time the sensible and dispassionate correspondence of either party. Never wishing to conceal a syllable of his own writing, he flatters himself that an open avowal of such, and holding himself accountable for it on every occasion, will prove all that can reasonably be required of him ;—yet, should any individual find himself really injured, either by the accidental
oversight of the printer, or the concealed arrow of an anony mous detractor—he trusts a temperate application for redress will never be made in vain !
Having thus candidly pledged himself to the world, he boldly lays The Morning Herald before them, convinced that a due observance of these declarations cannot fail to secure it the honourable and lasting patronage of the Public !
The new Paper gained considerable success, al though it had at first to encounter the difficulties that usually assail such undertakings. Bate, though a clergyman, entered on secular disputes, and his Paper felt the weight of more than one verdict. In 1781, when
THE MORNING HERALD. 147
the new Journal was barely a year old, it suffered in
company with several of its contemporaries who had
printed an offensive paragraph.
" I think I have already shown that with my purse I was liberal to Coleridge to excess. A circumstance has occurred to my mind, which still more conclu sively negatives Mr. Henry Coleridge's assertion, on his uncle's authority, that Coleridge raised The Morn ing Post in one year from a low number to 7,000. The last time Coleridge wrote for The Morning Post was in the autumn of 1802, and it was well known
that he wrote for and what was he wrote. re collect conversation at that time, with Mr. Perry of The Morning Chronicle, in the smoking-room of the House of Commons, in which Perry described Cole ridge's writings as poetry in prose. The Morning Herald and The Times, then leading Papers, were neglected, and The Morning Post by vigilance and activity rose rapidly. Advertisements flowed in beyond bounds. encouraged the small miscellaneous adver tisements in the front page, preferring them to any others, upon the rule that the more numerous the customers, the more independent and permanent the custom. Besides, numerous and various advertise ments interest numerous and various readers, looking out for employment, servants, sales, and purchases, &c, &c. Advertisements act and re-act. They attract readers, promote circulation, and circulation attracts advertisements. The Daily Advertiser, which sold to the public for twopence-halfpenny, after paying
a
I
a
it,
it
I
118 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
stamp-duty of three halfpence, never had more than half a column of News ; it never noticed Parliament, but it had the best Foreign Intelligence before the French Revolution. The Daily Advertiser lost by its publication, but it gained largely by its advertise ments, with which it was crammed full. Shares in it
I recollect my brother Peter saying, that on proposing to a tradesman to take shares in a new Paper, he was
sold by auction at twenty years' purchase.
answered with a sneer and a shake of the head—' Ah! none of you can touch the Daily. ' It was the Paper of business, filled with miscellaneous advertisements, conducted at little expense, very profitable, and taken in by all public-houses, coffee-houses, &c. , but by scarcely any private families. It fell in a day by the scheme of Grant, a printer, which made all publicans proprietors of a rival, the Morning Advertiser, the profits going to a publicans' benefit society; and they of course took in their own Paper ;—an example of the danger of dependance on any class. Soon after I joined The Morning Post, in the autumn of 1795, Christie, the auctioneer, left it on account of its low sale, and left a blank, a ruinous proclamation of decline. But in 1802, he came to me again, praying
for re-admission. At that time particular Newspapers were known to possess particular classes of advertise ments : — The Morning Post, horses and carriages ; The Public Ledger, shipping and sales of wholesale foreign merchandise ; The Morning Herald and Times, auctioneers ; The Morning Chronicle, books. All Papers had all sorts of advertisements, it is true, but some were more remarkable than others for a particu lar class ; and Mr. Perry, who aimed at making The
THE MORNING POST. 119
Morning Chronicle a very literary Paper, took pains to produce a striking display of book advertisements.
" This display had something more solid for its object than vanity. Sixty or seventy short advertise ments, filling three columns, by Longman, one day, by Cadell, &c, another —' Bless me, what an exten sive business they must have ! ' The auctioneers to this day stipulate to have all their advertisements inserted at once, that they may impress the public with great ideas of their extensive business. They will not have them dribbled out, a few at a time, as the days of sale approach. The Journals have of late years adopted the same rule with the same design.
They keep back advertisements, fill up with pamph lets, and other stuff unnecessary to a Newspaper, and then come out with a swarm of advertisements in a double sheet to astonish their readers, and strike them with high ideas of the extent of their circulation, which attracts so many advertisers. The meagre days
are forgotten ; the days of swarm are remembered. " Stuart goes on further to tell some of his personal
contests and troubles, and, in so doing, gossips about how"The Globe was established :—
The booksellers and others crowded to The Morning Post, when its circulation and character raised it above all its competitors. Each was desirous of having his cloud of advertisements inserted at once in the front page. I would not drive away the short miscellaneous advertisements by allowing space to be monopolized by any class. When a very long adver
tisement of a column or two came, I charged enor mously high, that it might be taken away without the parties being able to say it was refused admission. I
120 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
accommodated the booksellers as well I could with a few new and pressing advertisements at a time. That would not do ; they would have the cloud ; then, said I, there is no place for the cloud but the last page, where the auctioneers already enjoy that privilege. The booksellers were affronted, indignant. The last page ! To obtain the accommodation refused by The Morning Post, they set up a Morning Paper — The British Press ; and to oppose The Courier, an evening one—The Globe. Possessed of general influence among literary men, could there be a doubt of success ?
" As is common in such cases, they took from me my chief assistant, George Lane ; supposing that, hav ing got him, they got The Morning Post, and that I was nobody. Mr. Lane, as he owned, was indebted to me for all he knew of Newspapers. At first he was slow and feeble, but his language was always that of a scholar and a gentleman, rather tame, but free from anything low, scurrilous, or violent. After several years of instruction by me — I may say education — he had become a valuable parliamentary reporter, a judicious theatrical critic, a ready translator, and the best writer of jeux d? esprit— short paragraphs of three
or four lines—I ever had. With poetry and light pa ragraphs I endeavoured to make the Paper cheerfully
entertaining, not filled entirely with ferocious politics. One of Lane's paragraphs I well remember. Theatrical ladies and others were publishing their memoirs. Lane said they would not give a portrait, but a bust.
Legat, the eminent engraver, came to me in raptures and pointed out the merits of the paragraph during an hour's expressions of admiration. Lane had little knowledge of politics, and little turn for political writ-
everything.
THE MORNING POST. 121
ing; but he was a valuable assistant. He resided near the office, was ready and willing, at all hours, to go anywhere, and report anything, and he could do
Sometimes I even entrusted the last duties of the Paper, the putting it to press, to him ;
an important and hazardous office, in the discharge of which he was growing more and more into my con fidence. Of the corn riots in 1800, he and others gave long accounts in leaded large type, while The Times and Herald had only a few lines in obscure corners, in black. The procession proclaiming peace, the ascent of balloons, a great fire, a boxing match, a law trial — in all such occurrences The Morning Post outstripped its competitors, and its success was rapid. Lane was my chief assistant, and no wonder the booksellers thought they had got The Morning Post when they got Lane. But they never thought of Coleridge ! though he, as we are told, raised the Paper in one year from a low number to 7,000 daily ! and though it was well known he did write, and what he did write, as Perry's remarks to me in the House of Commons two months before Lane was taken away prove. Coleridge's last writings in The Morning Post appeared in the autumn of 1802 ; a few months after wards the booksellers set up a rival Journal, and took from me my chief assistant, but they never thought of Coleridge; no offer, or hint of a wish was made to him. "
Bearing in mind that Mackintosh was a regular contributor to The Morning Post, and a son-in-law of its proprietor, we may go on with our quotations from the amusing gossip of Mr. Stuart, without any fear
of being too much biassed against the poet.
122 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
"Mr. (afterwards Sir James) Mackintosh was on a visit at Cote House, Bristol, the residence of Mr. Wedgewood, passing the Christmas holidays in 1797.
A large party of the Wedgewoods and Allans was assembled, among whom were Coleridge and Mac kintosh. Coleridge was not a mere holiday visitor : he had been an inmate for some time, and had so riveted, by his discourse, the attention of the gentlemen, par ticularly of Mr. Thomas Wedgewood, an infirm bache lor; he had so prevented all general conversation, that several of the party wished him out of the house. I believe the Wedgewoods were at the same time very liberal to him with their purse : he was said to be— his family, at least — starving, and that he had no means of employment. Mackintosh wrote to me, soliciting for him an engagement to write for The Morning Post pieces of poetry, and such trifles. I agreed ; and settled him at a small salary. Mackin tosh, at the instance of some of the inmates, attacked
Coleridge on all subjects, politics, poetry, religion, ethics, &c. Mackintosh was by far the most dex terous disputer. Coleridge overwhelmed listeners in, as he said with reference to Madame de Stael, a monologue; but at sharp cut- and -thrust fencing, by a master like Mackintosh, he was speedily confused and subdued. He felt himself lowered in the eyes of the Wedgewoods : a salary, though small as it was, was provided for him ; and Mackintosh drove him out of the house —an offence which Coleridge never for gave. He sent to me three or four pieces of poetry, a Christmas carol, some lines on an unfortunate girl in the boxes of the theatre, and ' Fire, Famine, and
THE MORNING POST AND COLERIDGE. 123
slaughter. ' This last was much admired, particularly, I recollect, by Mr. Morthland, a Scotch advocate, a gentleman of the best class in all respects, who was cruelly used in Scotland for his connexion with a Whig journal, The Edinburgh Gazetteer. Among other poems, Coleridge sent one attacking Mackin tosh, too obviously for me not to understand and of course was not published. Mackintosh had had one of his front teeth broken, and the stump was black. The poem described hungry, pert Scotch man, with little learning but much brass, with black tooth in front, indicative of the blackness of his heart. Long afterwards, Coleridge told me how well Mack intosh maintained an argument about Locke, in these conflicts at Cote House but Coleridge detecting his mistakes, Mackintosh privately owned he had never read Locke.
" Coleridge did not send me much not even, as thought, to the value of his small salary. By letter written to him more than twenty years ago, calcu lated the whole, in eight months, at ten or twelve short pieces. But, conscious of the deficiency, Southey supplied most satisfactory quantity, for believe the small salary went to Mrs. Coleridge. In half year or thereabouts, Coleridge went to Germany and Southey continued on the small salary. At this time
do not think Wordsworth sent anything. Cole ridge always spoke of him with the highest admira tion, as one of the greatest men he had ever known. But, though Coleridge was driven out of Cote House,
appears, by recent publications, he kept up close intimacy with the Messrs. Wedgewood, particularly
it
I
a
; I
a;aIaa I
it,
;
a
it
124 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
-with Thomas, a kind, infirm man, who found much pleasure in Coleridge's society. They travelled about
the country together, and probably Mr. T. Wedge- wood was with Coleridge when he went to preach at Shrewsbury, in 1798 ; for Coleridge attended not at all to his engagement with me, but went about the country, as it now appears, on other pursuits. During this time I suppose it was, that Thomas Wedge wood settled upon him, by deed, £75 per annum, and that Josiah Wedgewood agreed to allow him the same sum, to enable him to go to Germany. Josiah paid this annuity till Sir James Mackintosh got Coleridge placed on the fund of the Royal Society of Literature at £100 per annum. It was represented to George the Fourth that it would be a becoming act of grace to give £1000 per annum to this society, to be dis tributed among literary men of merit who required pecuniary aid ; and, with a spirit becoming a king, he gave that sum annually out of his privy purse. When
William came to the throne, his allowances were so pared down, he could not continue this largess; and Coleridge, in his last days, was thrown into embarrass ment. Earl Grey offered him two years of the in
come, as the last payment, which Coleridge refused to
He wrote a beautiful letter to Lord Brougham, soliciting his good offices, without success : it should be published. Coleridge could not have had reason to expect that the Whigs would appoint him to any thing new ; but it was a hard-hearted act of severity to cut off the bread of such a man, which he had
enjoyed for years. There were one or two others on the list fully entitled by their literary services, who
accept.
THE MORNING POST AND COLERIDGE. 125
were also cut off and thrown into distress ; but most of those annuities of £100 had been settled on men less entitled either by their merits or poverty. And yet, by the returns to Parliament, the Whigs have settled annuities, double, treble the amount, on other
of science and literature. Who could have expected that Godwin would die in a place in the Exchequer ?
persons
" In September, 1798, Coleridge went to Germany, and returned about Christmas, 1799. He came to me, and offered to give up his whole time and services to The Morning Post. Whether he made any stipula tions about the politics or tone of the Paper, I cannot now say ; but it would be unnecessary for him to do so, as these were already to his mind, and it was not likely I would make great changes to please any one, or wholly give the conduct of the Paper out of my own power. I agreed to allow him my largest salary. I took a first floor for him in King Street, Covent
Garden, at my tailor's, Howell's, whose wife was a cheerful good housewife, of middle age, who I knew would nurse Coleridge as kindly as if he were her son ; and he owned he was comfortably taken care of. My practice was to call on him in the middle of the day, talk over the News, and project a leading paragraph for the next morning. In conversation he would make a brilliant display. This reminds me of a story he often told with glee :—At a dinner party, Sir Richard Phillips, the bookseller,
being present, Coleridge held forth with his usual splendour, when Sir Richard, who had been listening with delight, came
round behind his chair, and tapping him on the
126 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
shoulder, said, ' I wish I had you in a garret without a coat to your back. ' In something like this state I had Coleridge ; but though he would talk over
so well, I soon found he could not write daily on the occurrences of the day. "
everything
The next passage will call to mind many a scene witnessed by the Journalist, when clever people have offered to lend assistance in his labours. Coleridge could write books, but not a Newspaper.
" Having arranged with him the matter of a lead ing paragraph one day, I went about six o'clock for it ; I found him stretched on the sofa groaning with pain. He had not written a word ; nor could he write. The subject was one of a temporary, an important, and a
nature. I returned to The Morning Post office, wrote it out myself, and then I went to Coleridge, at Howell's, read it over, begged he would correct it, and decorate it a little with some of his graceful touches. When I had done reading, he exclaimed,
pressing
It is as well written as
I or
' Me correct that ?
other man could write it. ' And so I was obliged to content myself with my own works.
" I did not suppose Coleridge's illness to be of the permanently disabling kind which it proved years
I expected his health to be restored
afterwards to be ;
soon, and that I should have an ample supply, on paper, of the brilliant things he said in conversation. I did not complain, or in any way betray impatience or discontent. I took him to the gallery of the House of Commons, in hopes he would assist me in parliamentary reporting, and that a near view of men and things would bring up new topics in his mind.
any
COLERIDGE IN THE REPORTERS' GALLERY. 127
But he never could write a thing that was immediately required of him. The thought of compulsion dis armed him. I could name other able literary men in this unfortunate plight. The only occasions, I recol lect, on which this general rule was contradicted, were his observations, as a leading paragraph in The Morn
ing Post, on Lord Grenville's state paper, haughtily rejecting Bonaparte's overtures of peace in January 1800. I remember Coleridge's sneers at his Lordship's using the double phrase, ' the result of experience,
and the evidence of facts. '"
Stuart next takes up the assertions relative to
Coleridge's attempt to become a parliamentary re porter, and in so doing gives us a glimpse of the gallery in 1800 :—
" Mr. Gillman says, Coleridge went very early to the House of Commons, was much pressed in getting in, and obliged to remain so many hours before the debate began, that he was exhausted, fell asleep, and wrote a brilliant speech for Pitt mostly out of his own ima gination, he having heard it but by starts when his slumbers were broken. Iremember the occurrence per fectly, though I do not recollect all the circumstances. On considering the overtures for peace byBonaparte, in January 1800, Parliament had voted by large majorities to support a continuance of the war ; and some time after this, on the 1 7th of February, Mr. Pitt moved for half a million to be sent to Germany, to assist our different allies. In two separate speeches, he said, that
after the strong votes to support the war, he did not suppose there would be any opposition to this vote of money ; and hence, I think, there was no crowd at
128 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
the gallery, no early hour for seats, as no debate was expected. But Mr. Tierney rose and made a speech in opposition to the vote, to which Mr. Pitt made a powerful, a brilliant, a triumphant reply, quite unex pectedly. Coleridge, who was with me in the gallery, certainly reported a part, if not all of that speech, which was not a very long one. On one occasion, a short-hand writer reporting for me, enfeebled and lowered the style of the speaker, on which Coleridge said it was passing the speech through the ' flatting mills. ' If I doubt whether it was not on the occasion of this speech he said so, it is because, to have written the whole of it immediately, was an effort unlike Cole
ridge's habits. But that he did report all or part, I well remember. It was in that speech that Pitt called Bonaparte the Child and Champion of Jacob inism. Coleridge reported this the Child and Nurse ling of Jacobinism, and it was with difficulty I could prevail on him to adopt my reading. Again, Coleridge reported Pitt to have said, England had ' breasted the tide of Jacobinism. ' I recollect objecting that Pitt did not say so, but it passed as Coleridge wished. I knew the speech would be well reported next day in The True Briton by Mr. Clarke, now conductor of The London Gazette, and so it was. I have that speech, and the proceedings of the day, as reported in Debrett's Debates, now before me, and I think no one who reads the two will deny that Mr. Clarke's report
is not only the most faithful but the most splendid, and that the story of Mr. Canning's call at The Morn ing Post office, where the name of the reporter was refused to his inquiries, as if I wished to deprive
THE MORNING POST COLERIDGE. 129
Coleridge of the merit—the account of the great sen sation the report made in the town, and the demand for the Paper—the statement that Canning said, in the office, the report did more credit to the head than the
memory of the reporter —is altogether a romance ; though not of Mr. Gillman's* creation, I am sure. The two reports are so alike in substance, Mr. Can ning never could have said any such thing ; and, for my part, I never spoke to Mr. Canning till after I had left The Morning Post.
It could not be to establish a character for Cole ridge as an able parliamentary reporter that this fiction
* Mr. Gillman's version of the story is as follows : — " Coleridge was requested by the proprietor and editor to report a speech of Pitt's, which at this time was expected to be one of great eclat. Accordingly, early in the morning, off Coleridge set, carrying with him his supplies for the campaign. Those who are acquainted with the gallery of the House on a press night, when a man can scarcely find elbow room, will better understand how incompetent Coleridge was for such an undertaking. He, however, started by seven in the morning, but was exhausted long before night. Mr. Pitt, for the first quarter of an hour, spoke fluently, and in his usual manner, and sufficiently to give a notion of his best style ; this was followed by a repetition of words, and words only ; he appeared to ' talk against time,' as the phrase is.
Coleridge fell asleep, and listened occasionally only to the speeches that followed. On his return, the proprietor being anxious for the report, Coleridge informed him of the result, and finding his anxiety great, immediately volunteered a speech for Mr. Pitt, which he wrote off-hand, and which answered the purpose exceedingly well. The following day, and for days after publication, the proprietor received complimentary letters announcing the pleasure received at the report, and wishing to know who was the reporter. The secret was, however, kept, and the real author of the speech concealed ; but one day Mr. Canning, calling on business, made similar inquiries, and received the same answer. Canning replied, ' It does more credit to the author's head than to his memory. ' "—Life of Coleridge.
VOL. II. J
130 THE FOCRTH ESTATE.
has been put forth, but to strengthen his assertion that he wasted the prime and manhood of his intellect in writing for The Morning Post and Courier; the
fortunes of which Papers, it is said, he made. Of The Courier, anon ; and first of The Morning Post. He wrote nothing that I remember, and consequently nothing that is worth remembering in The Morning Post during the first six or eight months of his engage ment, except the paragraph on Lord Grenville's state paper already mentioned, and the Character of Pitt. I may add the poem of ' The Devil's Thoughts,' which I think came by post from Dorsetshire. I never knew two pieces of writing, so wholly discon nected with daily occurrences, produce so lively a
sensation. Several hundred sheets extra were sold by them, and the Paper was in demand for days and weeks afterwards. Mr. Gillman has republished in his volume the Character of Pitt ; and, as a masterly production, the perusal will delight any and every class of men. Coleridge promised a pair of portraits, Pitt and Bonaparte. He gave Pitt ; but to this day Bonaparte has not appeared.
I could not walk a hundred yards in the streets but I was stopped by in
quiries, 'when shall we have Bonaparte? ' One of the most eager of these inquirers, daily, was Dr. Moore (Zelucco) ; and, for ten or twelve years afterwards, whenever Coleridge required a favour from me, he promised Bonaparte, though then it would have been for The Courier, as I sold and finally left The Morning Post in August, 1803. I did not conceal who was the
author of the Character of Pitt ;
though it seems I refused to disclose who reported
I told it
everywhere,
meant
"paragraphs of seven or eight lines each,"
COLERIDGE AND STUART.
131
Pitt's speech, a much humbler effort of literary com position. "
Stuart does not hesitate to give various letters
Coleridge, in which various matters relative abruptly
from
to the poet's private affairs are somewhat
exhibited, the object being to show how difficult it was to get "copy" from him, and how impossible it
was that Mr. Stuart owed any obligation to Mr. Coleridge. On this point the public are to judge ; and perhaps the truth would be found to be, that Coleridge claims too much merit, whilst Stuart accords too little.
Stuart sold The Morning Post in 1803,
when it was
highest point it attained whilst in his hands, no other Paper at that time selling more than 3,000.
In one of Coleridge's letters to Stuart, we find the
enjoying a circulation of 4,500; the
name of another
The date of the epistle is believed to be about 1800, and it runs as follows :—
Dear Stuart,—I am very unwell; if you are pressed for the paragraph to-day, I will write but cannot come out. If will do as well to-morrow, so much the better, for in truth my head shockingly giddy. If you want matter, Lamb has got plenty of my great aunt's manuscript would advise you, by all means, to make an article in The Morning Post. Please send me the (the wafer defaces this).
Yours very sincerely,
T. Coleridge.
P. will send you by Lamb, this evening, three or four paragraphs of seven or eight lines each.
Charles Lamb has left us an account of what was
contributor to The Morning Post.
J
I
by
S. I
it
2 ;' I
S.
it
it,
is '
132 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
in his pleasant recollections of " Newspapers thirty-
five years ago :"—
" Dan Stuart once told us, that he did not remem
ber that he ever deliberately walked into the Exhibi tion at Somerset House in his life. He might occa sionally have escorted a party of ladies across the way that were going in ; but he never went in of his own head. Yet the office of the Morning Post Newspaper stood then just where it does now — we are carrying you back, reader, some thirty years or more—with its
front facing that emporium of our artist's grand Annual Exposure. We sometimes wish that we had observed the same abstinence with
Daniel.
"Aword or two of D. S. He ever appeared to us
one of the finest tempered of editors. Perry, of The Morning Chronicle, was equally pleasant, with a dash, no slight one either, of the courtier. S. was frank, plain, and English all over. We have worked for
both these gentlemen.
" It is soothing to contemplate the head of the
Ganges ; to trace the first little bubblings of a mighty
river—
With holy reverence to approach the rocks,
Whence glide the streams renowned in ancient song.
" Fired with a perusal of the Abyssinian Pilgrim's exploratory rambles after the cradle of the infant Nilus, we well remember on one fine summer holyday (a ' whole day's leave ' we called it at Christ's Hospi tal) sallying forth at rise of sun, not very well pro
visioned either for such an undertaking, to trace the current of the New River—Middletonian stream ! —to
gilt-globe-topt
THE MORNING POST — CHARLES LAMB. 133
its scaturient source, as we had read, in meadows by fair Amwell. Gallantly did we commence our solitary quest—for it was essential to the dignity of a Dis
covery, that no eye of schoolboy, save our own, should beam on the detection. By flowery spots, and verdant lanes skirting Hornsey, Hope trained us on in many a baffling turn ; endless, hopeless meanders, as it seemed ; or as if the jealous waters had dodged us, reluctant to have the humble spot of their nativity revealed ; till spent, and nigh famished, before set of the same sun, we sate down somewhere by Bowe's Farm, near Tottenham, with a tithe of our proposed labours only yet accomplished ; sorely convinced in spirit, that that Brucian enterprise was as yet too arduous for our young shoulders.
"Not more refreshing to the thirsty curiosity of the traveller is the tracing of some mighty waters up to their shallow fontlet, than it is to a pleased and candid reader to go back to the inexperienced essays, the first callow flights in authorship, of some established name in literature ; from the Gnat which preluded to the iEneid, to the Duck which Samuel Johnson trod"on.
In those days every Morning Paper, as an essen tial retainer to its establishment, kept an author, who was bound to furnish daily a quantum of witty para graphs. Sixpence a joke—and it was thought pretty high too—was Dan Stuart's settled remuneration in these cases. The chat of the day, scandal, but, above all, dress, furnished the material. The length of no paragraph was to exceed seven lines. Shorter they might be, but they must be poignant.
134 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
" A fashion of flesh, or rather pink-coloured hose for the ladies, luckily coming up at the juncture when we were on our probation for the place of Chief Jester to S. 's Paper, established our reputation in that line. We were pronounced a ' capital hand. ' 0 the conceits which we varied upon red in all its prismatic differences ! from the trite and obvious flower of Cytherea, to the flaming costume of the lady that has her sitting upon ' many waters. ' Then there was the collateral topic of ankles. What an occasion to a truly chaste writer, like ourself, of touching that nice brink, and yet never tumbling over of seemingly ever approximating something 'not quite proper;'
while, like skilful posture-master, balancing betwixt decorums and their opposites, he keeps the line, from which hair's breadth deviation destruction hover ing in the confines of light and darkness, or where
both seem either hazy uncertain delicacy Autolycus-like in the play, still putting off his ex pectant auditory with Whoop, do me no harm, good man But, above all, that conceit arrided us most at that time, and still tickles our midriff to remember, where, allusively to the flight of Astreea—ultima Cce- lestum terras reliquit—we pronounced—in reference to the stockings still — that "Modesty, taking her final leave of mortals, her last Blush was visible in
her ascent to the Heavens by the tract of the glow
ing instep. " This might be called the crowning con ceit; and was esteemed tolerable writing in those
days.
" But the fashion of jokes, with all other things,
passes away as did the transient mode which had so
;
' ! '
a
a
;' '
a
;
is
it,
;
a
THE MORNING POST CHARLES LAMB. 135
favoured us. The ankles of our fair friends in a few weeks began to reassume their whiteness, and left us scarce a leg to stand upon. Other female whims followed, but none methought so pregnant, so invita- tory of shrewd conceits, and more than single meanings.
" Somebody has said, that to swallow six cross-buns
daily, consecutively for a fortnight, would surfeit the stoutest digestion. But to have to furnish as many jokes daily, and that not for a fortnight, but for a
long twelvemonth, as we were constrained to do, was a little harder exaction. ' Man goeth forth to his work until the evening'—from a reasonable hour in the morning, we presume it was meant. Now, as our main occupation took us up from eight till five every day in the City, and as our evening hours, at that time of life, had generally to do with anything rather than business, it follows, that the only time we could spare for this manufactory ofjokes—our supplementary livelihood, that supplied us in every want beyond mere bread and cheese —was exactly that part of the day which (as we have heard of No Man's Land) may be fitly denominated No Man's Time ; that is, no time in which a man ought to be up and awake in. To speak more plainly, it is that time of an hour, or an hour and a half's duration, in which a man whose occasions call him up so preposterously, has to wait for his breakfast.
" 0 those headaches at dawn of day, when at five or half-past five in summer, and not much later in the dark seasons, we were compelled to rise, having been perhaps not above four hours in bed — (for we were not go-to -beds with the lamb, though we antici
136 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
pated the lark oft-times in her rising — we like a part
ing cup at midnight, as all young men did before these effeminate times, and to have our friends about us — we were not constellated under Aquarius, that watery sign, and therefore incapable of Bacchus, cold, washy, bloodless —we were none of your Basilian water-sponges, nor had taken our degrees at Mount Ague — we were right toping Capulets, jolly com panions, we and they). But to have to get up, as we said before, curtailed of half our fair sleep, fasting, with only a dim vista of refreshing bohea in the dis tance ; to be necessitated to rouse ourselves at the
detestible rap of an old hag of a domestic, who seemed to take a diabolical pleasure in her announce ment that it was ' time to rise ;' and whose chappy knuckles we have often yearned to amputate, and string them up at our chamber door, to be a terror to all such unseasonable rest-breakers in future.
" ' Facil' and sweet, as Virgil sings, had been the ' descending' of the over-night, balmy the first sinking of the heavy head upon the pillow ; but to get up, as he goes on to say,
—rovocare gradus, superasque evadere ad auras —
and to get up, moreover to make jokes with malice prepended — there was the ' labour,' there the ' work. '
" No Egyptian taskmaster ever devised a slavery like to that, our slavery. No fractious operants ever turned out for half the tyranny which this necessity exercised upon us. Half a dozen jests in a day
too), why, it seems nothing !
make twice the number every day in our lives as ji
(bating Sundays
We
process
THE MORNING POST — CHARLES LAMB. 137
matter of course, and claim no Sabbatical
But then they come into our head. But when the head has to go out to them — when the mountain must go to Mahomet —
" Reader, try it for once, only for one short twelve month.
" It was not every week that a fashion of pink
stockings came up ; but mostly, instead of it, some
rugged, untractable subject ; some topic impossible to be contorted into the risible ; some feature, upon which no smile could play ; some flint, from which no
of ingenuity could procure a scintillation. There they lay ; there your appointed tale of brick- making was set before you, which you must finish with or without straw, as it happened. The craving dragon — the Public — like him in Bel's temple — must be fed ; it expected its daily rations; and Daniel, and ourselves, to do us justice, did the best we could on this side bursting him.
" While we were ringing out coy sprightlinesses for The Post, and writhing under the toil of what is called ' easy writing,' Bob Allen, our quondam schoolfellow, was tapping his impracticable brains in a like service for The Oracle. Not that Robert troubled himself much about wit. If his paragraphs had a sprightly air about them, it was sufficient. He carried this non chalance so far at last, that a matter of intelligence, and that no very important one, was not seldom palmed upon his employers for a good jest; for example sake—' Walking yesterday morning casually down Snow Hill, who should we meet but Mr. Deputy Humphreys ! we rejoice to add, that the worthy De
exemptions.
138 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
puty appeared to enjoy a good state of health. We do not ever remember to have seen him look better. '
This gentleman so surprisingly met upon Snow Hill, from some peculiarities in gait or gesture, was a con stant butt for mirth to the small paragraph-mongers of the day ; and our friend thought that he might have his fling at him with the rest. We met A. in Holborn shortly after this extraordinary rencounter, which he told with tears of satisfaction in his eyes, and chuckling at the anticipated effects of its announce ment next day in the Paper. We did not quite com prehend where the wit of it lay at the time ; nor was it easy to be detected, when the thing came out ad vantaged by type and letter-press. He had better have met anything that morning than a Common Council Man. His services were shortly after dis pensed with, on the plea that his paragraphs of late had been deficient in point. The one in question, it must be owned, had an air, in the opening especially, proper to awaken curiosity ; and the sentiment, or moral, wears the aspect of humanity and good neigh bourly feeling. But somehow the conclusion was not judged altogether to answer to the magnificent pro mise of the premises. We traced our friend's pen afterwards in The True Briton, The Star, The Tra veller—from all which he was successively dismissed, the Proprietors having ' no further occasion for his services. ' Nothing was easier than to detect him. When wit failed, or topics ran low, there constantly appeared the following — " It is not generally known
that the three Blue Balls at the pawnbrokers' shops are the ancient arms of Lombardy. The Lombards
CHARLES LAMB S REMINISCENCES. 139
were the first money-brokers in Europe. " Bob has done more to set the public right on this important point of blazonry, than the whole College of Heralds.
" The appointment of a regular wit has long ceased to be a part of the economy of a Morning Paper. Editors find their own jokes, or do as well without them. Parson Este, and Topham, brought up the set custom of ' witty paragraphs' first in The
World. Boaden was a reigning paragraphist in his day, and succeeded poor Allen in The Oracle. But, as we said, the fashion of jokes passes away ; and it would be difficult to discover in the biographer of Mrs. Siddons, any traces of that vivacity and fancy
which charmed the whole town at the commencement of the present century. — Even the prelusive delicacies of the present writer the curt ' Astrsean allusion' —would be thought pedantic and out of date, in these days.
" From the office of The Morning Post (for we may as well exhaust our Newspaper Reminiscences at once) by change of property in the Paper, we were transferred, mortifying exchange ! to the office of The Albion Newspaper, late Rackstrow's Museum, in Fleet Street. What a transition—from a handsome apart ment, from rosewood desks, and silver inkstands, to an office — no office, but a den rather, but just re
deemed from the occupation of dead monsters, of which it seemed redolent —from the centre of loyalty and fashion, to a focus of vulgarity and sedition ! Here in murky closet, inadequate from its square con tents to the receipt of the two bodies of Editor and humble paragraph maker, together at one time, sat in
140 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
" F. , without a guinea in his pocket, and having left not many in the pockets of his friends whom he might command, had purchased (on tick doubtless) the whole and sole editorship, proprietorship, with all the rights and titles (such as they were worth) of the Albion, from one Lovell ; of whom we know nothing, save that he had stood in the pillory for a libel on the Prince of Wales. With this hopeless concern — for it had been sinking ever since its com mencement, and could now reckon upon not more
than a hundred subscribers —F. resolutely determined upon pulling down the Government in the first in stance, and making both our fortunes by way of
the discharge of his new editorial functions (the ' Bigod' of Elia) the redoubted John Fenwick.
For seven weeks and more did this in fatuated democrat go about borrowing seven-shilling pieces, and lesser coin, to meet the daily demands of the Stamp-office, which allowed no credit to publi cations of that side in politics. An outcast from politer bread, we attached our small talents to the forlorn fortunes of our friend. Our occupation now was to write treason.
corollary.
" Recollections of feelings —which were all that now remained from our first boyish heats kindled by the French Revolution, when, if we were misled, we erred in the company of some who are accounted very good men now — rather than any tendency at this time to republican doctrines —assisted us in assuming a style of writing, while the Paper lasted, consonant in no very under tone — to the right earnest fanaticism of F. Our cue was now to insinuate, rather than
THE MORNING POST. 141
recommend, possible abdications. Blocks, axes, White hall tribunals, were covered with flowers of so cunning a periphrasis—as Mr. Bayes says, never naming the
thing directly — that the keen eye of an Attorney General was insufficient to detect the lurking snake among them. There were times, indeed, when we sighed for our more gentleman-like occupation under Stuart. But with change of masters it is ever
of service. Already one paragraph, and another, as we learned afterwards from a gentleman at
the Treasury, had begun to be marked at that office, with a view of its being submitted at least to the attention of the proper Law Officers —when an un lucky, or rather lucky epigram from our pen, aimed at
s M h, who was on the eve of departing
for India to reap the fruits of his apostacy, as F. pro
nounced hardly worth particularizing,) hap
pening to offend the nice sense of Lord, or, as he then
delighted to be called, Citizen Stanhope, deprived F. at once of the last hopes of guinea from the last patron that had stuck by us; and breaking up our establishment, left us to the safe, but somewhat mor tifying, neglect of the Crown lawyers. It was about this time, or little earlier, that Dan Stuart made that curious confession to us, that he had never
change
Sir J
walked into an exhibition at Somerset House in his life. ' "
Amongst the minor literary labourers engaged on this Paper, was Mr. John Vint, who, for some time acted as sub-editor of The Morning Post, duty he had also fulfilled on The Courier. He subsequently
edited the Manchester Mercury, and finally settled
deliberately
a
'
a
(it is
a
it,
142 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
down as conductor of a Newspaper in the Isle of Man, where he died in 1814.
The parson Este spoken of by Charles Lamb, was the Rev. Charles Este, for many years one of the readers at the Chapel Royal, Whitehall. He was con nected with two or three Newspapers, and amongst them were The Morning Post and World. The latter he edited in conjunction with Captain Topham. Este published a work under the title of " My Life ;" and also a Journey through Flanders, Brabant, Ger many, and Switzerland.
Stuart tells us that he sold The Post in 1803, and since that time it appears to have had several proprie tors and editors, and to have become the represent ative of aristocratic politics. In the days of Mackintosh, and Coleridge, and Charles Lamb, it was a liberal opposition Paper, and as such was abused by Canning, who talks of
Couriers and Stars, seditious EveningPosts,
Ye morning Chronicles, and Morning Posts ; Whether you make the rights of man your theme, Your country libel, or your God blaspheme.
Byron was fond also of having a fling at Coleridge and The Morning Post, as every reader of his verses and his notes will remember. *
* See Don Juan, stanzas xcii. , xciii. , and ccv :—
" Or Coleridge long before his flighty pen
Let to The Morning Post its aristocracy.
When he and Southey, following the same path, Espoused two sisters (milliners at Bath).
One of The Morning Post contributors, Stott, is named in English Bards and Scotch Reviewers.
THE MORNING POST 143
In the New Monthly Magazine* we find a strange story told. John Taylor, who was connected with several Newspapers, and who was at one time editor of the Journal here spoken of, relates the anecdote as showing the method of silencing a Newspaper in the time of a late royal personage. It had been stated in a paragraph in The Morning Post, that a lady (Mrs. Fitzherbert) in great favour in high quarters, had demanded a peerage, and £6,000 a-year to suppress certain facts. " Permanently to silence such ill-timed paragraphs, Taylor was requested by a confidential
servant of the ' high personage' to inquire whether the person who farmed the Paper, and who was also part proprietor, would dispose of his share, and also of the term for which he was authorized to conduct it. " " The party in question," writes Taylor, " struck while the iron was hot, received a large sum for his share of the Paper, another for the time he was to hold a control over and an annuity for life. The Morning Post was purchased for the allotted period, and was vested with the editorship. "
Amongst the notable names connected with the Morning Post we find that of James Stephen, who was for time reporter on that Paper. Stephen was
native of the West Indies. He entered as student of Lincoln's Inn, but being in narrow circumstances, and having little practice, he acted as reporter to The Morning Post until he got an appointment in the
Admiralty Court of St. Christopher's. During his re sidence there he acquired handsome fortune. He was related by marriage to Mr. Wilberforce, and on his
New Monthly Magazine, Vol. LXXXIL, 19.
p.
I *a
a
a
a
a
it,
144 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
return to England obtained a seat in Parliament, which he held until he obtained legal advancement. Whilst in Parliament he was a strong supporter of the ministry, and his pen was frequently employed in their defence. * In 1816 he obtained the appointment of a mastership in Chancery, and that in opposition to a rule the Chancellor had laid down, to make no one master who had not been a barrister of that court. Stephen appeared to great advantage when it was proposed by the benchers of Lincoln's Inn to exclude from the bar all persons connected with Newspapers. When this question was being debated, Stephens can didly confessed that he had in his youth been glad of the assistance afforded to him by engagements on the public Journals.
Mr. Eugenius Eoche, the projector and editor of Literary Eecreations, a magazine to which Byron contributed in 1807, was subsequently one of the editors of The Morning Post ; and from the introduc tion to a volume of poems by Eoche, published after his death, we glean the following particulars of his Newspaper career : —
"In the beginning of the year 1809, Roche be came connected with a Newspaper called The Day, first as a parliamentary reporter, and subsequently as editor. His prospects were soon overcast. Politics ran high, and the disturbances which occurred in 1810, when Sir Francis Burdett was committed to the
Tower by order of the House of Commons, gave rise
* lie published " War in Disguise, 1806 ;" " The Dangers of the Country, 1807 ;" and " Speech in the House of Commons on the Overtures of the American Government, 1808. "
THE MORNING HERALD. 145
to angry comment in the Newspapers of that time. The soldiers, called out to restrain the turbulence of the populace, were said to have misconducted them selves, and some very severe animadversions on the subject appeared in The Day. These were prosecuted by the Government, and the editor, printer, and pub lisher, were severally convicted of libel, and sentenced each to a year's imprisonment, the two latter in New gate, the first in the King's Bench Prison. "
After suffering imprisonment for an article which it appears he never saw till it appeared in print, and losing much labour and money upon an unsuccessful Journal called The National Register, Roche obtained, in 1813, an engagement on The Morning Post, and shortly afterwards became one of its editors, retaining the post for fourteen years; when, in 1827, he left this Paper to take the editorship of The New Times, formerly The Day, and afterwards metamorphosed into The Morning Journal.
Mackworth Praed was for a time the editor of The Morning Post, but his early years of promise were closed by a premature death. He wanted the sturdy frame of his contemporary Macaulay, and fell prema turely under the weight of literary and political conflict.
The Morning Herald arose, as we have seen, in
consequence of a disagreement among the conductors of The Morning Post — the Rev. Mr. Bate seceding from that Paper, and starting an opposition Journal, under the title of " The Morning Herald and Daily
Advertiser;" No. 1 being dated Wednesday, Novem- vol. ir. K
146 THE FOURTH ESTATE.
ber 1, 1780. In the Paper of that date, the editor published the following address :—
Nov. 1, 1780. To the Public. — It can require but little apology for introducing a political publication to the world, that is meant to be conducted upon liberal principles. If The Morning Herald does not owe its general complexion to such principles, it cannot be entitled to public support. The editor natters himself it will appear early in the course of his arduous undertaking that he has been attentive to every arrangement from whence his readers
could derive information or entertainment. His power now being equal to the suppression of obscene trash and low invective, he trusts such articles will never stray from their natural channel to defile a single column of The Morning Herald ! To what ever system of politics he may individually be inclined, no prejudices arising from thence shall induce him to sacrifice at any time the sensible and dispassionate correspondence of either party. Never wishing to conceal a syllable of his own writing, he flatters himself that an open avowal of such, and holding himself accountable for it on every occasion, will prove all that can reasonably be required of him ;—yet, should any individual find himself really injured, either by the accidental
oversight of the printer, or the concealed arrow of an anony mous detractor—he trusts a temperate application for redress will never be made in vain !
Having thus candidly pledged himself to the world, he boldly lays The Morning Herald before them, convinced that a due observance of these declarations cannot fail to secure it the honourable and lasting patronage of the Public !
The new Paper gained considerable success, al though it had at first to encounter the difficulties that usually assail such undertakings. Bate, though a clergyman, entered on secular disputes, and his Paper felt the weight of more than one verdict. In 1781, when
THE MORNING HERALD. 147
the new Journal was barely a year old, it suffered in
company with several of its contemporaries who had
printed an offensive paragraph.
