In 1938 she opened the Guggenheim Jeune gallery in London, exhibiting
surrealist
and other contemporary art.
Samuel Beckett
In 1962, SB agreed to contribute to an "Hommage a Sylvia Beach " in Mercure de France (August-September 1963), but he later wrote to Maurice Saillet: "Les mots ne sont plus tenables - et avec �a elle m'echappe completement" (Words elude me - and with that she disappears from me altogether).
2
Jean Beaufret (1907-1982), called Bowsprit by SB and McGreevy, was a student of Philosophy at the Ecole Normale Superieure when SB met him in 1930; Beaufret continued his studies on Fichte, Hegel, Marx, and Heidegger in Germany. From a letter sent by Beaufret, SB made note of his "beautiful phrase: 'le diamant du pessimisme. "'3 Following his 1933 agregation, Beaufret taught at the Lycee de Montlu�on; later he taught in the khagne, the preparatory class for the entrance examination of the ENS, at the Lycee Louis-le-Grand in Paris. He engaged Heidegger in dialogue about French existentialism and Greek philosophy, publishing Dialogue avec Heidegger (in four volumes, 1974-1985) and other studies. In 1982 Beaufret was made Professeur honoraire de philosophie en premiere superieure at the Lycee Condorcet in Paris.
1 Alister Kershaw and Frederic-Jacques Temple, eds. , Richard Aldington: An Intimate Portrait (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1965) 3.
2 Samuel Beckett to Maurice Saillet, 2 May 1963, TxU Saillet.
3 Samuel Beckett to Thomas McGreevy, 11 March 1931, TCD, MS 10402/18.
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Frank Edward Beckett (1902-1954), elder brother of SB, was educated at Portora Royal School in Northern Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, where he studied Engineering. He worked with his father's firm, Beckett and Medcalf, before joining the Indian Civil Service (1927-1930). SB and Frank traveled together in France during the sum mer of 1931, and later in the 1930s SB accompanied Frank on business travels to the west and south of Ireland. Following the death of their father in 1933, Frank managed Beckett and Medcalf. He married Jean Violet Wright in 1937, and the couple settled in their home, Shottery, overlooking Killiney Bay, where his children Caroline (b. 1938) and Edward (b. 1943) were raised. SB spent several months there with Frank and his family prior to Frank's death in September 1954.
Maria Jones Beckett (nee Roe, known as May, 1871-1950), SB's mother, was raised near Leixlip, Co. Kildare, and educated at the Moravian Mission School in Ballymena. At the age of fifteen, following the death of her father, Samuel Robinson Roe, she became a nurse. She met William Beckett when he was a patient at the Adelaide Hospital in Dublin. They married in 1901 and lived in Cooldrinagh, the home that William Beckett had built in Foxrock, Co. Dublin, where their two sons were born. After their mother's death in 1913, the three children of her brother Edward Roe (Molly, Sheila, and Jack) lived with the Beckett family during their school holidays. A devout Protestant, May regularly attended Tullow Parish Church.
After May Beckett's sudden widowhood in 1933, SB made efforts to accommodate her grieving, including her desire to move house. She paid for SB's psychotherapy with W. R. Bion in London. They traveled together on holiday in England in 1935. SB's definitive break from his mother came in late 1937 and, with it, his move to Paris. When SB was stabbed in January 1938, May, Frank, and Jean Beckett flew to Paris to be with him. From that time, SB traveled to Dublin to visit her for several weeks a year, with the exception of the War years, until her death. SB began Molloy in his mother's room in New Place, a bungalow she had had built near Cooldrinagh in Foxrock. SB was with her in Dublin when she died from complications of Parkinson's disease in 1950.
Suzanne Georgette Anna Deschevaux-Dumesnil Beckett (1900- 1989) was born in Troyes (Aube). She studied music at the Ecole Normale
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Profiles
de Musique in Paris. She first met SB at a tennis party in Paris in the
mid-1930s. When he was recovering from the knife attack ofJanuary
1938, she visited him in the hospital. In April 1939 SB wrote to
4
After the War, Suzanne Deschevaux-Dumesnil did the rounds of Paris publishers with SB's manuscripts. When finally Les Editions de Minuit took on SB's work, she managed some of his business corre spondence with them, as well as attending on his behalf premieres in France and abroad when, as was nearly always the case, he was reluctant to go. SB appreciated her efforts on behalfofhis work. 5
Protective of SB's need for the privacy, rest, and isolation that would allow him to write with the least possible interruption, she arranged retreats from Paris: a period in the Forest of Dreux, near Abondant (Eure-et-Loir), a rental cottage in the Val de Marne, and finally their own cottage in Ussy-sur-Marne (Seine-et-Mame). In later years, she also arranged their holidays in Austria, Italy, Portugal, and Morocco. They married privately in Folkestone, England, on 25 March 1961. Mirroring SB's reaction to the announcement that Beckett had been awarded the Nobel Prize in 1969, she said that it was a "catastrophe. "6
SB and Suzanne shared enjoyment of music and writing, but differed in their social activities. Whereas SB enjoyed the camaraderie oflate evenings with friends and solitary walks after midnight, his wife preferred more regular hours and attended concerts and theatre with her friends. They arranged their Paris apartment with separate en trances that allowed them both independence. Suzanne Beckett died in July 1989, Beckett died the following December.
William Beckett (1871-1933), SB's father, was born to William Frank and Frances Crothers Beckett. He left school at fifteen and worked for
4 SB to Thomas McGreevy, 18 April 1939, TCD, MS 10402/168.
5 Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 340. 6 Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 505.
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McGreevythattherewasaFrenchgirlofwhomhewasfond. SBand Suzanne Deschevaux-Dumesnil became companions, and when the Occupation began, in June 1940, they left Paris together for Toulouse, and, later, Arcachon. When they returned to Paris that autumn, SB became involved in Resistance activities. After his reseau was discov ered in August 1942, they made their way to Unoccupied France, and remained in Roussillon throughout the Occupation.
Profiles
his father's successful building company in Dublin, later becoming a quantity surveyor. His firm was Beckett and Medcalf. He met Maria Jones Roe when he was a patient at the hospital where she was a nurse; they married in 1901. In 1902, in the Dublin suburb ofFoxrock the family home, Cooldrinagh, was built; thereFrank and SB were born. Affable, athletic, with a sharp sense of humor, William Beckett enjoyed reading mystery stories, playing golf, and taking long walks in the countryside (often with SB). 7 He asked Joseph Hone if SB had talent as a writer; the answer was affirmative. Although he advised SB to try for a job with the Guinness brewery, William Beckett did not waver in sup port of his younger son as he traveled his path as a writer.
Wilfred Ruprecht Bion (1897-1979) was SB's psychotherapist in London from 1934 through 1935. Bion graduated from Oxford in History (1921), then studied French Language and Literature at the University of Poitiers (1921-1922). After teaching History and Literature for several years, he studied Medicine at University College London, qualifying as a medical doctor and surgeon in 1930; his inter ests then turned to Psychiatric Medicine. In 1932 he joined the staff of the Tavistock Clinic, where he was a trainee therapist, "analytically trained" by Dr. J. A. Hadfield. Geoffrey Thompson recommended that SB consult Bion for treatment of his anxiety. Already interested in psychoanalysis, SB read widely in the field during this time; at Bion's invitation, he attended a lecture by Carl Gustav Jung in October 1935. After the War, Bion resumed his work at the Tavistock Clinic until 1948; his later professional publications focused on the psychodynamics of groups, the nature of psychosis, epistemology, and aesthetics.
Jacob Bronowski (1908-1974), Polish-born mathematician, man of letters, and poet, edited the literary magazine Experiment with William Empson while a student at Cambridge University; in this capacity he met George Reavey. For The European Caravan, the poetry anthology edited by Samuel Putnam and others, Bronowski edited the Irish and English sections and became acquainted with SB. Bronowski dedicated his professional life to scientific inquiry, and in particular to making science accessible, as in his The Common Sense ofScience (1951) and Science
7 Samuel Beckett to Thomas McGreevy, 2 July 1933, TCD. MS 10402/52.
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and Human Values (1956). He also wrote on literature, publishing The Defence ofPoetry in 1939 and William Blake, A Man Without a Mask in 1944. Bronowski later became widely known for his work on BBC radio and television, especially for the television series The Ascent ofMan (1973).
Austin Clarke (ne Augustine Joseph Clarke, 1896-1974), Irish poet, dramatist, and novelist, studied at University College Dublin, worked as a reviewer in London, and published several volumes of poetry. His first novel, The Bright Temptation (1932), was banned in Ireland for twenty-two years. Writing under the pseudonym of Andrew Belis, SB reviewed Clarke's Pilgrimage and Other Poems (1929) in "Recent Irish Poetry" (The Bookman, 1934), grouping Clarke with the "antiquarians" or "Celtic twilighters" whom he compared unfavorably with a younger, less insular generation of poets. Clarke also appears in an unflattering light as Austin Ticklepenny in SB's Murphy. Clarke was a charter mem ber of the Irish Academy of Letters in 1932. An author of verse drama, Clarke co-founded the Dublin Verse-Speaking Society (1941) and its theatrical counterpart, the Lyric Theatre Company (1944). From 1942 to 1955 he was a broadcaster for Radio Eireann.
Brian Coffey (1905-1995), Irish poet, critic, translator, and teacher, studied Classics as an undergraduate and earned a Master's degree in Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics (1930) at University College Dublin, where his father Denis Coffey was a professor of Medicine and the University's first President (1908-1940). Coffey pursued postgradu ate studies in Paris in Physical Chemistry under Nobel laureate Jean-Baptiste Perrin (1933) and then attended the Institut Catholique de Paris (1934) to study Philosophy with Jacques Maritain; after an interval in London, he returned to Paris in 1937 as an exchange student, to write his doctoral thesis on the idea of order in the work of Thomas Aquinas. Coffey met Denis Devlin when they were both undergraduates at University College Dublin; they published their work jointly as Poems (1930). SB met Coffey and Devlin through Thomas McGreevy in Dublin during the summer of 1934; under the pseudonym Andrew Belis, SB's essay "Recent Irish Poetry" (The Bookman, 1934) mentioned them as being among the best young poets in Ireland. Coffey encouraged SB to read Geulincx for a possible monograph in a Philosophy series he envisioned. Coffey's collection of poems Third Person (1938) was
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published by the Europa Poets series, which included collections by SB, George Reavey, and Denis Devlin. Coffey taught in England for several years; he received his doctorate in 1947, taught Philosophy at St. Louis University in Missouri, and returned to England in 1952. Coffey pub lished his Missouri Sequence (1962), edited The Complete Poems of Denis Devlin in a special issue of University Review (3. 5 [1963]; reissued with additions as Collected Poems, 1964), and Devlin's Heavenly Foreigner (1967). Coffey founded Advent Press in 1966 to publish books ofpoetry as well as a poetry series that featured younger writers. Coffey's later collec tions were Monster: A Concrete Poem (1966), The Big Laugh (1976), Death of Hektor (1979), Chanterelles: Short Poems 1971-1983 (1985), Advent (1986), and translations ofMallarme. Coffey and SB corresponded often in the later years; SB appreciated his writing and his efforts to make Devlin's poetry available.
Nuala Costello (1907-1984), the daughter ofThomas Costello, Tuam physician and amateur folklorist, and Evelyn Costello (nee Drury), who was active in the Irish Language Movement, a judge for Sinn Fein courts during the War oflndependence, and Senator in Seanad Eireann. Nuala Costello studied French and History at University College Dublin, and began postgraduate studies at the Sorbonne in 1929. She was a friend of the Joyce family; SB first met her at the home of Giorgio Joyce and his wife, Helen. On one occasion Nuala Costello and her mother accompa nied the Joyces and SB to the Paris Opera to hear tenor John Sullivan. Not a little smitten, SB saw a good deal ofCostello in London and Dublin during 1933 and 1934. Nuala Costello settled inTuam later in the 1930s; she wrote a biography. John McHale, Archbishop ofTuam (1939) and edited Two Diaries ofthe French Expedition 1798 (1941).
Henry Crowder (1895-1955), American jazz pianist and composer, moved to Paris in 1927 to play with the Eddie South Band and remained to play at the Bateau Ivre in the Place de l'Odeon. Crowder met Nancy Cunard in Venice in 1928. Because he was black, their relationship shocked her upper-class British family, which provoked Cunard to write Black Man and White Ladyship (1931). Crowder worked with Cunard at her Hours Press, which produced the first French publication of SB's Whoroscope in 1930. Crowder composed Henry-Music (1930), a collection of original scores that were improvisations on poetry,
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including SB's "From the only poet to a shining whore. " Crowder's relationship with Cunard inspired her to compile Negro, Anthology Made by Nancy Cunard, 1931-1933 (1934), which she dedicated to him. Crowder's memoir, As Wondeijul as All That? (1987), was published posthumously.
Nancy Cunard (1896-1965), English writer, editor, publisher, and activist, was the great-granddaughter of the founder of the Cunard shipping line. She lived in Paris in 1920, where she moved in avant-garde literary, artistic, and political circles. She published three volumes of poetry: Outlaws (1921), Sublunary (1923), and Parallax (1925). From 1928 to 1931 Cunard ran the hand-operated Hours Press with American jazz artist Henry Crowder in La Chapelle-Reanville; the press published small editions of prose and poetry, including SB's Whoroscope (1930). Reacting to her family's response to her affair with Henry Crowder, Cunard wrote an essay against racial prejudice, Black Man and White Ladyship (1931), and then compiled Negro, Anthology Made by Nancy Cunard, 1931-1933 (1934) for which SB translated nineteen essays from French. During the Spanish Civil War, Cunard was a corre spondent in Spain for the Manchester Guardian. She edited Authors Take Sides On The Spanish Civil War (1937) to which SB contributed. In the 1950s, SB and Cunard renewed their friendship. Cunard wrote memoirs of Norman Douglas and George Moore, as well as a memoir, These Were the Hours: Memories ofMy Hours Press, Reanville and Paris, 1928-1931 (1969).
Denis Devlin (1908-1959), Scots-born to an Irish Catholic family, poet, diplomat, and translator, was a seminarian at Clonliffe College and then studied at University College Dublin where he met Brian Coffey; together they published Poems (1930). After study at Munich University and the Sorbonne (1930-1933), Devlin completed his MA on Montaigne at University College Dublin, where he became an Assistant Lecturer in English. Devlin's collection of poems Intercessions (1937) was published in the Europa Poets series and reviewed by SB in transition. In 1935 Devlin joined the Irish Diplomatic Service; he served in Rome, New York, Washington, and London from 1938 to 1949. He became Minister to Italy (1950) and to Turkey (1951), and Ambassador to Italy (1958). Devlin's international experiences are reflected in his later collections ofpoetry: Exile (1949), Heavenly Foreigner (1950), and Memoirs ofa Turcoman
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Diplomat (1959); he also translated works by St. -John Perse, Paul Eluard, Rene Char, and Paul Valery. His work was edited by Allen Tate and Robert Penn Warren in Selected Poems (1963), by Brian Coffey in The Complete Poems ofDenis Devlin in a special issue of University Review (3. 5 1963; reissued with additions as Collected Poems, 1964) and Heavenly Foreigner (1967), by J. C. C. Mays in Collected Poems of Denis Devlin (1989), and by Roger Little, Translations into English: from French, Gennan, and Italian Poetry: Denis Devlin (1992).
Hester Dowden (1868-1949) was a daughter ofliterary critic and Trinity College Dublin Professor of English Edward Dowden; she studied Music in London but returned to Dublin after her mother's death. In 1896 she married Dr. Robert Montgomery Travers-Smith; their daughter was the artist and set-designer Dorothy Travers-Smith (known as Dolly), who married Irish playwright Lennox Robinson. Hester Dowden separated from her husband in 1916, and in 1921 moved to London where she opened her home to lodgers, primarily artists and Dublin acquaintances, including Thomas McGreevy. McGreevy introduced SB to Dowden, who invited SB to musical evenings, played duets with him, and encouraged him to use her piano when he wished. Hester Dowden was also a pro fessional medium and a leading figure in the practice of automatic writing; books written "as dictated" to her as a medium are: Voices from the Void (1919), Psychic Messages from Oscar Wilde (1923), The Book of]ohannes (1945) and Talks with Elizabethans: Revealing the Mystery ofWilliam Shakespeare (1947).
Dublin Magazine (1923-1958), edited by Seumas O'Sullivan, was founded as a non-political, non-partisan publication committed to pub lishing a variety of literary works. It began as a monthly, but in 1926 it became a quarterly publication. O'Sullivan was interested in SB's writing and asked him for poems to consider, although not all were published, and he occasionally commissioned SB to write reviews. In 1936, O'Sullivan proposed that SB take over the editorship of Dublin Magazine, but SB was not interested. O'Sullivan remained Editor until his death in 1958.
Alan George Duncan (1895-1943) was the son ofthe Dublin art patron Ellen Douglas Duncan, who was a founder of the United Arts Club and
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the Municipal Gallery of Modern Art. Alan Duncan served in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers during World War I until he was invalided out as a result of having been gassed. When he married Isabel Belinda Atkinson in 1924, Lennox Robinson was his best man. After 1925, the Duncans lived primarily in Paris; they were friends of the Joyce family and of Thomas McGreevy who was godfather to Alan's sister, Betty. Duncan introduced George Reavey to Thomas McGreevy. According to Brian Coffey, Alan Duncan's "only subject" was George Bernard Shaw. When W. B. Yeats made a lecture tour of the United States in 1932, Duncan served as secretary.
SB spent the evening of 7 January 1938 with the Duncans at the Cafe Zeyer; as the three were returning to the Duncans' apartment, SB was attacked by a stranger and stabbed. The Duncans were very sup portive of SB throughout his recovery. By September 1939, the Duncans were living on the western coast of France; just before the invasion by the Nazis in June 1940, they removed to England. Alan Duncan died in Surrey in 1943.
Belinda Duncan (nee Isabel Belinda Atkinson, 1893-1964), daughter of a prosperous Dublin china merchant, studied Art and was a friend of painters Jack B. Yeats, Norah McGuinness, and Dolly Travers-Smith. Belinda Atkinson married Alan Duncan in 1924; they settled in Paris where their flat was a place of rendez-vous for many Irish exiles. The Duncans left France for Surrey in June 1940. After Alan Duncan's death in 1943, Belinda Duncan worked in an aircraft factory. Following the war, she returned to Dublin. There she renewed her friendship with SB; both found the relative abundance of food and personal comfort in Ireland a sharp contrast to their war-time experiences. In 1945, Belinda Duncan married Brian Lunn (former husband of Alan Duncan's sister Betty); after several years in England, they lived in Dublin from 1951.
L'Ecole Normale Superieure, Rue d'Ulm, Paris, founded in 1794, is an elite educational institution; students ofthe school are among the most brilliant of the French education system. Before taking the fiercely competitive concours d'entree (entrance examination), Arts candidates prepare, in the two preceding lycee years, for the premiere superieure and lettres superieures (commonly known as hypokhagne and khagne).
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Once admitted as 'normaliens,' they are expected to prepare for another highly competitive examination, the agregation. The original purpose of this examination was to ensure high-quality recruits to the teaching pro fession. As an exchange Lecteur in English from Trinity College Dublin from 1928 to 1930, SB followed Thomas McGreevy in the post, living at the ENS and supervising students in English. Georges Pelorson was his only pupil in 1930. SB also assisted advanced students in their preparations for examinations. Normaliens from the period of the ENS tenures of McGreevy and Beckett (classes of 1924-1930) included Jean-Paul Sartre, Annand Berard, Paul Nizan, Alfred Peron, Emile Delavenay, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean Beaufret, Georges Pelorson, Jean Rolland, Henri Evrard, and, from the ENS des Jeunes Filles, Simone Weil.
Maurice English (1909-1983), American poet, journalist, translator, and publisher, met SB when he was a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune in Paris. English worked with NBC radio news until 1946; later, he edited Chicago Magazine (1954-1958). He was Editor of the University of Chicago Press (1961-1969), Temple University Press, Philadelphia (1969-1976), and Director of the University of Pennsylvania Press (1978). English translated the work ofItalian poet Eugenio Montale, as did SB, as well as ofGreek poet Odysseus Elitis.
The European Caravan: An Anthology ofthe New Spirit in European Literature (1931), planned as a two-volume anthology to introduce "the after-war spirit in European literature," involved SB with editors Samuel Putnam, Jacob Bronowski, and George Reavey. The first volume comprised selec tions from French, Spanish, English, and Irish literatures; selections from Russian, German, and Italian literatures were prepared for the second volume, which was not published. The English and Irish section, edited by Jacob Bronowski, included SB's poems "Hell Crane to Starling," "Casket ofPralinen for the Daughter ofa Dissipated Mandarin," "Text. " and "Yoke ofLiberty. " Samuel Putnam asked SB to suggest and translate some ofthe selections for the Italian section ofthe projected second volume.
Otto Freundlich (1878-1943), a German abstract artist ofJewish ori gin, studied Art in Berlin, was active in Paris avant-garde circles (1910-1914); he then lived and exhibited in Berlin and Cologne
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(1914-1924), where he joined the "November Gruppe"; he organized the first Dada Exhibition in Cologne in 1919. He moved between Germany and Paris until 1933, when his work was removed from German museums; his sculpture The New Man appeared on the cover of the catalogue of the exhibition of "Degenerate Art" (Munich 1937). Introduced by Polish painter Jankel Adler, who had known Freundlich since the 1920s in Berlin, SB attended the retrospective exhibition ofhis work at the Galerie Jeanne Bucher (1938). He and Freundlich met several times during that year. SB read a draft ofFreundlich's essay on aesthetics "Der bildhafte Raum" and shared his own essay "Les Deux Besoins" with Freundlich. As a German resident in France, Freundlich was interned in 1939; early in 1940, he requested French naturalization and was provisionally released, but was again interned from February to May 1940; on 23 February 1943 he was arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Poland. He died five days later in the Lublin-Majdanek Concentration Camp.
Marguerite Guggenheim (known as Peggy, 1898-1979), American patroness ofthe arts, moved to Paris in 1920; Guggenheim was married to Laurence Vail, a Dada sculptor and writer, from 1922 to 1930.
In 1938 she opened the Guggenheim Jeune gallery in London, exhibiting surrealist and other contemporary art. Her attachment to SB dates from this period, and her autobiographies present her view of their affair. At SB's urging, Guggenheim gave Geer van Velde a one-man show at her gallery in May 1938. SB translated several essays related to the exhibitions of Guggenheim Jeune, published in London Bulletin. Guggenheim planned to establish a museum for contemporary art in London and was often in Paris in 1939 and 1940 to amass her collection which included works by Picasso, Ernst, Miro, Magritte, Man Ray, Dali, Klee, Chagall, and Tunnard. Facing the impending German invasion of France, she asked Maria Jolas to secure her collection until it could be shipped to the United States. In 1941 Guggenheim had moved to New York where she opened the gallery Art of This Century in 1942. She was married to Max Ernst from 1942 to 1946. When the New York gallery closed in 1947, Guggenheim moved to Venice; her villa there, now the Peggy Guggenheim Museum, houses her collection.
Arthur Henry Macnamara Hillis (1905-1997), lawyer and inter national economist, was a student with SB at Trinity College Dublin;
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both were Honours graduates, Hillis in Classics and Law. Hillis was called to the Bar in London in 1931, where SB met him again in 1934-1935; they developed a close friendship through their shared inter est in music and literature. Hillis later served the British Government in the Department of the Treasury (from 1941), in the United Nations (1958-1961), and as Comptroller General ofthe National Debt Office, London (1961-1968). His wife Lillian Mary Hillis (nee Francis, 1907-1990) worked with the BBC in the Spanish Section and the South European Service from 1942 to 1967. In later years, SB frequently visited their home in London, often playing four-hand piano duets and listening to music.
Joseph Maunsel Hone (1882-1959), Irish historian, biographer, and writer, was a friend ofSB's father William Beckett; although twenty-five years his senior, Hone came to know SB well through shared interests in cricket and literature. Hone was Literary Director ofthe Dublin pub lisher Maunsel and Co. and edited the quarterly Shanachie (1906-1907) that published writings by John Millington Synge and W. B. Yeats. Hone translated The Life ofFriedrich Nietzsche (1911), and wrote Irishmen ofTo-day (1915) and William Butler Yeats (1916). He collaborated with the Italian scholar ofIrish culture Mario Manlio Rossi, translating his Viaggio in Irlanda (1932; Pilgrimage in the West, 1933) and co-authoring Bishop Berkeley: His Life, Writings and Philosophy (1931) and Swift; or, The Egoist (1934). Later, he edited George Berkeley's The Querist (1936), and wrote The Life of George Moore (1936), The Moores of Moore's Hall (1939), and an expanded biography, W. B. Yeats 1865-1939 (1943). He became President ofthe Irish Academy ofLetters in 1957.
Eugene Jolas (1894-1952), American-born poet, writer, and journalist; having been raised both in the United States and in the borderland of Alsace-Lorraine, he was keenly aware oflinguistic and cultural divisions.
Jolas began his career as a journalist in the United States and became Literary Editor ofthe Paris edition ofthe Chicago Tribune (1923-1926); his column "Rambles Through Literary Paris" reflected his interest in surre alism and established his reputation among the city's literati. In 1927 Jolas and Elliot Paul founded transition, with Maria Jolas as Managing Editor. Having met the Jolases through James Joyce and Thomas McGreevy, SB assisted when transition published portions ofJoyce's Work in Progress.
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Jolas saw Work in Progress as "the principal text of the avant-garde," an
"'8 "exemplar of'the Language of the Night at the center of his own poet:ry.
Jolas was also drawn to Jung's work in archetypes as a means to link individual experience with the "collective unconscious. " Jolas issued the "Verticalist Manifesto" in 1932 which was "signed" by SB, Georges Pelorson, and Thomas McGreevy, among others. In 1935,Jolas accepted a position in New York with the French news service Havas; withJames Johnson Sweeney in the USA and MariaJolas in France, he continued to publish transition irregularly until 1938. Jolas also published Vertical: A Yearbook for Romantic Mystic Ascensions (1941, begun but not continued as an annual). In 1941, he worked with the US Office of War Information; after the War he was made Editor of Deutsche Allgemeine Nachrichten-Agentur and covered the Nuremberg trials. He lived and worked in Paris, New York, and Germany until 1950, when he joined the New York Herald Tribune in Paris. His memoirs have been edited by Andreas Kramer and Rainer Rumold as Man. from Babel (1998).
Maria Jolas (nee MacDonald, 1893-1987) was an American musician who studied voice in Berlin in 1913 and in Paris after World War I, where she met Eugene Jolas. They married in 1926 and together edited the Paris literary journal transition (1927-1938); she acted as Managing Editor and translated articles on art and literature, including works by Andre Breton, Philippe Soupault, and Jean-Paul Sartre. In 1931, she founded the Ecole bilingue de Neuilly; Georges Pelorson and his Irish wife Marcelle (nee Graham) were teachers at the school. Jolas evacuated the school to St. Gerand-le-Puy in 1939. MariaJolas was always a close friend of the Joyce family, joining their celebrations and musical evenings; as war threatened, the Joyces moved from Paris to be near their grandson Stephen who was a student at the school. Maria Jolas joined Eugene in New York in the autumn of 1940 and was active in the "Free France" movement there. After the War, she returned to Paris and advised Georges Duthuit when he became Editor of Transition. Maria Jolas remained active as a literary translator, particularly known as a translator of the work of Nathalie Sarraute. Her memoirs have been published as MariaJolas, Woman ofAction (2004), edited by Mary Ann Caws.
8 Eugene Jolas, Man from Babel, xx-xxi. 700
Giorgio Joyce (1905-1976), son of James and Nora Joyce, met SB in 1928. At his father's urging, Giorgio began a professional career as a singer; SB attended his public debut in April 1929 with the Joyce parents. Giorgio married Helen Fleischman (nee Kastor) in December 1930, and their son, Stephen James Joyce, was born in 1932. The couple lived in New York during the mid-1930s, where Giorgio pursued his singing career. Following their return to France in spring of 1938, Helen suffered a nervous breakdown; the couple eventually separated. SB remained a close friend to Giorgio Joyce and his son; in 1955, SB made an extended visit to Giorgio and his second wife, Dr. Asta Jahnke-Osterwalder, in Zurich.
James Joyce (1882-1941) and Nora Joyce (nee Barnacle, 1884-1951) met SB in Paris in 1928. Although Harry Sinclair had given SB a letter of introduction, it was Thomas McGreevy who brought SB to meet James Joyce. AtJoyce'srequest,SBwrote"Dante. . . Bruno. Vico. . Joyce"forOur Exagmination Round His Facti. ficationfor Incamination ofWork in Progress, first published in transition Uune 1929). Joyce asked SB to prepare a French translation of"Anna Livia Plurabelle"; SB and Alfred Peron finished a first draft in August 1930, which was then revised by a group that included Philippe Soupault, Paul Leon, and Joyce himself. SB, like a number of others, assisted Joyce with research for Work in Progress, finding and summarizing books, occasionally taking dictation because of Joyce's failing eyesight, and later correcting proofs. When SB distanced himself from Lucia Joyce's affections in May 1930, the family's fondness for him cooled for a time; but over the years, SB attended Joyce's birthday cele brations, and the two met frequently, often walking together in Paris. SB wrote an acrostic poem to Joyce in 1932, "Home Olga. " After SB was stabbed in 1938, Joyce arranged for SB's medical care; in 1940, he pro moted SB's work. Although SB's early writing was seen as derivative of
Joyce's style and SB vowed to Samuel Putnam that he would"get overJ. J. ere I die," SB nonetheless maintained that he had learned artistic integ rity fromJoyce, saying that whatJoyce had achieved was"epic, heroic . . . But I realised that I couldn't go down that same road. "9
9 SB to Samuel Putnam, 28 June 1932, NjP; Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 111.
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LuciaJoyce (1907-1982) met SB in 1928 at theJoyces' flat in Paris. Lucia Joyce studied dance (1926-1929) with Jacques Dalcroze and Raymond Duncan; SB, who often accompanied the Joyces on family outings, attended her performance on 28 May 1929 at the Bal Bullier with the family and other friends. Her artistic interests also included drawing; Joyce incorporated her designs in Storiella as She is Syung (1937). Lucia Joyce, who is widely considered be the model for the Syra-Cusa in SB's Dream ofFair to Middling Women, became increasingly infatuated with SB, but in May 1930 SB made it clear that he did not reciprocate her interest. This caused a temporary falling-out with the Joyces. By 1931 she was showing signs ofthe illness that was later diagnosed as schizophrenia. SB saw Lucia Joyce when she was in London in 1935, and he was a regular visitor after she was institutionalized in Paris. In 1951 Lucia Joyce was moved to Northampton, England, where she remained until her death.
Axel Kaun (1912-1983) was introduced to SB by Gunter Albrecht. When they met for the first time at the Nicolaische Buchhandlung in Potsdam in January 1937, Kaun had just taken a position with the Berlin publisher, Rowohlt. Kaun lent SB books by Hans Carossa, Hermann Hesse, and Walter Bauer. After SB returned to Ireland, Kaun asked SB to consider selecting and translating poems by German poet Joachim Ringelnatz for possible publication by Faber and Faber in their Criterion Miscellany series. Although SB began a selection of poems, he refused the commission in a letter to Kaun that has become a touchstone in the understanding of SB's aesthetics. Kaun edited the Berliner Theater Almanac (1942), was a dramaturg for the Wiirttemberg Staatstheater in Stuttgart from 1950, and published Ballett ohne Pose (1958). In the 1960s and 1970s Kaun was a literary translator of works by emerging Black writers Uohn Howard Griffin, James Baldwin, Eldridge Cleaver, and Lee Lockwood), as well as by Christopher Isherwood, Clancy Sigal, Charles Reich, and George Steiner. SB had no contact with Axel Kaun after 1937; when he tried to locate him in the early 1980s, he learned only that Kaun lived in California. Kaun died in San Francisco in 1983.
Henri Laugier (1888-1973) was a Professor of Physiology at the Sorbonne and Director of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) from 1938. SB knew Laugier as McGreevy's acquaintance. Laugier and his companion Marie Cuttoli built an
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important collection of contemporary art, including works by Jean Lur<;at, a friend ofMcGreevy. From 1936 to 1938, Laugier was a member of the Cabinet of the Foreign Affairs Ministry under Yvon Delbos. In 1938, SB offered to pursue with Laugier a subvention that would allow McGreevy to reside in Paris while writing articles for English audiences on French subjects; although SB offered to write the required nomina tion for Laugier's approval. McGreevy declined the suggestion.
Abraham Jacob Leventhal (known as Con, 1896-1979), Irish and Jewish, critic and scholar, studiedModern Languages at Trinity College Dublin (1920, BA, French and German; 1925, MA; 1933, Ph. D. with a thesis on "Post-War Tendencies in French Literature"). Throughout his career, Leventhal was involved in publishing and teaching; he interrup ted his studies to spend a year in Palestine as a secretary with the First Zionist Commission where he helped found Palestine Weekly (1919). In 1923 he founded the single-issue literary review The Klaxon (Winter 1923/24) to publish his review of Joyce's mysses (under the pseudonym L. K. Emery), which the printer for Dublin Magazine had refused to print. With Francis Stuart, F. R. Higgins, and Cecil Salkeld, Leventhal founded the Dublin review Tomorrow in 1924; despite contributions by W. B. Yeats, this lasted only two issues. Leventhal filled the post that SB had resigned as Lecturer in French at TCD Uanuary 1932 through 1933) and served TCD in various administrative positions from 1937; he was Assistant to the Professors of French and German from 1938 to 1939, then (although his title varied) Lecturer in Modern Languages until 1963. Leventhal was a member of the Dublin Drama League, contrib uted "Dramatic Commentary" (1943-1958) and other writings to Dublin Magazine, was a regular broadcaster on Radio Eireann and the BBC, Assistant Editor of Hermathena from 1956 to 1963, and reviewed for The Irish Times, Envoy, and Irish Art. After the death of his wife Gertrude (nee Zlotover), he married Ethna Maccarthy in 1956. Leventhal fre quently visited SB in Paris; following his retirement in 1963, Leventhal moved to Paris and began a bibliography of SB's work and assisted him with correspondence. He remained a close friend until his death. In 1984, SB helped to establish a scholarship at TCD in his name.
Ethna Mary Maccarthy (1903-1959), granddaughter of the Irish poet Denis FlorenceMaccarthy and daughter of Dublin physician Brendan
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Maccarthy, was a poet, linguist, and physician. She studied French and
Spanish literature at Trinity College Dublin; like SB, she was a Scholar,
and a First Class Moderator (1926). James Knowlson claims that she was
the "Alba" of the eponymous poem and of Dream of Fair to Middling
10
Although SB had already made plans to travel to Germany by Christmas 1931, he indicated later to Lawrence Harvey that he would not have resigned from TCD had it not been for the automobile accident in which Ethna Maccarthy, his passenger, was badly hurt. When she taught one of Professor Rudmose-Brown's courses in 1936, SB helped her prepare the Provenc;al lectures. Her poems, stories, translations from Spanish and German poetry, and a short play appeared in Hermathena, Dublin Magazine, Ireland To-Day, and an anthology of New Irish Poets (1948). Maccarthy continued her studies, receiving an MA in 1937; from 1939 to 1949 she was "Assistant to the Professor of French" at TCD, and she lectured in Spanish and French even as she studied Medicine (MB, 1941; MD, 1948). Maccarthy practiced medicine in Dublin and then in the East End of London. She married A. J. Leventhal in May 1956. SB remained a close friend to them both, particularly during MacCarthy's illness and death from cancer in 1959.
Women.
Thomas McGreevy(after 1943 known as MacGreevy, 1893-1967), Irish poet, critic, translator, art historian, and Director of the National Gallery of Ireland, was born in Tarbert, Co. Kerry. McGreevy worked in Dublin and London with the British Civil Service (1911-1914), served in World War I as an Officer of the Royal Field Artillery, and then studied History and Political Science at Trinity College Dublin (BA, 1920). While an assistant secretary to the Irish Advisory Committee of the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, McGreevy published articles for The Leader, The Irish Statesman, and The Gael. He moved to London in May 1925, where he joined the editorial staff of Connoisseur and wrote criticism for The Criterion, the Times Literary Supplement, The Nation and Athenaeum and the New Statesman. In January 1927, he was appointed as Lecteur d'anglais at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, and when SB took up the same post he and McGreevy became close friends. McGreevy introduced SB to many of his acquaintances in art and
10 Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 75. 704
literary circles in Paris, London, and Dublin, among them James Joyce, Richard Aldington, Jack B. Yeats, Charles Prentice, and Eugene Jolas. Both men published on Joyce in transition and Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work In Progress. SB stood in for McGreevy in his role as Secretary of the fine art journal Formes when McGreevy had to be away from Paris. In 1931, McGreevy published two monographs in the Chatto and Windus Dolphin Book series: Thomas Stearns filiot: A Study and Richard Aldington: An Englishman; SB's Proust, also in this series, came about as a result of McGreevy's suggestion. McGreevy stimulated and guided SB's interest in painting. He insisted that SB meet Jack B. Yeats. McGreevy's collection Poems was published in 1934. In London, he became chiefArt Critic for The Studio (1938-1940); returning to Dublin in 1941, he became Art Critic for The Irish Times (November 1941 to December 1944). A practicing Catholic all his life, he also wrote for The Father Matthew Record and The Capuchin Annual.
McGreevy's study JackB. Yeats was published in 1945.
McGreevy served as Director ofthe National Gallery oflreland from
1950 until his retirement in 1963. He was made Chevalier de l'Ordre de la Legion d'Honneur by the French Government for his services to the arts, made Cavaliere Ufficiale al Merito della Repubblica Italiana by the Italian Government, and awarded the Degree of Doctor of Letters by the National University oflreland. In the early 1960s, he wrote a critical study on Nicolas Poussin, was made Officier de la Legion d'Honneur, and organized an exhibition of Jack B. Yeats's work for the Venice Biennale.
Macy Manning Howe Adams (1905-1999), playwright, novelist, critic, childhood friend of SB (their mothers were close friends). Mary Manning studied at Alexandra College Dublin and the Abbey Acting School, and joined the Gate Theatre as Publicity Manager, editing the GateTheatrejournal,Motley. HerearlyplayswereYouth'stheSeason . . . ? (1931), in which SB had a hand - suggesting a wordless character called Horace Egosmith; Storm Over Wicklow (1933); and Happy Family (1934). In 1934 Mary Manning moved to Boston and married Harvard law profes sor Mark DeWolfe Howe, Jr. In the summer of 1936, while visiting Ireland, she had what she later claimed was an affair with SB. The first of her novels Mount Venus (1938) was published with Houghton Mifflin, whom she tried to interest in SB's Murphy. Director ofDrama at
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Radcliffe College during World War II, Mary Manning was a founder of
The Poets' Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1950-1968, 1987- ).
which staged her play The Voice of Shem (1955, published 1957), an
adaptation of Finnegans Wake, as well as a reading of SB's radio play All
That Fall (1958). After her husband's death in 1967, Mary Manning
returned to Dublin where she was Drama Critic for Hibernia. Her adap
tation ofFrank O'Connor's novel The Saint and Mary Kate was produced at
the Abbey Theatre in 1968, and she wrote a volume of satirical short
stories, The Last Chronicles of Ballyfungus (1978). In 1980, she married
Faneuil Adams (1899-1981), and again lived in Boston. Of her mother's
quick and sometimes cutting wit, the poet Susan Howe has written:
11
Sean O'Sullivan (1906-1964), Irish painter and draftsman. studied at the Metropolitan School ofArt in Dublin, the Central School ofArts and
Crafts in London, and at the Academie de la Grande Chaumiere and the Academie Colarossi in Paris. In 1931, he was the youngest artist to be elected to the Royal Hibernian Academy. Although he painted Irish landscapes, O'Sullivan is best known for portraits, done as drawings and in oils, including ones ofsuch Dublin notables as Douglas Hyde, Eamon De Valera,JamesJoyce, W. B. Yeats, Maud Gonne MacBride,Jack B. Yeats, SB, and Ethna Maccarthy (see illustrations). He aimed to "record every person of prominence on the Irish scene during his period," and was said to have a story about every person he had painted. 12 O'Sullivan knew McGreevy andJoyce in Paris. Although SB first mentions him in a letter in 1933, the two were most frequently together from 1935 to 1937 in Dublin; in 1939, SB arranged for him to rentJankel Adler's studio in Paris.
Seumas O'Sullivan (neJames Sullivan Starkey, 1879-1958), Irish poet and founding editor ofthe Dublin Magazine (1923-1958), was active in the Irish Literary Revival, appearing in W. B. Yeats's play On Baile's Strand at the Abbey Theatre in 1904, and was a supporter ofSinn Fein. A friend ofW. B. Yeats,JamesJoyce, AE, and Oliver St. John Gogarty, O'Sullivan championed young authors, among them Patrick Kavanagh, Padraic
11 Susan Howe, The Midnight (New York: New Directions Books, 2003) 64.
12 Ryan, Remembering How We Stood, 46.
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"She loved to produce and destroy meanings in the same sentence. "
Fallon, Mary Lavin, and SB. "Alba" was SB's initial publication in the Dublin Magazine (1931), followed by "Gnome" (1934), "Cascando" (1936), and several reviews. O'Sullivan was President of Irish PEN, a founding member of the Irish Academy of Letters, and was given an honorary degree by Trinity College Dublin in 1939. He was married to the painter Estella Solomons.
Georges Pelorson (later known as Georges Belmont, b. 1909), French poet, journalist, editor, and translator, entered the Ecole Normale Superieure in 1926 and was SB's first student there in 1928. Pelorson came to Trinity College Dublin as part of the exchange with the ENS, beginning in January 1930; in February 1930, he co-authored with SB the dramatic parody Le Kid for the Modern Languages Society produc tion at the Peacock Theatre; according to Knowlson, Pelorson figures as Liebert in SB's Dream of Fair to Middling Women. Pelorson married Marcelle Graham in Dublin, then returned to Paris in autumn 1931, leaving the ENS with a licence in English, rather than going on to sit for the agregation; with his wife Marcelle, Pelorson translated Emily Bronte's poems in 1933. He wrote for Paris-Midi and Paris-Soir (1931-1940), was Director of the Ecole bilingue de Neuilly founded by Maria Jolas, and published in La Nouvelle Revue Fram;aise, Mesures, and transition. With Raymond Queneau, Henry Miller, Le Corbusier, and Frederic Joliot-Curie, Pelorson co-founded Volontes (1937-1939); he published Essai sur une reforrne de l'enseignement en France (1940) and was involved in the literary section of the Jeune France educational movement. A collaborator, Pelorson held positions with the Vichy Government: as Chef de la propagande des jeunes for the Occupied Zone (1941), Secretaire general adjoint (1942-1943), and Secretaire general de la jeunesse (1943-1944).
Jean Beaufret (1907-1982), called Bowsprit by SB and McGreevy, was a student of Philosophy at the Ecole Normale Superieure when SB met him in 1930; Beaufret continued his studies on Fichte, Hegel, Marx, and Heidegger in Germany. From a letter sent by Beaufret, SB made note of his "beautiful phrase: 'le diamant du pessimisme. "'3 Following his 1933 agregation, Beaufret taught at the Lycee de Montlu�on; later he taught in the khagne, the preparatory class for the entrance examination of the ENS, at the Lycee Louis-le-Grand in Paris. He engaged Heidegger in dialogue about French existentialism and Greek philosophy, publishing Dialogue avec Heidegger (in four volumes, 1974-1985) and other studies. In 1982 Beaufret was made Professeur honoraire de philosophie en premiere superieure at the Lycee Condorcet in Paris.
1 Alister Kershaw and Frederic-Jacques Temple, eds. , Richard Aldington: An Intimate Portrait (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1965) 3.
2 Samuel Beckett to Maurice Saillet, 2 May 1963, TxU Saillet.
3 Samuel Beckett to Thomas McGreevy, 11 March 1931, TCD, MS 10402/18.
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Frank Edward Beckett (1902-1954), elder brother of SB, was educated at Portora Royal School in Northern Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, where he studied Engineering. He worked with his father's firm, Beckett and Medcalf, before joining the Indian Civil Service (1927-1930). SB and Frank traveled together in France during the sum mer of 1931, and later in the 1930s SB accompanied Frank on business travels to the west and south of Ireland. Following the death of their father in 1933, Frank managed Beckett and Medcalf. He married Jean Violet Wright in 1937, and the couple settled in their home, Shottery, overlooking Killiney Bay, where his children Caroline (b. 1938) and Edward (b. 1943) were raised. SB spent several months there with Frank and his family prior to Frank's death in September 1954.
Maria Jones Beckett (nee Roe, known as May, 1871-1950), SB's mother, was raised near Leixlip, Co. Kildare, and educated at the Moravian Mission School in Ballymena. At the age of fifteen, following the death of her father, Samuel Robinson Roe, she became a nurse. She met William Beckett when he was a patient at the Adelaide Hospital in Dublin. They married in 1901 and lived in Cooldrinagh, the home that William Beckett had built in Foxrock, Co. Dublin, where their two sons were born. After their mother's death in 1913, the three children of her brother Edward Roe (Molly, Sheila, and Jack) lived with the Beckett family during their school holidays. A devout Protestant, May regularly attended Tullow Parish Church.
After May Beckett's sudden widowhood in 1933, SB made efforts to accommodate her grieving, including her desire to move house. She paid for SB's psychotherapy with W. R. Bion in London. They traveled together on holiday in England in 1935. SB's definitive break from his mother came in late 1937 and, with it, his move to Paris. When SB was stabbed in January 1938, May, Frank, and Jean Beckett flew to Paris to be with him. From that time, SB traveled to Dublin to visit her for several weeks a year, with the exception of the War years, until her death. SB began Molloy in his mother's room in New Place, a bungalow she had had built near Cooldrinagh in Foxrock. SB was with her in Dublin when she died from complications of Parkinson's disease in 1950.
Suzanne Georgette Anna Deschevaux-Dumesnil Beckett (1900- 1989) was born in Troyes (Aube). She studied music at the Ecole Normale
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de Musique in Paris. She first met SB at a tennis party in Paris in the
mid-1930s. When he was recovering from the knife attack ofJanuary
1938, she visited him in the hospital. In April 1939 SB wrote to
4
After the War, Suzanne Deschevaux-Dumesnil did the rounds of Paris publishers with SB's manuscripts. When finally Les Editions de Minuit took on SB's work, she managed some of his business corre spondence with them, as well as attending on his behalf premieres in France and abroad when, as was nearly always the case, he was reluctant to go. SB appreciated her efforts on behalfofhis work. 5
Protective of SB's need for the privacy, rest, and isolation that would allow him to write with the least possible interruption, she arranged retreats from Paris: a period in the Forest of Dreux, near Abondant (Eure-et-Loir), a rental cottage in the Val de Marne, and finally their own cottage in Ussy-sur-Marne (Seine-et-Mame). In later years, she also arranged their holidays in Austria, Italy, Portugal, and Morocco. They married privately in Folkestone, England, on 25 March 1961. Mirroring SB's reaction to the announcement that Beckett had been awarded the Nobel Prize in 1969, she said that it was a "catastrophe. "6
SB and Suzanne shared enjoyment of music and writing, but differed in their social activities. Whereas SB enjoyed the camaraderie oflate evenings with friends and solitary walks after midnight, his wife preferred more regular hours and attended concerts and theatre with her friends. They arranged their Paris apartment with separate en trances that allowed them both independence. Suzanne Beckett died in July 1989, Beckett died the following December.
William Beckett (1871-1933), SB's father, was born to William Frank and Frances Crothers Beckett. He left school at fifteen and worked for
4 SB to Thomas McGreevy, 18 April 1939, TCD, MS 10402/168.
5 Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 340. 6 Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 505.
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McGreevythattherewasaFrenchgirlofwhomhewasfond. SBand Suzanne Deschevaux-Dumesnil became companions, and when the Occupation began, in June 1940, they left Paris together for Toulouse, and, later, Arcachon. When they returned to Paris that autumn, SB became involved in Resistance activities. After his reseau was discov ered in August 1942, they made their way to Unoccupied France, and remained in Roussillon throughout the Occupation.
Profiles
his father's successful building company in Dublin, later becoming a quantity surveyor. His firm was Beckett and Medcalf. He met Maria Jones Roe when he was a patient at the hospital where she was a nurse; they married in 1901. In 1902, in the Dublin suburb ofFoxrock the family home, Cooldrinagh, was built; thereFrank and SB were born. Affable, athletic, with a sharp sense of humor, William Beckett enjoyed reading mystery stories, playing golf, and taking long walks in the countryside (often with SB). 7 He asked Joseph Hone if SB had talent as a writer; the answer was affirmative. Although he advised SB to try for a job with the Guinness brewery, William Beckett did not waver in sup port of his younger son as he traveled his path as a writer.
Wilfred Ruprecht Bion (1897-1979) was SB's psychotherapist in London from 1934 through 1935. Bion graduated from Oxford in History (1921), then studied French Language and Literature at the University of Poitiers (1921-1922). After teaching History and Literature for several years, he studied Medicine at University College London, qualifying as a medical doctor and surgeon in 1930; his inter ests then turned to Psychiatric Medicine. In 1932 he joined the staff of the Tavistock Clinic, where he was a trainee therapist, "analytically trained" by Dr. J. A. Hadfield. Geoffrey Thompson recommended that SB consult Bion for treatment of his anxiety. Already interested in psychoanalysis, SB read widely in the field during this time; at Bion's invitation, he attended a lecture by Carl Gustav Jung in October 1935. After the War, Bion resumed his work at the Tavistock Clinic until 1948; his later professional publications focused on the psychodynamics of groups, the nature of psychosis, epistemology, and aesthetics.
Jacob Bronowski (1908-1974), Polish-born mathematician, man of letters, and poet, edited the literary magazine Experiment with William Empson while a student at Cambridge University; in this capacity he met George Reavey. For The European Caravan, the poetry anthology edited by Samuel Putnam and others, Bronowski edited the Irish and English sections and became acquainted with SB. Bronowski dedicated his professional life to scientific inquiry, and in particular to making science accessible, as in his The Common Sense ofScience (1951) and Science
7 Samuel Beckett to Thomas McGreevy, 2 July 1933, TCD. MS 10402/52.
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and Human Values (1956). He also wrote on literature, publishing The Defence ofPoetry in 1939 and William Blake, A Man Without a Mask in 1944. Bronowski later became widely known for his work on BBC radio and television, especially for the television series The Ascent ofMan (1973).
Austin Clarke (ne Augustine Joseph Clarke, 1896-1974), Irish poet, dramatist, and novelist, studied at University College Dublin, worked as a reviewer in London, and published several volumes of poetry. His first novel, The Bright Temptation (1932), was banned in Ireland for twenty-two years. Writing under the pseudonym of Andrew Belis, SB reviewed Clarke's Pilgrimage and Other Poems (1929) in "Recent Irish Poetry" (The Bookman, 1934), grouping Clarke with the "antiquarians" or "Celtic twilighters" whom he compared unfavorably with a younger, less insular generation of poets. Clarke also appears in an unflattering light as Austin Ticklepenny in SB's Murphy. Clarke was a charter mem ber of the Irish Academy of Letters in 1932. An author of verse drama, Clarke co-founded the Dublin Verse-Speaking Society (1941) and its theatrical counterpart, the Lyric Theatre Company (1944). From 1942 to 1955 he was a broadcaster for Radio Eireann.
Brian Coffey (1905-1995), Irish poet, critic, translator, and teacher, studied Classics as an undergraduate and earned a Master's degree in Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics (1930) at University College Dublin, where his father Denis Coffey was a professor of Medicine and the University's first President (1908-1940). Coffey pursued postgradu ate studies in Paris in Physical Chemistry under Nobel laureate Jean-Baptiste Perrin (1933) and then attended the Institut Catholique de Paris (1934) to study Philosophy with Jacques Maritain; after an interval in London, he returned to Paris in 1937 as an exchange student, to write his doctoral thesis on the idea of order in the work of Thomas Aquinas. Coffey met Denis Devlin when they were both undergraduates at University College Dublin; they published their work jointly as Poems (1930). SB met Coffey and Devlin through Thomas McGreevy in Dublin during the summer of 1934; under the pseudonym Andrew Belis, SB's essay "Recent Irish Poetry" (The Bookman, 1934) mentioned them as being among the best young poets in Ireland. Coffey encouraged SB to read Geulincx for a possible monograph in a Philosophy series he envisioned. Coffey's collection of poems Third Person (1938) was
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published by the Europa Poets series, which included collections by SB, George Reavey, and Denis Devlin. Coffey taught in England for several years; he received his doctorate in 1947, taught Philosophy at St. Louis University in Missouri, and returned to England in 1952. Coffey pub lished his Missouri Sequence (1962), edited The Complete Poems of Denis Devlin in a special issue of University Review (3. 5 [1963]; reissued with additions as Collected Poems, 1964), and Devlin's Heavenly Foreigner (1967). Coffey founded Advent Press in 1966 to publish books ofpoetry as well as a poetry series that featured younger writers. Coffey's later collec tions were Monster: A Concrete Poem (1966), The Big Laugh (1976), Death of Hektor (1979), Chanterelles: Short Poems 1971-1983 (1985), Advent (1986), and translations ofMallarme. Coffey and SB corresponded often in the later years; SB appreciated his writing and his efforts to make Devlin's poetry available.
Nuala Costello (1907-1984), the daughter ofThomas Costello, Tuam physician and amateur folklorist, and Evelyn Costello (nee Drury), who was active in the Irish Language Movement, a judge for Sinn Fein courts during the War oflndependence, and Senator in Seanad Eireann. Nuala Costello studied French and History at University College Dublin, and began postgraduate studies at the Sorbonne in 1929. She was a friend of the Joyce family; SB first met her at the home of Giorgio Joyce and his wife, Helen. On one occasion Nuala Costello and her mother accompa nied the Joyces and SB to the Paris Opera to hear tenor John Sullivan. Not a little smitten, SB saw a good deal ofCostello in London and Dublin during 1933 and 1934. Nuala Costello settled inTuam later in the 1930s; she wrote a biography. John McHale, Archbishop ofTuam (1939) and edited Two Diaries ofthe French Expedition 1798 (1941).
Henry Crowder (1895-1955), American jazz pianist and composer, moved to Paris in 1927 to play with the Eddie South Band and remained to play at the Bateau Ivre in the Place de l'Odeon. Crowder met Nancy Cunard in Venice in 1928. Because he was black, their relationship shocked her upper-class British family, which provoked Cunard to write Black Man and White Ladyship (1931). Crowder worked with Cunard at her Hours Press, which produced the first French publication of SB's Whoroscope in 1930. Crowder composed Henry-Music (1930), a collection of original scores that were improvisations on poetry,
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including SB's "From the only poet to a shining whore. " Crowder's relationship with Cunard inspired her to compile Negro, Anthology Made by Nancy Cunard, 1931-1933 (1934), which she dedicated to him. Crowder's memoir, As Wondeijul as All That? (1987), was published posthumously.
Nancy Cunard (1896-1965), English writer, editor, publisher, and activist, was the great-granddaughter of the founder of the Cunard shipping line. She lived in Paris in 1920, where she moved in avant-garde literary, artistic, and political circles. She published three volumes of poetry: Outlaws (1921), Sublunary (1923), and Parallax (1925). From 1928 to 1931 Cunard ran the hand-operated Hours Press with American jazz artist Henry Crowder in La Chapelle-Reanville; the press published small editions of prose and poetry, including SB's Whoroscope (1930). Reacting to her family's response to her affair with Henry Crowder, Cunard wrote an essay against racial prejudice, Black Man and White Ladyship (1931), and then compiled Negro, Anthology Made by Nancy Cunard, 1931-1933 (1934) for which SB translated nineteen essays from French. During the Spanish Civil War, Cunard was a corre spondent in Spain for the Manchester Guardian. She edited Authors Take Sides On The Spanish Civil War (1937) to which SB contributed. In the 1950s, SB and Cunard renewed their friendship. Cunard wrote memoirs of Norman Douglas and George Moore, as well as a memoir, These Were the Hours: Memories ofMy Hours Press, Reanville and Paris, 1928-1931 (1969).
Denis Devlin (1908-1959), Scots-born to an Irish Catholic family, poet, diplomat, and translator, was a seminarian at Clonliffe College and then studied at University College Dublin where he met Brian Coffey; together they published Poems (1930). After study at Munich University and the Sorbonne (1930-1933), Devlin completed his MA on Montaigne at University College Dublin, where he became an Assistant Lecturer in English. Devlin's collection of poems Intercessions (1937) was published in the Europa Poets series and reviewed by SB in transition. In 1935 Devlin joined the Irish Diplomatic Service; he served in Rome, New York, Washington, and London from 1938 to 1949. He became Minister to Italy (1950) and to Turkey (1951), and Ambassador to Italy (1958). Devlin's international experiences are reflected in his later collections ofpoetry: Exile (1949), Heavenly Foreigner (1950), and Memoirs ofa Turcoman
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Diplomat (1959); he also translated works by St. -John Perse, Paul Eluard, Rene Char, and Paul Valery. His work was edited by Allen Tate and Robert Penn Warren in Selected Poems (1963), by Brian Coffey in The Complete Poems ofDenis Devlin in a special issue of University Review (3. 5 1963; reissued with additions as Collected Poems, 1964) and Heavenly Foreigner (1967), by J. C. C. Mays in Collected Poems of Denis Devlin (1989), and by Roger Little, Translations into English: from French, Gennan, and Italian Poetry: Denis Devlin (1992).
Hester Dowden (1868-1949) was a daughter ofliterary critic and Trinity College Dublin Professor of English Edward Dowden; she studied Music in London but returned to Dublin after her mother's death. In 1896 she married Dr. Robert Montgomery Travers-Smith; their daughter was the artist and set-designer Dorothy Travers-Smith (known as Dolly), who married Irish playwright Lennox Robinson. Hester Dowden separated from her husband in 1916, and in 1921 moved to London where she opened her home to lodgers, primarily artists and Dublin acquaintances, including Thomas McGreevy. McGreevy introduced SB to Dowden, who invited SB to musical evenings, played duets with him, and encouraged him to use her piano when he wished. Hester Dowden was also a pro fessional medium and a leading figure in the practice of automatic writing; books written "as dictated" to her as a medium are: Voices from the Void (1919), Psychic Messages from Oscar Wilde (1923), The Book of]ohannes (1945) and Talks with Elizabethans: Revealing the Mystery ofWilliam Shakespeare (1947).
Dublin Magazine (1923-1958), edited by Seumas O'Sullivan, was founded as a non-political, non-partisan publication committed to pub lishing a variety of literary works. It began as a monthly, but in 1926 it became a quarterly publication. O'Sullivan was interested in SB's writing and asked him for poems to consider, although not all were published, and he occasionally commissioned SB to write reviews. In 1936, O'Sullivan proposed that SB take over the editorship of Dublin Magazine, but SB was not interested. O'Sullivan remained Editor until his death in 1958.
Alan George Duncan (1895-1943) was the son ofthe Dublin art patron Ellen Douglas Duncan, who was a founder of the United Arts Club and
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the Municipal Gallery of Modern Art. Alan Duncan served in the Royal Welsh Fusiliers during World War I until he was invalided out as a result of having been gassed. When he married Isabel Belinda Atkinson in 1924, Lennox Robinson was his best man. After 1925, the Duncans lived primarily in Paris; they were friends of the Joyce family and of Thomas McGreevy who was godfather to Alan's sister, Betty. Duncan introduced George Reavey to Thomas McGreevy. According to Brian Coffey, Alan Duncan's "only subject" was George Bernard Shaw. When W. B. Yeats made a lecture tour of the United States in 1932, Duncan served as secretary.
SB spent the evening of 7 January 1938 with the Duncans at the Cafe Zeyer; as the three were returning to the Duncans' apartment, SB was attacked by a stranger and stabbed. The Duncans were very sup portive of SB throughout his recovery. By September 1939, the Duncans were living on the western coast of France; just before the invasion by the Nazis in June 1940, they removed to England. Alan Duncan died in Surrey in 1943.
Belinda Duncan (nee Isabel Belinda Atkinson, 1893-1964), daughter of a prosperous Dublin china merchant, studied Art and was a friend of painters Jack B. Yeats, Norah McGuinness, and Dolly Travers-Smith. Belinda Atkinson married Alan Duncan in 1924; they settled in Paris where their flat was a place of rendez-vous for many Irish exiles. The Duncans left France for Surrey in June 1940. After Alan Duncan's death in 1943, Belinda Duncan worked in an aircraft factory. Following the war, she returned to Dublin. There she renewed her friendship with SB; both found the relative abundance of food and personal comfort in Ireland a sharp contrast to their war-time experiences. In 1945, Belinda Duncan married Brian Lunn (former husband of Alan Duncan's sister Betty); after several years in England, they lived in Dublin from 1951.
L'Ecole Normale Superieure, Rue d'Ulm, Paris, founded in 1794, is an elite educational institution; students ofthe school are among the most brilliant of the French education system. Before taking the fiercely competitive concours d'entree (entrance examination), Arts candidates prepare, in the two preceding lycee years, for the premiere superieure and lettres superieures (commonly known as hypokhagne and khagne).
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Once admitted as 'normaliens,' they are expected to prepare for another highly competitive examination, the agregation. The original purpose of this examination was to ensure high-quality recruits to the teaching pro fession. As an exchange Lecteur in English from Trinity College Dublin from 1928 to 1930, SB followed Thomas McGreevy in the post, living at the ENS and supervising students in English. Georges Pelorson was his only pupil in 1930. SB also assisted advanced students in their preparations for examinations. Normaliens from the period of the ENS tenures of McGreevy and Beckett (classes of 1924-1930) included Jean-Paul Sartre, Annand Berard, Paul Nizan, Alfred Peron, Emile Delavenay, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean Beaufret, Georges Pelorson, Jean Rolland, Henri Evrard, and, from the ENS des Jeunes Filles, Simone Weil.
Maurice English (1909-1983), American poet, journalist, translator, and publisher, met SB when he was a foreign correspondent for the Chicago Tribune in Paris. English worked with NBC radio news until 1946; later, he edited Chicago Magazine (1954-1958). He was Editor of the University of Chicago Press (1961-1969), Temple University Press, Philadelphia (1969-1976), and Director of the University of Pennsylvania Press (1978). English translated the work ofItalian poet Eugenio Montale, as did SB, as well as ofGreek poet Odysseus Elitis.
The European Caravan: An Anthology ofthe New Spirit in European Literature (1931), planned as a two-volume anthology to introduce "the after-war spirit in European literature," involved SB with editors Samuel Putnam, Jacob Bronowski, and George Reavey. The first volume comprised selec tions from French, Spanish, English, and Irish literatures; selections from Russian, German, and Italian literatures were prepared for the second volume, which was not published. The English and Irish section, edited by Jacob Bronowski, included SB's poems "Hell Crane to Starling," "Casket ofPralinen for the Daughter ofa Dissipated Mandarin," "Text. " and "Yoke ofLiberty. " Samuel Putnam asked SB to suggest and translate some ofthe selections for the Italian section ofthe projected second volume.
Otto Freundlich (1878-1943), a German abstract artist ofJewish ori gin, studied Art in Berlin, was active in Paris avant-garde circles (1910-1914); he then lived and exhibited in Berlin and Cologne
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(1914-1924), where he joined the "November Gruppe"; he organized the first Dada Exhibition in Cologne in 1919. He moved between Germany and Paris until 1933, when his work was removed from German museums; his sculpture The New Man appeared on the cover of the catalogue of the exhibition of "Degenerate Art" (Munich 1937). Introduced by Polish painter Jankel Adler, who had known Freundlich since the 1920s in Berlin, SB attended the retrospective exhibition ofhis work at the Galerie Jeanne Bucher (1938). He and Freundlich met several times during that year. SB read a draft ofFreundlich's essay on aesthetics "Der bildhafte Raum" and shared his own essay "Les Deux Besoins" with Freundlich. As a German resident in France, Freundlich was interned in 1939; early in 1940, he requested French naturalization and was provisionally released, but was again interned from February to May 1940; on 23 February 1943 he was arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Poland. He died five days later in the Lublin-Majdanek Concentration Camp.
Marguerite Guggenheim (known as Peggy, 1898-1979), American patroness ofthe arts, moved to Paris in 1920; Guggenheim was married to Laurence Vail, a Dada sculptor and writer, from 1922 to 1930.
In 1938 she opened the Guggenheim Jeune gallery in London, exhibiting surrealist and other contemporary art. Her attachment to SB dates from this period, and her autobiographies present her view of their affair. At SB's urging, Guggenheim gave Geer van Velde a one-man show at her gallery in May 1938. SB translated several essays related to the exhibitions of Guggenheim Jeune, published in London Bulletin. Guggenheim planned to establish a museum for contemporary art in London and was often in Paris in 1939 and 1940 to amass her collection which included works by Picasso, Ernst, Miro, Magritte, Man Ray, Dali, Klee, Chagall, and Tunnard. Facing the impending German invasion of France, she asked Maria Jolas to secure her collection until it could be shipped to the United States. In 1941 Guggenheim had moved to New York where she opened the gallery Art of This Century in 1942. She was married to Max Ernst from 1942 to 1946. When the New York gallery closed in 1947, Guggenheim moved to Venice; her villa there, now the Peggy Guggenheim Museum, houses her collection.
Arthur Henry Macnamara Hillis (1905-1997), lawyer and inter national economist, was a student with SB at Trinity College Dublin;
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both were Honours graduates, Hillis in Classics and Law. Hillis was called to the Bar in London in 1931, where SB met him again in 1934-1935; they developed a close friendship through their shared inter est in music and literature. Hillis later served the British Government in the Department of the Treasury (from 1941), in the United Nations (1958-1961), and as Comptroller General ofthe National Debt Office, London (1961-1968). His wife Lillian Mary Hillis (nee Francis, 1907-1990) worked with the BBC in the Spanish Section and the South European Service from 1942 to 1967. In later years, SB frequently visited their home in London, often playing four-hand piano duets and listening to music.
Joseph Maunsel Hone (1882-1959), Irish historian, biographer, and writer, was a friend ofSB's father William Beckett; although twenty-five years his senior, Hone came to know SB well through shared interests in cricket and literature. Hone was Literary Director ofthe Dublin pub lisher Maunsel and Co. and edited the quarterly Shanachie (1906-1907) that published writings by John Millington Synge and W. B. Yeats. Hone translated The Life ofFriedrich Nietzsche (1911), and wrote Irishmen ofTo-day (1915) and William Butler Yeats (1916). He collaborated with the Italian scholar ofIrish culture Mario Manlio Rossi, translating his Viaggio in Irlanda (1932; Pilgrimage in the West, 1933) and co-authoring Bishop Berkeley: His Life, Writings and Philosophy (1931) and Swift; or, The Egoist (1934). Later, he edited George Berkeley's The Querist (1936), and wrote The Life of George Moore (1936), The Moores of Moore's Hall (1939), and an expanded biography, W. B. Yeats 1865-1939 (1943). He became President ofthe Irish Academy ofLetters in 1957.
Eugene Jolas (1894-1952), American-born poet, writer, and journalist; having been raised both in the United States and in the borderland of Alsace-Lorraine, he was keenly aware oflinguistic and cultural divisions.
Jolas began his career as a journalist in the United States and became Literary Editor ofthe Paris edition ofthe Chicago Tribune (1923-1926); his column "Rambles Through Literary Paris" reflected his interest in surre alism and established his reputation among the city's literati. In 1927 Jolas and Elliot Paul founded transition, with Maria Jolas as Managing Editor. Having met the Jolases through James Joyce and Thomas McGreevy, SB assisted when transition published portions ofJoyce's Work in Progress.
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Jolas saw Work in Progress as "the principal text of the avant-garde," an
"'8 "exemplar of'the Language of the Night at the center of his own poet:ry.
Jolas was also drawn to Jung's work in archetypes as a means to link individual experience with the "collective unconscious. " Jolas issued the "Verticalist Manifesto" in 1932 which was "signed" by SB, Georges Pelorson, and Thomas McGreevy, among others. In 1935,Jolas accepted a position in New York with the French news service Havas; withJames Johnson Sweeney in the USA and MariaJolas in France, he continued to publish transition irregularly until 1938. Jolas also published Vertical: A Yearbook for Romantic Mystic Ascensions (1941, begun but not continued as an annual). In 1941, he worked with the US Office of War Information; after the War he was made Editor of Deutsche Allgemeine Nachrichten-Agentur and covered the Nuremberg trials. He lived and worked in Paris, New York, and Germany until 1950, when he joined the New York Herald Tribune in Paris. His memoirs have been edited by Andreas Kramer and Rainer Rumold as Man. from Babel (1998).
Maria Jolas (nee MacDonald, 1893-1987) was an American musician who studied voice in Berlin in 1913 and in Paris after World War I, where she met Eugene Jolas. They married in 1926 and together edited the Paris literary journal transition (1927-1938); she acted as Managing Editor and translated articles on art and literature, including works by Andre Breton, Philippe Soupault, and Jean-Paul Sartre. In 1931, she founded the Ecole bilingue de Neuilly; Georges Pelorson and his Irish wife Marcelle (nee Graham) were teachers at the school. Jolas evacuated the school to St. Gerand-le-Puy in 1939. MariaJolas was always a close friend of the Joyce family, joining their celebrations and musical evenings; as war threatened, the Joyces moved from Paris to be near their grandson Stephen who was a student at the school. Maria Jolas joined Eugene in New York in the autumn of 1940 and was active in the "Free France" movement there. After the War, she returned to Paris and advised Georges Duthuit when he became Editor of Transition. Maria Jolas remained active as a literary translator, particularly known as a translator of the work of Nathalie Sarraute. Her memoirs have been published as MariaJolas, Woman ofAction (2004), edited by Mary Ann Caws.
8 Eugene Jolas, Man from Babel, xx-xxi. 700
Giorgio Joyce (1905-1976), son of James and Nora Joyce, met SB in 1928. At his father's urging, Giorgio began a professional career as a singer; SB attended his public debut in April 1929 with the Joyce parents. Giorgio married Helen Fleischman (nee Kastor) in December 1930, and their son, Stephen James Joyce, was born in 1932. The couple lived in New York during the mid-1930s, where Giorgio pursued his singing career. Following their return to France in spring of 1938, Helen suffered a nervous breakdown; the couple eventually separated. SB remained a close friend to Giorgio Joyce and his son; in 1955, SB made an extended visit to Giorgio and his second wife, Dr. Asta Jahnke-Osterwalder, in Zurich.
James Joyce (1882-1941) and Nora Joyce (nee Barnacle, 1884-1951) met SB in Paris in 1928. Although Harry Sinclair had given SB a letter of introduction, it was Thomas McGreevy who brought SB to meet James Joyce. AtJoyce'srequest,SBwrote"Dante. . . Bruno. Vico. . Joyce"forOur Exagmination Round His Facti. ficationfor Incamination ofWork in Progress, first published in transition Uune 1929). Joyce asked SB to prepare a French translation of"Anna Livia Plurabelle"; SB and Alfred Peron finished a first draft in August 1930, which was then revised by a group that included Philippe Soupault, Paul Leon, and Joyce himself. SB, like a number of others, assisted Joyce with research for Work in Progress, finding and summarizing books, occasionally taking dictation because of Joyce's failing eyesight, and later correcting proofs. When SB distanced himself from Lucia Joyce's affections in May 1930, the family's fondness for him cooled for a time; but over the years, SB attended Joyce's birthday cele brations, and the two met frequently, often walking together in Paris. SB wrote an acrostic poem to Joyce in 1932, "Home Olga. " After SB was stabbed in 1938, Joyce arranged for SB's medical care; in 1940, he pro moted SB's work. Although SB's early writing was seen as derivative of
Joyce's style and SB vowed to Samuel Putnam that he would"get overJ. J. ere I die," SB nonetheless maintained that he had learned artistic integ rity fromJoyce, saying that whatJoyce had achieved was"epic, heroic . . . But I realised that I couldn't go down that same road. "9
9 SB to Samuel Putnam, 28 June 1932, NjP; Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 111.
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LuciaJoyce (1907-1982) met SB in 1928 at theJoyces' flat in Paris. Lucia Joyce studied dance (1926-1929) with Jacques Dalcroze and Raymond Duncan; SB, who often accompanied the Joyces on family outings, attended her performance on 28 May 1929 at the Bal Bullier with the family and other friends. Her artistic interests also included drawing; Joyce incorporated her designs in Storiella as She is Syung (1937). Lucia Joyce, who is widely considered be the model for the Syra-Cusa in SB's Dream ofFair to Middling Women, became increasingly infatuated with SB, but in May 1930 SB made it clear that he did not reciprocate her interest. This caused a temporary falling-out with the Joyces. By 1931 she was showing signs ofthe illness that was later diagnosed as schizophrenia. SB saw Lucia Joyce when she was in London in 1935, and he was a regular visitor after she was institutionalized in Paris. In 1951 Lucia Joyce was moved to Northampton, England, where she remained until her death.
Axel Kaun (1912-1983) was introduced to SB by Gunter Albrecht. When they met for the first time at the Nicolaische Buchhandlung in Potsdam in January 1937, Kaun had just taken a position with the Berlin publisher, Rowohlt. Kaun lent SB books by Hans Carossa, Hermann Hesse, and Walter Bauer. After SB returned to Ireland, Kaun asked SB to consider selecting and translating poems by German poet Joachim Ringelnatz for possible publication by Faber and Faber in their Criterion Miscellany series. Although SB began a selection of poems, he refused the commission in a letter to Kaun that has become a touchstone in the understanding of SB's aesthetics. Kaun edited the Berliner Theater Almanac (1942), was a dramaturg for the Wiirttemberg Staatstheater in Stuttgart from 1950, and published Ballett ohne Pose (1958). In the 1960s and 1970s Kaun was a literary translator of works by emerging Black writers Uohn Howard Griffin, James Baldwin, Eldridge Cleaver, and Lee Lockwood), as well as by Christopher Isherwood, Clancy Sigal, Charles Reich, and George Steiner. SB had no contact with Axel Kaun after 1937; when he tried to locate him in the early 1980s, he learned only that Kaun lived in California. Kaun died in San Francisco in 1983.
Henri Laugier (1888-1973) was a Professor of Physiology at the Sorbonne and Director of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) from 1938. SB knew Laugier as McGreevy's acquaintance. Laugier and his companion Marie Cuttoli built an
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important collection of contemporary art, including works by Jean Lur<;at, a friend ofMcGreevy. From 1936 to 1938, Laugier was a member of the Cabinet of the Foreign Affairs Ministry under Yvon Delbos. In 1938, SB offered to pursue with Laugier a subvention that would allow McGreevy to reside in Paris while writing articles for English audiences on French subjects; although SB offered to write the required nomina tion for Laugier's approval. McGreevy declined the suggestion.
Abraham Jacob Leventhal (known as Con, 1896-1979), Irish and Jewish, critic and scholar, studiedModern Languages at Trinity College Dublin (1920, BA, French and German; 1925, MA; 1933, Ph. D. with a thesis on "Post-War Tendencies in French Literature"). Throughout his career, Leventhal was involved in publishing and teaching; he interrup ted his studies to spend a year in Palestine as a secretary with the First Zionist Commission where he helped found Palestine Weekly (1919). In 1923 he founded the single-issue literary review The Klaxon (Winter 1923/24) to publish his review of Joyce's mysses (under the pseudonym L. K. Emery), which the printer for Dublin Magazine had refused to print. With Francis Stuart, F. R. Higgins, and Cecil Salkeld, Leventhal founded the Dublin review Tomorrow in 1924; despite contributions by W. B. Yeats, this lasted only two issues. Leventhal filled the post that SB had resigned as Lecturer in French at TCD Uanuary 1932 through 1933) and served TCD in various administrative positions from 1937; he was Assistant to the Professors of French and German from 1938 to 1939, then (although his title varied) Lecturer in Modern Languages until 1963. Leventhal was a member of the Dublin Drama League, contrib uted "Dramatic Commentary" (1943-1958) and other writings to Dublin Magazine, was a regular broadcaster on Radio Eireann and the BBC, Assistant Editor of Hermathena from 1956 to 1963, and reviewed for The Irish Times, Envoy, and Irish Art. After the death of his wife Gertrude (nee Zlotover), he married Ethna Maccarthy in 1956. Leventhal fre quently visited SB in Paris; following his retirement in 1963, Leventhal moved to Paris and began a bibliography of SB's work and assisted him with correspondence. He remained a close friend until his death. In 1984, SB helped to establish a scholarship at TCD in his name.
Ethna Mary Maccarthy (1903-1959), granddaughter of the Irish poet Denis FlorenceMaccarthy and daughter of Dublin physician Brendan
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Maccarthy, was a poet, linguist, and physician. She studied French and
Spanish literature at Trinity College Dublin; like SB, she was a Scholar,
and a First Class Moderator (1926). James Knowlson claims that she was
the "Alba" of the eponymous poem and of Dream of Fair to Middling
10
Although SB had already made plans to travel to Germany by Christmas 1931, he indicated later to Lawrence Harvey that he would not have resigned from TCD had it not been for the automobile accident in which Ethna Maccarthy, his passenger, was badly hurt. When she taught one of Professor Rudmose-Brown's courses in 1936, SB helped her prepare the Provenc;al lectures. Her poems, stories, translations from Spanish and German poetry, and a short play appeared in Hermathena, Dublin Magazine, Ireland To-Day, and an anthology of New Irish Poets (1948). Maccarthy continued her studies, receiving an MA in 1937; from 1939 to 1949 she was "Assistant to the Professor of French" at TCD, and she lectured in Spanish and French even as she studied Medicine (MB, 1941; MD, 1948). Maccarthy practiced medicine in Dublin and then in the East End of London. She married A. J. Leventhal in May 1956. SB remained a close friend to them both, particularly during MacCarthy's illness and death from cancer in 1959.
Women.
Thomas McGreevy(after 1943 known as MacGreevy, 1893-1967), Irish poet, critic, translator, art historian, and Director of the National Gallery of Ireland, was born in Tarbert, Co. Kerry. McGreevy worked in Dublin and London with the British Civil Service (1911-1914), served in World War I as an Officer of the Royal Field Artillery, and then studied History and Political Science at Trinity College Dublin (BA, 1920). While an assistant secretary to the Irish Advisory Committee of the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, McGreevy published articles for The Leader, The Irish Statesman, and The Gael. He moved to London in May 1925, where he joined the editorial staff of Connoisseur and wrote criticism for The Criterion, the Times Literary Supplement, The Nation and Athenaeum and the New Statesman. In January 1927, he was appointed as Lecteur d'anglais at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, and when SB took up the same post he and McGreevy became close friends. McGreevy introduced SB to many of his acquaintances in art and
10 Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 75. 704
literary circles in Paris, London, and Dublin, among them James Joyce, Richard Aldington, Jack B. Yeats, Charles Prentice, and Eugene Jolas. Both men published on Joyce in transition and Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work In Progress. SB stood in for McGreevy in his role as Secretary of the fine art journal Formes when McGreevy had to be away from Paris. In 1931, McGreevy published two monographs in the Chatto and Windus Dolphin Book series: Thomas Stearns filiot: A Study and Richard Aldington: An Englishman; SB's Proust, also in this series, came about as a result of McGreevy's suggestion. McGreevy stimulated and guided SB's interest in painting. He insisted that SB meet Jack B. Yeats. McGreevy's collection Poems was published in 1934. In London, he became chiefArt Critic for The Studio (1938-1940); returning to Dublin in 1941, he became Art Critic for The Irish Times (November 1941 to December 1944). A practicing Catholic all his life, he also wrote for The Father Matthew Record and The Capuchin Annual.
McGreevy's study JackB. Yeats was published in 1945.
McGreevy served as Director ofthe National Gallery oflreland from
1950 until his retirement in 1963. He was made Chevalier de l'Ordre de la Legion d'Honneur by the French Government for his services to the arts, made Cavaliere Ufficiale al Merito della Repubblica Italiana by the Italian Government, and awarded the Degree of Doctor of Letters by the National University oflreland. In the early 1960s, he wrote a critical study on Nicolas Poussin, was made Officier de la Legion d'Honneur, and organized an exhibition of Jack B. Yeats's work for the Venice Biennale.
Macy Manning Howe Adams (1905-1999), playwright, novelist, critic, childhood friend of SB (their mothers were close friends). Mary Manning studied at Alexandra College Dublin and the Abbey Acting School, and joined the Gate Theatre as Publicity Manager, editing the GateTheatrejournal,Motley. HerearlyplayswereYouth'stheSeason . . . ? (1931), in which SB had a hand - suggesting a wordless character called Horace Egosmith; Storm Over Wicklow (1933); and Happy Family (1934). In 1934 Mary Manning moved to Boston and married Harvard law profes sor Mark DeWolfe Howe, Jr. In the summer of 1936, while visiting Ireland, she had what she later claimed was an affair with SB. The first of her novels Mount Venus (1938) was published with Houghton Mifflin, whom she tried to interest in SB's Murphy. Director ofDrama at
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Radcliffe College during World War II, Mary Manning was a founder of
The Poets' Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts (1950-1968, 1987- ).
which staged her play The Voice of Shem (1955, published 1957), an
adaptation of Finnegans Wake, as well as a reading of SB's radio play All
That Fall (1958). After her husband's death in 1967, Mary Manning
returned to Dublin where she was Drama Critic for Hibernia. Her adap
tation ofFrank O'Connor's novel The Saint and Mary Kate was produced at
the Abbey Theatre in 1968, and she wrote a volume of satirical short
stories, The Last Chronicles of Ballyfungus (1978). In 1980, she married
Faneuil Adams (1899-1981), and again lived in Boston. Of her mother's
quick and sometimes cutting wit, the poet Susan Howe has written:
11
Sean O'Sullivan (1906-1964), Irish painter and draftsman. studied at the Metropolitan School ofArt in Dublin, the Central School ofArts and
Crafts in London, and at the Academie de la Grande Chaumiere and the Academie Colarossi in Paris. In 1931, he was the youngest artist to be elected to the Royal Hibernian Academy. Although he painted Irish landscapes, O'Sullivan is best known for portraits, done as drawings and in oils, including ones ofsuch Dublin notables as Douglas Hyde, Eamon De Valera,JamesJoyce, W. B. Yeats, Maud Gonne MacBride,Jack B. Yeats, SB, and Ethna Maccarthy (see illustrations). He aimed to "record every person of prominence on the Irish scene during his period," and was said to have a story about every person he had painted. 12 O'Sullivan knew McGreevy andJoyce in Paris. Although SB first mentions him in a letter in 1933, the two were most frequently together from 1935 to 1937 in Dublin; in 1939, SB arranged for him to rentJankel Adler's studio in Paris.
Seumas O'Sullivan (neJames Sullivan Starkey, 1879-1958), Irish poet and founding editor ofthe Dublin Magazine (1923-1958), was active in the Irish Literary Revival, appearing in W. B. Yeats's play On Baile's Strand at the Abbey Theatre in 1904, and was a supporter ofSinn Fein. A friend ofW. B. Yeats,JamesJoyce, AE, and Oliver St. John Gogarty, O'Sullivan championed young authors, among them Patrick Kavanagh, Padraic
11 Susan Howe, The Midnight (New York: New Directions Books, 2003) 64.
12 Ryan, Remembering How We Stood, 46.
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"She loved to produce and destroy meanings in the same sentence. "
Fallon, Mary Lavin, and SB. "Alba" was SB's initial publication in the Dublin Magazine (1931), followed by "Gnome" (1934), "Cascando" (1936), and several reviews. O'Sullivan was President of Irish PEN, a founding member of the Irish Academy of Letters, and was given an honorary degree by Trinity College Dublin in 1939. He was married to the painter Estella Solomons.
Georges Pelorson (later known as Georges Belmont, b. 1909), French poet, journalist, editor, and translator, entered the Ecole Normale Superieure in 1926 and was SB's first student there in 1928. Pelorson came to Trinity College Dublin as part of the exchange with the ENS, beginning in January 1930; in February 1930, he co-authored with SB the dramatic parody Le Kid for the Modern Languages Society produc tion at the Peacock Theatre; according to Knowlson, Pelorson figures as Liebert in SB's Dream of Fair to Middling Women. Pelorson married Marcelle Graham in Dublin, then returned to Paris in autumn 1931, leaving the ENS with a licence in English, rather than going on to sit for the agregation; with his wife Marcelle, Pelorson translated Emily Bronte's poems in 1933. He wrote for Paris-Midi and Paris-Soir (1931-1940), was Director of the Ecole bilingue de Neuilly founded by Maria Jolas, and published in La Nouvelle Revue Fram;aise, Mesures, and transition. With Raymond Queneau, Henry Miller, Le Corbusier, and Frederic Joliot-Curie, Pelorson co-founded Volontes (1937-1939); he published Essai sur une reforrne de l'enseignement en France (1940) and was involved in the literary section of the Jeune France educational movement. A collaborator, Pelorson held positions with the Vichy Government: as Chef de la propagande des jeunes for the Occupied Zone (1941), Secretaire general adjoint (1942-1943), and Secretaire general de la jeunesse (1943-1944).
