No More Learning

Curtius are prefixed to
early MSS. of Q. Curtius, and that Joannes Saris- most of the editions here mentioned, but the fol-
beriensis, who died in A. D. 1182, was acquainted lowing may be consulted in addition to them:
with the work. All modern critics are now pretty Niebuhr Zwei klassiche Lat. Schriftsteller des
well agreed, that Curtius lived in the first centuries dritten Jahrhunderts," in his Kleine Schriften, i.
of the Christian aera. Niebuhr regards him and p. 305, &c. ; Buttmann, Veber das Leben des Ge-
Petronius as contemporaries of Septimius Severus, schichtschreibers Q. Curtius Rufus. In Beziehung
while most other critics place him as early as the auf A. Hirt's Abhandl. über denselb. Gegenstand,
time of Vespasian. The latter opinion, which also Berlin, 1820; G. Pinzger, Ueber dus Zeitalter des
accords with the supposition that the rhetorician Q. Curtius Rufus in Seebode's Archiv für Philolo
Q. Curtius Rufus mentioned by Suetonius was the gre, 1824, i. 1, p. 91, &c.
[L. S. ]
same as our historian, presents no other difficulty, P. CU'SPIUS, a Roman knight, had been
except that Quintilian, in mentioning the histo- twice in Africa as the chief director (magister) of
rians who had died before his time, does not allude the company that farmed the public taxes in that
to Curtius in any way. This difficulty, however, province, and had several friends there, whom
may be removed by the supposition, that Curtius Cicero at his request recommended to Q. Valerius
was still alive when Quintilian wrote. Another Orca, the proconsul of Africa, in B. c. 45. (Cic.
kind of internal evidence which might possibly ad Fam. xiii. 6, comp. xvi. 17. )
suggest the time in which Curtius wrote, is the CU'SPIUS FADUS. [Fanus. ]
style and diction of his work ; but in this case CYAMI'TES (Kvaulīns), the hero of beans,
neither of them is the writer's own; both are a mysterious being, who had a small sanctuary on
artificially acquired, and exhibit only a few traces the road from Athens to Eleusis. No particulars
which are peculiar to the latter part of the first are known about him, but Pausanias (i. 37. $ 3)
century after Christ. Thus much, however, seems says, that those who were initiated in the mysteries
clear, that Curtius was a rhetorician: his style is or had read the so-called Orphica would understand
not free from strained and high-town expressions, the nature of the hero.
(L. S. ]
but on the whole it is a masterly imitation of CY'AXE (Kvávn), a Sicilian nymph and play-
Livy's style, intermixed here and there with poeti- mate of Proserpina, who was changed through
cal phrases and artificial ornaments.
grief at the loss of Proserpina into a well. The
The work itself is a history of Alexander the Syracusans celebrated an annual festival on that
Great, and written with great partiality for the spot, which Heracles was said to have instituted,
hero. The author drew his materials from good and at which a bull was sunk into the well as a
sources, such as Cleitarchus, Timagenes, and Pto sacrifice. (Divd. v. 4; Ov. Mct. v. 412, dir. ) A
lemaeus, but was deficient himself in knowledge daughter of Liparus was likewise called Cyane.
of geography, tactics, and astronomy, and in his (Diod. v. 7. )
[L. S. ]
torical criticism, for which reasons his work cannot CYANIPPUS (Kvarntos), a son of Aegialeus
always be relied upon as an historical authority. and prince of Argos, who belonged to the house of
It consisted originally of ten books, but the first the Biantidae. (Paus. ii. 18. S 4, 30. $9. ) A pol-
two are lost, and the remaining eight also are not lodorus (i. I. § 13) calls him a brother of Aegialeus
without more or less considerable gaps. In the and a son of Adrastus.
(L. S. ]
early editions the fifth and sixth books are some- CY'ATHUS (Kvados), the youthful cup-bearer
times united in one, so that the whole would con- of Oeneus, was killed by lleracles on account of a
sist of only nine books; and Glareanus in his fault committed in the discharge of his duty. lle


## p. 908 (#928) ############################################

908
CYAXARES.
CYCLIADAS.
was honoured at Phlius with a sanctuary close lig | pelled from Media in 3. C. 007, and Cyaxarcs
the temple of Apollo. (Paus. ii. 13. $ 8. ) In again turned his arms against Assyria, and, in the
other traditions Cyathus is called Eurynonius. following year, with the aid of the king of Babylon
(Diod. iv. 36. )
[L. S. ] (probably the firther of Nebuchadnczzar), he took
CYAXARES (Kvačápns), was, according to and destroyed Nimus. [SARDANAPALUS. ] The
Herodotus, the third king of Media, the son of consequence of this war, according to Herodotus,
Phraortes, and the grandson of Deioces. Ile was was, that the Medes made the Assyrians their
the most warlike of the Median kings, and intro- subjects, except the district of Babylon. He means,
duced great military reforms, by arranging his as we learn from other writers, that the king of
subjects into proper divisions of spearmen and Babylon, who had before been in a state of doubt-
archers and cavalry. He succeeded his father, ful subjection to Assyria, obtained complete inde-
Phraortes, who was defeated and killed while be- pendence as the reward for his share in the
sieging the Assyrian capital, Ninus (Nineveh), in destruction of Nineveh. The league between
B. C. 631. He collected all the forces of his empire Cyaxares and the king of Babylon is said by Poly-
to avenge his father's death, defeated the Assyrians histor and Abydenus (ap. Euseb. Chron: Arn. ,
in battle, and laid siege to Ninus. Bui while he and Syncell. p. 210, b. ) to have been cemented
was before the city, a large body of Scythians in- | by the betrothal of Amyhis or Amytis, the daugh-
vaded the northern parts of Media, and Cyaxares ter of Cyaxares, to Nabuchodrossar or Nabuchodo-
marched to meet them, was defeated, and became nosor (Nebuchadnezzar), son of the king of Baby-
subject to the Scythians, who held the dominion lon. They have, however, by mistake put the
of all Asia (or, as Herodotus elsewhere says, more name of Asdahnges (Astyages) for that of Cyaxares.
correctly, of Upper Asia) for twenty-eight years (Clinton, i. pp. 271, 279. ) Cyaxares died after a
(B. C. 634–607), during which time they plun- reign of forty years (B. C. 59+), and was succeeded
dered the Medes without mercy. At length by his son Astyages. (Herod. i. 73, 74, 103-106,
Cyaxares and the Medes massacred the greater | iv, 11, 12, vii. 20. ) The Cyaxares of Diodorus
number of the Scythians, having first made them (ii. 32) is Deioces. Respecting the supposed
intoxicated, and the Median dominion was re- Cyaxares II. of Xenophon, sec Cyrus. [P. S. )
stored. There is a considerable difficulty in recon- CY'BELE. (RHEA. ]
ciling this account with that which Herodotus CYCHREUS or CENCHREUS (KvXpeus), a
elsewhere gives (i. 73, 74), of the war between son of Poseidon and Salamis, became king of the
Cyaxares and Alyattes, king of Lydia. This war island of Salamis, which was called after him
was provoked by Alyattes having sheltered some Cychreia, and which he delivered from a dragon.
Scythians, who had fied to him after having killed He was subsequently honoured as a hero, and had
one of the sons of Cyaxares, and served him up to a sanctuary in Salamis. (Apollod. ii. 12. $ 7;
his father as a Thyestean banquet.
The war
Diod. is. 72. ). According to other traditions,
lasted five years, and was put an end to in the Cychreus himself was called a dragon on account
sixth year, in consequence of the terror inspired by of his savage nature, and was expelled from Salamis
a solar eclipse, which happened just when the by Eurylochus; but he was received by Demeter
Lydian and Median armies had joined battle, and at Eleusis, and appointed a priest to her temple.
which Thales had predicted. This eclipse is (Steph. Byz. s. v. Kvxpeios. ) Others again said
placed by some writers as high as B. C. 625, by that Cychreus had brought up a dragon, which was
others as low as 585. But of all the eclipses be expelled by Eurylochus. (Strab. ix. p. 393. )
tween these two dates, several are absolutely | There was a tradition that, while the battle of
excluded by circumstances of time, place, and ex- Salamis was going on, a dragon appeared in one of
tent, and on the whole it seems most probable that the Athenian ships, and that an oracle declared
the eclipse intended was that of September 30, this dragon to be Cychreus. (Paus. i. 36. & 1;
B. C. 610. (Baily, in the Philosophical Transactions comp. Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 110, 175; Plut. Ties. 10,
for 181l; Oltmann in the Schrift. der Berl. Acad. Solon. 9. )
[L. S. ]
1812–13; Hales, Analysis of Chronology, i. pp. CYCLI'ADAS (Kurdiáoas) was strategus of
74–78; Ideler, Handbuch der Chronologie, i. the Achaeans in B. C. 208, and, having joined
p. 209, &c. ; Fischer, Griechische Zeittafeln, s. a. Philip V. of Macedon at Dyme with the Achaean
610. ) This date, however, involves the difficulty forces, aided him in that invasion of Elis which
of making Cyaxares, as king of the Medes, carry was checked by P. Sulpicius Galba. In B. C. 200,
on a war of five years with Lydia, while the Scy- Cycliadas being made strategus instead of Philo-
thians were masters of his country. But it is poemen, whose military talents he by no means
pretty evident from the account of Herodotus that equalled, Nabis took advantage of the change to
Cyaxares still reigned, though as a tributary to the make war on the Achaeans. Philip offered to
Scythians, and that the dominion of the Scythians help them, and to carry the war into the enemy's
over Media rather consisted in constant predatory country, if they would give him a sufficient num-
incursions from positions which they had taken in ber of their soldiers to garrison Chalcis, Oreus, and
the rarthern part of the country, than in any Corinth in the mean time; but they saw through
permanent occupation thereof. It was probably, his plan, which was to obtain hostages from them
then, from B. c. 615 10 B. c.
610 that the war be and so to force them into a war with the Romans,
tween the Lydians and the Medians lasted, till, Cycliadas therefore answered, that their laws pre-
both parties being terrified by the eclipse, the two cluded them from discussing any proposal except
kings accepted the mediation of Syennesis, king of that for which the assembly was summoned, and
Cilicia, and Labynetus, king of Babylon (probably this conduct relieved him from the imputation,
Nebuchadnezzar or his father), and the peace made under which he had previously laboured, of being
between them was cemented by the marriage of a nere creature of the king's. In B. c. 198 we
Astyages, the son of Cyaxares, to Aryennis, the find him an exile at the court of Philip, whom he
daughter of Alyattes. The Scythians were ex- attended in that year at his conference with Fla-


## p. 909 (#929) ############################################

CYCLOPES.
909
CYCNUS.
!
minings at Nicaea in Locris. After the battle of architects in Inter accounts, were a race of men
Cynoscephalac. B. c. 197, Cyclindas was sent with who appear to be different from the Cyclopes whom
two others as ambassador from Philip in Flamininus, we have considered hitherto, for they are described
who granted the king a truce of 15 days with a as a Thracian tribe, which derived its name from a
view to the arrangement of a permanent peace. king Cyclops. They were expelled from their
(Polyb. xvii. l, xviii
. 17; Liv. xxvii. 31, xxxi. homes in Thrace, and went to the Curetes (Crete)
25, xxxii. 19, 32, xxxiii. 11, 12. ) [E. E. ] and to Lycia, Thence they followed Proctus to
CYCLOPES (KÚKAWnes), that is, creatures protect him, by the gigantic walls which they con-
with round or circular eyes. The tradition about structed, against Acrisius. The grand fortifications
these beings has undergone several changes and of Argos, Tiryns, and Mycenae, were in later
modifications in its development in Greek mytho- times regarded as their works. (Apollod. ii. 1.
logy, though some traces of their identity remain $ 2; Strab. viii. p. 373 ; Paus. ii. 16. & 4 ; Schol.
visible throughout. According to the ancient cos- ud Eurip. Orest. 953. ) Such walls, commonly
mogonies, the Cyclopes were the sons of Uranus known by the name of Cyclopean walls, still exist
and Ge; they belonged to the Titans, and were in various parts of ancient Greece and Italy, and
three in number, whose names were Arges, Steropes, consist of unhewn polygones, which are sometimes
and Brontes, and each of them had only one eye ' 20 or 30 feet in breadth. The story of the Cyc-
on his forehead. Together with the other Titans, , lopes having built them seems to be a mere inven-
they were cast by their father into Tartarus, bui, tion, and admits neither of an historical nor
instigated by their mother, they assisted Cronus in geographical explanation. Homer, for instance,
usurping the government. But Cronus again threw know's nothing of Cyclopean walls, and he calls
them into Tartarus, and as Zeus released them in Tiryns merely a hádis TEIXIÓcora. (17. . 559. )
his war against Cronus and the Titans, the Cyclopes The Cyclopean walls were probably constructed by
provided Zeus with thunderbolts and lightning, an ancient race of men-perhaps the Pelasgians-
Pluto with a helmet, and Poseidon with a trident. who occupied the countries in which they occur
(Apollod. i. 1; Hes. Theog. 503. ) Henceforth before the nations of which we have historical
they remained the ministers of Zeus, but were records ; and later generations, being struck by
afterwards killed by Apollo for having furnished their grandeur as much as ourselves, ascribed their
Zeus with the thunderbolts to kill Asclepius. building to a fabulous race of Cyclopes. Analogies
(Apollod. iii. 10. § 4. ) According to others, how to such a process of tradition are not wanting in
ever, it was not the Cyclopes themselves that were modern countries; thus several walls in Germany,
killed, but their sons. (Schol. ad Eurip. Alcest. 1. ) which were probably constructed by the Romans,
In the Homeric poems the Cyclopes are a gigan- are to this day called by the people Riesenmauer
tic, insolent, and lawless race of shepherds, who or Teufelsmauer.
lived in the south-western part of Sicily, and de- In works of art the Cyclopes are represented as
voured human beings. They neglected agriculture, sturdy men with one eye on their forehead, and
and the fruits of the field were reaped by them the place which in other human beings is occupied
without labour. They had no laws or political by the eyes, is marked in figures of the Cyclopes
institutions, and each lived with his wives and by a line. According to the explanation of Plato
children in a cave of a mountain, and ruled over (ap. Strab. xiii. p. 592), the Cyclopes were beings
them with arbitrary power. (Hom. Od. vi. 5, ix. typical of the original condition of uncivilized men;
106, &c. , 190, &c. , 240, &c. , X. 200. ) Homer but this explanation is not satisfactory, and the
does not distinctly state that all of the Cyclopes cosmogonic Cyclopes at least must be regarded as
were one-eyed, but Polyphemus, the principal personifications of certain powers manifested in
among them, is described as having only one eve nature, which is sufficiently indicated by their
on his forehead. (Od. i. 69, ix. 383, &c. ; comp. names.
(L. S. )
POLYPHEMUS. ) The Homeric Cyclopes are no CYCNUS (Kúkvos). 1. A son of Apollo by
longer the servants of Zeus, but they disregard Thyria or Hyria, the daughter of Amphinomus.
him. (0d. ix. 275; comp. Virg. Aen. vi. 636 ; He was a handsome hunter, living in the district
Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 53. )
between Pleuron and Calydon, and although be-
A still later tradition regarded the Cyclopes as loved by many, repulsed all his lovers, and only
the assistants of Hephaestus. Volcanoes were the one, Crenus, persevered in his love. Cycnus at
workshops of that god, and mount Aetna in Sicily last imposed upon him three labours, viz. to kill a
and the neighbouring isles were accordingly con- lion without weapons, to catch alive some monstrous
sidered as their abodes. As the assistants of He- vultures which devoured men, and with his own
phaestus they are no longer shepherds, but make hand to lead a bull to the altar of Zeus. Phyllius
the metal armour and ornaments for gods and accomplished these tasks, but as, in accordance
heroes ; they work with such might that Sicily with a request of Heracles, he refused giving to
and all the neighbouring islands resound with their Phyllius a bull which he had received as a prize,
hammering. Their number is, like that in the Cycnus was exasperated at the refusal, and leaped
Homeric poems, no longer confined to three, but into lake Canope, which was henceforth called after
their residence is removed from the south-western him the Cycnean lake. His mother Thyria fol-
to the eastern part of Sicily. (Virg. Georg. iv. 170, lowed him, and both were metamorphosed by Apollo
Aen. riii. 433; Callim. Hymn. in Dian. 56, &c. ; into swans. (Antonin. Lib. 12. ) Ovid (Mei
. vii.
Eurip. Cycl. 599; Val. Flacc. ii. 420. ) Two of 371, &c. ), who relates the same story, makes the
their names are the same as in the cosmogonic Cycnean lake arise from Hyria melting away in
tradition, but new names also were invented, for tears at the death of her son.
we find one Cyclops bearing the name of Pyracmon, 2. A son of Poseidon by Calyce (Calycia), Har-
and another that of Acamas. (Calim. Hymn. in pale, or Scamandrodice. (Hygin. Fub. 157 ; Schol.
Dian. 68 ; Virg. Aen. viii. 425; Val. Flacc. i. 583. ) ad Pind. Ol. ii. 147; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 233. )
The Cyclopes, who were regarded as skilful He was born in secret, and was exposed on the


## p. 910 (#930) ############################################

910
CYDAS.
CYLLENIUS.
sca-coast, where he was found by shepherds, who and Antiochus in 1. c. 168 (Liv. xliv. 13, 24)
seeing a swan descending upon him, called him may perhaps be the same as No. 1.
Cycnus. When he had grown up to manlıood, he 3. A native of Gortyna in Crete, a man of the
became king of Colonae in Troas, and married most abandoned character, was appointed by An-
Proclcia, the daughter of Laomedon or of Clytius tony in B. C. 44 as one of the judices at Rome.
(Paus. X. 14. $ 2), by whoni he became the father (Cic. Phil. v. 5, viii. 9. )
of Tenes and Hemithea. Dicty's Cretensis (ii. CY'DIAS (kvôías). ). An Athenian orator,
13) mentions different children. After the death a contemporary of Demosthenes, of whom Aristotle
of Procleia, he married Philonome, a daughter of (Rhet. ii. 6. $ 24) mentions an oration repà ons
Crangasus, who fell in love with Tenes, her step Sauov kampouxias, which Ruhnken refers to the
son, and not being listened to by him calumniated Athenian colony which was sent to Samos in B. C.
him, so that Cycnus in his anger threw his son to- 352 (Dionys. Drinarch. p. 118), so that the ora-
gether with Hemithea in a chest into the sea. tion of Cydias would have been delivered in that
According to others Cycnus himself leaped into year. (Ruhnken, Hist. Crit.