No More Learning

(Dict. of Ant. s. v. Calendarium. ) begun to make preparations for his departure to
In the midst of these labours, Caesar was inter- | the East. In the midst of these vast projects he
rupted by intelligence of a formidable insurrection entered upon the last year of his life, B. C. 44, and
which had broken out in Spain, where the remains of his fifth consulship and dictatorship.
He had
the Pompeian party had again collected a large made M. Antony his colleague in the consulship,
army under the command of Pompey's sons, Cneius and M. Lepidus the master of the horse. Caesar
and Sextus. Having been previously designated had for some time past resolved to preserve the
consul and dictator for the following year, Caesar supreme power in his family; and, as he had no
set out for Spain at the latter end of B. C. 46. legitimate children, had fixed upon his great-
With his usual activity, he arrived at Obulco near nephew Octavius (afterwards the emperor Augustus)
Corduba in twenty-seven days from the time of as his successor. Possessing royal power, he now
bis leaving Rome. He found the enemy able to wished to obtain the title of king, which he might
offer stronger opposition than he had anticipated; hand down to his successor on the throne, and
but he brought the war to a close by the battle of accordingly got his colleague Antony to offer him
Munda, on the 17th of March, B. c. 45, in which the diadem in public on the festival of the Lu-
he entirely defeated the enemy. It was, however, percalia (the 15th of February); but, seeing that
a hard-fought battle: Caesar's troops were at first the proposition was not favourably received by
driven back, and were only rallied again by their the people, he resolved to decline it for the pre-
general's exposing his own person, like a common sent. Caesar's wish for the title of king must
soldier, in the front line of the battle. Cn. Pom- not be regarded as merely a desire to obtain an
peius was killed shortly afterwards, but Sextus empty honour, the reality of which he already pos-
made good his escape. The settlement of the sessed. Had he obtained it, and been able to be
affairs in Spain detained Caesar in the province queath it to his successor, he would have saved the
some months longer, and he consequently did not state from many of the evils which subsequently
reach Rome till September. He entered the city arose from the anomalous constitution of the Ro-
at the beginning of October in triumph on account man empire as it was finally established by Au-
of his victories in Spain, although the victory had gustus. The state would then have become an
been gained over Roman citizens, and he also al hereditary and not an elective monarchy, and
lowed triumphs to his legates Fabius Maximus and would not have fallen into the hands of an insolent
Q. Pedius. The senate received him with the most and rapacious soldiery.
servile flattery. They had in his absence voted a Meantime, the conspiracy against Caesar's life
public thanksgiving of fifty days on account of his had been already formed as early as the begin-
victory in Spain, and various other honorary de- ning of the year. It had been set afoot by
crees, and they now ried with each other in paying Cassius, a personal enemy of Caesar's, and there
him every species of adulation and homage. He were more than sixty persons privy to it. Per-
was to wear, on all public occasions, the triumphal sonal hatred alone seems to have been the motive
robe; he was to receive the title of “ Father of his of Cassius, and probably of several others. Many
:


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654
CAESAR.
CAESAR
of them had taken an active part in the war against | fitted to excel in all, and has given proofs that he
Caesar, and had not only been forgiven by him, would have surpassed almost all other men in any
but raised to offices of rank and honour ; but for- subject to which he devoted the energies of his
giveness by an enemy, instead of exciting gratitude, extraordinary mind. Julius Caesar was the great-
only renders the benefactor still more hateful to est man of antiquity; and this fact must be our
men of low and base minds. They pretended that apology for the length to which this notice has er-
their object was to restore liberty to the state, and tended. His greatness as a general has been suffi-
some, perhaps M. Brutus among the rest, believed ciently shewn by the above sketch; but one cir-
that they should be doing good service to their cumstance, which has been generally overlooked,
country by the assassination of its ruler. But the places his genius for war in a most striking light.
majority were undoubtedly actuated by the mere Till bis fortieth year, when he went as propraetor
motive of restoring their own party to power: into Spain, Caesar had been almost entirely en-
every open attempt to crush their enemy had failed, gaged in civil life. He had served, it is true, in
and they had now recourse to assassination as the his youth, but it was only for a short time, and in
only means of accomplishing their object. Their campaigns of secondary importance; he had never
project was nearly discovered; but Caesar disre- been at the head of an army, and his whole mili-
garded the warnings that had been given him, and tary experience must have been of the most limited
fell by the daggers of his assassins in the senate- kind. Most of the greatest generals in the history
house, on the ides, or fifteenth, of March, B. C. 44. of the world have been distinguished at an early
Caesar's death was undoubtedly a loss not only for age : Alexander the Great, llannibal, Frederick
the Roman people, but the whole civilized world. of Prussia, and Napoleon Bonaparte, gained some
The republic was utterly lost; it could not have of their most brilliant victories under the age of
been restored ; and if there had been any possibi- thirty ; but Caesar from the age of twenty-three
lity of establishing it again, it would have fallen to forty had seen nothing of war, and, notwith-
into the hands of a profligate aristocracy, which standing, appears all at once as one of the greatest
would only have sought its own aggrandizement upon generals that the world has ever seen.
the ruins of its country. Now the Roman world was During the whole of his busy life Caesar found
called to go through many years of disorder and time for literary pursuits, and always took pleasure
bloodshed, till it rested again under the supremacy in the society and conversation of men of learning.
of Augustus, who had neither the talents, the He himself was the author of many works, the
power, nor the inclination to carry into effect the majority of which has been lost. The purity of
vast and salutary plans of his uncle. When we his Latin and the clearness of his style were cele-
recollect the latter years of the Roman republic, brated by the ancients themselves, and are con-
the depravity and corruption of the ruling class, spicuous in his " Commentarii,” which are his
the scenes of anarchy and bloodshed which con- only works that hare come down to us. They
stantly occurred in the streets of the capital, it is relate the history of the first seven years of the
evident that the last days of the republic had come, Gallic war in seven books, and the history of the
and that its only hope of peace and security was Civil war down to the commencement of the Alex-
under the strong hand of military power. And andrine in three books. In them Caesar has care-
fortunate was it in obtaining a ruler so mild and fully avoided all rhetorical embellishments ; he
so beneficent as Caesar. Pompey was not naturally narrates the events in a clear unassuming style,
cruel, but he was weak and irresolute, and was and with such apparent truthfulness that he carries
surrounded by men who would have forced him conviction to the mind of the reader. They seem
into the most violent and sanguinary acts, if his to have been composed in the course of his cam-
party had prevailed.
paigns, and were probably worked up into their pre-
Caesar was in his fifty-sixth year at the time of sent form during his winter-quarters. The Com-
his death. His personal appearance was noble and mentaries on the Gallic War were published after
commanding; he was tall in stature, of a fair com- the completion of the war in Gaul, and those on the
plexion, and with black eyes full of expression. Civil War probably after his return from Alexan.
He never wore a beard, and in the latter part of dria. The Ephemerides” of Caesar must not
his life his head was bald. His constitution was be regarded as a separate work, but only as the
originally delicate, and he was twice attacked by Greek name of the * Commentarii. ” Neither of
epilepsy while transacting public business; but, these works, however, completed the history of
by constant exercise and abstemious living, he had the Gallic and Civil wars. The history of the
acquired strong and vigorous health, and could en- foriner was completed in an eighth book, which is
dure almost any amount of exertion. He took usually ascribed to Hirtius, and the history of the
great pains with his person, and was considered to Alexandrine, African, and Spanish wars were
be effeminate in his dress. His moral character, as written in three separate books, which are also
far as the connexion of the sexes goes, was as low ascribed to Hirtius. The question of their author-
as that of the rest of the Romans of his age. His ship is discussed under Hirtius.
intrigues with the most distinguished Roman la- Besides the Commentaries, Caesar also wrote
dies were notorious, and he was equally lavish of the following works, which have been lost, but the
his favours in the provinces.
mere titles of which are a proof of his literary ac-
If we now turn to the intellectual character of tivity and diversified knowledge :- 1. “ Ora-
Caesar, we see that he was gifted by nature with tiones," some of which have been mentioned in
the most various talents, and was distinguished by the preceding account, and a complete list of which
the most extraordinary genius and attainments in is given in Meyer's Oratorum Romanorum
the most diversified pursuits. He was at one and Fragmenta, p. 404, &c. , 2nd ed. The ancient
the same time a generu, a statesman, a lawgiver, writers speak of Caesar as one of the first orators
a jurist, an orator, a poet, an historian, a philologer, of his age, and describe him as only second to
a mathematician and an architect. He was equally Cicero. (Quintil. x. 1. $ 114; Vell. Pat. ii. 36;


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CAESAR
555
CAESAR.
1
66
9
969000
53 PETVO
PESARO
C.
Cic. Brut. 72,74; Tac. Ann. xiii. 3, Dial. de Orat. 21; , saris," Lips. 1827. Among modern works the
Plut. Caes. 3 ; Suet. Caes. 55. ) 2. “ Epistolae," of best account of Caesar's life is in Drumann's Ges-
which several are preserved in the collection of Cice chichte Roms. Caesar's campaigns have been
ro's letters, but there were still more in the time of criticised by Napoleon in the work entitled “ Précis
Suetonius (Caes. 56) and Appian (B. C. ii. 79). des Guerres de César par Napoléon, écrit par M.
3. “ Anticato," in two books, hence sometimes Marchand, à l'ile Sainte-Hélènc, sous la diciée de
called “ Anticatones," a work in reply to Cicero's l'Empereur,” Paris, 1836. )
“ Cato," which the Roman orator wrote in praise For an account of Caesar's coins, see Eckhel,
of Cato after the death of the latter in B. C. 46. vol. vi. pp. 1-17. His likeness is given in the
(Suet. h. c. ; Gell. iv. 16; Cic. ad Att. xii. 40, 41, ! two coins annexed; in the latter the natural bald-
xiii. 50, &c. )
4. “ De Analogia" or as Ciceroness of his head is concealed by a crown of laurel.
explains it, “ De Ratione Latine loquendi," in (See also p. 516. )
two books, which contained investigations on the
Latin language, and were written by Cacsar while
he was crossing the Alps in his return from
AEGVPTOR
his winter-quarters in the north of Italy to join
his army in further Gaul. It was dedicated to
CAPTA
Cicero, and is frequently quoted by the Latin
grammarians. (Suet. l. c. ; Cic. Brut. 72; Plin.
H. N. vii. 30. 6. 31; Gell. xix. 8; Quintil. i. 7.
$ 34. ) 5. “Libri Auspiciorum,” or “ Auguralia. "
As pontifex maximus Caesar had a general super-
intendence over the Roman religion, and seems to
have paid particular attention to the subject of this
LOVCA
work, which must have been of considerable extent
as the sixteenth book is quoted by Macrobius.
(Sat. i. 16; comp. Priscian, vi. p. 719, ed. Putsch. )
6. “ De Astris,” in which he treated of the move- 19, 20, 21. JULIAE. [JULIA. ]
ments of the heavenly bodies. (Macrob. l. c. ; 22. CAESARION. (CAESARION. ]
Plin. H. N. xviii. 25. s. 57, &c. ) 7. “ Apoph- 23. Sex. Julius CAESAR, son of No. 17, was
thegmata,” or “ Dicta collectanea," a collection of Flamen Quirinalis, and is mentioned in the history
good sayings and witty remarks of his own and of the year B. c. 57. (Cic. de Harusp. Resp. 6. )
other persons.
It seems from Suetonius that
24. Sex. JULIUS CAESAR, son probably of No.
Caesar had commenced this work in his youth, but 23, as he is called by Appian very young in B. c. 47,
he kept making additions to it even in his dic. and is not therefore likely to have been the same as
tatorship, so tbat it at length consprised sereral the preceding, as some have conjectured. He was in
volumes. This was one of Caesar's works which the army of the great Caesar in Spain in B. c. 49, and
Augustus suppressed. (Suet. I. c. ; Cic. ad Fam.
was sent by the latter as ambassador to M. Terentius
ix. 16. ) 8. “ Poemata. ” Two of these written Varro. At the conclusion of the Alexandrine war,
in his youth, “ Laudes Herculis” and a tragedy B. c. 47, Sex. Caesar was placed over Syria, where
Oedipus,” were suppressed by Augustus. He he was killed in the following year by his own sol-
also wrote several epigrams, of which three are diers at the instigation Caecilius Bassus, who
preserved in the Latin Anthology. (Nos. 68—, had revolted against the dictator. (Caes. B. C. ii.
70, ed. Meyer. ) There was, too, an astronomical 20; Hirt. B. Alex. 66 ; Dion Cass. xlvii. 26 ; Ap-
poem of Caesar's, probably in imitation of Aratus's, pian, B. C. iii. 77; compare Bassus, Caecilius. )
and lastly one entitled “ Iter,” descriptive of his C. CAESAR and L. CAESAR, the sons of M.
journey from the city to Spain, which he wrote at Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, and the grandsons of
the latter end of the year B. C. 46, while he was Augustus. Caius was born in B. c. 20 and Lucius
on this journey.
in B. c. 17, and in the latter year they were both
The editio princeps of Caesar's Commentaries adopted by Augustus. In B. c. 13, Caius, who
was printed at Rome in 1449, fol. Among the was then only seven years of age, took part with
subsequent editions, the most important are by other patrician youths in the Trojan game at the
Jungermann, containing a Greek translation of the dedication of the temple of Marcellus by Augustus.
seven books of the Gallic war made by Planudes In B. C. 8, Caius accompanied Tiberius in his
(Francf
. 1606, 4to. , and 1669, 4to. ); by Graevius, campaign against the Sigambri in order to become
with the life of Caesar, ascribed to Julius Celsus acquainted with military exercises. Augustus
(Amst. 1697, 8vo. , and Lug. Bat. 1713, 8vo. ); by carefully superintended the education of both the
Cellarius (Lips. 1705); by Davis, with the Greek youths, but they early shewed signs of an arrogant
translation of Planudes (Cant. 1706, 1727, 4to. ); and overbearing temper, and importuned their
by Oudendorp (Lugd. Bat. 1737, 4to. , Stuttgard, grandfather to bestow upon them public marks of
1822, 8ro. ); by Morus (Lips. 1780, 8vo. ), re- honour. Their requests were seconded by the
edited by Oberlin (Lips. 1805, 1819, 8vo. ). entreaties of the people, and granted by Augustus,
(The principal ancient sources for the life of who, under the appearance of a refusal, was ex-
Caesar are the biographies of him by Suetonius ceedingly anxious to grant them the honours they
and Plutarch, the histories of Dion Cassius, Appian, solicited. Thus they were declared consuls elect
and Velleius Paterculus, and the letters and orations and principes juventutis before they had laid aside
of Cicero. The life of Caesar ascribed to Julius the dress of childhood. Caius was nominated to
Celsus, of Constantinople, who lived in the seventh the consulship in B. C. but was not to enter
century after Christ, is a work of Petrarch's, as upon it till five years afterwards. He assumed
has been shewn by C. E. Ch. Schneider in his the toga virilis in the same year, and his brother
work entitled “ Petrarchae, Historia Julii Cae- | in B. C. 2.


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556
CAESARION.
CAESARIUS.
Caius was sent into Asia in B. c. 1, where he | Suet. Caes. 52, Aug. 17; Plut. Caes. 49, Anton.
passed his consulship in the following year, A. n. 1. 54, 81, 82. )
About this time Phraates IV. , king of Parthia, CAESARIUS, ST. (Kaioáperos), a physician
seized upon Armenia, and Caius accordingly pre- who is however better known as having been the
pared to make war against him, but the Parthian brother of St. Gregory Theologus. He was born of
king gave up Armenia, and settled the terms of Christian parents, his father (whose name was Gre-
peace at an interview with Caius on an island in gory) being bishop of Nazianzis. He was care-
the Euphrates. (A. D. 2. ) After this Caius went fully and religiously educated, and studied at Alex-
to take possession of Armenia, but was treacher- andria, where he made great progress in geometry,
ously wounded before the town of Artagera in astronomy, arithmetic, and medicine. He after-
this country. Of this wound he never recovered, wards embraced the medical profession, and settled
and died some time afterwards at Limyra in Lycia, at Constantinople, where he enjoyed a great repu-
on the 21st of February, A. D. 4. His brother tation, and became the friend and physician of the
Lucius had died eighteen months previously, on emperor Constantius, A. D. 337–360. Upon the
August 20th, A. D. 2, at Massilia, on his way to accession of Julian, Caesarius was tempted by the
Spain. Their bodies were brought to Rome. emperor to apostatize to paganism; but he refused,
Some suspected that their death was occasioned and chose rather to leave the court and return to
by their step-mother Livia. (Dion Cass. liv. his native country. After the death of Julian, he
8, 18, 26, lv. 6, 9, 11, 12; Zonar. x. p. 539 ; was recalled to court, and held in high esteem by
Suet. Aug. 26, 56, 64, 65, Tib. 12; Vell. Pat. ii
. the emperors Jovian, Valens, and Valentinian, by
101, 102; Tac. Ann. i. 3, ii. 4; Florus, iv. 12. one of whom he was appointed quaestor of Bithy-
'$ 42; Lapis Ancyranus. )
nia. At the tiine of the earthquake at Nicaea, he
C. Caesar married Livia or Livilla, the daughter was preserved in a very remarkable manner, upon
of Antonia (ANTONIA, No. 6], who afterwards which his brother St. Gregory took occasion to
married the younger Drusus, but he left no issue. write a letter (which is still extant, Ep. 20, vol. ii.
(Tac. Ann. iv. 40. ) L. Caesar was to have married p. 19, ed. Paris, 1840), urging upon him the duty
Aemilia Lepida, but died previously. (Ann. iii. of abandoning all worldly cares, and giving himself
23. ) There are several coins both of Caius and up entirely to the service of God. This he had long
Lucius : their portraits are given in the one an- wished to do, but was now prevented from putting
nexed. (Eckkel, vi. p. 170. )
his design into execution by his death, which took
place A. D. 369, shortly after his baptism. His
brother pronounced a funeral oration on the occa-
sion, which is still extant (Orat. 7, vol. i. p. 198),
and from which the preceding particulars of his life
are taken ; and also wrote several short poems, or
epitaphs, lamenting his death. (Opera, vol. ii. p.
| 1110, &c. ) There is extant, under the name of
Caesarius, a short Greek work, with the title
llevoets, Quaestiones Theologicae et Philosophicue,
which, though apparently considered, in the time
C. CAESAR CALIGULA. [CALIGULA. ] of Photius ( Biblioth. Cod. 210), to belong to the bro-
CAESA’RION, the son of Cleopatra, originally ther of St. Gregory, is now generally believed to be
called Ptolemaeus as an Egyptian prince, was born the work of some other person. The contents of
soon after the departure of Julius Caesar from the book are sufficiently indicated by the title. It
Alexandria in B. c. 47, and probably accompanied has been several times published with the works of
his mother to Rome in the following year. Cleo- his brother, St. Gregory, and in collections of the
patra said that he was the son of Julius Caesar, Fathers; and also separately, in Greek and Latin,
and there seems little doubt of this from the time August. Vindel. 1626, 4to.