No More Learning

of the Two Eyes'; Mr. J. F. Gemmill on 'The being 50 miles in Italy, alone. It was first
rities are agreed that in the latter case Locomotor Function of the Lantern in Echinus, definitely suggested in this country in 1902, is
the milk becomes contaminated in the with Remarks on Other Allied Lantern Activities ';. now in operation at Leeds and Bradford, and will
home. Unfortunately, the organism causing Capt. A. D. Fraser and Dr. H. L. Duke on . The shortly be working at Dundee and Rotherham.
Relation of Wild Animals to Trypanosomiasis ';
summer diarrhea has not yet been isolated;
Dr. H. L. Duke on The Transmission of Try-
the discovery of the cause would no doubt panosoma nanum (Laveran)'; and Mr. E. Š.
ARISTOTELIAN. -March 4. -Prof. G. Dawes
help us considerably to mitigate the viru- Ross on 'The Development of a Leucocytozoon
lence of this dread disease.
of Guinea-Pigs. '
Hicks, V. P. , in the chair. -Prof. R. F. A. Hoernlé
was elected a Member. -Mr. H. S. Shelton read
With regard to tuberculosis, there is
a paper entitled ' A Theory of Material Fallacies. '
The distinction between formal and material
overwhelming evidence that the cow does SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES. -Feb. 29. -Dr. C. H.
communicate the disease to the human Read, President, in the chair. -Prof. J. C. Bridge
fallacies is not sufficiently emphasized. Formal
fallacies are breaches of the laws of thought, and
being. If we put aside the experiments exhibited the set of recorders or old flutes belong
correspond to
in calculation. Every
of the Royal Commission, the experience ing to the Chester Archæological Society, and
syllogistic rule implies a corresponding fallacy.
of children's hospitals goes to prove that
some old tunes were played upon them by Mr.
J. Finn. The set consiste of four instruments-
Material fallacies consist in the imperfect fitting
many cases of
of conceptual logic to concrete reality. They are
tubercular peritonitis, the treble, alto, tenor, and bass; and Dr. Bridge
meningitis, and tubercular glands are caused was of opinion that they were the instruments
always present, in greater or less degree, and
admit of no hard-and-fast classification. The
by absorption of the bovine bacillus in the
used by the town waits. A performance of some
mathematical analogy, again, is helpful. In
alimentary canal of the child.
old vocal music was also given under Dr. Bridge's
direction. This included the Chester Nuns'
processes of calculation there is a formal validity
The control of bovine tuberculosis is, how- Carol,' fifteenth century; two Coventry Carols
in correct working, but the applicability of the
conclusions to concrete reality requires further
ever, urgently required in the interests of from the Mystery Plays, sixteenth century ;
three solos from an old English Mumming Play ;
investigation. So it is with all logical reasoning,
agriculture, quite apart from its relationship
to human disease. Bang's method in Den-
the music inscribed on the bells of St. Mary's,
The principal factors that differentiate logical
Oxford ; and a seventeenth-century song-
from mathematical reasoning are: (1) The use
mark of obtaining animals free from tuber-
of connotative terms, which is the cause of a
A Clear Cavalier. '
culosis is the one which has been most
special type of fallacy. (2) The absence of long
chains of reasoning. Those that do exist fail
widely practised; and it has worked
to give results not obvious and not fairly obviously
satisfactorily in Birmingham. The system INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. March 5.
involved in the premises. Many sources of error
is certain in producing a tuberculosis-free
- Prof. John Goodman read a paper on 'Roller of judgment lie outside the scope of formal logic.
herd. The expense is not great, and it
and Ball Bearings. ' The object of this com- A correct theory of logic, however, by an analysis
munication was to lay before the Institution the
does not cause any disturbance of the milk results of a large number of tests of bearings,
of the process of reason, separates one aspect of
the problem of judgment from the others, and,
trade or of agricultural interests. The dis- together with an attempt to reduce the mass of by that means, may assist to avoid confusion
advantages of the system are that it requires information obtained to a definite law. Two and facilitate subsequent research. The paper
extra labour, and great vigilance, such as
distinct types of testing machines were used-
was followed by a discussion.
one for roller and ball bearings running on a
many farmers are either unable or
cylindrical journal, and the other for thrust and
willing to practise. Farmers cannot be collar bearings. The paper was illustrated by
expected to carry out such elaborate work various types of bearing, and by curves giving the ROMAN. —March 5. -Prof. F. J. Haverfield,
without State aid.
results obtained.
President, read a paper on Some Aspects of
In dealing with the defects of our milk Testing of Antifriction Bearing Metals. ' In the
Prof. Goodman also read a paper on 'The Roman Gaul. ' Starting with the Metz statue of
local stone, but Pergamene style, and the remark-
supply, the author points out that “ Health testing machine used in early experiments the able reliefs of the Igelsäule and Neumagen, he
Congress after Health Congress has passed bearing under test was loaded with dead weights, inquired how they came to exist in Eastern Gaul.
resolutions in favour of a cleaner and purer
but this becomes very irksome and laborious when He rejected the German explanation of Loeschke
and Michaelis that they were due to Asiatic
milk supply, and learned committees have large weights are employed. The author there-
fore designed a machine in which loads up to influences reaching Gaul by Marseilles, and
considered the subject and framed admir-
10 tons could be applied to the bearing by means passing up the Rhône and Saône to the valley of
able rules as to what is required. The of levers, and yet leave it free as regards rotation the Mosel. He admitted that there was direct
practical results have been meagre. '
through a small arc about the centre line of the traffic from the Eastern to the Western Medi-
It is disquieting to know that our milk shaft. The machine was described in detail, terranean, and that the trade route across Gaul
was a real one; but he pointed to the reliefs at
is nearly, if not quite, as infected with employed for keeping the temperature of the Sens, and the Pergamene and other pieces at
special attention being called to the method
tubercle bacilli as it was ten or twenty bearing constant during the test ; also of ensuring Martres, Tolosanes, and in the sculpture gallery
years ago.
a small relative to-and-fro motion of the bearing at Cherchel, and argued that these showed Greek
errors
un-
>


## p. 288 (#226) ############################################

288
No. 4402, MARCH 9, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
on
MEETINGS NEXT WEEK.
Mox.
bis Works,' Mr. B. Fletcher.
and Future, Lecture III. , Mr. Hooper.
Lecture. )
(Cantor
Movement. '
Mackintosh Bell.
Turs. Royal Institution, 3. - Ancient Britain,' Lecture I. , Dr.
T. H. Holmes
Baptisteries, and Tomba, Mr. B. Fletcher.
Institution of Civil Engineers, 8. - Discussion on · Roller
and Ball Bearings and The Testing of Anti-Friction
Bearing Metals. ' Papers on 'The Main Drainage of Glasgow,'
The Construction of the Glasgow Main-Drainage Works,
Mr. W. 0. Easton ; 'Glasgow Main Drainage : the Me-
chanical Equipment of the Western Works and of the
Kinning Park Pumping Station,' Mr. D. H. Morton.
Colonial Institute, 8. 30,- The Federated Malay States,' Sir
E, W. Birch
Prof. A. o. Benson.
Thames,' Dr. R. L. Sherlock and Mr. A. H. Noble; 'Somo
(nde Donald).
Olerkenwell, and its Buildings,' Mr. A. W. Clapham.
Society of Arts, 8. - Greek Sculpture, Prof. E. A. Gardner.
11. , Prof. 0. Oman.
Dr. K. K. Martin ; 'On the Presence of kadium in some
Carcinomatous Tumours,' Dr. W. 8. Lazarus-Barlow; 'An
the Separation of Red and White Human Blood Oorpuscles,
art to be known far more widely in Gaul than especially indicated for such experiments, methods of reproduction analogous to those
along this one route, and Pergamene, work to because its intestinal tract is normally the of the cinematograph it is possible to
out that no analogies to the pieces at Metz, seat of culture of a large bacterian flora. reproduce the appearance of scintillation,
Trier, and Neumagen had been found Yet he finds that chickens reared in a per. though slower than in nature.
the Rhône or Saône. Hence he concluded that fectly aseptic atmosphere present no in.
DR. JAMES A. GUNN, for some years
Roman-provincial art included, amidst
its ideals, feriority to those brought up under normal
the style of Pergamum, for which Rome and conditions ; and he makes from this the
assistant to Sir T. R. Fraser at Edinburgh
Italy cared little.
the process by which Gaul became Roman, illus important deduction that the natural defence University, has been appointed to the newly
constituted Readership in Pharmacology,
trating it by the monuments of Paris, Beaune, against harmful microbes which vertebrate University of Oxford.
Dendevy, and others, to show the transition from animals, at any rate, possess, is an here-
the Celtic animal-gods to the Græco-Roman ditary and not an acquired characteristic.
MESSRS. W. HEFFER & Sons of Cambridge
human deities, and by a comparison of Leroux
Samian with Italian Aretine ware. Prof. Bo-
will shortly publish a monograph on the
PROF. BOURNE of Oxford has started a
sanquet, Sir Frederick Pollock, Miss Gertrude unique institution : the Anthropometric is the outcome of more than a quarter of a
British Violets,' by Mrs. E. S. Gregory. It
Bell, and Mr. Freshfield took part in a discussion Laboratory, where students' measurements century's special attention to the Nominium
which followed the paper.
are taken and recorded. Cranial develop section of the genus Viola. Though written
ment is measured, as well as that of the primarily for the critical botanist, the book
body generally; and strength and acuity of should also prove of interest to the less
visionare tested. The results are being scientific student. It will be illustrated with
Victoria and Albert Museum, 5. -8ir Christopher Wren and
tabulated, and the averages in all particulars line and half-tone blocks.
Society of Arts, 8. The Loom and Spindle: Past, Present,
for undergraduates are published. All
undergraduates are invited in a circular just
Surrosors’ Institution, 8. -Discussion on 'The Single-Tax
issued to come and be measured.
Geographical, 8 30. –Some New Zealand Volcanoes,' Dr. J.
THE President and Council of the Royal
FINE ARTS
Asiatic, 1.
- The Use of the Roman Character for Oriental Society have issued invitations to social
functions to be held on July 16th and two
British Museum. 4. 30. – Early Christian Basilican Churches,
following days in celebration of the 250th
anniversary of the Society already mentioned.
Messrs. A. B. McDonald and Gotfred Midgley Taylor ;
It is fortunate that it has been possible to The Early Norman Castles of the British
retain the services of Sir J. Larmor as Isles. By Ella S. Armitage. (John
Senior Secretary for another year, in order Murray. )
that the Society may have the advantage
of his great experience.
MRS. ARMITAGE has done well in bringing
WED. Society of Literature, 5. 15. - Realism in English Fiction,'
Geological, 8. - 'On the Glacial Origin of the Clay with Flints Fellows of the Royal Society resident in together into a single volume a number
of Buckinghamshire, and on a Former Course of the
Oxford are, it is understood, organizing a of scattered papers, each of some degree
New Lower Carboniferous Gasteropoda," Mrs. J. Longstaff local celebration.
of merit, dealing with special aspects of
St. Paul's Ecclesiological Society, 8. - 'St. John's Priory,
On Tuesday next, at three o'clock, Dr.
the history of the early Norman castles
Taurs. Koyal Institution, 3. -'Wellington's Army. 1808-15,' Lecture
T. Rice Holmes begins a course of three of the British Isles, and at the same
lectures at the Royal Institution on · Ancient time revising and extending them. While
Royai, 4. 30. The Effects of Vitra-Violet Rays upon the Eye,'
Britain ’; and on Thursday afternoon, March the author includes a large amount of
Improved Method for Opsonic Index Estimations, involving
21st, Dr. F. A. Dixey delivers the first of information which has been freshly gar-
Mr. O. Russ; The Electrical Conductivity of Bacteria, and
two lectures on 'Dimorphism in Butterflies. '
The Friday evening discourse on March 15th nered, it is only fair that students of
will be delivered by Mr. Frederick Soddy,
the settlement of the Normans among the
on 'The Origin of Radium ; on March 22nd Anglo-Saxons should be informed that the
Institute of Civil Engineers, 8. -'The Heat Value of Fuels,'
Mr. E. A. Gladwyn. (Students' Meeting. )
by Prof. d'Arcy W. Thompson, on The book contains much with which they are
North Sea and its Fisheries '; and on probably already acquainted. By far
Engine, and its Industrial Importance, particularly for
March 29th by Sir J. J. Thomson, on the longest chapter is a catalogue raisonné
Royal Institution, 9. -'The Origin of Radium,' Mr. P. Soddy.
Royal Institution, 3. -'Molecular Physics,' Lecture IV. , Prot.
Results of the Application of Positive Rays of the early castles of England ; it
to the Study of Chemical Problems. '
extends to upwards of 150 pages, or
THE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF BARCE. considerably more than a third of the
LONA proposes to hold an exhibition of whole book, and is reprinted, with some
Science Gossip
objects relating to lunar study, extending slight additions, from The English His-
from May 15th to June 15th of the present torical Review of 1904. The chapter on
year.
The curdling of milk and the rapid bition will be glad to receive offers of assist- Irish motes appeared in The Antiquary
putrefaction of meat during thunderstorms
have been noticed for centuries, but their
ance from interested persons, and is anxious of 1906, whilst considerable portions of
to get into touch with any one possessing an earlier paper, read before the Society
true
has not hitherto been
investigated.
M. A. Trillat of the Institut books, drawings, photographs, sketches, of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1900, are
Pasteur, has now made experiments with models, or other items of lunar interest.
incorporated in various parts of this
electrical fields artificially produced, and The probable connexion between the work.
finds that they have no effect upon either Aquarid meteor shower and the orbit of
The true raison d'être of this substantial
milk or meat. On the other hand, he has Halley's comet, which was first pointed volume lies in the assigning of a right
ascertained that the lowering of atmo. out by Mr. Denning, has now een put on a
spheric tension following a thunderstorm firmer basis by the researches of Mr. Olivier ascription to British castle-mounds, with
brings about the emanation of gases from of the Lick Observatory, California. Good the stone castles subsequently built upon
the soil which directly favour the decompo-observations of this meteor shower were many of them, and the complete
sition of organic substances and the culture obtained in May, 1910, and the resulting routing of the late Mr. G. T. , Clark's
of putrefactive microbes. He suggests that orbit of the meteor stream bears a striking theories as to burhs, and his belief that
in this may be found the explanation of the resemblance to that of Halley's comet. The
moated mounds were, as a rule, Saxon
sudden change for the worse in extensive meteors have, however, spread out greatly
wounds that often occurs with a low baro from the comet's orbit, so that a cylinder of castles. Mrs. Armitage’s criticisms on
meter, and the rapid increase in epidemic radius 13,000,000 miles appears to be filled
these points, both of a destructive and
disease in similar conditions.
with them.
constructive nature, are for the most
M. MICHEL COHENDY has lately made M. TIKHOFF of Pulkowa has designed an
part sound and based on conscientious
researches into the question of the part apparatus for recording photographically investigation, but there is far too much
played by microbes in the normal life of the twinkling of a star, which in its principle reiteration. It must, too, be remembered,
animals, and particularly into the hypo- appears to have some resemblance to the in justice to others, that the contention as
thesis that their action is in some respects cinematograph. By means of an objective to the burh being a protective enclosure
favourable to it. With this view, he has prism the spectrum of the star is registered for a community and practically a fortified
constructed an apparatus which enables him on the photographic plate, and the plate town, rather than a private castle or in-
to hatch and keep chickens up to the age of is moved in the direction perpendicular to
dividual stronghold, did not originate with
two months or thereabouts in an atmosphere the length of the spectrum, th result ex-
absolutely free from microbes of any kind pected
being a series of slightly differing the present author, but was strenuously
whatever. The domestic fowl is, he thinks, 'spectra in parallel. It appears that by 'set forth by others before her views were

the Rate of Inbibition of Bacteria by Electric Currents,'
Prof. W. M. Thornton; and other Papers.
Society of Arts, 4. 30. -The Indian Census of 1911,' Mr. E. A.
Gait. (Indian Section. )
Society of Antiquaries, 8. 30.
FRI.
-
Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 8. -The Diesel Oil-
Great Britain,' Dr. Rudolf Diesel.
SAT.
Sir J. J. Thomson.
cause
SO


## p. 289 (#227) ############################################

No. 4402, MARCH 9, 1912
THE ATHENÆUM
289
son.
a
ex-
on
known. Dr. Round, with his customary
a fact which was more than once the means
vigour, was the first to make an onslaught
OUR LIBRARY TABLE,
of saving his life. Hitherto the fact of
on Mr. Clark's generally accredited theories; A History of the Church of St. Giles,
Browne's excommunication towards the
this he did in the pages of The Quarterly Northampton. By the Rev. R. M. Serjeant- end of his life has been strenuously denied.
Even Mr. Cater, his most recent bio-
Review as long ago as 1894. Dr. George (Northampton, Mark & Co. )—The
that “ the records at
Neilson followed up the same line of ancient borough of Northampton possesses Peterborough contain not the slightest
argument in his essay on The Motes in
four old parish churches, each of some
tissue of evidence of excommunication. "
Norman Scotland, which was issued in Sepulchre, St. Peter, and St. Giles. Of the
distinct interest, namely, All Saints, St.
Yet Mr. Serjeantson, after making
1898.
treated in a like spirit by Mr. Goddard already produced notable histories, and communication after repeated warnings.
The subject has been more recently first and third of these Mr. Serjeantson has thorough search, brought to light abundant
Orpen in his “ Ireland under the Normans. ' | also, in conjunction with Dr. Cox, of the
Great credit is at least due to Mrs. round church of St. Sepulchre. By the Mr. Serjeantson has also found Browne's
will at Somerset House, and printed
Armitage for painstaking industry in the production of a fourth volume, of some
it for the first time. So much that is new
collection of details throughout the whole 4:00 pages and profusely illustrated, Mr.
Serjeantson has worthily completed the
has now been discovered with regard to
of the British Isles, and especially for ecclesiastical annals of the town.
this remarkable, imperious, and changeful
schedules and other special information
The church of St. Giles lacks the peculiarly man, that the latter half of his life, as
in the appendixes.
interesting details belonging to the story of given by Dr. Jessopp in the Dictionary of
We hope that the influence of this last ahi Saints, the central churche let the town He died in Northampton
gaol, and was
of many books on castles will not prove the mediæval period ; nor does it possess the
buried at St. Giles's in 1633.
sufficient to secure the adoption of the special architectural attractions pertaining
The interesting architectural history of
French word motte, to describe what the both to St. Sepulchre's and St. Peter's. Never St. Giles's, with numerous illustrations, is
best of our antiquaries have been content theless, it has valuable municipal memories, contributed to the volume by Mr. A. Hamil-
to know as a
architectural details
“mote," a term which is whilst the
speak ton Thompson. Twelve pedigree sheets of
also of common use both in Scotland and plainly of the four great building periods, of important families closely connected with
unusually conscientious work of the seven-
St. Giles's give evidence of no small
Ireland. It is well
, for fear of confusion, teenth century, and of capable repairs and expenditure of time and trouble.
Eleven
to avoid “moot hill” or “moat” in de- improvements of a later date. Št. Giles's vicars, hitherto unrecorded, have been
scribing these hillocks, but there does not
was essentially the church of the townsmen.
added to the list of incumbents. Every
seem any reason for breaking away from Why it should have been thus selected it chapter is clearly the result of painstaking
“ mote. "
is not possible now to say with certainty.
research.
Although the late Mr. Clark has been All Saints, of mediæval days, had a much
larger nave. Mr. Serjeantson shrewdly
convicted of error in his general inter- suggests that St. Giles's—which stood just
THE BRUCE SETON SALE.
pretation of the word burh, and the outside the eastern boundary of the original
nature of the origin of many of our Anglo-Norman town walls-won favour
MESSRS. CHRISTIE sold Saturday and
castle-crowned earthworks, it should be with the burghers from the twofold fact that Monday last the following pictures and drawings
borne in mind that his two volumes on influence of the royal castle on the south, Stream, 2381.
it was far removed from the dominating belonging to Sir Bruce M. Seton :-
Pictures : A. Mauve, A Cow drinking at a
* The Mediæval Military Architecture in
J. L. E. Meissonier, Dante, 2831.
and from that of the powerful Cluniac Sir L. Alma Tadema, The Mirror, 3251. P. Graham,
England,' published in 1884, are still the priory of St. Andrew on the west. For Highland Mist, 3151. Sir E. Landseer, The Cat's-
standard work on England's old castles, several centuries the church or churchyard paw, 8191. Sir J. E. Millais, „The Proscribed
notwithstanding certain minor blemishes. continued to be the meeting-place of the Royalist, on panel, 91 in. by 71 in. , 2831. Şir
E. 'J. Poynter, Water-Babies, 294. Reynolds,
He was the first, in the columns of The town assembly, and also for the election of
Miss Kitty Fisher, a sketch, 3781.
Builder, and the best of our archæo-mayor, bailiffs, and other officers. The
Drawings : Israëls, Waiting for Father's
logical magazines, to put forth, on assemblies, especially those for the election
assemblies, especially those for the election Return, 1881. F. Dicksee, Coming from Church,
scientific and accurate lines, the plans riotous, notwithstanding their being held
of town officials, became so tumultuous and 991.