Gillot's
interest
in the liberty of the Church.
Sarpi - 1868 - Life of Fra Paolo Sarpi
We mean for
a certainty to discover this Poma, and be paid. Were I to go to Venice, I
imagine that my poor wife will have sold and pawned all I have in the
world to support the children, and I should but go to die with them of
want. I keep thinking of going in preference to Leghorn, and of serving
on board the Grand Duke's vessels. " This is what he said to me, and as
he is a man in his prime, and of very fine. stature, I dissuaded him to the
utmost from the thought of going to Leghorn, exhorting him not to lose
the opportunity of presenting himself at Venice, where he will at all
events he at home, and should he allow this opportunity to escape he
might possibly sigh for it in vain all the rest of his life, without being
able again to see his children and his home; and _with the tears in his
eyes he concluded by saying that he would try whether he could rescue
anything out of the hands of those men, and having arranged to come to
me to report what befell him, he departed. "
" On the 26th of February, the aforesaid having returned at the usual
hour to me, my secretary added to me in substance that Poma's servant,
nanied Roberto, was in the palace of the Cardinal Colonna. He yesterday
kept walking in its neighbourhood such a length of time that he met
him, and after the said Roberto had complained of being himself likewise
ruined, saying that Poma and the others had fled hence, and that Ales-
sandro Parasio had been imprisoned for his talk, and that he did not know
what had become of him, he informed him as a secret, that Andrea Enici,
a Genoese, late agent for Poma in Venice, was reading there in the palace,
and that he ought to go and speak to him; and whilst talking with the
servant, on raising his eyes, he saw at a window of the palace of the said
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? arr. 56. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 169
Cardinal Colonna, Gio. Battista ,Poma, Ridolfo's son, whom he knows'
very well, and having quitted the servant and gone upstairs to the rooms
pointed out to him as those of the said Enici, he found there Paulo of
St. Giustina the boatman, and spoke with Andrea Enici, who likewise
stating that Poma Was not there, answered him in reply to his demands
for payment, that he does not know what to do. He afterwards met in
the street near there the priest called Fulvio Splronati, who apologised for
not having shown himself on account of the rain that has fallen these
past two -days, and made an appoin_tment for him to meet him in the
evening when he would place him for four or six days, until some other
arrangement could be made, in a room where he would be boarded by a
certain woman, and that thus would he do out of charity, and for love of
the Signor Gio. Battista, for that he does not know the Signor Ridolfo.
He went that evening as 'ordered, but the priest never came, so having
returned to-day to speak to Enici he desired him to come again to-morrow
at dinner-time, and that he will give him the means for betaking himself
to Venice; and he says he considers it certain that that priest who spoke
to him does not bear the name of Fulvio, for when he mentioned him to
Enici he did not understand him, but subsequently appeared to compre'
hend)\which Matteo having recounted to me the details aforesaid, departed,
saying that he will go tomorrow as ordered and will come and tell me
the whole, adding in the act of departure that he had forgot to tell me
that one Lodovico who rowed in the shallop, and was outlawed at Ancona,
immediately on reaching that city, notwithstanding his outlawry, walked
about, and freely frequented every place. " Nothing need be added to this
prolix testimony uriless it be that of Thomas de Zanon ' who was seen
walking and talking openly in the ga. l. l. e. r:y of the Vatican with* Vene-
ze?
/,-'
6,5. . . "
tian priest ,F-ranoeeebi. Zanon alledged that he had come from Leghorn in *
a Florentine vessel; but he betrayed himself by complaining that he was
still unrewarded, and at last confessed that he " was the master of the
shallop in which Poma had escaped from Venice. " He affirmed that Mat-
teo, the gondolier, knew all, and when Poma got into the gondola at the
FondamentQ,NuovQwhen driven by the populace, and Matteo asked him
whether he had done the business? Poma urged him to row, saying' Woe
to us, we shall all be quartered, ' and Matteo answered ' Never fear, sir, as
long as you see me. ' Zanon Was left with the shallop; and Matteo, on whom
Zanon cast unmeasured blame, came to Rome to see what he could get. "
It is apparent from this long but important document, that description of
spies and remarks on the Pope's unwearied complaint of the theologians
filled a considerable portion of the ambassador's letters, and it is only
1 All from the MSS. Contarini, 28th February 1608.
\/'? 7M. e.
A-.
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? l70 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1608.
,. >>
wonderful that he was able to steer his course through such a labyrinth of
difficulty.
While his defender was thus engaged at Rome, Fra Paolo pursued the
even tenor of his way, strong in the conviction that although his life was
hourly in danger, and there were other machinations against him, unless
by the will of God not a hair of his head would be injured. He held the opi-
nion of Saint Augustine as to God being the Disposer and Controller of all
events, and although he khew that not many paces from the Convent door,
lay men ready to seize him he lived in peace, and in patience possessed his
soul. He still suffered much pain in his face consequent upon his wound,
and he felt his eyesight so much affected, that he could scarcely look
stedfastly on any object. He was obliged to wear spectacles while reading,
but happily he could avail himself of his knowledge asan optician in his
need, and he does not appear to have relaxed at all in his studies. But af-
fairs of greater moment than his bodily ailments now began to engross
his attention, and the Spanish fleet which was armed with 20,000 men,
could not cruise in the Mediterranean without exciting public uneasiness.
This, however, Sarpi tried to allay, believing the armament was merely a
demonstration of strength: he was more occupied by severe disappointments
since the raising of the Interdict, one of which was, that Casanbon had not
been rewarded for his services to the Republic. Much as the Senators had
done for the security of Fra Paolo, they did more, they provided him with
means to pay a person always to accompany him, and not only increased
his salary, but decided that the public should pay for a house in Saint
Mark's where he could live in safety. But the Father was determined not
to change his abode, and entreated to be allowed to reside in the Convent
with thefriars with whom he had lived so long, declaring that he should
never be bble to live in any other manner, that being. his vocation, in this
he was gratified, except that the Senate erected somesmall buildings
adjoining his chamber, from which by a little corridor and staircase he
would enter a boat, so that when he had occasion to return to the Convent
by night he might not be exposed to treachery. He was thus necessarily
obliged to make some change as to his expenses, although he did not spend
more than was absolutely needful, -in no way abating the rigor of his po-
verty as a friar, content with his simple food and clothing. But after
the attempt on his life' he was obliged not to walk from the Servi, because
it being necessary for him to pass through alleys which afforded an op-
portunity to any one who wished to assassinate him. During the sixteen
following years he went in his gondola from his Convent to the Rialto, land-
ed there, and then through the Merceria to S. Mark's, merely for daily
exercise that he might not lose the habit of walking altogether, and he found
it necessary to have two companions, one as his servant, the other as his
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? Arr. 56. ] FRA PAOLO SABPI 171
amanuensis, Fra Marco to whom he gave twelve hundred ducats, and fifty
ducats per annum, and to Fra Marino three hundred which he placed in
the bank for him at ten per cent, that he might not only have a living, but
also forty ducats per annum, and he increased his gifts of bread and wine
to the convent, and also to the cooks, to one of whom he gave sixty ducats
per annum. These gifts were made from prudential causes in self defence,
they conciliated many, as well as made them interested in the preservation
of his life, but with these expenses he could no longer persist in his deter-
mination not to receive the stipend assigned to him by the public munifi-
cence. He was obliged to make a great change in his reception of strangers.
He never conversed with any one but in his own chamber in the convent
or in the church, in the choir, when coming to service or to the refectory
to meals. His life was that of a hermit, he was solitary so far as his pub-
lic duties permitted; his world was his poor cell, and the little path be-
tween the Rialto and S. Marks, and Fulgenzio, having repeated that
his time was still divided between his devotion, uninterrupted study,
and his public duties, concludes with this rare encomium. " His life was
a singular combination of activity and contemplation, giving to God what
he could, to his prince that which was due to him, and to his neighbour
more than he ought by any other laws than those of charity. " '
The generous acts of the Doge and Senate during his sufferings drew
from Paolo a letter of deep gratitude, and while the government had been
bountiful to himself, the services of the physicians were not left unrequi-
ted. Together with thanks and a silver cup graven with the arms of S. Mark,
Acquapendente was rewarded by a rich collar and medal, and was created
Cavaliere. Vedova received forty ducats, and Comino twenty.
After the Interdict, Fulgenzio enters into little minutiae, and the writer
has therefore had recourse to various of the MS. letters of Paolo Sarpi as
well as others proved authentic, and as they elucidate his life, passages
from them are here quoted. The reader can easily imagine him engaged
in letter writing, seating a few moments from his daily toil to breathe
awhile more freely in the society of his friends, either by his own pen, or
that of Marino one of his amanuenses.
So highly were the letters of Fra Paolo esteemed by the learned, that
many copies and translation of them are known to have been taken. The
annexed is a transcript of a copy of a letter addressed by him to the Abbe
Medard, and was written first in Latin, translated into French, then
into English, and deemed worthy of preservation by the Archbishop Usher.
" The advertisements which yours of the 18th of June doth give me
concerning the means whereby the most Christian King doth recover his
'$'fe7A
3 MS.
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? 172 THE LIFE OF [A. n. 1608.
domains were most acceptable to me. I have also a great desire to under-
stand when there happeneth any singular and remarkable sentence in the
court of parliament on ecclesiastical matters. It seems to me an endeavour
worthy of yourself to employ your leisure time in the study of divinity
and of the ecclesiastical history, for which I do hold you so well prepared
that you have no need to be directed by any soever, much less by me;
' yet I will not omit to obey you, in writing my opinion what is the course
In
that a man of sincere affections should hold therein. And to begin with
the schoolmen wherein you particularly do require me, I shall tell you that
one had need to beware of those writers that do give their resolutions too
like magistrates with a Respondendum and Dicendum, as if they were ar-
bitrators; and rather to read them which deliver' their opinions with
reservation, and in matters not decided do not play the pedant over others.
The University of Paris hath much need to apply themselves to the best
judgments that did spring up amongst them, and the last that offered him' '
self was William Oceam, whom, if you lay his barbarism aside, you will
find a judicious writer. I have still esteemed him above all the schoolmen.
His work upon the sentences doth render the conceit of him that reads
him quick and fit to judge.
" His dialogues which pass from the speculative matters to the more
prgtical and in use, are much esteemed where they are permitted to be
read. Gerson teacheth well that which he teacheth, but he did not pro-
pound to himself to treat of the whole subject. S. Thomas is current among
the Jesuits as a writer very easy, and who doth not entangle the mind of
the reader with doubts, but resolves indeed too much. If you resolve to
read him, it will be good very punctually to examine his Sorites, for so
are almost all his proofs, and he is in the number of those that I named
first. If you read the controversies that do at this present exercise the
world, you will do well to bear in mind that the writers do all of them
exceed in affection to their own side, and do accommodate matters to their
3 own taste, and in the ancient writers do not see that Which is there, but
that which they desire. And therefore it is necessary to use them with
that caution that a good judge should use, not to pronounce till both par-
ties be heard. As for the means to get the understanding of the ecclesias-
tical history, it will be necessary to put into your head a chronology of
all the princes and famous men that have been in the world; all of them
distinguished in their times and countries.
" In the reading of the Historiographer be very wary, because for
the most part they are interested on the one hand or on the other When
they treat of any controversy. The most sincere authors are the English,
Paris, Hovedon, Walsingham. The most sincere and faithful history is to
be drawn out of the fathers and other writers of every time.
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? Air. 56. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 173
" Above all it is necessary in reading to bear a neutral affection, and
not to suffer that which you find in one author, to take so deep in you that
it may not give place to the truth or greater probability which you may
find afterwards.
" But according to my judgment, to give a general and infallible rule
for all the difficulties that may occur in the process of your studies, I take
it to be best to consult with the Jesuits, and to resolve the clean contrary
of what they say.
" There remaineth, you say, the Parliament for a bank to keep them
from overflowirig; but I still see the water to increase and the earth of
the bank to diminish, which puts me in great doubt. We indeed are free
from their persons, but not from their vexations or ambushes. I know not
whether mischief to be the greater, that which they do being absent, or
that which they do being present. I begin to believe for that which now
I see, that they have been re-accepted in France to free that kingdom
from greater mischief, which they did in their absence, and peradventure
I am not deceived.
" Your worship doth esteem me more than is fitting, in thinking that
the Jesuits have any thought of me. Assure yourself that I am not high
enough to be stricken with such a lightning, unless they were (whereof I
doubt) in the number of those curious men that do not overstep, no, not
the least matters.
" However it be, every one is subject unto danger, only it rests to rely
ourselves on God, on these things whereunto no human caution can
arrive.
" I beseech your lordship to make me partaker sometimes of your let-
ters, whom you will oblige thereby. You will not be obliged to write
Italian, because, however I answer you in; my language, yet it is to me in-
different to yours in this or in French. Our Lord God give your
lordship all happiness, whose hands I reverently kiss.
" F. Paolo.
" From Venice, this 20th July, 1608. "
It has been denied, but it cannot be disproved, that after, as during the
time of the Interdict, there was a strong inclination on the part of many
Venetians to disentangle themselves from some of the innovations of the
Jesuits and other modern teachers of the Church of Rome; they wished
more liberty of conscience, they purchased the Italian Bible whenever they
had opportunity, they desired their Church to be less fettered and looked
for its return to its ancient usage: they were attracted by and interested
' in the sermons of Fra Paolo, the two Fulgenzios, Marsilio and the other
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? 174 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1608.
- :88}:
theologians, " the seven. " They had greedily perused the Writings du-
ring the Interdict; these had exposed much that required to be known,
and intelligent minds discovered that there was not that impassable gulf
between the Church of Rome and the Church of Rome Reformed, as was
alleged, and they said, as did Fra Paolo, that there were many observan-
ces and abuses of the Church of Rome which only belonged to ignorance.
Their affections were touched by the magnitude of the love of the Saviour,
and as this, Paolo tells us, was the theme on which the preachers dwelt,
it is not marvellous what he relates of the numbers who hung on the lips
of Fulgenzio Micanzio.
Those who have listened to the impassioned language of the priests of
Italy to a throng of worshippers, can best picture to themselves Fra Paolo,
or Fra Fulgenzio with all the bold eloquence of truth, addressing the
hearts and understandings of the crowd who were loyal to their prince and
had shown themselves willing to follow him in his recent protest against
Rome. It is a well authenticated fact, on one occasion when preaching
from the Words of the Holy Saviour to the Jews. " Have ye not read? ' "
Fra Fulgenzio added, " If the Saviour were now to ask the question
' Have ye not read? ' all the answer you could make would be ' N o, we
are forbidden to do so. ' " And it is a fact equally well vouched for, that
when the Church resounded with the same demand that Pontius Pilate
the Roman Governor made to the Holy Saviour, " What is truth? " Fra
Fulgenzio took a New Testament from his pocket and told his auditors
that after long search he had found it there. He held the precious
volume up with outstretched hands in the sight of all, " But, " he exclaimed
as he returned the book to its place, " the book is prohibited! " The
effect of these words can scarcely he described, they stirred the assembly
to its depths, Fra Paolo and Fulgenzio were of the same. _opinion as the
learned Brucciolo, who told the Duke af Tuscany " that the reading
of the Holy Scriptures was of all means that most calculated to make his
' people de"out men and dutiful subjects. " There can can be no doubt but
that at the time and after the Interdict many copies of the Holy Scrip-
tures entered Venice, ' but these volumes were soon strictly prohibited:
the adherents of Rome prevented their entrance, and the people were
forced to be content with the portions of Holy Writ contained in their
books of common prayer.
An associate of Fra Paolo, the Secretary of Sir Henry Wotton, who
must have had full opportunity of judging of the truth of the above
statements thus expresses himself.
1 S. Matt. xn, 3.
2 Edition of the Bible (Diodati) 1607.
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? E1'. 56. ] . FRA PAOLO SARPI 175
"Venice is like a new world; it is the greatest consolation to find
oneself in companies and assemblies at the houses of the nobles, and
to hear them speak with so much piety and zeal of the truth of God
with those good men Father Paolo, Fulgenzio and Bedell, the Chaplain
of the Ambassador. The sermons in public are as good as could be
preached in Geneva, and they are delivered with so much earnestness,
that crowds flock to hear them, and it is necessary to go very early
to be in time to get a place. The Inquisition is kept under by a
Senator who is a member of it, and without whose voice nothing can
be decided. He is always chosen from the greatest opponents of the
Pope. ' The vehemence against the Pope and Court is greater than ever.
The Jesuits ar'e denounced from the pulpit, their doctrines refuted and
denied, and they mortally disliked; many of the nobles have provided
themselves with tutors of the reformed religion. Three fourths of the
nobility are much attached to the truth and the rest favorably in-
clined. " '
Here may be seen what reform within the Church of Rome can do.
Not only the nobles but the citizens and people heard Fra Paolo Iand
Fulgenzio gladly. The dislike of the Jesuits grew the stronger be-
cause they still endeavored to harass Venetia, and therefore it was not
malice but love of his country that still stimulated Fra Paolo against
them, he was particularly shocked by one of their Writings sent to
him from France, and boldly says, 'such things would not be endured
in Italy. ' Since their banishment he knew that they were secretly oc-
cupied against Church _and State, and they were not so much feared
as they had been, which he regretted. Next to religion, the most
prominent topic in Fra Paolo's correspondence is freedom, he was
gratified by M.
Gillot's interest in the liberty of the Church. " I will
not say, " he writes, " of the Gallican, but of the Universal Church,
and perhaps in this age God wills by a milder method than' that
adopted in the last to annihilate tyranny. A foundation was then
attempted to be laid but it was incomplete, who knows but this may
succeed better? If God blesses the work we may have hope. "
The familiar nature of Sarpi's correspondence is thus expressed by
himself, "I Write to you without taking much account of what I say,
as if I spoke to you, but such is my habit, because familiar letters
ought to be the dictate of the heart without alfectation. " '
In a letter without date, but evidently prior to this period, he
remarks that Fra Fulgenzio Manfredi had left Venice for Rome. "He
1 Geneva, Aug. 10, 1608. Mem. Du Mornay, vol. x. p. 150.
3 M. Groslot, Sep. 3, 1608.
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? 176 THE LIFE. OF [A. D. 1608.
had been seduced by emissaries of the Pope, and had yielded after
two years persecution; had been provided with a safe conduclg/from
the Nuncio at Venice, had gone through the patrimony of the hurch,
and had been met and congratulated on his way. On his arrival he
was maintained, provided with three servants by the Pope, and receiv-
ed in audience, while the General of the Jesuits was kept waiting for
two hours. " But Sarpi knew how to estimate these passing honors.
"What will come of this, time will show, but possibly it will be seen
hereafter, that he who is believed by some to be infallible, may be
so in this also. " Healso knew that Manfredi could not give any in-
formation to the Court of Rome that would injure the Republic, and
"it was the common opinion that his life would be short. " '
Aboutthis time "command had been given to Michael Viti and
Parasio, " both Sarpi's assassins, to leave Rome, and the latter was
imprisoned a second time at Ancona. "I am very cautious," Sarpi
writes, " more to defeat their wishes, 'than for any esteem I have of
myself. The Court of Rome and the Head of it have not forgotten
that we would not acknowledge his omnipotence which is the greatest
sin that can'be committed against them. They long for revenge and
they spare neither pains or trouble to return to the old way. " '
For the most part his correspondence ike the mind of Sarpi, was
cheerful, he looked on events with the eye of one who referred all to
the allwise and almighty Ruler of the universe, he did not pretend to
fathom' mysteries, to foretell future events or to question the right of
God to do what and as he willed, his great intellect bowed to the
Divine with childlike submission. His letters are filled with short but
devout aspirations of trust in God; in seeing' impiety successful he
betrays no surprise, only observing, "It is What is predicted by the
'Holy Spirit, and is for the fulfilment of holy prophecy. We ought to
compassionate one that is blind, unless he is wilfully so. I have
always observed that nothing more precipitates danger than too great
avoidance of it. "
Here Sarpi evidently alludes to the constant warnings of his friends
to beware of danger as he continues, after observing that affairs at
Venice went very ill, "But I am too much occupied with a certain
conceit of others to take care of myself, because I trust wholly to
God, except when the discourse of others forces me to think of it. It
is a strange thing that they still try to seize me even in my own
chamber. . . Fifteen days since so1ne one went into the Colonna palace
1 Sep. 30, 1608. Sarpi to M. Groslot.
2 Appendix.
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? arr. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 177
to apprehend Poma. He defended himself by killing one of the sbirri,
and wounding others; he was wounded in the body as also his son:
they are now in prison. I do not comprehend these mysterious doings,
there must be some hidden art in them which I do not understand. "
This is his only comment.
The Court of Rome had determined that the works of Baronius
should be defended; this was contrary to Sarpi's strictures on the
Cardinal's work, and he was grieved to see Italy largely supplied with
pamphlets full. of untruth. Afraid of their works being prohibited,
their authors 'published them as if written on another subject than that
of which they 'treated.
He had perused the King of Great Britain's answer to Bellarmine,
and takes notice of the Catalogue of the Jesuits in Which are the
names of all their houses and colleges, those which they formerly pos-
sessed in Venetia are marked thus, ' and underneath is written, No-
tata nondum recuperatoe sunt. " If they say this with a vow, " adds
Sarpi, " that they will return thither, they are very bold, but perhaps
God will be for us. I hope so. "
Whatever was the rage of Sarpi's enemies without, they could not
rob him of Heaven's high peace within. It might be he was troubled
by being asked to wear mail beneath his habit, this admits of ques-
tion; besides, as he persevered at times in walking, the weight of
armor would have been great for his fragile body, and if he did wear
light armor, assuredly it would have been preserved with as jealous
care as the stiletto_ which Malpietro drew from his wound on the 5th
of October, Which is still to be seen in the Giustinian Museum
Venice.
? Catalogue illustrium virorum Societatis Jesu.
"M,"/','M,,N>>
1'
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? 178
CHAPTER IX.
A. D. 1609 -- A. nl 1617.
Doen or Vamcn. M. A. Memmo. 1614. G. Bcmbo.
SovaaEms or Guammz. Rodolph II. 1612 Matthias.
Guam BurrAm. James I.
FRANCE. Henry IV/\Louis X111. /6"
spAm. Philip III. /
Tuaxnr. Achmet I. 1617 Mustapha
Porn. Paul V.
WWW
Plots. - Manfredi. - Richer. - Public events. - Complaints against Fra Paolo. -
Extracts from his Letters. -- Marsilio. - History of the Uscochs. - Galileo. -
De Dominis.
Fra Paolo's enemies were not yet satisfied; they Were, however, un-
able to seize him as they still intended in the streets of Venice on
his way to the Palace. At last, they discovered that this could not be
attempted, as he never walked but in the most frequented parts of the
city, generally accompanied by Fra Fulgenzio or other friends, and so
remarked and saluted by the inhabitants that if any had dared to attack
him, their lives would have been instantly taken by the enraged multitude.
Fulgenzio's suspicions Were, however, aroused by a soldier who now
made his appearance, and beneath whose military garb it was suspected
that a priest was concealed; he made many attempts to converse with
Fra Paolo, but this was difficult, as no one was admitted without
first sending his name as Well as information as to his country and
profession, and being introduced by one of the nobles or an intimate
friend. This man addressed Fulgenzio, "and endeavored to tell him
that he had business of great importance to communicate well worthy
of his attention; that he would lay down his arms, or submit to
whatever the Father would require, but he would not listen to him.
However, the soldier appeared to place confidence in Fulgenzio, and
proceeded to tell him that he was a near relative of Cardinal Baro-
nins, but had fallen into disgrace, that he wished to give the Father
information which regarded his personal safety, and that he was ready
to certify the truth of what he asserted. "
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? 1-11'. 57. ] FR4. PAOLO SARPI L7/9
But when Fulgenzio only offered him money if he was in want,
the soldier exclaimed, "Beware of traitors, ye have need to do so.
God takes care of you who are better friars than others wish you were! "
This said, he disappeared.
It did not transpire whether this soldier--priest had any communica-
tion with Cardinal Bellarmine, or if it was to make Fra Paolo watch
against the same intended plot that he warned the friar, but the
instance about to be given of that Cardinal's true appreciation of his
old friend not only shows how his heart warmed towards him, but
demonstrates that in both there still remained virtue and Christian
charity. "The Cardinal sent his salutations twice to the Father, once
by a Roman secular, who told him by the Cardinal's command to guard
himself securely, because there was urgent need for such caution, and
again by Testoni a Venetian, a Roman friar on his way to Mantua.
He was commissioned by Cardinal Bellarmine, who mentioned Paolo
by naine, to salute the Father affectionately for him, to tell him that
he still retained his affection for him and to bid him note, that two
friars under the title of, " A life of the P. Paolo, " had written a libel-
lous work which they had presented to Paul V, who had given it to
the Cardinal for examination' in order to obtain his opinion of it,
with a view to its publication, but as the Cardinal knew the Father
well he told the Pope to believe that the work only contained notorious
calumnies, and their publication would only bring great dishonor on
the publisher.
Testoni told many such anecdotes to Fra Fulgenzio who observes
"that every kind of scandal both against his life and honor were
published, besides numerous libels to please the Court of Rome, but
the Father showed no sign of resentment or anger, one of his great
excellencies, and that which accompanied him to the tomb being his
gentleness, and all of his Order bore witness_ that they never heard
him seek revenge. " One of the authors was called P. Gioseffo, but
Fra Paolo, so far from returning evil for evil, although he- knew the
author of the libel above mentioned, did not punish him but permitted
him to enjoy an honorable employment; however, after Fra Paolo's
death, these calumnies and other delinquencies were the cause of his
banishment from the dominions of Venetia, but such was Paolo's charity
that when he received the greatest wrong his expression of counte-
nance Was most serene, and he endeavored to extenuate the offence as much
as possible, usually saying, that such an one's brain was touched, and that
in his position, or for his own interest, he could not do otherwise. '
1 MS.
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? 180 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1609.
It has been noticed that the Archdeacon Rubetti had been well received
at Rome; five hundred ducats per annum were immediately conferred upon
him by the Pope, the recipient declaring, " that he had defended the Re-
public of Venice against his will! " 1 It is easy to conceive the mischief
that this ecclesiastic could, and did do against the Republic, he was one
of the seven who had put his name to writings in her favor, he was now
an informer against her.
The Court of Rome still continued to tamper with the Republic's defen-
ders. " As to me, " writes Sarpi, "I not only believe, but I have daily
proof of the snares laid for me. I do all I can by way of caution, but
without either anxiety or solicitude. Without God no design can be ef-
fected, whatever pleases Him best is for good. With this I am content.
They will gain nothing by taking my life, and through me they will find
greater opposition when Iam dead than when I am alive. They have used
every means lately to gain the others both by promises and by threats. I
believe they will not gain any more from them than they have done. They
do not attempt to gain me; they say openly there is no"'hope of me but by
daggers. " ' What a miserable life was Sarpi's in one sense, never to know
what it was to be safe from an assassin's thrust, and yet how he was to be
envied! Tranquil amidst revengeful passions, forgiving to his greatest ene-
mies, intrepid in the midst of danger, casting the veil of charity over the de-
fects of those who had once been his friends, never swerving from the path
of honor although' one of peril, but living a life of faith on the Son of God,
and listening to the holy solace which has emboldened the persecuted, "All
things are yours, Whether life or death, or things present or things to come,
all are yours, for ye are Christ's and Christ is God's. " The Senate of Ve-
nice was not so forgiving, indeed public justice required that he, who had
once defended the Republic and now betrayed her, ought to be punished
at all events in some measure, and while the Archdeacon was publicly
proceeded against, the Senate showed their approval of Fra Paolo and his
fellow supporters, by awarding two hundred ducats to each of those who
had proved themselves the stedfast defenders, faithful servants, and loyal
subjects of the Republic.
But Fra Paolo would not accept the proffered gift, " lest it should be said
that he had defended the public for gain, " and there still remained in his
heart the cherished hope that better times would dawn upon his country,
and that " if he were not alive to serve it, others would. "
In a letter of this date he takes a rapid survey of various subjects, and
mentions that the Due dc Sully had withdrawn from the Reformed Church,
1 Letters (Sarpi) Marciana.
3 Jan. 6, to M. Groslot 1609.
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? Ar. 57. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 181
and attached himself to the communion of the Church of Rome. He adds,
" This is not 'true. " Sarpi had admired the Duke's conduct with regard
to the Jesuits, and does not appear to have ever expressed gratification on
hearing that any had quitted the Reformed, for this he has been censured.
Was it likely that he would when he desired reform in the Church of
Rome? He expressed approval of the confession of the Reformed Church
of France, especially of the. 3lst article, and observed " that the book would
survive whatever pains were taken for its suppression. " His tidings from
Rome augured ill for Fra Fulgenzio Manfredi. He had demanded a bis-
hopric, which had been refused, he had resisted public penance, but the
Archdeacon consented to perform it, and was seen barefooted, bearing a
candle, and visiting the seven churches. Whilst these measures were
enacted at Rome, Matthias had assumed the monarchy of Hungary, and
Sarpi comments frequently on the confusion which the Jesuits had caused
by their intrigues in Spain, France, Switzerland, and England.
It may be tedious to the reader to be obliged to read of these dis-
turbers of the peace of Europe so frequently as Sarpi mentions them,
but his biography cannot be written without a consecutive notice of
this body, of whom he was eager to obtain more knowledge. He had
studied Hosenmuller, but he had long been wishful to obtain the
Constitutions of the Jesuits, which were at last copied for him by
M. Castrine.
One might have supposed this body would have desisted from their
attempts to prejudice the Pope against Venetia, but he was still loud
incomplaint against Fra Paolo and the Republic, andthus expressed
his opinion to the French Ambassador.
" The Venetians employ three or four theologians at their own
charge to write against the authority of the Popes, and when the
book which the Frere Paul wrote by their command was shewn
by us to several learned theologians, they discovered eight pas-
sages which are palpably heretical; and we are informed by letters
from France, that many heretical books have been introduced into
Venice from Geneva. The Venetians think they derive great benefit
from the liberty they grant to all who inhabit their States, but they
do not reflectthat by this means they introduce heresy. An ambas-
sador from England, resident at Venice, is accompanied by a chaplain
who tampers with the nobles and citizens, and they spread the doctrines
of Luther and Calvin in such a manner that I believe," concluded
the Pope, "this Republic which has always been Christian, is about to
bury herself in heresy. " 1
1 M.
a certainty to discover this Poma, and be paid. Were I to go to Venice, I
imagine that my poor wife will have sold and pawned all I have in the
world to support the children, and I should but go to die with them of
want. I keep thinking of going in preference to Leghorn, and of serving
on board the Grand Duke's vessels. " This is what he said to me, and as
he is a man in his prime, and of very fine. stature, I dissuaded him to the
utmost from the thought of going to Leghorn, exhorting him not to lose
the opportunity of presenting himself at Venice, where he will at all
events he at home, and should he allow this opportunity to escape he
might possibly sigh for it in vain all the rest of his life, without being
able again to see his children and his home; and _with the tears in his
eyes he concluded by saying that he would try whether he could rescue
anything out of the hands of those men, and having arranged to come to
me to report what befell him, he departed. "
" On the 26th of February, the aforesaid having returned at the usual
hour to me, my secretary added to me in substance that Poma's servant,
nanied Roberto, was in the palace of the Cardinal Colonna. He yesterday
kept walking in its neighbourhood such a length of time that he met
him, and after the said Roberto had complained of being himself likewise
ruined, saying that Poma and the others had fled hence, and that Ales-
sandro Parasio had been imprisoned for his talk, and that he did not know
what had become of him, he informed him as a secret, that Andrea Enici,
a Genoese, late agent for Poma in Venice, was reading there in the palace,
and that he ought to go and speak to him; and whilst talking with the
servant, on raising his eyes, he saw at a window of the palace of the said
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? arr. 56. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 169
Cardinal Colonna, Gio. Battista ,Poma, Ridolfo's son, whom he knows'
very well, and having quitted the servant and gone upstairs to the rooms
pointed out to him as those of the said Enici, he found there Paulo of
St. Giustina the boatman, and spoke with Andrea Enici, who likewise
stating that Poma Was not there, answered him in reply to his demands
for payment, that he does not know what to do. He afterwards met in
the street near there the priest called Fulvio Splronati, who apologised for
not having shown himself on account of the rain that has fallen these
past two -days, and made an appoin_tment for him to meet him in the
evening when he would place him for four or six days, until some other
arrangement could be made, in a room where he would be boarded by a
certain woman, and that thus would he do out of charity, and for love of
the Signor Gio. Battista, for that he does not know the Signor Ridolfo.
He went that evening as 'ordered, but the priest never came, so having
returned to-day to speak to Enici he desired him to come again to-morrow
at dinner-time, and that he will give him the means for betaking himself
to Venice; and he says he considers it certain that that priest who spoke
to him does not bear the name of Fulvio, for when he mentioned him to
Enici he did not understand him, but subsequently appeared to compre'
hend)\which Matteo having recounted to me the details aforesaid, departed,
saying that he will go tomorrow as ordered and will come and tell me
the whole, adding in the act of departure that he had forgot to tell me
that one Lodovico who rowed in the shallop, and was outlawed at Ancona,
immediately on reaching that city, notwithstanding his outlawry, walked
about, and freely frequented every place. " Nothing need be added to this
prolix testimony uriless it be that of Thomas de Zanon ' who was seen
walking and talking openly in the ga. l. l. e. r:y of the Vatican with* Vene-
ze?
/,-'
6,5. . . "
tian priest ,F-ranoeeebi. Zanon alledged that he had come from Leghorn in *
a Florentine vessel; but he betrayed himself by complaining that he was
still unrewarded, and at last confessed that he " was the master of the
shallop in which Poma had escaped from Venice. " He affirmed that Mat-
teo, the gondolier, knew all, and when Poma got into the gondola at the
FondamentQ,NuovQwhen driven by the populace, and Matteo asked him
whether he had done the business? Poma urged him to row, saying' Woe
to us, we shall all be quartered, ' and Matteo answered ' Never fear, sir, as
long as you see me. ' Zanon Was left with the shallop; and Matteo, on whom
Zanon cast unmeasured blame, came to Rome to see what he could get. "
It is apparent from this long but important document, that description of
spies and remarks on the Pope's unwearied complaint of the theologians
filled a considerable portion of the ambassador's letters, and it is only
1 All from the MSS. Contarini, 28th February 1608.
\/'? 7M. e.
A-.
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? l70 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1608.
,. >>
wonderful that he was able to steer his course through such a labyrinth of
difficulty.
While his defender was thus engaged at Rome, Fra Paolo pursued the
even tenor of his way, strong in the conviction that although his life was
hourly in danger, and there were other machinations against him, unless
by the will of God not a hair of his head would be injured. He held the opi-
nion of Saint Augustine as to God being the Disposer and Controller of all
events, and although he khew that not many paces from the Convent door,
lay men ready to seize him he lived in peace, and in patience possessed his
soul. He still suffered much pain in his face consequent upon his wound,
and he felt his eyesight so much affected, that he could scarcely look
stedfastly on any object. He was obliged to wear spectacles while reading,
but happily he could avail himself of his knowledge asan optician in his
need, and he does not appear to have relaxed at all in his studies. But af-
fairs of greater moment than his bodily ailments now began to engross
his attention, and the Spanish fleet which was armed with 20,000 men,
could not cruise in the Mediterranean without exciting public uneasiness.
This, however, Sarpi tried to allay, believing the armament was merely a
demonstration of strength: he was more occupied by severe disappointments
since the raising of the Interdict, one of which was, that Casanbon had not
been rewarded for his services to the Republic. Much as the Senators had
done for the security of Fra Paolo, they did more, they provided him with
means to pay a person always to accompany him, and not only increased
his salary, but decided that the public should pay for a house in Saint
Mark's where he could live in safety. But the Father was determined not
to change his abode, and entreated to be allowed to reside in the Convent
with thefriars with whom he had lived so long, declaring that he should
never be bble to live in any other manner, that being. his vocation, in this
he was gratified, except that the Senate erected somesmall buildings
adjoining his chamber, from which by a little corridor and staircase he
would enter a boat, so that when he had occasion to return to the Convent
by night he might not be exposed to treachery. He was thus necessarily
obliged to make some change as to his expenses, although he did not spend
more than was absolutely needful, -in no way abating the rigor of his po-
verty as a friar, content with his simple food and clothing. But after
the attempt on his life' he was obliged not to walk from the Servi, because
it being necessary for him to pass through alleys which afforded an op-
portunity to any one who wished to assassinate him. During the sixteen
following years he went in his gondola from his Convent to the Rialto, land-
ed there, and then through the Merceria to S. Mark's, merely for daily
exercise that he might not lose the habit of walking altogether, and he found
it necessary to have two companions, one as his servant, the other as his
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? Arr. 56. ] FRA PAOLO SABPI 171
amanuensis, Fra Marco to whom he gave twelve hundred ducats, and fifty
ducats per annum, and to Fra Marino three hundred which he placed in
the bank for him at ten per cent, that he might not only have a living, but
also forty ducats per annum, and he increased his gifts of bread and wine
to the convent, and also to the cooks, to one of whom he gave sixty ducats
per annum. These gifts were made from prudential causes in self defence,
they conciliated many, as well as made them interested in the preservation
of his life, but with these expenses he could no longer persist in his deter-
mination not to receive the stipend assigned to him by the public munifi-
cence. He was obliged to make a great change in his reception of strangers.
He never conversed with any one but in his own chamber in the convent
or in the church, in the choir, when coming to service or to the refectory
to meals. His life was that of a hermit, he was solitary so far as his pub-
lic duties permitted; his world was his poor cell, and the little path be-
tween the Rialto and S. Marks, and Fulgenzio, having repeated that
his time was still divided between his devotion, uninterrupted study,
and his public duties, concludes with this rare encomium. " His life was
a singular combination of activity and contemplation, giving to God what
he could, to his prince that which was due to him, and to his neighbour
more than he ought by any other laws than those of charity. " '
The generous acts of the Doge and Senate during his sufferings drew
from Paolo a letter of deep gratitude, and while the government had been
bountiful to himself, the services of the physicians were not left unrequi-
ted. Together with thanks and a silver cup graven with the arms of S. Mark,
Acquapendente was rewarded by a rich collar and medal, and was created
Cavaliere. Vedova received forty ducats, and Comino twenty.
After the Interdict, Fulgenzio enters into little minutiae, and the writer
has therefore had recourse to various of the MS. letters of Paolo Sarpi as
well as others proved authentic, and as they elucidate his life, passages
from them are here quoted. The reader can easily imagine him engaged
in letter writing, seating a few moments from his daily toil to breathe
awhile more freely in the society of his friends, either by his own pen, or
that of Marino one of his amanuenses.
So highly were the letters of Fra Paolo esteemed by the learned, that
many copies and translation of them are known to have been taken. The
annexed is a transcript of a copy of a letter addressed by him to the Abbe
Medard, and was written first in Latin, translated into French, then
into English, and deemed worthy of preservation by the Archbishop Usher.
" The advertisements which yours of the 18th of June doth give me
concerning the means whereby the most Christian King doth recover his
'$'fe7A
3 MS.
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? 172 THE LIFE OF [A. n. 1608.
domains were most acceptable to me. I have also a great desire to under-
stand when there happeneth any singular and remarkable sentence in the
court of parliament on ecclesiastical matters. It seems to me an endeavour
worthy of yourself to employ your leisure time in the study of divinity
and of the ecclesiastical history, for which I do hold you so well prepared
that you have no need to be directed by any soever, much less by me;
' yet I will not omit to obey you, in writing my opinion what is the course
In
that a man of sincere affections should hold therein. And to begin with
the schoolmen wherein you particularly do require me, I shall tell you that
one had need to beware of those writers that do give their resolutions too
like magistrates with a Respondendum and Dicendum, as if they were ar-
bitrators; and rather to read them which deliver' their opinions with
reservation, and in matters not decided do not play the pedant over others.
The University of Paris hath much need to apply themselves to the best
judgments that did spring up amongst them, and the last that offered him' '
self was William Oceam, whom, if you lay his barbarism aside, you will
find a judicious writer. I have still esteemed him above all the schoolmen.
His work upon the sentences doth render the conceit of him that reads
him quick and fit to judge.
" His dialogues which pass from the speculative matters to the more
prgtical and in use, are much esteemed where they are permitted to be
read. Gerson teacheth well that which he teacheth, but he did not pro-
pound to himself to treat of the whole subject. S. Thomas is current among
the Jesuits as a writer very easy, and who doth not entangle the mind of
the reader with doubts, but resolves indeed too much. If you resolve to
read him, it will be good very punctually to examine his Sorites, for so
are almost all his proofs, and he is in the number of those that I named
first. If you read the controversies that do at this present exercise the
world, you will do well to bear in mind that the writers do all of them
exceed in affection to their own side, and do accommodate matters to their
3 own taste, and in the ancient writers do not see that Which is there, but
that which they desire. And therefore it is necessary to use them with
that caution that a good judge should use, not to pronounce till both par-
ties be heard. As for the means to get the understanding of the ecclesias-
tical history, it will be necessary to put into your head a chronology of
all the princes and famous men that have been in the world; all of them
distinguished in their times and countries.
" In the reading of the Historiographer be very wary, because for
the most part they are interested on the one hand or on the other When
they treat of any controversy. The most sincere authors are the English,
Paris, Hovedon, Walsingham. The most sincere and faithful history is to
be drawn out of the fathers and other writers of every time.
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? Air. 56. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 173
" Above all it is necessary in reading to bear a neutral affection, and
not to suffer that which you find in one author, to take so deep in you that
it may not give place to the truth or greater probability which you may
find afterwards.
" But according to my judgment, to give a general and infallible rule
for all the difficulties that may occur in the process of your studies, I take
it to be best to consult with the Jesuits, and to resolve the clean contrary
of what they say.
" There remaineth, you say, the Parliament for a bank to keep them
from overflowirig; but I still see the water to increase and the earth of
the bank to diminish, which puts me in great doubt. We indeed are free
from their persons, but not from their vexations or ambushes. I know not
whether mischief to be the greater, that which they do being absent, or
that which they do being present. I begin to believe for that which now
I see, that they have been re-accepted in France to free that kingdom
from greater mischief, which they did in their absence, and peradventure
I am not deceived.
" Your worship doth esteem me more than is fitting, in thinking that
the Jesuits have any thought of me. Assure yourself that I am not high
enough to be stricken with such a lightning, unless they were (whereof I
doubt) in the number of those curious men that do not overstep, no, not
the least matters.
" However it be, every one is subject unto danger, only it rests to rely
ourselves on God, on these things whereunto no human caution can
arrive.
" I beseech your lordship to make me partaker sometimes of your let-
ters, whom you will oblige thereby. You will not be obliged to write
Italian, because, however I answer you in; my language, yet it is to me in-
different to yours in this or in French. Our Lord God give your
lordship all happiness, whose hands I reverently kiss.
" F. Paolo.
" From Venice, this 20th July, 1608. "
It has been denied, but it cannot be disproved, that after, as during the
time of the Interdict, there was a strong inclination on the part of many
Venetians to disentangle themselves from some of the innovations of the
Jesuits and other modern teachers of the Church of Rome; they wished
more liberty of conscience, they purchased the Italian Bible whenever they
had opportunity, they desired their Church to be less fettered and looked
for its return to its ancient usage: they were attracted by and interested
' in the sermons of Fra Paolo, the two Fulgenzios, Marsilio and the other
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? 174 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1608.
- :88}:
theologians, " the seven. " They had greedily perused the Writings du-
ring the Interdict; these had exposed much that required to be known,
and intelligent minds discovered that there was not that impassable gulf
between the Church of Rome and the Church of Rome Reformed, as was
alleged, and they said, as did Fra Paolo, that there were many observan-
ces and abuses of the Church of Rome which only belonged to ignorance.
Their affections were touched by the magnitude of the love of the Saviour,
and as this, Paolo tells us, was the theme on which the preachers dwelt,
it is not marvellous what he relates of the numbers who hung on the lips
of Fulgenzio Micanzio.
Those who have listened to the impassioned language of the priests of
Italy to a throng of worshippers, can best picture to themselves Fra Paolo,
or Fra Fulgenzio with all the bold eloquence of truth, addressing the
hearts and understandings of the crowd who were loyal to their prince and
had shown themselves willing to follow him in his recent protest against
Rome. It is a well authenticated fact, on one occasion when preaching
from the Words of the Holy Saviour to the Jews. " Have ye not read? ' "
Fra Fulgenzio added, " If the Saviour were now to ask the question
' Have ye not read? ' all the answer you could make would be ' N o, we
are forbidden to do so. ' " And it is a fact equally well vouched for, that
when the Church resounded with the same demand that Pontius Pilate
the Roman Governor made to the Holy Saviour, " What is truth? " Fra
Fulgenzio took a New Testament from his pocket and told his auditors
that after long search he had found it there. He held the precious
volume up with outstretched hands in the sight of all, " But, " he exclaimed
as he returned the book to its place, " the book is prohibited! " The
effect of these words can scarcely he described, they stirred the assembly
to its depths, Fra Paolo and Fulgenzio were of the same. _opinion as the
learned Brucciolo, who told the Duke af Tuscany " that the reading
of the Holy Scriptures was of all means that most calculated to make his
' people de"out men and dutiful subjects. " There can can be no doubt but
that at the time and after the Interdict many copies of the Holy Scrip-
tures entered Venice, ' but these volumes were soon strictly prohibited:
the adherents of Rome prevented their entrance, and the people were
forced to be content with the portions of Holy Writ contained in their
books of common prayer.
An associate of Fra Paolo, the Secretary of Sir Henry Wotton, who
must have had full opportunity of judging of the truth of the above
statements thus expresses himself.
1 S. Matt. xn, 3.
2 Edition of the Bible (Diodati) 1607.
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? E1'. 56. ] . FRA PAOLO SARPI 175
"Venice is like a new world; it is the greatest consolation to find
oneself in companies and assemblies at the houses of the nobles, and
to hear them speak with so much piety and zeal of the truth of God
with those good men Father Paolo, Fulgenzio and Bedell, the Chaplain
of the Ambassador. The sermons in public are as good as could be
preached in Geneva, and they are delivered with so much earnestness,
that crowds flock to hear them, and it is necessary to go very early
to be in time to get a place. The Inquisition is kept under by a
Senator who is a member of it, and without whose voice nothing can
be decided. He is always chosen from the greatest opponents of the
Pope. ' The vehemence against the Pope and Court is greater than ever.
The Jesuits ar'e denounced from the pulpit, their doctrines refuted and
denied, and they mortally disliked; many of the nobles have provided
themselves with tutors of the reformed religion. Three fourths of the
nobility are much attached to the truth and the rest favorably in-
clined. " '
Here may be seen what reform within the Church of Rome can do.
Not only the nobles but the citizens and people heard Fra Paolo Iand
Fulgenzio gladly. The dislike of the Jesuits grew the stronger be-
cause they still endeavored to harass Venetia, and therefore it was not
malice but love of his country that still stimulated Fra Paolo against
them, he was particularly shocked by one of their Writings sent to
him from France, and boldly says, 'such things would not be endured
in Italy. ' Since their banishment he knew that they were secretly oc-
cupied against Church _and State, and they were not so much feared
as they had been, which he regretted. Next to religion, the most
prominent topic in Fra Paolo's correspondence is freedom, he was
gratified by M.
Gillot's interest in the liberty of the Church. " I will
not say, " he writes, " of the Gallican, but of the Universal Church,
and perhaps in this age God wills by a milder method than' that
adopted in the last to annihilate tyranny. A foundation was then
attempted to be laid but it was incomplete, who knows but this may
succeed better? If God blesses the work we may have hope. "
The familiar nature of Sarpi's correspondence is thus expressed by
himself, "I Write to you without taking much account of what I say,
as if I spoke to you, but such is my habit, because familiar letters
ought to be the dictate of the heart without alfectation. " '
In a letter without date, but evidently prior to this period, he
remarks that Fra Fulgenzio Manfredi had left Venice for Rome. "He
1 Geneva, Aug. 10, 1608. Mem. Du Mornay, vol. x. p. 150.
3 M. Groslot, Sep. 3, 1608.
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? 176 THE LIFE. OF [A. D. 1608.
had been seduced by emissaries of the Pope, and had yielded after
two years persecution; had been provided with a safe conduclg/from
the Nuncio at Venice, had gone through the patrimony of the hurch,
and had been met and congratulated on his way. On his arrival he
was maintained, provided with three servants by the Pope, and receiv-
ed in audience, while the General of the Jesuits was kept waiting for
two hours. " But Sarpi knew how to estimate these passing honors.
"What will come of this, time will show, but possibly it will be seen
hereafter, that he who is believed by some to be infallible, may be
so in this also. " Healso knew that Manfredi could not give any in-
formation to the Court of Rome that would injure the Republic, and
"it was the common opinion that his life would be short. " '
Aboutthis time "command had been given to Michael Viti and
Parasio, " both Sarpi's assassins, to leave Rome, and the latter was
imprisoned a second time at Ancona. "I am very cautious," Sarpi
writes, " more to defeat their wishes, 'than for any esteem I have of
myself. The Court of Rome and the Head of it have not forgotten
that we would not acknowledge his omnipotence which is the greatest
sin that can'be committed against them. They long for revenge and
they spare neither pains or trouble to return to the old way. " '
For the most part his correspondence ike the mind of Sarpi, was
cheerful, he looked on events with the eye of one who referred all to
the allwise and almighty Ruler of the universe, he did not pretend to
fathom' mysteries, to foretell future events or to question the right of
God to do what and as he willed, his great intellect bowed to the
Divine with childlike submission. His letters are filled with short but
devout aspirations of trust in God; in seeing' impiety successful he
betrays no surprise, only observing, "It is What is predicted by the
'Holy Spirit, and is for the fulfilment of holy prophecy. We ought to
compassionate one that is blind, unless he is wilfully so. I have
always observed that nothing more precipitates danger than too great
avoidance of it. "
Here Sarpi evidently alludes to the constant warnings of his friends
to beware of danger as he continues, after observing that affairs at
Venice went very ill, "But I am too much occupied with a certain
conceit of others to take care of myself, because I trust wholly to
God, except when the discourse of others forces me to think of it. It
is a strange thing that they still try to seize me even in my own
chamber. . . Fifteen days since so1ne one went into the Colonna palace
1 Sep. 30, 1608. Sarpi to M. Groslot.
2 Appendix.
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? arr. 55. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 177
to apprehend Poma. He defended himself by killing one of the sbirri,
and wounding others; he was wounded in the body as also his son:
they are now in prison. I do not comprehend these mysterious doings,
there must be some hidden art in them which I do not understand. "
This is his only comment.
The Court of Rome had determined that the works of Baronius
should be defended; this was contrary to Sarpi's strictures on the
Cardinal's work, and he was grieved to see Italy largely supplied with
pamphlets full. of untruth. Afraid of their works being prohibited,
their authors 'published them as if written on another subject than that
of which they 'treated.
He had perused the King of Great Britain's answer to Bellarmine,
and takes notice of the Catalogue of the Jesuits in Which are the
names of all their houses and colleges, those which they formerly pos-
sessed in Venetia are marked thus, ' and underneath is written, No-
tata nondum recuperatoe sunt. " If they say this with a vow, " adds
Sarpi, " that they will return thither, they are very bold, but perhaps
God will be for us. I hope so. "
Whatever was the rage of Sarpi's enemies without, they could not
rob him of Heaven's high peace within. It might be he was troubled
by being asked to wear mail beneath his habit, this admits of ques-
tion; besides, as he persevered at times in walking, the weight of
armor would have been great for his fragile body, and if he did wear
light armor, assuredly it would have been preserved with as jealous
care as the stiletto_ which Malpietro drew from his wound on the 5th
of October, Which is still to be seen in the Giustinian Museum
Venice.
? Catalogue illustrium virorum Societatis Jesu.
"M,"/','M,,N>>
1'
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? 178
CHAPTER IX.
A. D. 1609 -- A. nl 1617.
Doen or Vamcn. M. A. Memmo. 1614. G. Bcmbo.
SovaaEms or Guammz. Rodolph II. 1612 Matthias.
Guam BurrAm. James I.
FRANCE. Henry IV/\Louis X111. /6"
spAm. Philip III. /
Tuaxnr. Achmet I. 1617 Mustapha
Porn. Paul V.
WWW
Plots. - Manfredi. - Richer. - Public events. - Complaints against Fra Paolo. -
Extracts from his Letters. -- Marsilio. - History of the Uscochs. - Galileo. -
De Dominis.
Fra Paolo's enemies were not yet satisfied; they Were, however, un-
able to seize him as they still intended in the streets of Venice on
his way to the Palace. At last, they discovered that this could not be
attempted, as he never walked but in the most frequented parts of the
city, generally accompanied by Fra Fulgenzio or other friends, and so
remarked and saluted by the inhabitants that if any had dared to attack
him, their lives would have been instantly taken by the enraged multitude.
Fulgenzio's suspicions Were, however, aroused by a soldier who now
made his appearance, and beneath whose military garb it was suspected
that a priest was concealed; he made many attempts to converse with
Fra Paolo, but this was difficult, as no one was admitted without
first sending his name as Well as information as to his country and
profession, and being introduced by one of the nobles or an intimate
friend. This man addressed Fulgenzio, "and endeavored to tell him
that he had business of great importance to communicate well worthy
of his attention; that he would lay down his arms, or submit to
whatever the Father would require, but he would not listen to him.
However, the soldier appeared to place confidence in Fulgenzio, and
proceeded to tell him that he was a near relative of Cardinal Baro-
nins, but had fallen into disgrace, that he wished to give the Father
information which regarded his personal safety, and that he was ready
to certify the truth of what he asserted. "
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? 1-11'. 57. ] FR4. PAOLO SARPI L7/9
But when Fulgenzio only offered him money if he was in want,
the soldier exclaimed, "Beware of traitors, ye have need to do so.
God takes care of you who are better friars than others wish you were! "
This said, he disappeared.
It did not transpire whether this soldier--priest had any communica-
tion with Cardinal Bellarmine, or if it was to make Fra Paolo watch
against the same intended plot that he warned the friar, but the
instance about to be given of that Cardinal's true appreciation of his
old friend not only shows how his heart warmed towards him, but
demonstrates that in both there still remained virtue and Christian
charity. "The Cardinal sent his salutations twice to the Father, once
by a Roman secular, who told him by the Cardinal's command to guard
himself securely, because there was urgent need for such caution, and
again by Testoni a Venetian, a Roman friar on his way to Mantua.
He was commissioned by Cardinal Bellarmine, who mentioned Paolo
by naine, to salute the Father affectionately for him, to tell him that
he still retained his affection for him and to bid him note, that two
friars under the title of, " A life of the P. Paolo, " had written a libel-
lous work which they had presented to Paul V, who had given it to
the Cardinal for examination' in order to obtain his opinion of it,
with a view to its publication, but as the Cardinal knew the Father
well he told the Pope to believe that the work only contained notorious
calumnies, and their publication would only bring great dishonor on
the publisher.
Testoni told many such anecdotes to Fra Fulgenzio who observes
"that every kind of scandal both against his life and honor were
published, besides numerous libels to please the Court of Rome, but
the Father showed no sign of resentment or anger, one of his great
excellencies, and that which accompanied him to the tomb being his
gentleness, and all of his Order bore witness_ that they never heard
him seek revenge. " One of the authors was called P. Gioseffo, but
Fra Paolo, so far from returning evil for evil, although he- knew the
author of the libel above mentioned, did not punish him but permitted
him to enjoy an honorable employment; however, after Fra Paolo's
death, these calumnies and other delinquencies were the cause of his
banishment from the dominions of Venetia, but such was Paolo's charity
that when he received the greatest wrong his expression of counte-
nance Was most serene, and he endeavored to extenuate the offence as much
as possible, usually saying, that such an one's brain was touched, and that
in his position, or for his own interest, he could not do otherwise. '
1 MS.
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? 180 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1609.
It has been noticed that the Archdeacon Rubetti had been well received
at Rome; five hundred ducats per annum were immediately conferred upon
him by the Pope, the recipient declaring, " that he had defended the Re-
public of Venice against his will! " 1 It is easy to conceive the mischief
that this ecclesiastic could, and did do against the Republic, he was one
of the seven who had put his name to writings in her favor, he was now
an informer against her.
The Court of Rome still continued to tamper with the Republic's defen-
ders. " As to me, " writes Sarpi, "I not only believe, but I have daily
proof of the snares laid for me. I do all I can by way of caution, but
without either anxiety or solicitude. Without God no design can be ef-
fected, whatever pleases Him best is for good. With this I am content.
They will gain nothing by taking my life, and through me they will find
greater opposition when Iam dead than when I am alive. They have used
every means lately to gain the others both by promises and by threats. I
believe they will not gain any more from them than they have done. They
do not attempt to gain me; they say openly there is no"'hope of me but by
daggers. " ' What a miserable life was Sarpi's in one sense, never to know
what it was to be safe from an assassin's thrust, and yet how he was to be
envied! Tranquil amidst revengeful passions, forgiving to his greatest ene-
mies, intrepid in the midst of danger, casting the veil of charity over the de-
fects of those who had once been his friends, never swerving from the path
of honor although' one of peril, but living a life of faith on the Son of God,
and listening to the holy solace which has emboldened the persecuted, "All
things are yours, Whether life or death, or things present or things to come,
all are yours, for ye are Christ's and Christ is God's. " The Senate of Ve-
nice was not so forgiving, indeed public justice required that he, who had
once defended the Republic and now betrayed her, ought to be punished
at all events in some measure, and while the Archdeacon was publicly
proceeded against, the Senate showed their approval of Fra Paolo and his
fellow supporters, by awarding two hundred ducats to each of those who
had proved themselves the stedfast defenders, faithful servants, and loyal
subjects of the Republic.
But Fra Paolo would not accept the proffered gift, " lest it should be said
that he had defended the public for gain, " and there still remained in his
heart the cherished hope that better times would dawn upon his country,
and that " if he were not alive to serve it, others would. "
In a letter of this date he takes a rapid survey of various subjects, and
mentions that the Due dc Sully had withdrawn from the Reformed Church,
1 Letters (Sarpi) Marciana.
3 Jan. 6, to M. Groslot 1609.
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? Ar. 57. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 181
and attached himself to the communion of the Church of Rome. He adds,
" This is not 'true. " Sarpi had admired the Duke's conduct with regard
to the Jesuits, and does not appear to have ever expressed gratification on
hearing that any had quitted the Reformed, for this he has been censured.
Was it likely that he would when he desired reform in the Church of
Rome? He expressed approval of the confession of the Reformed Church
of France, especially of the. 3lst article, and observed " that the book would
survive whatever pains were taken for its suppression. " His tidings from
Rome augured ill for Fra Fulgenzio Manfredi. He had demanded a bis-
hopric, which had been refused, he had resisted public penance, but the
Archdeacon consented to perform it, and was seen barefooted, bearing a
candle, and visiting the seven churches. Whilst these measures were
enacted at Rome, Matthias had assumed the monarchy of Hungary, and
Sarpi comments frequently on the confusion which the Jesuits had caused
by their intrigues in Spain, France, Switzerland, and England.
It may be tedious to the reader to be obliged to read of these dis-
turbers of the peace of Europe so frequently as Sarpi mentions them,
but his biography cannot be written without a consecutive notice of
this body, of whom he was eager to obtain more knowledge. He had
studied Hosenmuller, but he had long been wishful to obtain the
Constitutions of the Jesuits, which were at last copied for him by
M. Castrine.
One might have supposed this body would have desisted from their
attempts to prejudice the Pope against Venetia, but he was still loud
incomplaint against Fra Paolo and the Republic, andthus expressed
his opinion to the French Ambassador.
" The Venetians employ three or four theologians at their own
charge to write against the authority of the Popes, and when the
book which the Frere Paul wrote by their command was shewn
by us to several learned theologians, they discovered eight pas-
sages which are palpably heretical; and we are informed by letters
from France, that many heretical books have been introduced into
Venice from Geneva. The Venetians think they derive great benefit
from the liberty they grant to all who inhabit their States, but they
do not reflectthat by this means they introduce heresy. An ambas-
sador from England, resident at Venice, is accompanied by a chaplain
who tampers with the nobles and citizens, and they spread the doctrines
of Luther and Calvin in such a manner that I believe," concluded
the Pope, "this Republic which has always been Christian, is about to
bury herself in heresy. " 1
1 M.
