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Increments of the third Declension in A.
Nominis a crescens, quod flectit tertia, longum est.
Mascula corripies -al et -ar fmita, simulque
Par cum compositis, hepar, cum nectdre, bacchar,
Cum vdde, mas, et anas, cui junge laremqae jubarque.
The increment of a in nouns of the third declension is
generally long ; as, pax, pdcis ; pietas, pietatis ; vectigal,
vectigdlis.
Excep. Proper names of the masculine gender ending
in al and ar (except Car and Nar), have short incre-
ments ; as, Hannibal, Hannibdlis ; Ccesar, Ccesdris : so
also have par [the adjective] and its compounds ; par the
substantive, the noun sal, and the other words enumerated.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Ajacis, ajtatis, calcaris. Excep. Asdrubalis,
Amilcaris ; parem, hepatis, nectare, anatis -- fr. anas, " a
duck. "
Promiscuous Examples. Larem [15], sale [15], pueros
[1, 14], Hannibalis [3, 15], quadrlgse [12, 2], pietatem
[1, 15], ubique [12], pronepos [11], sonipes [5--- fr. so-
nus, 12], circumdata [3, 9].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Jane, fac ceternos pacem pdcisque ministros. Ovid.
Exc. Hannibalem Fabio ducam spectanteper urbem. Silius.
Vela dabant Iceti et spumas sdlis cere ruebant. Virg.
Err antes hederas passim cum baccdre tellus. Id.
Sulphur eas posuit spiramina Ndris ad undas. Ennius.
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? 26 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
RULE XVI.
Increments from A and AS.
A quoque et as Graecum, breve postulat incrementum.
-s quoque finitum cum consona ponitur ante,
Et dropax, anthrax, Atrax, cum smildce, climax;
Adde At deem, pandcem, eoldeem, styrdcemque, fdcemque,
Atque 4 abdeem, cor deem, phyldcem compostaque, et harpax.
Greek nouns ending in a and as, have short incre-
ments ; as, poema, poemdtis ; lampas, lampddis : also
nouns ending with s preceded by a consonant ; as, Arabs,
Ardbis ; trabs, trdbis ; besides the following words in
ax-dcis ; as, dropax, anthrax, Atr ax,* &c, &c, and the
compounds of phylax and corax, with harpax, harpdgis,
and the like.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Stemmata, lampade, poemate ; Arabum, trabe,
dropace, face, panacem, &c.
Promiscuous Examples. Vadibus [15], Palladis [3, 16],
Titanas [15], jubaris [5, 15], saturos [14], Cymothoe
[Gr. 13], trecenti [12, 3], prociirrit [11, 3], agnitus [3,
6], mollltum [10].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Undique collucent prascinctm lampddes auro. Ovid.
Nam modo thurilegos Ardbas, modo suspicis Indos. Id.
Non styrdce Idceo fragr antes uncta capillos. Virg. Cir.
RULE XVII.
Increments in E.
Nominis e crescens numero breviabis utroque :
Excipe Iber patriosque -enis (sed contrahito Hymen),
Syphax, Syphacis is said to be common ', but erroneously, for the passage in
should have Anruboletn.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 27
"Per, mansues, locuples, hceres, mercesque, quiesque,
Et vervex, lex, rex, et plebs, seps, insuper halec,
-el peregrinum, -es, -er Grrecum, cethere et Here demptis.
His addas Seris, Byzerisque, et Recimeris.
The increment e of the third declension is generally-
short in both singular and plural ; as, grex, gregis ; pes,
pedis; mulier, mulierum ; teres, teretis, &c.
Excep. Iber, Iberis, and genitives in enis (except
hymenis) have the penultima long; as, ren, rents, siren,
sir enis, &c, as also ver, mansues, locuples, and the others
enumerated. Hebrew nouns in el; as, Daniel, Danielis,
and Greek nouns, in es and er ; (except cetheris and Here
from cether and aer :) as, lebes, lebetis; crater, crateris,
with Seris, Byzeris, Recimeris -- genitives from Ser, By-
zer, and Recimer -- have the increment long.
OCT" Some foreign names in ec have the increment long
by this rule ; as, Melchesidec, Melckesidecis.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Operi, pulveris, gregibus. Excep. Iberis, Sire-
nis, (hymenis) ; veris, mansuetis ; lebetis, trapetis, 'aethe-
ris) : Michaelis, Seris, Recimeris.
Promiscuous Examples. Mercedis [3, 17], abacis [16],
mares [15], Celtiberi [3, 5, 14], teretis [5, -- fr. tero -- 17],
pacem [15], tepefecit [5, 12, 7], resides [11], hymenis [17].
. EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Incumbens tercti, Damon sic ccepit, oliva. Virg.
Exc. Monstramaris Sir enes er ant, quce voce canora. Ovid.
Crateras magnos statuunt, et vina coronant. Virg.
Velleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia Seres. Id.
4
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? 28 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
RULE XVIII
Increments in I and Y.
Jaut y crescens numero breviabis utroque ;
Graeca sed in patrio casu -inis et -ynis adoptant ;
Et lis, glis, Samnis, Dis, gryps, Nesisque, Quirisqae
Cum vibice simul, longa incrementa reposcunt.
The increment of the third declension is usually short ;
as, lapis, lapidis ; slips, stipis ; pollex, polUcis.
Excep. Genitives in inis and ynis from words of
Greek origin, have the penultima long ; as, delphin, del-
phinis ; Phorcyn, Phorcynis ; as also, lis, litis; glis,
gliris, and the other words enumerated.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Ride. Tegmine, sanguinis, ilice. Excep. Salaminis,
delphinis ; litis, vibice.
Promiscuous Examples. JE there [2, 17], chlamydis or
ydos [18], lebetes [Gr. 17], regibus [17, 18], trabibus [16,
18], senigmatis [2, 4, 16], calcare [15], mulieres [1, 17],
ordinis [3. 18], Quiritis [18].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Tityre, tupatulce recubans sub tegmine fagi. Virg.
Exc. Orpheus in silvis, inter delphlnas Arion. Id.
Tradite nostra viris, ignavi, signa, Quirltes. Luc.
\
RULE XIX.
Increments from IX and YX.
Ix atque -yx produc. Histrix cum fornice, varix ;
Coxendix, ckoBnixque, Cilix, natrixque, calixque ;
Pkryxque, larix, et onyx, pix, nixque, salixque, Jilixque,
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 29
Contrahe ; mastichis his et Eryx, calycisque, et Japyx,
Conjungas : sandix, Bebryx variare memento.
Nouns ending in ix or yx most commonly lengthen the
penultima of the genitive ; as, felix, felicis, bombyx,
bombycis.
Excep. 1. Histrix, fornix, varix, and the other words
enumerated have the increment short : as also appendix,
and some proper names ; as, Ambiorix, Vercingetorix,
&c.
Excep. 2. Bebryx and sandix have the increment
common.
Note. Mastix, mast'igis, " a whip," has the increment
long.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Ultrlcem, cervlcem, radtcis. Excep. 1. Coxen-
dicem, nivem, pice. Excep. 2. Bebrycis, sandicis.
Promiscuous Examples. Prosperos [3,14],exemplaria
[3,3,15,1], Caisaris [2, 15], Arcades [Gr. 3, 15], Cereris
[17], quietem [1, 17], magnetis [Gr. 4, 17,] capitis [18],
lite [18,], strigis [19].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Tollite jampridemvictricia tollite signa, Lucan.
Ecce coturnices inter sua prcelia vivunt. Ovid.
Exc. 1. Fecundi calices quern nonfecere disertum? Hor.
Exc. 2. Bebrycis et Scytkici procul inclemenlia sacra.
Val. Flac.
Possessus Baccho sceva Bebrycis in aula. Silius.
Note. Nunc mastigophoris, oleoque et gymnadis arte.
Prudent.
RULE XX.
Increments in O.
O crescens numero producimus usque priore.
O parvum in Grsecis brevia, producito magnum.
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? 30 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Ausonius genitivus -oris, quern neutra dedere,
Corripitur ; propria huic junges, ut Nestor et Hector ;
Os, oris, mediosque gradus extende, sed arbos,
JJovg composta, lepus, memor, et bos, compos et impos,
Corripe Cappadocem, Allobrbgem, cum prcecoce et obs, ops:
Verum produces Cercops, hydr opsone, Cyclopsque.
In words of Latin origin the increment in o of the
third declension is, for the most part, long ; as, sol, sblis ;
vox, vbcis ; victor, victoris, and other verbal nouns in or ;
-- in lepor, lepor is ;* ros, roris, &c, &c. ; statio, statibn'/s,
and other verbals in io ; -- in Cato, Catonis, and other
Latin proper names in o.
Excep. 1.
Nouns in o or on from the Greek w, pre-
serve the quantity of the Greek increment. If that incre-
ment be formed with omicron, it is short ; as, sindon,
sindonis ; Agamemnon, Agamemnbnis ; -- if formed with
omega, it is long; as, Simon, [or Simo], Simonis ; Plato,
[or Platon], Platonis, &c.
Observ. 1. Sidon, Orion, JEgeon, and Britto have
the increment common ; while Sazo, Seno, and most
other gentile nouns -- or the names of nations and people
-- increase short.
Excep. 2. Genitives in oris]' from Latin nouns of the
neuter gender, have a short increment ; as, marmor,
marmbris ; corpus, corporis, &c, -- with Greek proper
names in or; as, Hector, Hectbris ; Nestor, Nest&ris,
&c, and also Latin appellations ; as, rhetor, rhetoris, &c.
Excep. 3. Os, oris, and adjectives of the comp. de-
gree, have long increments; as, melior, melioris ; major,
major is, &c.
Excep. 4. Arbos, compounds of novc [as tripus, polypus^
* Lepus -- oris "a hare. " has the increment short.
t Ador, adoris of the masculine gen. is common. %
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 31
(Edipus], lepus, memor, and other words specified, in-
crease short.
Excep. 5. Cappadox, Allobrox, prcecox, and bther
words having a consonant before s in the nominative ;
as, scobs, inops, Cecrops, Dolops, have the increments
short. Observ. 2. Cyclops, Cercops, and hydrops have
long increments.
examples by single words.
Rule. Sermonis, timoris, floris, rationis, Ciceronis.
Excep. 1. jEdon, aedonis, halcyon, halcyonis ; Solon,
Solonis, agon, agonis. Observ. 1. Orionis, Saxona.
Excep. 2. Memoris, eboris ; Castoris, rhetoris. Excep. 3.
Oris, pejoris. Excep. 4. Bovis, Melampodis [fr. Melam-
pus]. Excep. 5. Cappadocis, inopis. Observ. 2. Cyclo-
pis, Cercopis.
Promiscuous Examples. Solem [20], Allobroges [3,
4, 20], fornice [3, 19], hymene [17], plebi [17], vervecem
[3, 17], dogmata [3, 16], Sirenis [Gr. 17], Solona [Gr.
20], robora [20].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Regia solis erat sublimibus alta columnis. Ovid.
Nee victor is heri tetegit captiva cubile. Virg.
Ire vet at, cursusque vagus statione moratur. Lucan.
Exc 1. Pulsant, et pictis bellantur Amazones armis. Virg.
Credit, et excludit sanos Helicone poetas. Hor.
Observ. 1. Mgceona suis immania terga lacertis. Ovid.
Audierat duros laxantem JEgceona nexus. Statius.
Exc. 2. Gratior etpulchro veniens in corpore virtus. Virg.
Exc. 3. Componens manibusque manus, atque oribus ora. Id.
Exc. 4. Propter aqua rivum sub ramis arbor is alt a.
Lucan.
4#
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? 32 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
Exc. 5. Mancipiis locuples, eget ceris Cappadocum rex.
Hor.
Ob. 2. Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum. Ov.
RULE XXI.
U brevia incrementa feret. -- Genitivus in -iiris,
-udis et utis ab -us producitur ; adjice fur, frux,
Lux, Pollux; breYia. intercusque, per cusque, Ligusque.
The increment in u of the third declension is generally-
short; as, murmur, murmuris ; dux, duds ; turtur,tur-
tarts, &c, &c.
Excep. 1. Genitives in udis, uris, and utis, from nomi-
natives in us, have the penultima long; as, palus, paludis :
tellus, telluris ; incus, incudis ; virtus, virtutis, &c. ; with
fur,furis; lux, I uc is; Pollux, Pollucis ; and frugis from
the obsolete nominative frux.
Excep. 2. Intercut, pecus, and Ligus have short incre-
ments.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Crucis, furfure, conjiigis. Excep. 1. Incude,
furis, salutem. Excep. 2. Intercutis, peciide, Liguris.
Promiscuous Examples. Vulturis [3, 21],decoris [20],
salutem [21], nuces [21], nivis [17], vertici [3, 18], call-
cem [19], Nestora [3, 20], laqueare [1, 15], duodeni [13].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Consule nos, dace nos, dace jam victor e, car emus.
Pedo.
Aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmliris aurce. Virg.
Exc. 1. Vixe conspectu Siculce telluris in altum. Id.
Exc. 2. Quid domini faciant, audent cum talia fares. Id.
INCREMENTS OF THE OTHER DECLENSIONS. 77
The other declensions, like the first declension, have,
properly speaking, no increment, unless in the plural
cases.
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? PLURAL INCREMENT OF NOUNS. 33
INCREMENTS OF THE PLURAL.
When the genitive or dative case plural contains a
syllable more than the nominative plural, the penultima
of such genitive or dative, is called the plural increment ;
as, sa in musarum, bo in amborum and ambobus, bi in
nubium and nubibus, quo in quorum, qui in quibus, re in
rerum and rebus, &c.
RULE XXII.
Plural Increments in A, E, 1, O, U.
Pluralis casus si crescit, protrahit a, e,
Atque o ; corripies i, u ; verum excipe bubus.
The plural increments in a, e, and o, are long ; as,
quartern, rerum, horum, dominorum ; the increments in
i and u are short ; as, quibus, montibus ; lacubus, verubus,
-- except the u in bubus.
EXAMPLES EY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Sylvarum, rerum, puerorum ; lapidlbus, artu-
bus : -- bubus.
Promiscuous Examples. Virorum [14, 22], filiarum
[1, 22], parietibus [1, 17, 22], Araris [15], paribus [15,
22],vadibus [15, 22], epTgrammate [4, 3, 16], Palladis
[3, Gr. 16],gregibus [17,22].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Appia, long drum, teritur, regina, vidrum. Statius.
Arreptaque manu, " Quid agis, dulcissime rerum? "
Hor.
At Capys, et quorum melior sententia menti. Virg.
Vivite felices, quibus est for tuna per acta. Id.
Exc. Consimili ratione venit bubus quoque sape. Lucret.
INCREMENTS OF VERBS. '?
A verb is said to increase, when any of its tenses has
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? 34 INCREMENT OF VERBS IN A.
a syllable more in its termination? than the second per-
son singular of the present tense indicative active. ! This
additional syllable is the first increment -- the penultima :
the final syllable being never called the increment.
When the increasing part has another syllable added to
it in the course of formation, the part so formed is the
second increment, and so of the rest. Thus from amas --
the standard or regulator -- comes fl-ma-n, with one incre-
ment ; from amavi comes a-ma-ve-ra?