629); by
Erotianus
(Lex.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
530), he expresses the same thing in ready cited, nor with the information which we
the following significant language :-
derive from the Didascalive, as to the plays which
Kaya', rapbévos gap čr' i1, koủk nu Tu MOL TEKEîv listratus. From the Didascaliae and other testi-
were assigned respectively to Philonides and Cal-
εξέθηκα, παις δ' ετέρα τις λαβούσ' ανείλετο,
monies, we find that the Bubylonians (B. C. 426)
where the last words evidently imply, if the figure and the Acharnians (B. C. 425) were also brought
is to be interpreted consistently, that the person in out in the name of Callistratus ; and that the first
whose name he brought out the play referred to play which Aristophanes exhibited in his own
(the Daetuleis) was unother poet. It was evidently name was the Knights, B. c. 424 (68. 8áyon. . . . 81
the word oliv in this passage that misled the autoù toù 'Aplotopavous, Didasc. ). And hence
scholiast into his fancy of a legal prohibition. the notion has been hastily adopted, that he hence-
We must now inquire what light the ancient forth continued to exhibit in his own name, until
grammarians throw upon the subject. The author towards the close of his life, when he allowed
of the anonymous work, ſlepi kwupdías, who is de- Araros to bring out his plays. But, on the con-
cidedly one of the best of these writers, states (p. trary, we find from the Diduscaliae that he brought
xxix. ) that “ Aristophanes first exhibited (ebidae) out the Birds (B. C. 414) and the Lysistrata (B. C.
in the archonship of Diotimus (B. C, 427), in the 411) in the name of Callistratus (8. a Kallio.
name of Callistratus (8. d Kalliotpátov); for his Tpátou).
political comedies (Tds Tolitikas) they say that he Thus far the testimonies quoted have only re-
gave to him, but those against Euripides and Socrates ferred to Philonides in generul terms: it remains
to Philonides ; and on account of this (tirst drama) to be seen what particular plays Aristophanes
being esteemed a good poet, he conquered on sub-brought out in his name. From the above state-
sequent occasions (τους λοιπούς, sc. χρόνους), en- ments of the grammarians it might be inferred that
rolling his own name as the author (errypapóuevos). Aristophanes used the name of Philonides in this
Afterwards he gave his dramas to his son" (Araros). manner before the composition of the l’nights ; but
The play which he exhibited on this occasion was this is probably only a part of the error by which
the Aaitancis (Vub. l. c. and Schol. ). To the same it was assumed that, from the time of his exhibiting
effect another respectable grammarian, the author of the Knights, it was his constant custom to bring
the life of Aristophanes, tells us(p. xxxv. ) that “ being out his comedies in his own name. It is true that
## p. 316 (#332) ############################################
316
PHILONIDES.
PHILONIDES
the scholiast on the passage from the Clouds, above nians, the Acharnians, the Birds, and the Lyris
quoted, in which the Daetaleis is referred to, ex- trata, were brought out, as we have seen, in the
plains the phrase παις ετέρα as meaning Φιλωνίδης | name of Callistratus Of the extant plays of Arie-
kai Kanilotpatos, and Dindorf
, by putting toge- tophanes, the only ones which he is known to
ther this passage and the above inference, imagines have brought out in his own name are the Knights,
that the Ductulcis was brought out in the name of the Peace, and the Plutus. His two last plays
Philonides (Fraq. Arist. Daet. ) ; but the scholiast the Cocalus and Acolosicon, he gave to his son
is evidently referring, not so much to the bringing Araros. The Thesmophoriazusae and the Ecclesia-
out of this particular play (for mais étépa cannot zusae have no name attached to them in the Di-
mean two persons, nor were dramas ever brought dascaliae.
out in more than one name) as to the practice of These views are further supported by Bergk, in
Aristophanes with respect to several of his plays an elaborate discussion of all the passages in Aris-
There is, therefore, no reason for the violent and tophanes and his scholiasts, which bear upon the
arbitrary alteration of the words of the grammarian, matter; which must be read by all who wish to
who, as above quoted, expressly says that the play master this important question in the literary
was exhibited bid Katriotpátou. There is, there history of Aristophanes.
fore, no evidence that Aristophanes exhibited under There still remain, however, one or two questions
the name of Philonides previous to the date of the which must not be passed over. Supposing it
k'nughts ; but that he did so afterwards we know established, that Aristophanes brought out many
on the clearest evidence. His next play, the of his plays in the names of Callistratus and Philo-
Clouds (B. C. 423), we might suppose to have been nides, might they not also be the chief actors in
brought out in the name of Philonides, on account those plars, and, if not, who and what were ther?
of the statement of the grammarian, that Aristo- From what has been said in the early part of this
phanes assigned to him the plays against Socrates article, a strong presumption may be gathered that
and Euripides, coupled with the known fact that the persons in whose names the dramas of others
the Froys were exhibited in the name of Philo- were exhibited were themselves poets, who had
nides ; but, however this may be, we find that, in already gained a certain degree of reputation, but
the following year, B. C. 42. 2, Aristophanes brought who, from advancing years, or for other reasons,
out two plays, the Proagon and the Wasps, both might prefer this sort of literary partnership to the
in the name of Philonides, and gained with them risk and trouble of original composition. Indeed,
the first and second prize. This statement rests it would appear, on the face of the thing, an absurd.
on the authority of the difficult and certainly cor-ity for a person, who did not profess to be a poet,
rupted passage in the Didascalia of the Wasps, to enrol his name with the archon as the author of
into the critical discussion of which we cannot here a drama, and to undertake the all important office
enter, further than to give, as the result, the fol- of training the performers. But we have the evi-
lowing amended reading, which is founded on the dence of Aristophanes himself, that those in whose
Ravenna MS. , adopted both by Dindorf and Bergk, names he exhibited his dramas, were poets, like
and of the correctness of which there can now himself, ét épouoi hointais (resp. 1016; comp.
hardly be a doubt :-'E018á xonér ápxortos 'Aur Schol. ): we have already seen that Philonides was
viov oid iawvidov ev TỈ TỐ SA uuribdi: B' (i. e. a poet of the Old Comedy ; and with reference to
δεύτερος) ήν. είς Λήναια: και ενίκα πρωτος Φιλω- Callistratus, we have no other information to throw
νίδης Προαγώνι, Λεύκων Πρέσβεσι γ (i. e. τρίτος); doubt on that contained in the above and other
from which we learn that the Wasps was exhibited passages of Aristophanes and the grammarians.
at the Lenaea, in the 89th Olympiad, in the year The fact, that we have only three titles of plays by
of the Archon Amynias, under the name of Philo Philonides, and none by Callistratus, accords with
nides, and that it gained the second place, the first the view that they were chiefly employed as 8. 8áv.
being assigned to the Ipodywy, which was also ex- kaloi of the plays of Aristophanes. We have
hibited in the name of Philonides, and which we seen, indeed, that one or two of the grammarians
know from other sources to have been a play of state that they were actors; but, with all the evi-
Aristophanes (see the Fragments), and the third to dence on the other side, there can be little doubt
the Iperbers of Leucon. *
that this statement has merely arisen from a mis-
In the year B. C. 414 we again find Aristophanes take as to the meaning of the word Sia in the Die
exhibiting two plays (though at different festivals), dascaliae. That word has its recognized meaning
the Amphiaraus, in the name of Philonides, and in this connection, and no one hesitates to give it
the Birds, in that of Callistratus (Arg. in Ar. ); that meaning in the Dulascaliae of the earlier plays:
and, lastly, we learn from the Didascalia to the there is no good authority for supposing it to desig-
Frogs, that that play also was brought out in the nate the actor : the Didascalige were not designed
name of Philonides. We thus see that Aristo- to record the name of the actor, but that of the
phanes used the name of Philonides, probably, for poet, whether real or professed ; the terms didáo.
the Clouds (see Bergk, l. c. pp. 913, 914), and cer- καλος, χοροδιδάσκαλος, κωμοδοδιδάσκαλος, are used
tainly for the Wasps, the Proagon, the Amphia- as precisely equivalent to Tointhis and Kwuwdo-
raus, and the Frogs. The Daetaleis, the Babylo 10117s : and the notion that the xopoñidéokalos
and the chief actor could be the same person involves
Clinton (F. 11. vol. ii. p. xxxviii. n. i. ) gives a the almost absurd idea of the chief actor's training
very good account of the extraordinary errors which himself. The common story about Aristophanes
have been founded on this passage ; to which must taking upon himself the part of the chief actor in
be added his own, for, on the strength of a reading the Knights is shown by Bergk to be, in all proba-
which cannot be sustained, he makes the passage bility, a mere fabrication of some grammarian, who
mean that Aristophanes gained the first prize with mistook the meaning of taxon di' autoll Toll
the Wasps, and some poet, whose name is not men- | 'Aplotopávovs in the Didascalia ; and there is no
tioned, the second with the Proagon.
clear case, after the regular establishment of the
:
## p. 317 (#333) ############################################
PHILONOE.
317
PHILOPHRON.
a
drama, in which a poet was at the same time the PHILO'NOME (1Novóun). 1. A danghter
actor, either of his own plays, or of those of another of Nyctimus and Arcadia, and a companion of
poet. There is a curious confirmation of one of Artemis, became by Ares the mother of Lycastus
the arguments just urged in one of the Scholia on and Parrhasius ; but from fear of her father she
that passage of the Clouds which has so misled the threw her twin babes into the river Erymanthus.
commentators (v. 531),—Andovóti o Diawvidns kal They were carried by the river-god into a hollow
ο Καλλίστρατος, οι “ΥΣΤΕΡΟΝ γενόμενοι υποκριται oak tree, where they were suckled by a she-wolf,
TOû 'Aplotopávous, the author of which passage until the shepherd Tyliphus found them and took
evidently inserted Cotepov in order to gloss over them home. *(Plut. Paral. min. 36. )
the absurdity of giving dià different meanings 2. [TENES. ]
[L. S. )
the Didascaliae of the earlier and the later plays. PHILONOMUS (bvouos), a son of Elec-
One more question of interest still remains, re- tryon and Anaxo. (Apollod. ii. 4. 85; Strab. viii.
specting the knowledge which the Athenian public pp. 364, 384 ; comp. ELECTRYON. ) [L. S. ]
had of the real author of those plays which appeared PHILOPATOR (AOTátwp). This name,
under other names, especially in the case of Aris- which we find applied as an epithet or distinctive
tophanes ; concerning which the reader is referred appellation to several of the kings of Syria and
to Bergk (l. c. pp. 930, &c. ), who sums up the Egypt, appears to have been borne as a proper
whole discussion in words to the following effect :- name by two kings of Cilicia ; at least no other
that Aristophanes, through youthful timidity, when is mentioned either by historians or on their
he began to write plays, entrusted them to Callis-coins.
tratus ; but afterwards also, even when he had PHILOPATOR I. was a son of TARCONDIMO-
made the experiment of exhibiting in his own Tus I. In common with his father he had
name, he still retained his former custom, and ge- espoused the cause of Antony during the civil war
nerally devolved the task of bringing out the play between the latter and Octavian, but on learning
on Callistratus or Philonides ; that both these the tidings of the battle of Actium, and the death
were poets, and not actors ; nor did even Aristo- of Tarcondimotus B. c. 31, he declared in favour of
phanes himself act the part of Cleon in the Knights; the conqueror. He was nevertheless deprived of
that the fame of Aristophanes, though under the his kingdom by Octavian, and we do not learn
name of another, quickly spread abroad ; and that that he was subsequently reinstated, though in
it was he himself, and not Callistratus, whom B. C. 20 we find his paternal dominions restored to
Cleon thrice attacked in the courts of law (p. 939). his brother, Tarcondimotus. (Dion Cass. li. 2, 7,
Philonides, the comic poet, must not be con- liv. 9. )
founded with a certain Philonides who is attacked PhiloPATOR II. is known only from the
as a profligate voluptuary by Aristophanes (Plut. mention by Tacitus of his death in a. D. 17. (Tac.
179, 303 ; comp. Schol. ), and other comic poets, Ann. ii. 42. ) Eckhel supposes him to have been
such as Nicochares, Theopompus, and Philyllius. a son of Tarcondimotus II. , but it does not seem
(Bergk, Frag. Com. Att. Antiq. p. 400. ), ĮP. S. ] quite clear that he is distinct from the preceding,
PHILO'NIDES (Piawions). 1. A physician of who may have been allowed to resume the sove-
Catana in Sicily, the tutor of Paccius Antiochus reignty after his brother's death. (See, concerning
(Scribon. Larg. De Compos. Medicam. c. 23. § 97. these obscure princes of Cilicia, Eckhel, vol. iji.
p. 209; Marcell
. Empir. De Medicam. c. 20, p. 83 ; Walther, ad Tac. l. c. ) [E. H. B. ]
p. 324), who lived about the beginning of the
Christian era. He is probably the physician who
is quoted by Dioscorides, and said by him to have
been a native of Enna in Sicily (De Mat. Med. iv.
148, vol. i. p.
629); by Erotianus (Lex. Hippocr.
p. 144); and also by Galen, who refers to his
eighteenth book, lepi 'latpiris, De Medicina.
(De Differ. Puls. iv. 10, vol. viii. p. 748. )
2. A physician of Dyrrachium in Illyricum,
who was a pupil of Asclepiades of Bithynia in the
COIN OF PHILOPATOR.
first century B. C. , practised in his own country
with some reputation, and wrote as many as five PHILOPHRON (1Móopwv), a Rhodian, who
and forty books. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Auppáxtov. ) was sent ambassador together with Theaetetus to
One of these physicians (for, though they were the ten Roman deputies appointed to settle the
probably contemporaries, there is no reason for affairs of Asia after the defeat of Antiochus, B. C.
supposing them to have been the same individual) 189. They succeeded in obtaining the assignment
wrote a work, Tepi Múpwr kad Stepávwv, De of Lycia to the Rhodians as a reward for their
Unguentis et Coronis, which is quoted by Athen- services in the late contest (Polyb. xxiii. 3). At
aeus (xv. 17, 18, 45, pp. 675, 676, 691), and the commencement of the war between Rome and
one on Pharmacy quoted by Andromachus (ap. Perseus, the Rhodians were divided into two par-
Gal. De Compos. Medican. sec. Gen. viii. 7, ties, the one disposed to favour the Macedonian
vol. xiii. p. 978), and by Marcellus Empiricus (De king, the other to adhere closely to the Roman
Medicam. c. 29, p. 380). [W. A. G. ] alliance. Philophron was one of the principal
PHILONIS. [Chione and Ceyx. )
leaders of the latter ; and we find him (together
PHILO'NOE (VIAovón), the name of two my with Theaetetus) taking a prominent part in op-
thical personages, one a daughter of Tyndareos, posing all concessions to Perseus. But though in
who was rendered immortal by Artemis (Apollod. B. c. 169 they were still able to carry a decree
iii. 10. & 6), and the other a daughter of Jobates, for sending ambassadors to the senate at Rome, as
and wife of Bellerophontes (ii. 3. & 2). The latter well as to the consul Q. Marcius, to renew and
is commonly called 'Anticleia.
[LS] strengthen the friendly relations between the two
TsPOV
JlAGNA
SAGIAEN
## p. 318 (#334) ############################################
318
PHILOPOEMEN.
PIILOPOEMEN.
powers, the ill success of the Roman arms in the became a brave, virtuous, and energetic youth.
ensuing campaign gave the preponderance to the He eariy proposed to himself Epaminondas as his
Macedonian party, and the following year (B. C. model ; but though he succeeded in imitating the
168) Philophron and Theaetetus were unable to activity and contempt of riches of his great model,
prevent the favourable reception given to the am- his vehemence of temper prevented him from ob
bassadors of Perseus and Gentius (Id. xxvii. 11, taining the amiable manners and winning temper
xxviii. 2, 14, xxix. 5). Embassies were then des which characterised the 'Theban. From his earliest
patched by the Rhodíans to the belligerent parties years Philopoemen showed a great fondness for
to endeavour to bring about a peace between them, the use of arms, and took great pleasure in all
a step which gave great offence to the Romans; warlike exercises. As soon as he had reached the
and after the victory of Aemilius Paulus, Philo age of military service, he eagerly engaged in the
phron was despatched in all haste to Rome, toge incursions into Laconia, which were then frequently
ther with Astymedes, to deprecate the wrath of made, and in these he greatly distinguished bim-
the senate. The ambassadors themselves were self, being the first to march out and the last to
received with favour, but the Rhodians were return. When he was not employed in war, he
deprived of the possession of Caria and Lycia, and divided his time between the chase, the transiction
compelled to withdraw their garrisons from Caunus of public business, the cultivation of his estate, and
and Stratonicein. (Id. xxx. 4, 5, 19. ) (E. H. B. ] the study of philosophy and literature. After
PHILOPOEMEN (Pilotolunu). 1. Son of spending part of the day in the city, he usually
Craugis, of Megalopolis in Arcadia, was one of the walked to an estate which he had about two or
few great men thai Greece produced in the decline three miles from Megalopolis, where he slept, and
of her political independence. His contemporaries rose early to work at the farm, after which he re-
looked up to him as the greatest man of their day, turned again to the city. His studies were chiefly
and succeeding ages cherished his memory with deep directed to the art of war, and his favourite books
veneration and love. Thus we find Pausanias saying were the Tactics of Evangelus, and the History of
(viii. 52. & 1), that Miltiades was the first, and Alexander's campaigns.
Philopoemen the last benefactor to the whole of The name of Philopoemen first occurs in history
Greece, and an admiring Roman exclaiming, “ that in B. c. 222, when he was thirty years of age in
he was the last of the Greeks” (Plut Philop. that year Cleomenes, king of Sparta, the great
1). The great object of Philopoemen's life was to enemy of the Achaean league, seized Megalopolis,
infuse among the Achaeans a military spirit, and and laid it in ruins. The Spartans surprised Me
thereby to establish their independence on a firm galopolis in the night, and took possession of the
and lasting basis. To this object he devoted all market-place before the alarm had become general
the energies of his mind; and he pursued it among the inhabitants. As soon as it became
throughout his life with an enthusiasm and perse known that the Spartans were in the city, most of
verance, which were crowned with far greater the citizens filed towards Messene ; but Philopoe
success than could have been anticipated, consider men and a few kindred spirits offered a gallant
ing the times in which he lived. His predecessor resistance to the enemy, and their determined and
Aratus, who was the founder of the Achaean desperate valour gave such employment to the
league, was a man of little military ability, and Spartans, as to enable the citizens to escape in
had chiefly relied on negotiation and intrigue for safety. Early in the following spring, B. c. 221,
the accomplishment of his objects and the extension Antigonus, the Macedonian king, came down into
of the power of the league. He had accordingly the Peloponnesus to the assistance of the Achaeans.
not cared to train a nation of soldiers, and had in Eager to revenge his country, Philopoemen joined
consequence been more or less dependent upon him with a thousand foot and a body of horse,
Macedonian troops in his wars with Sparta and which Megalopolis placed under his command, and
other enemies, thereby making himself and his at the head of which he fought in the celebrated
nation to a great extent the subjects of a foreign battle of Sellasia, in which Cleomenes was utterly
power. Philopoemen, on the contrary, was both defeated, and by which peace was for a time re
a brave soldier and a good general; and the pos- stored to Greece. The successful issue of this
session of these qualities enabled him to make the battle was mainly owing to the courage and abili-
Achaean league a really independent power in ties of Philopoemen, who had charged at the head
Greece.
of the Megalopolitan cavalry without orders, and
Philopoemen was born about B. c. 252, since he had thus saved one wing of the army from defent.
was in his seventieth year at the time of his death The horse of Philopoemen was killed under him,
in B. c. 183 (Plut. Philop. 18). His family was but he continued to fight on foot, and did not
one of the noblest in all Arcadia, but he lost his leave the field even when both his sides bad been
father, who was one of the most distinguished men struck through with a javelin. His conduct in
at Megalopolis, at an early age, and was brought this battle at once conferred upon Philopoemen
up by Cleander, an illustrious citizen of Mantineia, the greatest reputation. Antigonus was anxious
who had been obliged to leave his native city, and to take him into his service, and offered him a
had taken refuge at Megalopolis, where he con- considerable command ; but this he déclined, as he
tracted an intimate friendship with Craugis. As still hoped to secure the independence of his
Philopoemen grew up, he received instruction from country, and was unwilling to become the servant
Ecdemus and Demophanes (called Eclemus and of a foreign power. But as there was no longer
Megalophanes in Pausanias, viii
. 49. & 2), both of any war in Greece, and he was desirous of ac-
whom had studied the Academic philosophy under quiring additional military experience, he set sail
Arcesilaus, and had taken an active part in expell for Crete, where war was then waging between
ing the tyrants from Megalopolis and Sicyon, as the cities of Cnossus and Lyrtus. Cnossus was
well as in other political events of their time. supported by the Aetolians, and Philopoemen ac-
Under their teaching and guidance Philopoemen cordingly espoused the side of Lyttus, and suc-
## p. 319 (#335) ############################################
PHILOPOEMEN.
319
PHILOPOEMEN.
ceeded in securing the supremacy for the latter das in the tyranny of Sparta, had by the most
city. Of the history of his exploits in Crete, we infamous means acquired a dangerous and formi-
are not informed; but we know that he added to dable power. Encouraged by the impunity with
his military reputation by his foreign campaigns, which he had been allowed to perpetrate his abo-
and accordingly on his return to his native country, minable crimes, he at last ventured upon greater
in B. c. 210, he was at once appointed commander undertakings. Accordingly, in B. C. 202 he sur-
of the Achaean cavalry. He immediately intro- prised Messene, and took possession of the town,
duced great reforms into this branch of the service, though he was at the time in alliance with the
which, as well as the rest of the Achaean army, Messenians. Philopoemen, who at that time held
was in a miserable condition. Instead of allowing no office, endeavoured to persuade Lysippus, who
the wealthy citizens to send ineffective substitutes, was then general of the league, to march to the
he induced the young men of the higher class to assistance of Messene ; but as he could not prevail
serre in person, and by his personal influence and upon Lysippus to make any movement, he gathered
his judicious training soon formed them into an together some troops by his private influence, and
effective and well-disciplined body. At the head led them against Nahis, who evacuated the town
of his cavalry, Philopoemen accompanied Philip in at his approach, and hastily retired into Laconia.
B. C. 209, in his expedition against Flis, and, as This daring attempt of the robber chief of Sparta
usual, distinguished himself by his bravery. In roused the Achaeans to the necessity of prompt
an engagement near the borders of Elis and Achaia, measures for the purpose of repressing his incur.
he slew the Elean commander Demophantus with sions, and they accordingly elected Philopoemen
his own hand.
general of the league in B. c. 201. The military
In 15. с. 208, Philopoemen was elected strategus, skill of Philopoemen soon gave Nabis a severe
or general of the Achaean league. The reforms chastisement. He drew the mercenaries of the
which he had introduced with so much success in tyrant into an ambush on the borders of Laconia,
the cavalry, encouraged him to make still greater at a place called Scotitas, and defeated them with
changes in the main body of the Achaean army. great slaughter. Philopoemen was succeeded in
He discontinued the use of the light arms which his office by Cycliades, who was regarded as a
the Achaean soldiers had hitherto used, and sub partizan of Philip ; and it was probably this reason,
stituted in their place heavy armour, long spears, as Thirlwall has suggested, which induced Philo-
and large shields ; at the same time he trained poemen to take another voyage to Crete, and as-
them in the Macedonian tactics, and accustomed sume the command of the forces of Gortyna, which
them to the close array of the phalanx. The in- | had been offered him by the inhabitants of that
fluence which he had acquired over his countrymen town. His absence encouraged Nabis to renew
was now so great that he infused into them all a his attacks upon Megalopolis, and he reduced the
martial spirit, and led them to display in their citizens to such distress, that they were compelled
arms and military equipments that love of pomp to sow corn in the open spaces within the city to
and splendour, which had been formerly exhibited avoid starvation. Philopoemen did not return to
in their furniture and private dwellings. There the Peloponnesus till B. c. 194. The Megalopoli-
never was seen a more striking instance of the tans were so incensed against him on account of
power of a master mind; in the course of a few his leaving them at a time when his services were
months he transformed a luxurious peopie into a so much needed, that they nearly passed a decree
nation of soldiers, confident in their general, and depriving him of the citizenship, and were only
eager to meet the foe. The Achaeans were at that prevented from doing so by the interposition of
time at war with Machanidas, tyrant of Lacedae- Aristaenus, the general of the league. But the
mon; and after eight months' careful training great mass of the Achaeans gladly welcomed him
Philopoemen advanced against the enemy. Ma- back again, and made him general of the league
chanidas entered Arcadia, expecting to ravage it, in B. c. 192. During his absence in Crete, the
as usual, without opposition ; but upon reaching Romans had conquered both Philip and Nabis, and
Tegea he was equally pleased and surprised to had proclaimed the independence of Greece. But
hear that the Achaean army was drawn up at as soon as Flamininus had left Greece, the Aeto-
Mantineia. He accordingly hastened forward, in lians invited Nabis to commence hostilities again.
full expectation of a complete victory. The battle The tyrant, nothing loth, forthwith proceeded to
was fought in the neighbourhood of Mantineia ; attack Gythium and the other maritime towns of
the Spartans were utterly defeated, and Machani Laconia, and made incursions into the territories
das fell by the hand of Philopoemen himself of the Achaeans. At first the Achaeans would not
(MACHANIDAS. ) This last victory raised the take up arms, and sent an embassy to Rome to learn
fame of Philopoemen to its highest point ; and in the senate's pleasure ; but the danger of Gythium
the Nemean festival, which next followed, being a at length became so pressing, that they commanded
second time general of the league, he was hailed Philopoemen to relieve the town at once.
His at-
by the assembled Greeks as the liberator of their tempt to effect this by sea failed, in consequence
country. He had now to a great extent rendered of the inefficiency of his fleet, and the town was
the Achaeans independent of Macedonia, and had taken by assault on the very day that Philopoemen
therefore incurred the hatred of Philip, who at- began to march against Sparta in order to create a
tempted to remove him by assassination, as he had diversion by land. Nabis having information of
Aratus ; but his treachery was discovered in time, the movements of Philopoemen, took possession of
and bronght down upon him the hatred and con- a pass, through which the latter had to march ; but
tempt of the Greeks,
although Philopoemen was thus taken by surprise,
The battle of Mantineia secured peace to the he extricated himself from his dangerous position
Peloponnesus for a few years, and accordingly by a skilful manoeuvre, and defeated the forces of
Philopoemen disappears from history for a short the tyrant with such slaughter, that scarcely a
time. Meantime Nabis, who succeeded Machani-| fourth part was believed to have reached home,
a
a
## p. 320 (#336) ############################################
320
PHILOPOEMEN.
PHILOPOEMEN.
a
war.
After ravaging Laconia unmolested for thirty days, | This party now obtained the upper hand, put to
Philopoemen returned home covered with glory, death thirty of Philopoemen's friends, and re-
and was received by his countrymen with so much nounced their connection with the league. As
applause and distinction as to give umbrage to soon as the Achaeans heard of these proceedings,
Flamininus, who did not feel flattered by the pa- they declared war against Sparta ; and both
rallels that were drawn between him and Philo Achaeans and Spartans laid their case before the
poemen. Shortly after these events Nabis was Roman consul Fulvius Nobilior, who was then at
slain by the Aetolians. Philopoemen thereupon Elis. Fulvius commanded them to send an em-
hastened to Sparta, which he found in a state of bassy to Rome, and to abstain from war till they
great confusion, and partly by force, partly by should learn the pleasure of the senate. The
persuasion, made the city join the Achaean league. senate gave them an evasive answer, which the
The state of Greece did not afford Philopoemen | Achaeans interpreted as a permission to prosecute
much further opportunity for the display of his the war. They accordingly re-elected Philopoemen
military abilities. He had been obliged to relin- general in B. c. 188. He forth with marched against
quish his fond dream of making the Achaeans a Sparta, which was unable to resist his forces, and
really independent power ; for the Romans were was compelled to submit at discretion. The way
now in fact the masters of Greece, and Philopoe in which he treated the unhappy city is a blot
men clearly saw that it would be an act of madness upon the memory of Philopoemen, and was a vio-
to offer open resistance to their authority. At the lation of those prudent principles which he had
same time he perceived that there was a mean be- hitherto recommended, and had always acted upon
tween servile submission and actual war ; and as himself ; since his conduct gave the Romans a
the Romans still recognised in words the inde- further pretext for interfering in the affairs of
pendence of the league, Philopoemen offered a re- Greece. But his passions were roused by the
solute resistance to all their encroachments upon recent execution of his friends, and he could not
the liberties of his country, whenever he could do resist the opportunity of exacting from Sparta
60 without affording the Romans any pretext for ample vengeance for all the wrongs she had for-
The remainder of Philopoemen's life was merly inflicted upon Megalopolis. He put to death
chiefly spent in endeavours of this kind, and he eighty of the leading men in Sparta, commanded
accordingly became an object of suspicion to the all the inhabitants who had received the franchise
Roman senate. It was in pursuance of this policy from the tyrants to leave the country by a certain
that we find Philopoemen advising the Achaeans day, razed the walls and fortifications of the city,
to remain quiet during the war between Antiochus abolished the institutions of Lycurgus, and com-
and the Romans in Greece ; and when Diophanes, pelled the citizens to adopt the Achaean laws in
who was general of the league in B. c. 191, eagerly their stead. The exiles were likewise restored ;
availed himself of some disturbances in Sparta to and three thousand citizens, who had not left the
make war upon the city, and was encouraged in city by the day specified, were apprehended and
his purpose by Flamininus, Philopoemen, after he sold as slaves, and the money arising from their
had in vain endeavoured to persuade him to con- sale was employed in building a colonnade at
tinue quiet, hastened to Sparta, and by his private Megalopolis, which had been in ruins since the
influence healed the divisions that had broken out destruction of the city by Cleomenes. Philopoemen
there ; so that when the Achaean army arrived despatched Nicodemus to Rome to justify his con-
before the gates, Diophanes found no pretext for duct, but the senate expressed their disapprobation
interfering. The Spartans were so grateful for the of his measures; and Q.
the following significant language :-
derive from the Didascalive, as to the plays which
Kaya', rapbévos gap čr' i1, koủk nu Tu MOL TEKEîv listratus. From the Didascaliae and other testi-
were assigned respectively to Philonides and Cal-
εξέθηκα, παις δ' ετέρα τις λαβούσ' ανείλετο,
monies, we find that the Bubylonians (B. C. 426)
where the last words evidently imply, if the figure and the Acharnians (B. C. 425) were also brought
is to be interpreted consistently, that the person in out in the name of Callistratus ; and that the first
whose name he brought out the play referred to play which Aristophanes exhibited in his own
(the Daetuleis) was unother poet. It was evidently name was the Knights, B. c. 424 (68. 8áyon. . . . 81
the word oliv in this passage that misled the autoù toù 'Aplotopavous, Didasc. ). And hence
scholiast into his fancy of a legal prohibition. the notion has been hastily adopted, that he hence-
We must now inquire what light the ancient forth continued to exhibit in his own name, until
grammarians throw upon the subject. The author towards the close of his life, when he allowed
of the anonymous work, ſlepi kwupdías, who is de- Araros to bring out his plays. But, on the con-
cidedly one of the best of these writers, states (p. trary, we find from the Diduscaliae that he brought
xxix. ) that “ Aristophanes first exhibited (ebidae) out the Birds (B. C. 414) and the Lysistrata (B. C.
in the archonship of Diotimus (B. C, 427), in the 411) in the name of Callistratus (8. a Kallio.
name of Callistratus (8. d Kalliotpátov); for his Tpátou).
political comedies (Tds Tolitikas) they say that he Thus far the testimonies quoted have only re-
gave to him, but those against Euripides and Socrates ferred to Philonides in generul terms: it remains
to Philonides ; and on account of this (tirst drama) to be seen what particular plays Aristophanes
being esteemed a good poet, he conquered on sub-brought out in his name. From the above state-
sequent occasions (τους λοιπούς, sc. χρόνους), en- ments of the grammarians it might be inferred that
rolling his own name as the author (errypapóuevos). Aristophanes used the name of Philonides in this
Afterwards he gave his dramas to his son" (Araros). manner before the composition of the l’nights ; but
The play which he exhibited on this occasion was this is probably only a part of the error by which
the Aaitancis (Vub. l. c. and Schol. ). To the same it was assumed that, from the time of his exhibiting
effect another respectable grammarian, the author of the Knights, it was his constant custom to bring
the life of Aristophanes, tells us(p. xxxv. ) that “ being out his comedies in his own name. It is true that
## p. 316 (#332) ############################################
316
PHILONIDES.
PHILONIDES
the scholiast on the passage from the Clouds, above nians, the Acharnians, the Birds, and the Lyris
quoted, in which the Daetaleis is referred to, ex- trata, were brought out, as we have seen, in the
plains the phrase παις ετέρα as meaning Φιλωνίδης | name of Callistratus Of the extant plays of Arie-
kai Kanilotpatos, and Dindorf
, by putting toge- tophanes, the only ones which he is known to
ther this passage and the above inference, imagines have brought out in his own name are the Knights,
that the Ductulcis was brought out in the name of the Peace, and the Plutus. His two last plays
Philonides (Fraq. Arist. Daet. ) ; but the scholiast the Cocalus and Acolosicon, he gave to his son
is evidently referring, not so much to the bringing Araros. The Thesmophoriazusae and the Ecclesia-
out of this particular play (for mais étépa cannot zusae have no name attached to them in the Di-
mean two persons, nor were dramas ever brought dascaliae.
out in more than one name) as to the practice of These views are further supported by Bergk, in
Aristophanes with respect to several of his plays an elaborate discussion of all the passages in Aris-
There is, therefore, no reason for the violent and tophanes and his scholiasts, which bear upon the
arbitrary alteration of the words of the grammarian, matter; which must be read by all who wish to
who, as above quoted, expressly says that the play master this important question in the literary
was exhibited bid Katriotpátou. There is, there history of Aristophanes.
fore, no evidence that Aristophanes exhibited under There still remain, however, one or two questions
the name of Philonides previous to the date of the which must not be passed over. Supposing it
k'nughts ; but that he did so afterwards we know established, that Aristophanes brought out many
on the clearest evidence. His next play, the of his plays in the names of Callistratus and Philo-
Clouds (B. C. 423), we might suppose to have been nides, might they not also be the chief actors in
brought out in the name of Philonides, on account those plars, and, if not, who and what were ther?
of the statement of the grammarian, that Aristo- From what has been said in the early part of this
phanes assigned to him the plays against Socrates article, a strong presumption may be gathered that
and Euripides, coupled with the known fact that the persons in whose names the dramas of others
the Froys were exhibited in the name of Philo- were exhibited were themselves poets, who had
nides ; but, however this may be, we find that, in already gained a certain degree of reputation, but
the following year, B. C. 42. 2, Aristophanes brought who, from advancing years, or for other reasons,
out two plays, the Proagon and the Wasps, both might prefer this sort of literary partnership to the
in the name of Philonides, and gained with them risk and trouble of original composition. Indeed,
the first and second prize. This statement rests it would appear, on the face of the thing, an absurd.
on the authority of the difficult and certainly cor-ity for a person, who did not profess to be a poet,
rupted passage in the Didascalia of the Wasps, to enrol his name with the archon as the author of
into the critical discussion of which we cannot here a drama, and to undertake the all important office
enter, further than to give, as the result, the fol- of training the performers. But we have the evi-
lowing amended reading, which is founded on the dence of Aristophanes himself, that those in whose
Ravenna MS. , adopted both by Dindorf and Bergk, names he exhibited his dramas, were poets, like
and of the correctness of which there can now himself, ét épouoi hointais (resp. 1016; comp.
hardly be a doubt :-'E018á xonér ápxortos 'Aur Schol. ): we have already seen that Philonides was
viov oid iawvidov ev TỈ TỐ SA uuribdi: B' (i. e. a poet of the Old Comedy ; and with reference to
δεύτερος) ήν. είς Λήναια: και ενίκα πρωτος Φιλω- Callistratus, we have no other information to throw
νίδης Προαγώνι, Λεύκων Πρέσβεσι γ (i. e. τρίτος); doubt on that contained in the above and other
from which we learn that the Wasps was exhibited passages of Aristophanes and the grammarians.
at the Lenaea, in the 89th Olympiad, in the year The fact, that we have only three titles of plays by
of the Archon Amynias, under the name of Philo Philonides, and none by Callistratus, accords with
nides, and that it gained the second place, the first the view that they were chiefly employed as 8. 8áv.
being assigned to the Ipodywy, which was also ex- kaloi of the plays of Aristophanes. We have
hibited in the name of Philonides, and which we seen, indeed, that one or two of the grammarians
know from other sources to have been a play of state that they were actors; but, with all the evi-
Aristophanes (see the Fragments), and the third to dence on the other side, there can be little doubt
the Iperbers of Leucon. *
that this statement has merely arisen from a mis-
In the year B. C. 414 we again find Aristophanes take as to the meaning of the word Sia in the Die
exhibiting two plays (though at different festivals), dascaliae. That word has its recognized meaning
the Amphiaraus, in the name of Philonides, and in this connection, and no one hesitates to give it
the Birds, in that of Callistratus (Arg. in Ar. ); that meaning in the Dulascaliae of the earlier plays:
and, lastly, we learn from the Didascalia to the there is no good authority for supposing it to desig-
Frogs, that that play also was brought out in the nate the actor : the Didascalige were not designed
name of Philonides. We thus see that Aristo- to record the name of the actor, but that of the
phanes used the name of Philonides, probably, for poet, whether real or professed ; the terms didáo.
the Clouds (see Bergk, l. c. pp. 913, 914), and cer- καλος, χοροδιδάσκαλος, κωμοδοδιδάσκαλος, are used
tainly for the Wasps, the Proagon, the Amphia- as precisely equivalent to Tointhis and Kwuwdo-
raus, and the Frogs. The Daetaleis, the Babylo 10117s : and the notion that the xopoñidéokalos
and the chief actor could be the same person involves
Clinton (F. 11. vol. ii. p. xxxviii. n. i. ) gives a the almost absurd idea of the chief actor's training
very good account of the extraordinary errors which himself. The common story about Aristophanes
have been founded on this passage ; to which must taking upon himself the part of the chief actor in
be added his own, for, on the strength of a reading the Knights is shown by Bergk to be, in all proba-
which cannot be sustained, he makes the passage bility, a mere fabrication of some grammarian, who
mean that Aristophanes gained the first prize with mistook the meaning of taxon di' autoll Toll
the Wasps, and some poet, whose name is not men- | 'Aplotopávovs in the Didascalia ; and there is no
tioned, the second with the Proagon.
clear case, after the regular establishment of the
:
## p. 317 (#333) ############################################
PHILONOE.
317
PHILOPHRON.
a
drama, in which a poet was at the same time the PHILO'NOME (1Novóun). 1. A danghter
actor, either of his own plays, or of those of another of Nyctimus and Arcadia, and a companion of
poet. There is a curious confirmation of one of Artemis, became by Ares the mother of Lycastus
the arguments just urged in one of the Scholia on and Parrhasius ; but from fear of her father she
that passage of the Clouds which has so misled the threw her twin babes into the river Erymanthus.
commentators (v. 531),—Andovóti o Diawvidns kal They were carried by the river-god into a hollow
ο Καλλίστρατος, οι “ΥΣΤΕΡΟΝ γενόμενοι υποκριται oak tree, where they were suckled by a she-wolf,
TOû 'Aplotopávous, the author of which passage until the shepherd Tyliphus found them and took
evidently inserted Cotepov in order to gloss over them home. *(Plut. Paral. min. 36. )
the absurdity of giving dià different meanings 2. [TENES. ]
[L. S. )
the Didascaliae of the earlier and the later plays. PHILONOMUS (bvouos), a son of Elec-
One more question of interest still remains, re- tryon and Anaxo. (Apollod. ii. 4. 85; Strab. viii.
specting the knowledge which the Athenian public pp. 364, 384 ; comp. ELECTRYON. ) [L. S. ]
had of the real author of those plays which appeared PHILOPATOR (AOTátwp). This name,
under other names, especially in the case of Aris- which we find applied as an epithet or distinctive
tophanes ; concerning which the reader is referred appellation to several of the kings of Syria and
to Bergk (l. c. pp. 930, &c. ), who sums up the Egypt, appears to have been borne as a proper
whole discussion in words to the following effect :- name by two kings of Cilicia ; at least no other
that Aristophanes, through youthful timidity, when is mentioned either by historians or on their
he began to write plays, entrusted them to Callis-coins.
tratus ; but afterwards also, even when he had PHILOPATOR I. was a son of TARCONDIMO-
made the experiment of exhibiting in his own Tus I. In common with his father he had
name, he still retained his former custom, and ge- espoused the cause of Antony during the civil war
nerally devolved the task of bringing out the play between the latter and Octavian, but on learning
on Callistratus or Philonides ; that both these the tidings of the battle of Actium, and the death
were poets, and not actors ; nor did even Aristo- of Tarcondimotus B. c. 31, he declared in favour of
phanes himself act the part of Cleon in the Knights; the conqueror. He was nevertheless deprived of
that the fame of Aristophanes, though under the his kingdom by Octavian, and we do not learn
name of another, quickly spread abroad ; and that that he was subsequently reinstated, though in
it was he himself, and not Callistratus, whom B. C. 20 we find his paternal dominions restored to
Cleon thrice attacked in the courts of law (p. 939). his brother, Tarcondimotus. (Dion Cass. li. 2, 7,
Philonides, the comic poet, must not be con- liv. 9. )
founded with a certain Philonides who is attacked PhiloPATOR II. is known only from the
as a profligate voluptuary by Aristophanes (Plut. mention by Tacitus of his death in a. D. 17. (Tac.
179, 303 ; comp. Schol. ), and other comic poets, Ann. ii. 42. ) Eckhel supposes him to have been
such as Nicochares, Theopompus, and Philyllius. a son of Tarcondimotus II. , but it does not seem
(Bergk, Frag. Com. Att. Antiq. p. 400. ), ĮP. S. ] quite clear that he is distinct from the preceding,
PHILO'NIDES (Piawions). 1. A physician of who may have been allowed to resume the sove-
Catana in Sicily, the tutor of Paccius Antiochus reignty after his brother's death. (See, concerning
(Scribon. Larg. De Compos. Medicam. c. 23. § 97. these obscure princes of Cilicia, Eckhel, vol. iji.
p. 209; Marcell
. Empir. De Medicam. c. 20, p. 83 ; Walther, ad Tac. l. c. ) [E. H. B. ]
p. 324), who lived about the beginning of the
Christian era. He is probably the physician who
is quoted by Dioscorides, and said by him to have
been a native of Enna in Sicily (De Mat. Med. iv.
148, vol. i. p.
629); by Erotianus (Lex. Hippocr.
p. 144); and also by Galen, who refers to his
eighteenth book, lepi 'latpiris, De Medicina.
(De Differ. Puls. iv. 10, vol. viii. p. 748. )
2. A physician of Dyrrachium in Illyricum,
who was a pupil of Asclepiades of Bithynia in the
COIN OF PHILOPATOR.
first century B. C. , practised in his own country
with some reputation, and wrote as many as five PHILOPHRON (1Móopwv), a Rhodian, who
and forty books. (Steph. Byz. s. v. Auppáxtov. ) was sent ambassador together with Theaetetus to
One of these physicians (for, though they were the ten Roman deputies appointed to settle the
probably contemporaries, there is no reason for affairs of Asia after the defeat of Antiochus, B. C.
supposing them to have been the same individual) 189. They succeeded in obtaining the assignment
wrote a work, Tepi Múpwr kad Stepávwv, De of Lycia to the Rhodians as a reward for their
Unguentis et Coronis, which is quoted by Athen- services in the late contest (Polyb. xxiii. 3). At
aeus (xv. 17, 18, 45, pp. 675, 676, 691), and the commencement of the war between Rome and
one on Pharmacy quoted by Andromachus (ap. Perseus, the Rhodians were divided into two par-
Gal. De Compos. Medican. sec. Gen. viii. 7, ties, the one disposed to favour the Macedonian
vol. xiii. p. 978), and by Marcellus Empiricus (De king, the other to adhere closely to the Roman
Medicam. c. 29, p. 380). [W. A. G. ] alliance. Philophron was one of the principal
PHILONIS. [Chione and Ceyx. )
leaders of the latter ; and we find him (together
PHILO'NOE (VIAovón), the name of two my with Theaetetus) taking a prominent part in op-
thical personages, one a daughter of Tyndareos, posing all concessions to Perseus. But though in
who was rendered immortal by Artemis (Apollod. B. c. 169 they were still able to carry a decree
iii. 10. & 6), and the other a daughter of Jobates, for sending ambassadors to the senate at Rome, as
and wife of Bellerophontes (ii. 3. & 2). The latter well as to the consul Q. Marcius, to renew and
is commonly called 'Anticleia.
[LS] strengthen the friendly relations between the two
TsPOV
JlAGNA
SAGIAEN
## p. 318 (#334) ############################################
318
PHILOPOEMEN.
PIILOPOEMEN.
powers, the ill success of the Roman arms in the became a brave, virtuous, and energetic youth.
ensuing campaign gave the preponderance to the He eariy proposed to himself Epaminondas as his
Macedonian party, and the following year (B. C. model ; but though he succeeded in imitating the
168) Philophron and Theaetetus were unable to activity and contempt of riches of his great model,
prevent the favourable reception given to the am- his vehemence of temper prevented him from ob
bassadors of Perseus and Gentius (Id. xxvii. 11, taining the amiable manners and winning temper
xxviii. 2, 14, xxix. 5). Embassies were then des which characterised the 'Theban. From his earliest
patched by the Rhodíans to the belligerent parties years Philopoemen showed a great fondness for
to endeavour to bring about a peace between them, the use of arms, and took great pleasure in all
a step which gave great offence to the Romans; warlike exercises. As soon as he had reached the
and after the victory of Aemilius Paulus, Philo age of military service, he eagerly engaged in the
phron was despatched in all haste to Rome, toge incursions into Laconia, which were then frequently
ther with Astymedes, to deprecate the wrath of made, and in these he greatly distinguished bim-
the senate. The ambassadors themselves were self, being the first to march out and the last to
received with favour, but the Rhodians were return. When he was not employed in war, he
deprived of the possession of Caria and Lycia, and divided his time between the chase, the transiction
compelled to withdraw their garrisons from Caunus of public business, the cultivation of his estate, and
and Stratonicein. (Id. xxx. 4, 5, 19. ) (E. H. B. ] the study of philosophy and literature. After
PHILOPOEMEN (Pilotolunu). 1. Son of spending part of the day in the city, he usually
Craugis, of Megalopolis in Arcadia, was one of the walked to an estate which he had about two or
few great men thai Greece produced in the decline three miles from Megalopolis, where he slept, and
of her political independence. His contemporaries rose early to work at the farm, after which he re-
looked up to him as the greatest man of their day, turned again to the city. His studies were chiefly
and succeeding ages cherished his memory with deep directed to the art of war, and his favourite books
veneration and love. Thus we find Pausanias saying were the Tactics of Evangelus, and the History of
(viii. 52. & 1), that Miltiades was the first, and Alexander's campaigns.
Philopoemen the last benefactor to the whole of The name of Philopoemen first occurs in history
Greece, and an admiring Roman exclaiming, “ that in B. c. 222, when he was thirty years of age in
he was the last of the Greeks” (Plut Philop. that year Cleomenes, king of Sparta, the great
1). The great object of Philopoemen's life was to enemy of the Achaean league, seized Megalopolis,
infuse among the Achaeans a military spirit, and and laid it in ruins. The Spartans surprised Me
thereby to establish their independence on a firm galopolis in the night, and took possession of the
and lasting basis. To this object he devoted all market-place before the alarm had become general
the energies of his mind; and he pursued it among the inhabitants. As soon as it became
throughout his life with an enthusiasm and perse known that the Spartans were in the city, most of
verance, which were crowned with far greater the citizens filed towards Messene ; but Philopoe
success than could have been anticipated, consider men and a few kindred spirits offered a gallant
ing the times in which he lived. His predecessor resistance to the enemy, and their determined and
Aratus, who was the founder of the Achaean desperate valour gave such employment to the
league, was a man of little military ability, and Spartans, as to enable the citizens to escape in
had chiefly relied on negotiation and intrigue for safety. Early in the following spring, B. c. 221,
the accomplishment of his objects and the extension Antigonus, the Macedonian king, came down into
of the power of the league. He had accordingly the Peloponnesus to the assistance of the Achaeans.
not cared to train a nation of soldiers, and had in Eager to revenge his country, Philopoemen joined
consequence been more or less dependent upon him with a thousand foot and a body of horse,
Macedonian troops in his wars with Sparta and which Megalopolis placed under his command, and
other enemies, thereby making himself and his at the head of which he fought in the celebrated
nation to a great extent the subjects of a foreign battle of Sellasia, in which Cleomenes was utterly
power. Philopoemen, on the contrary, was both defeated, and by which peace was for a time re
a brave soldier and a good general; and the pos- stored to Greece. The successful issue of this
session of these qualities enabled him to make the battle was mainly owing to the courage and abili-
Achaean league a really independent power in ties of Philopoemen, who had charged at the head
Greece.
of the Megalopolitan cavalry without orders, and
Philopoemen was born about B. c. 252, since he had thus saved one wing of the army from defent.
was in his seventieth year at the time of his death The horse of Philopoemen was killed under him,
in B. c. 183 (Plut. Philop. 18). His family was but he continued to fight on foot, and did not
one of the noblest in all Arcadia, but he lost his leave the field even when both his sides bad been
father, who was one of the most distinguished men struck through with a javelin. His conduct in
at Megalopolis, at an early age, and was brought this battle at once conferred upon Philopoemen
up by Cleander, an illustrious citizen of Mantineia, the greatest reputation. Antigonus was anxious
who had been obliged to leave his native city, and to take him into his service, and offered him a
had taken refuge at Megalopolis, where he con- considerable command ; but this he déclined, as he
tracted an intimate friendship with Craugis. As still hoped to secure the independence of his
Philopoemen grew up, he received instruction from country, and was unwilling to become the servant
Ecdemus and Demophanes (called Eclemus and of a foreign power. But as there was no longer
Megalophanes in Pausanias, viii
. 49. & 2), both of any war in Greece, and he was desirous of ac-
whom had studied the Academic philosophy under quiring additional military experience, he set sail
Arcesilaus, and had taken an active part in expell for Crete, where war was then waging between
ing the tyrants from Megalopolis and Sicyon, as the cities of Cnossus and Lyrtus. Cnossus was
well as in other political events of their time. supported by the Aetolians, and Philopoemen ac-
Under their teaching and guidance Philopoemen cordingly espoused the side of Lyttus, and suc-
## p. 319 (#335) ############################################
PHILOPOEMEN.
319
PHILOPOEMEN.
ceeded in securing the supremacy for the latter das in the tyranny of Sparta, had by the most
city. Of the history of his exploits in Crete, we infamous means acquired a dangerous and formi-
are not informed; but we know that he added to dable power. Encouraged by the impunity with
his military reputation by his foreign campaigns, which he had been allowed to perpetrate his abo-
and accordingly on his return to his native country, minable crimes, he at last ventured upon greater
in B. c. 210, he was at once appointed commander undertakings. Accordingly, in B. C. 202 he sur-
of the Achaean cavalry. He immediately intro- prised Messene, and took possession of the town,
duced great reforms into this branch of the service, though he was at the time in alliance with the
which, as well as the rest of the Achaean army, Messenians. Philopoemen, who at that time held
was in a miserable condition. Instead of allowing no office, endeavoured to persuade Lysippus, who
the wealthy citizens to send ineffective substitutes, was then general of the league, to march to the
he induced the young men of the higher class to assistance of Messene ; but as he could not prevail
serre in person, and by his personal influence and upon Lysippus to make any movement, he gathered
his judicious training soon formed them into an together some troops by his private influence, and
effective and well-disciplined body. At the head led them against Nahis, who evacuated the town
of his cavalry, Philopoemen accompanied Philip in at his approach, and hastily retired into Laconia.
B. C. 209, in his expedition against Flis, and, as This daring attempt of the robber chief of Sparta
usual, distinguished himself by his bravery. In roused the Achaeans to the necessity of prompt
an engagement near the borders of Elis and Achaia, measures for the purpose of repressing his incur.
he slew the Elean commander Demophantus with sions, and they accordingly elected Philopoemen
his own hand.
general of the league in B. c. 201. The military
In 15. с. 208, Philopoemen was elected strategus, skill of Philopoemen soon gave Nabis a severe
or general of the Achaean league. The reforms chastisement. He drew the mercenaries of the
which he had introduced with so much success in tyrant into an ambush on the borders of Laconia,
the cavalry, encouraged him to make still greater at a place called Scotitas, and defeated them with
changes in the main body of the Achaean army. great slaughter. Philopoemen was succeeded in
He discontinued the use of the light arms which his office by Cycliades, who was regarded as a
the Achaean soldiers had hitherto used, and sub partizan of Philip ; and it was probably this reason,
stituted in their place heavy armour, long spears, as Thirlwall has suggested, which induced Philo-
and large shields ; at the same time he trained poemen to take another voyage to Crete, and as-
them in the Macedonian tactics, and accustomed sume the command of the forces of Gortyna, which
them to the close array of the phalanx. The in- | had been offered him by the inhabitants of that
fluence which he had acquired over his countrymen town. His absence encouraged Nabis to renew
was now so great that he infused into them all a his attacks upon Megalopolis, and he reduced the
martial spirit, and led them to display in their citizens to such distress, that they were compelled
arms and military equipments that love of pomp to sow corn in the open spaces within the city to
and splendour, which had been formerly exhibited avoid starvation. Philopoemen did not return to
in their furniture and private dwellings. There the Peloponnesus till B. c. 194. The Megalopoli-
never was seen a more striking instance of the tans were so incensed against him on account of
power of a master mind; in the course of a few his leaving them at a time when his services were
months he transformed a luxurious peopie into a so much needed, that they nearly passed a decree
nation of soldiers, confident in their general, and depriving him of the citizenship, and were only
eager to meet the foe. The Achaeans were at that prevented from doing so by the interposition of
time at war with Machanidas, tyrant of Lacedae- Aristaenus, the general of the league. But the
mon; and after eight months' careful training great mass of the Achaeans gladly welcomed him
Philopoemen advanced against the enemy. Ma- back again, and made him general of the league
chanidas entered Arcadia, expecting to ravage it, in B. c. 192. During his absence in Crete, the
as usual, without opposition ; but upon reaching Romans had conquered both Philip and Nabis, and
Tegea he was equally pleased and surprised to had proclaimed the independence of Greece. But
hear that the Achaean army was drawn up at as soon as Flamininus had left Greece, the Aeto-
Mantineia. He accordingly hastened forward, in lians invited Nabis to commence hostilities again.
full expectation of a complete victory. The battle The tyrant, nothing loth, forthwith proceeded to
was fought in the neighbourhood of Mantineia ; attack Gythium and the other maritime towns of
the Spartans were utterly defeated, and Machani Laconia, and made incursions into the territories
das fell by the hand of Philopoemen himself of the Achaeans. At first the Achaeans would not
(MACHANIDAS. ) This last victory raised the take up arms, and sent an embassy to Rome to learn
fame of Philopoemen to its highest point ; and in the senate's pleasure ; but the danger of Gythium
the Nemean festival, which next followed, being a at length became so pressing, that they commanded
second time general of the league, he was hailed Philopoemen to relieve the town at once.
His at-
by the assembled Greeks as the liberator of their tempt to effect this by sea failed, in consequence
country. He had now to a great extent rendered of the inefficiency of his fleet, and the town was
the Achaeans independent of Macedonia, and had taken by assault on the very day that Philopoemen
therefore incurred the hatred of Philip, who at- began to march against Sparta in order to create a
tempted to remove him by assassination, as he had diversion by land. Nabis having information of
Aratus ; but his treachery was discovered in time, the movements of Philopoemen, took possession of
and bronght down upon him the hatred and con- a pass, through which the latter had to march ; but
tempt of the Greeks,
although Philopoemen was thus taken by surprise,
The battle of Mantineia secured peace to the he extricated himself from his dangerous position
Peloponnesus for a few years, and accordingly by a skilful manoeuvre, and defeated the forces of
Philopoemen disappears from history for a short the tyrant with such slaughter, that scarcely a
time. Meantime Nabis, who succeeded Machani-| fourth part was believed to have reached home,
a
a
## p. 320 (#336) ############################################
320
PHILOPOEMEN.
PHILOPOEMEN.
a
war.
After ravaging Laconia unmolested for thirty days, | This party now obtained the upper hand, put to
Philopoemen returned home covered with glory, death thirty of Philopoemen's friends, and re-
and was received by his countrymen with so much nounced their connection with the league. As
applause and distinction as to give umbrage to soon as the Achaeans heard of these proceedings,
Flamininus, who did not feel flattered by the pa- they declared war against Sparta ; and both
rallels that were drawn between him and Philo Achaeans and Spartans laid their case before the
poemen. Shortly after these events Nabis was Roman consul Fulvius Nobilior, who was then at
slain by the Aetolians. Philopoemen thereupon Elis. Fulvius commanded them to send an em-
hastened to Sparta, which he found in a state of bassy to Rome, and to abstain from war till they
great confusion, and partly by force, partly by should learn the pleasure of the senate. The
persuasion, made the city join the Achaean league. senate gave them an evasive answer, which the
The state of Greece did not afford Philopoemen | Achaeans interpreted as a permission to prosecute
much further opportunity for the display of his the war. They accordingly re-elected Philopoemen
military abilities. He had been obliged to relin- general in B. c. 188. He forth with marched against
quish his fond dream of making the Achaeans a Sparta, which was unable to resist his forces, and
really independent power ; for the Romans were was compelled to submit at discretion. The way
now in fact the masters of Greece, and Philopoe in which he treated the unhappy city is a blot
men clearly saw that it would be an act of madness upon the memory of Philopoemen, and was a vio-
to offer open resistance to their authority. At the lation of those prudent principles which he had
same time he perceived that there was a mean be- hitherto recommended, and had always acted upon
tween servile submission and actual war ; and as himself ; since his conduct gave the Romans a
the Romans still recognised in words the inde- further pretext for interfering in the affairs of
pendence of the league, Philopoemen offered a re- Greece. But his passions were roused by the
solute resistance to all their encroachments upon recent execution of his friends, and he could not
the liberties of his country, whenever he could do resist the opportunity of exacting from Sparta
60 without affording the Romans any pretext for ample vengeance for all the wrongs she had for-
The remainder of Philopoemen's life was merly inflicted upon Megalopolis. He put to death
chiefly spent in endeavours of this kind, and he eighty of the leading men in Sparta, commanded
accordingly became an object of suspicion to the all the inhabitants who had received the franchise
Roman senate. It was in pursuance of this policy from the tyrants to leave the country by a certain
that we find Philopoemen advising the Achaeans day, razed the walls and fortifications of the city,
to remain quiet during the war between Antiochus abolished the institutions of Lycurgus, and com-
and the Romans in Greece ; and when Diophanes, pelled the citizens to adopt the Achaean laws in
who was general of the league in B. c. 191, eagerly their stead. The exiles were likewise restored ;
availed himself of some disturbances in Sparta to and three thousand citizens, who had not left the
make war upon the city, and was encouraged in city by the day specified, were apprehended and
his purpose by Flamininus, Philopoemen, after he sold as slaves, and the money arising from their
had in vain endeavoured to persuade him to con- sale was employed in building a colonnade at
tinue quiet, hastened to Sparta, and by his private Megalopolis, which had been in ruins since the
influence healed the divisions that had broken out destruction of the city by Cleomenes. Philopoemen
there ; so that when the Achaean army arrived despatched Nicodemus to Rome to justify his con-
before the gates, Diophanes found no pretext for duct, but the senate expressed their disapprobation
interfering. The Spartans were so grateful for the of his measures; and Q.
