Horace made a peculiar alteration in this species of verse,
which is far from meriting the name of an improvement.
which is far from meriting the name of an improvement.
Latin - Elements of Latin Prosody and Metre Compiled with Selections
as follows:--
Disjecta -non leni ruina.
Alcaeus however, in the Greek stanza regularly uses the
iambus in the third place.
28. The Iambic Dimeter Acephalous, is the Iambic Dimeter
wanting the first syllable; as, ,
Hoiat. JVon | ebur || neque aii\reum.
Prud. D6\nd cdn\\acien\lig.
This kind of verse is sometimes, though improperly, scanned
as Catalectic Trochaic Dimeter.
JVon e\bur ne\\que aure\um.
Dona | cOnsci\\enti\! e.
29. The Iambic Dimeter Catalectic or Anacreontic, from
the poet Anacreon, who wrote in this measure in Greek-
called also Dimeter Claudus, is the Iambic Dimeter, want-
ing the final syllable, and consists, properly, of three iambi,
and a catalectic syllable; as,
jlnus I recpc\\ta vi\n6,
Tremen\tibus\\ldbel\lia. Petron.
It admits, however, the tribrac, amphimacer, spondee, and
anapaest, into the first place; in the third, it suffers no varia-
tion, at least in Latin; as,
Lex hac I data est \\ cadii\cis,
Deo \ juben\\tg mem\bris,
Ut tetn\figret || labo\rem
Medica\bilis || -v6lufi\tas. Prudent.
MiXTtfuu I poSbv || Sejei[o>>. Anacreon.
30. The Galliambus (so denominated from the Galli, or
priests of Gybele, by whom it was used) consists of an Iambic
Dimeter Catalectic, whose first foot is generally a spondee or
an anapaest, and another such Dimeter, wanting the last syl-
lable--the Catalectic syllable at the end of the first Dimeter
being long; as,
Catul. Sufier &l\t& vec\tiU J\tys || celeri | rate ma\rid.
This verse admits of the following variations:--
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? OF VERSE-
105
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The anapaest however was generally preferred to the spon-
dee in both divisions of the verse, particularly the latter, and
the penultimate foot of the whole line was most commonly a
tribrac.
TROCHAIC MEASURES.
? Although Iambics and Trochaics seem directly opposite in
their, nature, yet there exists in reality a strong affinity be-
tween them. If, for example, a syllable be added to, or taken
from the beginning of a pure Iambic line, it becomes a pure
Trochaic; and if, on the contrary, a syllable be added to, or
taken from a pure Trochaic line, it becomes a pure Iambic. 1
31. The Trochaic Tetrameter Catalectic or Octonarius,
consists of seven feet, properly all trochees, followed by a
catalectic syllable; as,
Catul. Juaais \ eat in\ermis \ ire : Wfivrits | ire \juasua | eat.
This is the most common trochaic metre, and may, in con-
formity with what has already been observed, be converted
into an Iambic Octonarius, by the addition of a syllable to the
beginning.
The pure Trochaic Tetrameter however very rarely occurs.
The verse admits in the odd places, a trochee, or a tribrac;
but in the last place, a trochee only: in the even places, be-
sides the trochee and tribrac, it admits also a spondee, a dac-
tyl, an anapaest, and, though seldom, a proceleusraatic. It
rejects the iambus, as-the iambic does the trochee. The tri-
brac very rarely occurs in the sixth place, and never in the
seventh, except in a few instances in comedy. The dactyl
rarely appears in the fourth. The following is the scale :--
z The Port-Royal Grammarian asserts that there are no Trochaic verses,
properly so catled; but that those which commonly go by tikis name, are
In realiiy Acephalous Iambics,
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? 106
OF VERSE.
The Comic writers took the same liberties with this, as with
the Iambic measure, introducing the spondee and its equiva-
lents into the even places.
This measure was much used in hymns. The Caesural
pause uniformly occurs after the fourth foot, dividing the verse
into a Trochaic Dimeter Acatalectic, and a Trochaic Dimeter
Catalectic. One division of the chcjrus sang the former, the
other the latter. .
The following lines will serve to show the peculiar beauty
and melody which this species of verse often possesses :--
Prud. Macte, judex mortuorum,\\ made, rex viventium.
M. Cap. Scande cedi temfila, virgo,\\ digna tanto fozdere.
Prud. Solve vocem, mens, sonoram j || solve linguam mo-
bilem.
Idem. Terra, ccelum, fossa fionti, || trina rerum machina.
Catul. JRomuUas ifisa fecit || cum Sabinis nufitias,
32. The Sapphic verse, called after the poetess Sappho,
who invented it, consists of five feet, the first a trochee, the
second a spondee, the third a dactyl, and the fourth and fifth,
trochees; as,
Horat. Deflu\il sax\is agi\tatus | humor,
Sappho however, and after her example, Catullus, sometimes
made the second foot a trochee; as,
Sappho. lieu Ai|i; So|\o7rXoxE, ? wr<7(j/iai o-! .
Catul. Pauca | nunti|<<i<f mea fiuelle.
But Horace invariably adheres to the spondee in the second
place, which greatly increases the harmony of the line.
Seneca furnishes instances of a dactyl in the second place; as,
Sen. Quaque ad | Hesperi|as jacct ora metus.
Idem. Sume\re Innume|ras solitumfiguraa.
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? OF VERSE.
But perhaps Hesfierias, and innumeras, should be read as
trisyllables. 3
Sappho accompanied every three of these verses with an
Adonic line, and in this she has been imitated by Horace, Ca-
tullus, and others, but not by Seneca, who, in the choruses to
his tragedies, often gives a considerable number of successive
Sapphics, without any Adonic.
Those. Sapphic lines are the most harmonious, which have
the Csesural pause at the penthemimeris; as,
Inte|ger viltse || scele|risque | purus.
Non e|get Mau|ri )| jacu|lis nec | arcu. '
Nec vejnenariItis || gravi|da sa|gittis
Fusee pha|retra. Horat.
On the contrary, those which are without it, are strikingly
deficient in melody; as,
Horat. Tuque dum firocedis, Io triumfihe !
Idem. Hac Jovem sentire, Deosque cunctot.
Catul. Qui sedens adversus, identidem te.
Idem. Seu Sacas, sagittiferosque Parthos.
In the composition of the Sapphic Stanza, a word may be
divided in such a way, that the former part of it shall close
the third line, and the remainder form the beginning of the
fourth or Adonic. The ancient poets afford no instance of
such a division at th\e termination of the first, second, or fourth
verse; nor does it occur even in the third verse, in the Sap-
phics of Seneca, Statius, Ausonius, Prudentius, Sidonius Apol-
linaris, or Boethius, but only in those of Catullus and Horace. b
A continuation of sense from stanza to stanza, if not occur-
ring frequently, is permitted; but it is deemed harsh and auk-
a Sapphic verses are sometimes found redundant, (Hypermetri); but in
this case, the last vowel is elided, because ihe following verse begins with a
vowel.
b These remarks have reference to the division of a simple word. There
are two other instances of division, which are of a different class, vide Horat.
Od. I, 25, It. and 3, 27, 59. In these the prepositions are allowably de-
tached from the words with which they are compounded, as they often
are in other metres. From the aukward division whinh simple words fre-
quently experience between the third line of the Sapphic stanza and the
succeeding Adonic, the parts so divided, being separately void of all mean-
ing, Dr. Carey lias been led to venture the opinion, that the Sapphic stanza
of Catullus and Horace, was never intended to consist of lour separate
verses, but of three, viz. two five-foot Sapphics, and one of seven feet,
formed by the union of tire third Sapphic and the Adonic iuto one line.
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? 1Q8
OF VERSE.
ward to open a new sentence with the Adonic verse, of which
the first and natural use is to'dose the metre with an agree-
able rest. In all the odes of Horace, in this metre, one only,
a light composition, even seems to yield any pretence for such
a disjunction.
Est mihi nonum sufierantis annum
Plenus Albani cadus ; est in horto
Phylli, nectendis afiium coronis ;
Est hedera -vis [in horto]
Multa guA crines religata fulges.
Ridet argento domus: 8ec, Lib. 4, Od. 11.
33. The Phalsecian or Hendecasyllabic verse, (invented by
the poet Phalaecus,) consists of five feet, viz. a spondee, a
dactyl, and three trochees; as,
Mart. JVon est \ vivere,\ sed va\lere, \ vita".
Instead of a spondee as the first foot, Catullus sometimes
uses a trochee, or an iambus, a liberty seldom taken by subse-
quent poets.
Grati|a<< tibi maxima* Catullus
Aglt, \fiessimus omnium fioeta. Catul.
The same poet has also admitted a spondee instead of a
dactyl as the second foot, but this is not to be imitated.
The name Hendecasyllabic is frequently applied to the Pha-
laecian, from the circumstance of its containing eleven syllables;
but that name does not exclusively belong to it, since the
greater dactylic Alcaic, (to be noticed hereafter,) and the Sap-
phic, contain the same number. The following are instances
of the Sapphic converted into the Phalaecian, and the Alcaic
into the Sapphic:--
Sapphic. JVon e\get Mav\ri jacu\lis nec | arcH.
Phalaec. JVon Mau\rijacu\lis e\get nec \ drcu.
Alcaic. Summum J nec ofi\les \\nec mgtuds \ diem.
Sapphic. JVec dt\em sum\mum metu\da, nec | ofites.
34. The Trochaic Dimeter, consists of four feet, properly
all trochees; as,
Boeth. JVonfa\cit qu6d | ofitat | ifise.
It admits however the spondee, or its equivalents in quantity,
the dactyl and anapaest, into the second place; as,
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? OF VERSE. 10$
Inco\la ter\rarum ttb \ ortu
Solis | vlti\mum ad cu\bile,
Eja | Dbmitm \ jubi\late.
Consci\b% scele|n's ne\fandi. Buchanan.
35. The Trochaic Dimeter Catalectic consists of three feet,
properly all trochees, and a catalectic syllable 5 as,
Horat. JVon e\bur nt\que aurl\um.
It admits however into the second station, the spondee, the
dactyl, and perhaps the anapaest.
This measure is in fact nothing more than the Acephalous
Iambic Dimeter. It may be scanned either as an Iambic or ft
Trochaic verse, since, on account of the close affinity between
the two measures, it becomes of very little importance, in what
light the verse be regarded, whether as Iambic or Trochaic.
56. The Trochaic Dimeter Brachycatalectic, called also
Phallic or Ithyphallic verse, consists of three trochees; as,
Ter. Maur. Bacche, \ Bacche, \ Bacche.
The only composition in Latin, into which this metre en-
ters, appears to be the Archilochian Heptameter, a line con-
sisting of a Dactylic Tetrameter a priore, and an Ithyphallic j
Horat. Sohitur | acris hy\ems gtd\ta vicg || veris | et Fa|
voni.
CHORIAMBIC MEASURES.
Choriambic measures are so called from the Choriambus,
which foot predominates in them.
37. The Choriambic Pentameter consists of five feet, viz.
a spondee, three choriambi, and an iambus j as,
Horat. Tu ne \ quxsieris II scire, ngfa>>, \ quem mthi quern J
tibi.
38. The Choriambic Tetrameter Consists of three chorV-
ambi, and a bacchius; as,
Claud. Omni nintus | dim Jluvtis, || omnii cinat | ftrqfun?
dim.
k
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? 110 OF VERSE.
It admits however of variations, each of the three choriambi
being changeable to other feet of equal time; as,
Seren. Cui resera\ia. mugiunt | aurea clau\stra mundi.
Idem. TIbi vetus a|ra calult a. bb\rigineo | tacello.
Horace made a peculiar alteration in this species of verse,
which is far from meriting the name of an improvement. In
the first measure he substituted for the choriambus, the second
epitrit--in other words, he made the first measure consist of
a trochee and a spondee, instead of a trochee and iambus; as,
Horat. Te Deos b\ro Sybarin J cur firofieraa | amando.
39- The Choriambic Asclepiadic Tetrameter, (invented by
the poet Asclepiades,) consists of a spondee, two choriambi,
and an iambus j as, '. -. . <
Horat. Mtece\nas alavis |] edite re\gibua.
Horace invariably adheres to this form, but other poets
sometimes, though very rarely, make the first foot a dactyl j
as,
Sen. EffugT|i<<n, et miseros || libera mora \ vocet.
Mart. Cap. Omnige|7zam genitor \\ regna movens \ Deum.
The Caesural pause takes place at the end of the first cho-
tiambus, a circumstance which renders it easy to scan this
species of verse as a Dactylic Pentameter Catalectic. Thus,
Mace\nds ata\vis || edite \ regibus.
This mode of scanning the line is condemned however by
Terentianus.
The Caesural pause falls inelegantly on the middle of a
word; as,
Horat. JVon %n\cendia C&r\\chaginis im\fiia.
Unless there be an ecthlipsis or synaloepha ; as,
Horat. Exe\gi monumen|jtum are fieren\nius.
Idem. Audi\tam modere|jre arboribus \ Jidem. . .
Or the word be a compound; as,
Horat. Dum Jla\grantia dc\\torguet ad os\cula.
These lines, afier all, however, are somewhat harsh, and
scarcely to be imitated.
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? OF TERSE. 111
40. The Choi-iambic Trimeter or Glyconic, (so named from
its inventor, the poet Glyco or Glycon,) consists of three
feet, a spondee, a choriambus, and an iambus; with the
Caesural pause after the first foot; as,
Horat. Sic te || Diva fiotens | Cyfiri:
Others scan it, when it has a spondee in the first place, by
a spondee and two dactyls, making it a dactylic trimeter; as,
? Sic te | Diva fio\tens Cyfiri.
The first foot is sometimes an iambus or a trochee; as,
Catul. Puel\l<e et fiueri in\tegri.
Idem. Magna Wfirdgenies \ Jovis.
Horace, who very frequently uses the Glyconic, invariably
has a spondee in the first place, except in a single instance,
Ignis [|jliacds \ damds. Od. I, 15,36.
He here admits the trochee. Cunningham, Sanadon, and
other editors, however, read on this very account, Pergameas
in place of Iliacas. To this perhaps may be added the twenty-
fourth line of the same ode, which according to old editions
runs thus:--?
Teucer \\ et Sthenelus \ sciens,
instead of the present reading, Teucer te, &c. or that of Bent-
ley and others, Teucerque, et, &c. c
41. The Choriambic Trimeter Catafectic or Pherecratic,
(so called from the poet Pherecrates,) is the Glyconic de-
prived of its final syllable, and consists of a spondee, a cho-
riambus, and a catalectic syllable ; as,
Horat. Gralo \ Pyrrha sub dn\tro.
The first foot was sometimes a trochee or an anapaest,
rarely an iambus; as,
Catul. Tecia \frugibus ex\files.
Boeth. Donrunis | firessus ini\quis.
c The change from Iliacas to Pergameas seems rather too violent.
Why mav not the final Bi llable of ignis be lengthened by the Caesura, to-
gether with that of Teucer in the old editions in which it occurs I Horace,
it is true, does not often indulge in such licenses, yet the following instance*
will show that he did not altogether avoid them: Od. t, 3, 36. --1,13, 6.
--S, 6, 14. --2,13, 16. --3, 24, 5.
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? 112 OF VERSE,
Catul. Vae\\lique cand\mus.
. The Pherecradc verse, when it has a spondee in the first
station, may be scanned as a Dactylic Trimeter.
When subjoined to the Glyconic, it produces what is com-
monly termed the Pnapean verse, which has already been
treated of under Dactylic Measures.
42. The Choriambic Dimeter consists of a choriambus and
a bacchius; as,
Horat. LydiiL die | fi$r omnia.
IONIC MEASURES.
The Ionic Measures are so called from the feet of which
they are composed- They are of two kinds, the Ionic a . ma-'
jore, and the Ionic a minore.
43. The pure Ionic a majore, Tetrameter, consists of four
greater Ionics; as, '
Scalig. Fecit salts | tegrum rabi\em qui domu\it feminx.
44. The impure Ionic a majore, or Sotadean, (so named
from the poet Sotades, who frequently used this measure,)'
consists of three great Ionics, and >> spondee; as,
Ter. Maur. Vocdlia \ quaddm memo\rdnt consona \ quSdam.
Under this form, the verse may be easily converted into,
and regarded as a species of Choriambic. Thus,
Vo\calia qua\ddm memorant \ consond qute\dam.
And by the addition of a syllable at each end, it becomes a
Choriambic Pentameter.
This kind of verse admits, in the third station, a ditrocheus
? ftener than a great Ionic; as,
Has cum gemi\nd comfiede | dedicat catenas,
Saturne, ti\bi Zo'ilus, | annulos pri|ores. Martial.
It is said also to admit, in all the places, except the last, not
only a ditrocheus, but also the second peeon, and the second
epitrit.
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? OF VERSE.
ita
Either of the long syllables moreover, in each of the three;
Ionic stations, may be resolved into two short quantities; which
was considered as an improvement: but both the long syllables
must not be thus resolved at the same time. Thu3,
Petron. Pede tendite, | cursum addite, | convolate | filanta.
Ter. Maur. Solet integer | anapaest us et | in fine lo\cari.
Petron. Ferrum timu\i, quod tre/ii\db male dabat | usum.
The Ionic a majore measure is not, like the Ionic a minorey
subject to the laws of Synapheia.
45. The Ionic a minore is so named, because in every place
it uses this foot. It is not confined to any definite number of
measures, but may, like the dimeter Anapaestics, be extended
to any length, provided that the final syllable of the spondee
in each measure, be either naturally long, or, influenced by
the laws of Synapheia, be made long by the concourse of con-
sonants ; and that each sentence or period terminate with a
complete measure, having the spondee for its close: rules ob-
served by Horace in his Ionic Ode, 8. 12.
This production of Horace consists of forty measures, and
has been divided by Cunningham and others into, ten tetra*
meters, like the following :
Miserarum est \ neque amori\dare ludum \ neque dulci.
Maid vino I lav ere; aut ex\3,nimari\ metuentes, &c.
Another mode of arranging them is, into stanzas of three-
lines each, the first and second, Trimeters, and the third a
Tetrameter, as follows . v--
Miserarum est, | neque dmori | dare ludiintf
Neque dulci \ mala vino | lav ere ; aut ex-
animari [metuentes \fiatrua ver\bera lingua*
They have likewise been arranged, in stanaas of four lines j
the first and second, Acatalectic Trimeters, the third a Cata*
lectic Trimeter,, and the fourth an. Adonic; as,
Miserarum est \ngqae dmdri \ dare ludum>
JVSque dulci | mala vino I lavere i aut ex-.
animari
Verberd
metue ntes\ fidtr%^
lingua. . .
Bentley however, following Victorinus, has arranged these
lines in his edition in such a manner that the first two become
tetrameters and the third a dimeter, although, he considered
K. a
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? 114
OF VERSE.
the ode as consisting properly of only four fines, each com-
posed of ten feet, or in other words, of four decapodia.
COMPOUND METRES.
46. The Dactylico-Iambic is a compound measure, con-
sisting of a Dactylic Trimeter Catalectic, and an Iambic Di-
meter; as,
Horat. Scribere | versicu\los, \\ dmo\re fier\cuhum \ gravi.
This measure occurs in the 11th Epode of Horace. In
most editions, the verses of which it is composed are given
separately, and the epode which contains them is made to
consist of stanzas, composed of three lines each. Bentley,
however, combats this arrangement, on the authority of He-
phwttion, Terentianus, and others of the ancient grammari-
ans, and gives the epode in stanzas of two lines each.
If Bentley's mode of arrangement be adopted, as it gene-
rally is in the best editions of Horace, and the two measures
be considered as uniting and forming one line, this line so
formed becomes what is called cunva^Tma;, or mixed, and has
in common with other mixed verses, the privilege of a double
final license, one namely at the end of each of the two com-
ponent measures. Hence it is easy to account for the final
short syllables being lengthened in furere, line 6--latere,
line 10--consilidy line 26--and also for the hiatus, in mero,
line 14--and mollitia. line 24, of the above mentioned epode j
for since these syllables stand respectively at the end . of a
measure, they become common by that position, as well as
uninfluenced by any initial vowel of the measure which suc-
ceeds, though in one and the same line with it.
47. The lambico-DactyKc consists of the same component
measures as the preceding, but in a reversed order; as,
Horat. Nlves^ug de\ducunt | Jovem : |J nunc mare,[
nunc silii\i.
The same observations respecting the arrangement of the
component measures, apply to this species of verse; and we
account in the same way as above for the final short syllables
being lengthened in vice, line 8--pectora, line 10--and flumi-
na, line 14, of the 13th epode of Horace, ia which this mixed,
measure occurs. .
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? OF VERSE. I 15
48. The Greater Alcaic is a compound of the simple Iambic
and the Choriambic. It consists of two feet, properly both
iambi, and a catalectic syllable, followed by a choriambus and
an iambus; as,
Horat. Fides | tit dl\td || stit nive cdn\didum.
But the first foot is alterable to a spondee; as,
Horat. O md\tre fiut\chrd \ filia fiul\chrior.
Horace has a spondee more frequently than an iambus in
the first station--Prudentius always a spondee.
The Alcaic may also be scanned after the following manner;
Fides | ut dl\td \\stet nivg \ cdndidum.
The Caesural pause in this species of verse, uniformly takes
place after the catalectic syllable; and in one instance in Ho-
race, it has the effect of retaining a vowel unelided; as,
Jam Da\dale\6 || 6cidrl\card. Od. 2, 20, 13.
Bentley, however, reads tutior in place of odor. .
Horace joins two Knes of this measure with an Iambic
Dimeter Hypermeter and a minor Alcaic, forming the Horar
tian, his favourite stanza.
49. The Dactylico-Trochaic Heptameter, commonly called
the Archilochian Heptameter, consists of the Dactylic Tetra-
meter a priore, followed by an Ithyphallic or Trochaic Dime-
ter Brachycatalectic; as,
Herat. Solvilur \ acris hy\ems grd\td vice \\veris | et Fd\
voni,
50. The Dactylico-Trochaic Tetrameter, or Minor Alcaic,
consists of two dactyls, followed by two trochees; as,
Horat. Livid \ fiersonu\ere | sdxd.
OF COMPOSITIONS IN WHICH THE VERSE IS VARIED.
When only one sort of verse is used in any ode or poem,
such ode of poem is called; Carmen Monocolon. 6 When more
d From t*tt>>(i solus, and Kft\>>, membrum.
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? 1'16 OF VERSE.
than one kind are used, the composition is termed Polycolon;
or more precisely, when there are two different kinds of verse
in a poem, it is styled Dicolon, or bimembre; if three, Trico-
lon, or trimembre. There is likewise the term Tetracolon,
but the ancients did not advance farther than to Tritdlon.
When the Stanza or Strophe is composed of two verses, the
ode is denominated Distrophon ;e when of three, Tristrdphon ;
when of four, Tetrastrophon. Beyond the Tetrastrophon, the
Latin stanza seldom reached. Catullus, however, has written
one of five lines, consisting of four Glyconics and a Phere-
cratic.
Disjecta -non leni ruina.
Alcaeus however, in the Greek stanza regularly uses the
iambus in the third place.
28. The Iambic Dimeter Acephalous, is the Iambic Dimeter
wanting the first syllable; as, ,
Hoiat. JVon | ebur || neque aii\reum.
Prud. D6\nd cdn\\acien\lig.
This kind of verse is sometimes, though improperly, scanned
as Catalectic Trochaic Dimeter.
JVon e\bur ne\\que aure\um.
Dona | cOnsci\\enti\! e.
29. The Iambic Dimeter Catalectic or Anacreontic, from
the poet Anacreon, who wrote in this measure in Greek-
called also Dimeter Claudus, is the Iambic Dimeter, want-
ing the final syllable, and consists, properly, of three iambi,
and a catalectic syllable; as,
jlnus I recpc\\ta vi\n6,
Tremen\tibus\\ldbel\lia. Petron.
It admits, however, the tribrac, amphimacer, spondee, and
anapaest, into the first place; in the third, it suffers no varia-
tion, at least in Latin; as,
Lex hac I data est \\ cadii\cis,
Deo \ juben\\tg mem\bris,
Ut tetn\figret || labo\rem
Medica\bilis || -v6lufi\tas. Prudent.
MiXTtfuu I poSbv || Sejei[o>>. Anacreon.
30. The Galliambus (so denominated from the Galli, or
priests of Gybele, by whom it was used) consists of an Iambic
Dimeter Catalectic, whose first foot is generally a spondee or
an anapaest, and another such Dimeter, wanting the last syl-
lable--the Catalectic syllable at the end of the first Dimeter
being long; as,
Catul. Sufier &l\t& vec\tiU J\tys || celeri | rate ma\rid.
This verse admits of the following variations:--
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? OF VERSE-
105
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
The anapaest however was generally preferred to the spon-
dee in both divisions of the verse, particularly the latter, and
the penultimate foot of the whole line was most commonly a
tribrac.
TROCHAIC MEASURES.
? Although Iambics and Trochaics seem directly opposite in
their, nature, yet there exists in reality a strong affinity be-
tween them. If, for example, a syllable be added to, or taken
from the beginning of a pure Iambic line, it becomes a pure
Trochaic; and if, on the contrary, a syllable be added to, or
taken from a pure Trochaic line, it becomes a pure Iambic. 1
31. The Trochaic Tetrameter Catalectic or Octonarius,
consists of seven feet, properly all trochees, followed by a
catalectic syllable; as,
Catul. Juaais \ eat in\ermis \ ire : Wfivrits | ire \juasua | eat.
This is the most common trochaic metre, and may, in con-
formity with what has already been observed, be converted
into an Iambic Octonarius, by the addition of a syllable to the
beginning.
The pure Trochaic Tetrameter however very rarely occurs.
The verse admits in the odd places, a trochee, or a tribrac;
but in the last place, a trochee only: in the even places, be-
sides the trochee and tribrac, it admits also a spondee, a dac-
tyl, an anapaest, and, though seldom, a proceleusraatic. It
rejects the iambus, as-the iambic does the trochee. The tri-
brac very rarely occurs in the sixth place, and never in the
seventh, except in a few instances in comedy. The dactyl
rarely appears in the fourth. The following is the scale :--
z The Port-Royal Grammarian asserts that there are no Trochaic verses,
properly so catled; but that those which commonly go by tikis name, are
In realiiy Acephalous Iambics,
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? 106
OF VERSE.
The Comic writers took the same liberties with this, as with
the Iambic measure, introducing the spondee and its equiva-
lents into the even places.
This measure was much used in hymns. The Caesural
pause uniformly occurs after the fourth foot, dividing the verse
into a Trochaic Dimeter Acatalectic, and a Trochaic Dimeter
Catalectic. One division of the chcjrus sang the former, the
other the latter. .
The following lines will serve to show the peculiar beauty
and melody which this species of verse often possesses :--
Prud. Macte, judex mortuorum,\\ made, rex viventium.
M. Cap. Scande cedi temfila, virgo,\\ digna tanto fozdere.
Prud. Solve vocem, mens, sonoram j || solve linguam mo-
bilem.
Idem. Terra, ccelum, fossa fionti, || trina rerum machina.
Catul. JRomuUas ifisa fecit || cum Sabinis nufitias,
32. The Sapphic verse, called after the poetess Sappho,
who invented it, consists of five feet, the first a trochee, the
second a spondee, the third a dactyl, and the fourth and fifth,
trochees; as,
Horat. Deflu\il sax\is agi\tatus | humor,
Sappho however, and after her example, Catullus, sometimes
made the second foot a trochee; as,
Sappho. lieu Ai|i; So|\o7rXoxE, ? wr<7(j/iai o-! .
Catul. Pauca | nunti|<<i<f mea fiuelle.
But Horace invariably adheres to the spondee in the second
place, which greatly increases the harmony of the line.
Seneca furnishes instances of a dactyl in the second place; as,
Sen. Quaque ad | Hesperi|as jacct ora metus.
Idem. Sume\re Innume|ras solitumfiguraa.
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? OF VERSE.
But perhaps Hesfierias, and innumeras, should be read as
trisyllables. 3
Sappho accompanied every three of these verses with an
Adonic line, and in this she has been imitated by Horace, Ca-
tullus, and others, but not by Seneca, who, in the choruses to
his tragedies, often gives a considerable number of successive
Sapphics, without any Adonic.
Those. Sapphic lines are the most harmonious, which have
the Csesural pause at the penthemimeris; as,
Inte|ger viltse || scele|risque | purus.
Non e|get Mau|ri )| jacu|lis nec | arcu. '
Nec vejnenariItis || gravi|da sa|gittis
Fusee pha|retra. Horat.
On the contrary, those which are without it, are strikingly
deficient in melody; as,
Horat. Tuque dum firocedis, Io triumfihe !
Idem. Hac Jovem sentire, Deosque cunctot.
Catul. Qui sedens adversus, identidem te.
Idem. Seu Sacas, sagittiferosque Parthos.
In the composition of the Sapphic Stanza, a word may be
divided in such a way, that the former part of it shall close
the third line, and the remainder form the beginning of the
fourth or Adonic. The ancient poets afford no instance of
such a division at th\e termination of the first, second, or fourth
verse; nor does it occur even in the third verse, in the Sap-
phics of Seneca, Statius, Ausonius, Prudentius, Sidonius Apol-
linaris, or Boethius, but only in those of Catullus and Horace. b
A continuation of sense from stanza to stanza, if not occur-
ring frequently, is permitted; but it is deemed harsh and auk-
a Sapphic verses are sometimes found redundant, (Hypermetri); but in
this case, the last vowel is elided, because ihe following verse begins with a
vowel.
b These remarks have reference to the division of a simple word. There
are two other instances of division, which are of a different class, vide Horat.
Od. I, 25, It. and 3, 27, 59. In these the prepositions are allowably de-
tached from the words with which they are compounded, as they often
are in other metres. From the aukward division whinh simple words fre-
quently experience between the third line of the Sapphic stanza and the
succeeding Adonic, the parts so divided, being separately void of all mean-
ing, Dr. Carey lias been led to venture the opinion, that the Sapphic stanza
of Catullus and Horace, was never intended to consist of lour separate
verses, but of three, viz. two five-foot Sapphics, and one of seven feet,
formed by the union of tire third Sapphic and the Adonic iuto one line.
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? 1Q8
OF VERSE.
ward to open a new sentence with the Adonic verse, of which
the first and natural use is to'dose the metre with an agree-
able rest. In all the odes of Horace, in this metre, one only,
a light composition, even seems to yield any pretence for such
a disjunction.
Est mihi nonum sufierantis annum
Plenus Albani cadus ; est in horto
Phylli, nectendis afiium coronis ;
Est hedera -vis [in horto]
Multa guA crines religata fulges.
Ridet argento domus: 8ec, Lib. 4, Od. 11.
33. The Phalsecian or Hendecasyllabic verse, (invented by
the poet Phalaecus,) consists of five feet, viz. a spondee, a
dactyl, and three trochees; as,
Mart. JVon est \ vivere,\ sed va\lere, \ vita".
Instead of a spondee as the first foot, Catullus sometimes
uses a trochee, or an iambus, a liberty seldom taken by subse-
quent poets.
Grati|a<< tibi maxima* Catullus
Aglt, \fiessimus omnium fioeta. Catul.
The same poet has also admitted a spondee instead of a
dactyl as the second foot, but this is not to be imitated.
The name Hendecasyllabic is frequently applied to the Pha-
laecian, from the circumstance of its containing eleven syllables;
but that name does not exclusively belong to it, since the
greater dactylic Alcaic, (to be noticed hereafter,) and the Sap-
phic, contain the same number. The following are instances
of the Sapphic converted into the Phalaecian, and the Alcaic
into the Sapphic:--
Sapphic. JVon e\get Mav\ri jacu\lis nec | arcH.
Phalaec. JVon Mau\rijacu\lis e\get nec \ drcu.
Alcaic. Summum J nec ofi\les \\nec mgtuds \ diem.
Sapphic. JVec dt\em sum\mum metu\da, nec | ofites.
34. The Trochaic Dimeter, consists of four feet, properly
all trochees; as,
Boeth. JVonfa\cit qu6d | ofitat | ifise.
It admits however the spondee, or its equivalents in quantity,
the dactyl and anapaest, into the second place; as,
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? OF VERSE. 10$
Inco\la ter\rarum ttb \ ortu
Solis | vlti\mum ad cu\bile,
Eja | Dbmitm \ jubi\late.
Consci\b% scele|n's ne\fandi. Buchanan.
35. The Trochaic Dimeter Catalectic consists of three feet,
properly all trochees, and a catalectic syllable 5 as,
Horat. JVon e\bur nt\que aurl\um.
It admits however into the second station, the spondee, the
dactyl, and perhaps the anapaest.
This measure is in fact nothing more than the Acephalous
Iambic Dimeter. It may be scanned either as an Iambic or ft
Trochaic verse, since, on account of the close affinity between
the two measures, it becomes of very little importance, in what
light the verse be regarded, whether as Iambic or Trochaic.
56. The Trochaic Dimeter Brachycatalectic, called also
Phallic or Ithyphallic verse, consists of three trochees; as,
Ter. Maur. Bacche, \ Bacche, \ Bacche.
The only composition in Latin, into which this metre en-
ters, appears to be the Archilochian Heptameter, a line con-
sisting of a Dactylic Tetrameter a priore, and an Ithyphallic j
Horat. Sohitur | acris hy\ems gtd\ta vicg || veris | et Fa|
voni.
CHORIAMBIC MEASURES.
Choriambic measures are so called from the Choriambus,
which foot predominates in them.
37. The Choriambic Pentameter consists of five feet, viz.
a spondee, three choriambi, and an iambus j as,
Horat. Tu ne \ quxsieris II scire, ngfa>>, \ quem mthi quern J
tibi.
38. The Choriambic Tetrameter Consists of three chorV-
ambi, and a bacchius; as,
Claud. Omni nintus | dim Jluvtis, || omnii cinat | ftrqfun?
dim.
k
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? 110 OF VERSE.
It admits however of variations, each of the three choriambi
being changeable to other feet of equal time; as,
Seren. Cui resera\ia. mugiunt | aurea clau\stra mundi.
Idem. TIbi vetus a|ra calult a. bb\rigineo | tacello.
Horace made a peculiar alteration in this species of verse,
which is far from meriting the name of an improvement. In
the first measure he substituted for the choriambus, the second
epitrit--in other words, he made the first measure consist of
a trochee and a spondee, instead of a trochee and iambus; as,
Horat. Te Deos b\ro Sybarin J cur firofieraa | amando.
39- The Choriambic Asclepiadic Tetrameter, (invented by
the poet Asclepiades,) consists of a spondee, two choriambi,
and an iambus j as, '. -. . <
Horat. Mtece\nas alavis |] edite re\gibua.
Horace invariably adheres to this form, but other poets
sometimes, though very rarely, make the first foot a dactyl j
as,
Sen. EffugT|i<<n, et miseros || libera mora \ vocet.
Mart. Cap. Omnige|7zam genitor \\ regna movens \ Deum.
The Caesural pause takes place at the end of the first cho-
tiambus, a circumstance which renders it easy to scan this
species of verse as a Dactylic Pentameter Catalectic. Thus,
Mace\nds ata\vis || edite \ regibus.
This mode of scanning the line is condemned however by
Terentianus.
The Caesural pause falls inelegantly on the middle of a
word; as,
Horat. JVon %n\cendia C&r\\chaginis im\fiia.
Unless there be an ecthlipsis or synaloepha ; as,
Horat. Exe\gi monumen|jtum are fieren\nius.
Idem. Audi\tam modere|jre arboribus \ Jidem. . .
Or the word be a compound; as,
Horat. Dum Jla\grantia dc\\torguet ad os\cula.
These lines, afier all, however, are somewhat harsh, and
scarcely to be imitated.
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? OF TERSE. 111
40. The Choi-iambic Trimeter or Glyconic, (so named from
its inventor, the poet Glyco or Glycon,) consists of three
feet, a spondee, a choriambus, and an iambus; with the
Caesural pause after the first foot; as,
Horat. Sic te || Diva fiotens | Cyfiri:
Others scan it, when it has a spondee in the first place, by
a spondee and two dactyls, making it a dactylic trimeter; as,
? Sic te | Diva fio\tens Cyfiri.
The first foot is sometimes an iambus or a trochee; as,
Catul. Puel\l<e et fiueri in\tegri.
Idem. Magna Wfirdgenies \ Jovis.
Horace, who very frequently uses the Glyconic, invariably
has a spondee in the first place, except in a single instance,
Ignis [|jliacds \ damds. Od. I, 15,36.
He here admits the trochee. Cunningham, Sanadon, and
other editors, however, read on this very account, Pergameas
in place of Iliacas. To this perhaps may be added the twenty-
fourth line of the same ode, which according to old editions
runs thus:--?
Teucer \\ et Sthenelus \ sciens,
instead of the present reading, Teucer te, &c. or that of Bent-
ley and others, Teucerque, et, &c. c
41. The Choriambic Trimeter Catafectic or Pherecratic,
(so called from the poet Pherecrates,) is the Glyconic de-
prived of its final syllable, and consists of a spondee, a cho-
riambus, and a catalectic syllable ; as,
Horat. Gralo \ Pyrrha sub dn\tro.
The first foot was sometimes a trochee or an anapaest,
rarely an iambus; as,
Catul. Tecia \frugibus ex\files.
Boeth. Donrunis | firessus ini\quis.
c The change from Iliacas to Pergameas seems rather too violent.
Why mav not the final Bi llable of ignis be lengthened by the Caesura, to-
gether with that of Teucer in the old editions in which it occurs I Horace,
it is true, does not often indulge in such licenses, yet the following instance*
will show that he did not altogether avoid them: Od. t, 3, 36. --1,13, 6.
--S, 6, 14. --2,13, 16. --3, 24, 5.
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? 112 OF VERSE,
Catul. Vae\\lique cand\mus.
. The Pherecradc verse, when it has a spondee in the first
station, may be scanned as a Dactylic Trimeter.
When subjoined to the Glyconic, it produces what is com-
monly termed the Pnapean verse, which has already been
treated of under Dactylic Measures.
42. The Choriambic Dimeter consists of a choriambus and
a bacchius; as,
Horat. LydiiL die | fi$r omnia.
IONIC MEASURES.
The Ionic Measures are so called from the feet of which
they are composed- They are of two kinds, the Ionic a . ma-'
jore, and the Ionic a minore.
43. The pure Ionic a majore, Tetrameter, consists of four
greater Ionics; as, '
Scalig. Fecit salts | tegrum rabi\em qui domu\it feminx.
44. The impure Ionic a majore, or Sotadean, (so named
from the poet Sotades, who frequently used this measure,)'
consists of three great Ionics, and >> spondee; as,
Ter. Maur. Vocdlia \ quaddm memo\rdnt consona \ quSdam.
Under this form, the verse may be easily converted into,
and regarded as a species of Choriambic. Thus,
Vo\calia qua\ddm memorant \ consond qute\dam.
And by the addition of a syllable at each end, it becomes a
Choriambic Pentameter.
This kind of verse admits, in the third station, a ditrocheus
? ftener than a great Ionic; as,
Has cum gemi\nd comfiede | dedicat catenas,
Saturne, ti\bi Zo'ilus, | annulos pri|ores. Martial.
It is said also to admit, in all the places, except the last, not
only a ditrocheus, but also the second peeon, and the second
epitrit.
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? OF VERSE.
ita
Either of the long syllables moreover, in each of the three;
Ionic stations, may be resolved into two short quantities; which
was considered as an improvement: but both the long syllables
must not be thus resolved at the same time. Thu3,
Petron. Pede tendite, | cursum addite, | convolate | filanta.
Ter. Maur. Solet integer | anapaest us et | in fine lo\cari.
Petron. Ferrum timu\i, quod tre/ii\db male dabat | usum.
The Ionic a majore measure is not, like the Ionic a minorey
subject to the laws of Synapheia.
45. The Ionic a minore is so named, because in every place
it uses this foot. It is not confined to any definite number of
measures, but may, like the dimeter Anapaestics, be extended
to any length, provided that the final syllable of the spondee
in each measure, be either naturally long, or, influenced by
the laws of Synapheia, be made long by the concourse of con-
sonants ; and that each sentence or period terminate with a
complete measure, having the spondee for its close: rules ob-
served by Horace in his Ionic Ode, 8. 12.
This production of Horace consists of forty measures, and
has been divided by Cunningham and others into, ten tetra*
meters, like the following :
Miserarum est \ neque amori\dare ludum \ neque dulci.
Maid vino I lav ere; aut ex\3,nimari\ metuentes, &c.
Another mode of arranging them is, into stanzas of three-
lines each, the first and second, Trimeters, and the third a
Tetrameter, as follows . v--
Miserarum est, | neque dmori | dare ludiintf
Neque dulci \ mala vino | lav ere ; aut ex-
animari [metuentes \fiatrua ver\bera lingua*
They have likewise been arranged, in stanaas of four lines j
the first and second, Acatalectic Trimeters, the third a Cata*
lectic Trimeter,, and the fourth an. Adonic; as,
Miserarum est \ngqae dmdri \ dare ludum>
JVSque dulci | mala vino I lavere i aut ex-.
animari
Verberd
metue ntes\ fidtr%^
lingua. . .
Bentley however, following Victorinus, has arranged these
lines in his edition in such a manner that the first two become
tetrameters and the third a dimeter, although, he considered
K. a
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? 114
OF VERSE.
the ode as consisting properly of only four fines, each com-
posed of ten feet, or in other words, of four decapodia.
COMPOUND METRES.
46. The Dactylico-Iambic is a compound measure, con-
sisting of a Dactylic Trimeter Catalectic, and an Iambic Di-
meter; as,
Horat. Scribere | versicu\los, \\ dmo\re fier\cuhum \ gravi.
This measure occurs in the 11th Epode of Horace. In
most editions, the verses of which it is composed are given
separately, and the epode which contains them is made to
consist of stanzas, composed of three lines each. Bentley,
however, combats this arrangement, on the authority of He-
phwttion, Terentianus, and others of the ancient grammari-
ans, and gives the epode in stanzas of two lines each.
If Bentley's mode of arrangement be adopted, as it gene-
rally is in the best editions of Horace, and the two measures
be considered as uniting and forming one line, this line so
formed becomes what is called cunva^Tma;, or mixed, and has
in common with other mixed verses, the privilege of a double
final license, one namely at the end of each of the two com-
ponent measures. Hence it is easy to account for the final
short syllables being lengthened in furere, line 6--latere,
line 10--consilidy line 26--and also for the hiatus, in mero,
line 14--and mollitia. line 24, of the above mentioned epode j
for since these syllables stand respectively at the end . of a
measure, they become common by that position, as well as
uninfluenced by any initial vowel of the measure which suc-
ceeds, though in one and the same line with it.
47. The lambico-DactyKc consists of the same component
measures as the preceding, but in a reversed order; as,
Horat. Nlves^ug de\ducunt | Jovem : |J nunc mare,[
nunc silii\i.
The same observations respecting the arrangement of the
component measures, apply to this species of verse; and we
account in the same way as above for the final short syllables
being lengthened in vice, line 8--pectora, line 10--and flumi-
na, line 14, of the 13th epode of Horace, ia which this mixed,
measure occurs. .
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? OF VERSE. I 15
48. The Greater Alcaic is a compound of the simple Iambic
and the Choriambic. It consists of two feet, properly both
iambi, and a catalectic syllable, followed by a choriambus and
an iambus; as,
Horat. Fides | tit dl\td || stit nive cdn\didum.
But the first foot is alterable to a spondee; as,
Horat. O md\tre fiut\chrd \ filia fiul\chrior.
Horace has a spondee more frequently than an iambus in
the first station--Prudentius always a spondee.
The Alcaic may also be scanned after the following manner;
Fides | ut dl\td \\stet nivg \ cdndidum.
The Caesural pause in this species of verse, uniformly takes
place after the catalectic syllable; and in one instance in Ho-
race, it has the effect of retaining a vowel unelided; as,
Jam Da\dale\6 || 6cidrl\card. Od. 2, 20, 13.
Bentley, however, reads tutior in place of odor. .
Horace joins two Knes of this measure with an Iambic
Dimeter Hypermeter and a minor Alcaic, forming the Horar
tian, his favourite stanza.
49. The Dactylico-Trochaic Heptameter, commonly called
the Archilochian Heptameter, consists of the Dactylic Tetra-
meter a priore, followed by an Ithyphallic or Trochaic Dime-
ter Brachycatalectic; as,
Herat. Solvilur \ acris hy\ems grd\td vice \\veris | et Fd\
voni,
50. The Dactylico-Trochaic Tetrameter, or Minor Alcaic,
consists of two dactyls, followed by two trochees; as,
Horat. Livid \ fiersonu\ere | sdxd.
OF COMPOSITIONS IN WHICH THE VERSE IS VARIED.
When only one sort of verse is used in any ode or poem,
such ode of poem is called; Carmen Monocolon. 6 When more
d From t*tt>>(i solus, and Kft\>>, membrum.
? ? Generated for (University of Chicago) on 2014-12-26 11:29 GMT / http://hdl. handle. net/2027/njp. 32101064224445 Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www. hathitrust. org/access_use#pd-google
? 1'16 OF VERSE.
than one kind are used, the composition is termed Polycolon;
or more precisely, when there are two different kinds of verse
in a poem, it is styled Dicolon, or bimembre; if three, Trico-
lon, or trimembre. There is likewise the term Tetracolon,
but the ancients did not advance farther than to Tritdlon.
When the Stanza or Strophe is composed of two verses, the
ode is denominated Distrophon ;e when of three, Tristrdphon ;
when of four, Tetrastrophon. Beyond the Tetrastrophon, the
Latin stanza seldom reached. Catullus, however, has written
one of five lines, consisting of four Glyconics and a Phere-
cratic.
