At tii, furque lupusque, parco exiguus pecus:
---- prffida sum petendus de grex,
2.
---- prffida sum petendus de grex,
2.
Latin - Bradley - Exercises in Latin Prosody
) porta.
Is tego commissus; divusque precorjue oro
Ut redeo infelix, desero fortuna ambitiosus.
102.
But he calls the land his own, as far as where the
planted poplar Prevents by fixed boundaries the disputes
of neighbours; as though Any thing could be his own,
which in a moment of the fleeting hour, At one time by
solicitation, at another by purchase, at another by violence,
at another by the last fate of man, May change its mas-
ters, and fall into another's power.
Sed appello usque suum, qua poptilus adsitus certus
Refugio limes vicinus (enall. ) jurgium; tanquam
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? VERSIFICATION. 107
Sum proprium quisquam, punctum qui Jluxus hora,
Nunc prece, nunc pretium, nunc violentia, nunc sors supre-
mus,
Muto (mail. ) dominus, et in alter (enall. ) jus (enall. ) cedo.
103.
Neither should you fear that his mind, becoming per-
haps from his regard to futurity Somewhat averse to the
duties of life, should refuse to bear labors And encounter
dangers, if the public good should require it. This indiffer-
ence to worldly things Rather makes the man free and
vigorous, and in all things that he undertakes Bold and
invincible; and it strengthens him in all difficulties.
Nee timeo quidem uefortasse, ad munia vita
Segnior, hinc mens recuso perfero (enall. ) labor,
Et periculum (sync. )fero, voco si publicus usus.
Liber et erectus potius, res et in agendus
Fortis vir invictusque efficio, casus et per cunctus
Iioboro externus rerum hie despicientia.
CHAPTER VII--Ellipsis.
Ellipsis is the omission of a word or of several words
in a sentence.
When the omitted word or words may be found in some other
part of the sentence, the ellipsis is termed lax or loose; as the
omission of Noram before catulos, and of Similes after hredos:
the ellipsis is termed strict, when the omitted word does not
occur in any part of the sentence; as the omission of Esse after
catulos,, of Suis before matribus, of Ego before n6ram, of Ne-
gotia after magna, and of Ego before solebam, in the following
lines;
Sic canibus catulos similes, sic matribus haedos
Noram; sic parvis componere magna solebam. Viro.
If all the words, which are omitted by the strict and lax
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? 108. EXERCISES IN
ellipsis in the preceding lines were supplied, they would be written
thus;
Sic ego noram catulos esse similes canibus, sir suis matribus hsedos
esse similes
Ego noram; sic parvis negotiis componere magna negotia ego sole-
bam.
Every word that may be omitted in English by the fi-
gure ellipsis without injuring the sense, may most com-
monly be omitted also in Latin.
The use of ellipsis is much more frequent in the Latin,
than it is in the English language; it must not therefore be
inferred from the preceding remark, that those words only
may be left out in translating an English sentence into Latin,
which may be omitted without injury to the sense in the ori-
ginal. Nothing but a considerable knowledge of the idiom of
the language, and of the usage of its writers, can be . a sufficient
guide for the introduction of this figure. The following ob-
servations refer only to those instances of the; strict ellipsis,
which are of the most common occurrence, and must not con-
sequently be considered as affording a comprehensive view of the
subject.
The nouns Homo, verbum, and res or negotium, are
often omitted; as Rarifor rari homines, Paucisfor paucis
verbis, Omnia For omnes res:
Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto.
Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros.
Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. Virg.
A pronoun that is not peculiarly emphatic is generally
omitted when it is the nominative to a verb, and some-
times when it is the case following a verb, especially
before the relative Qui: the pronouns possessive also are
often omitted; as
Vel tu, quod superest, infesto fulmine morti,
S mereor, demitte, tuaque hic obrue dextra.
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? VERSIFICATION. ^09
At simul heroum laudes, et facta parentis
Jam legere, et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus. ViRG.
The verb Sum is frequently omitted; as
Fama, malum quo non aliud velocius ullum,
Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo. ViRG.
Conjunctions are sometimes omitted; as
Ferte citi flammas, date vela, impellite remos. ViRG.
The omission of conjunctions is termed asyndeton, and the
repetition of them, when the sense does not require it, poly-
syndeton. These figures are often introduced into a sentence
solely for the sake of giving to the style a greater variety,
yet they have sometimes a striking and expressive effect. Asyn-
deton has been used to represent more forcibly the rapidity
of an action, or the eagerness of a speaker; polysyndeton,
by retarding the course of a sentence, and thus present-
ing every part of it more distinctly to the mind, has some-
times been rendered expressive of dignity, slowness, and solem-
nity.
In imitation of a Greek mode of expression, the accu-
sative case is sometimes used after a verb passive, a parti-
ciple, or an adjective, the preposition Secundum, or some
other word of similar meaning, being understood; as
Tempora for circa tempora:
Populeis adsunt evincti tempora ramis. Virg.
Many of the lines in the following exercises will require
an alteration in the arrangement of the words, as well as
the introduction of the figure ellipsis, before they can be
formed into verses.
EXERCISES.
1.
O Britain, fairest abode of liberty, let this happier lot
Lat. Pr. K
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? 110 EXERCISES IN
be thine, To escape both the fate of Rome and the guilt
of Rome.
Sum tibi, o secies pulcherrimus libertas, mclior sors,
nescio'et fatum (enall. ) Roma et'crimen (enall. )
Roma.
2.
Grey hairs also have not yet spoiled the beauty of my
jetty locks, Neither has crooked old age with a slow step
approached.
Et nondum canus laedo meus niger capillus,
Nee curvus senecta venio tardus pes.
3.
The poplar tree is the most acceptable tree to Hercules,
the vine the most acceptable to Bacchus, The myrtle the
most acceptable to lovely Venus, to Phcebus his own
laurel is the most acceptable.
Populus Alcidae sum gratissimus arbor, vitis gratissimus Iacchus,
Myrtus gratissimus formosus Venus, Phoebus sum gratissimus
suus laurea.
4.
O wretched me! with what vast waves are the shores
beaten! How is the day also hidden, obscured by thick
clouds!
O ego miser! quantus fluctus {enall. ) littus plangor!
Et dies lateo, conditus nubes(enall) obscurus!
5.
You now I warn. Happy art thou, who, from another's
misery, Shalt learn how to escape thine own misery.
Vos nunc ego moneo. Felix sum tu, quicunque, dolor
Alter, disco possum careo tuus dolor. '
6.
He, who advises that you should do that, which you
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? VERSIFICATION. Ill
are already doing, while he advises Applauds you, and
by his advice commends your conduct.
Qui raoneo ut facio is, qui jam tu facio, monendo ille
Laudo tu, et comprobo actus (enall. ) suus hoftatus.
. 7.
The brooks are dry; the meadows are despoiled of
their beauty by the mildew; And nothing that felt the
blast survives. I saw the flowers fade, I saw the roses die,
and I saw the lilies languish.
Rivus deficio; pratum squaleo rubigo;
Et nihil afflatus vivo. Video ligustrum palleo,
Expiro rosa video, decresco lilium et ego video.
8.
A garden adorned with odoriferous flowers was near,
Dividedas to its ground by a stream of water softly mur-
muring: There Tarquin the secret messages of his son
Receives, and he cuts down with a rod the tallest lilies.
Hortus cultissimus odoratus gramen (fynon. ) subsiim,
Sectus secundum humus rivus aqua sonans lene:
Illic Tarquinius latens suus filius (sgnon. ) mandatum
Accipio, et ille meto virga summus lilium.
9.
When the messenger returned, and reported that the
lilies were cut down, His son exclaimed, "I understand
the orders of my father. " Nor was there any delay. The
chiefs of the city Gabii being slain, The defenceless walls
are surrendered to his generals.
Ut nuncius redeo (sync), decussusque lilium dico,
Natus (synon. ) suus aio, "Ego aguosco jussum mens pa-
rens. "
Nee ullus mora sum. Princeps ex urbs Gabina caesus,
Mcenia nudus trador suus dux.
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? 112 EXERCISES IN
10.
As many shells as the sea-shores have, as many blos-
soms as the fragrant beds of roses have, As many seeds as
the sleep-bringing poppy has, By so many distressing
things am I afflicted; which if I should attempt to num-
ber, I might as well attempt to tell the number of the
waves of the Icarian sea.
Littus quot concha habeo, quot flos rosarium amccnus babeo,
Quotve granum soporifer papaver habeo,
Tot adversus res premor; qui cornprehendo (sync. ) si ego Co-
nor,
Ego conor dico numerus Icarius aqua.
11.
Man alone, who is capable of acquiring knowledge, who
has an ardent desire Of tracing out the causes and mutual
relations of things, Enters on a vain pursuit; for death
hangs over him with sable wings, And arrests him in the
midst of his journey as he is hurrying on.
Homo solus, qui sum sagax scire, cui sum summits cupido
Scrutari causa et res fcedus mututts,
Ingredior vanus iter; namque immineo is niger ala,
Et in medius cursus intercludo is euns mors.
12.
Whither do you madly haste? Although you should
possess each Ocean, and although Lydia should pour
forth for you her golden streams, And although the throne
of Crcesus and the diadem of Cyrus should be added to
these riches, You never will be rich, you never will be
satisfied with gain.
Quo vesane tu ruof Tu teneo uterque licebit oceanus, et Lydia laxo tu suus rutilus fons,
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? VERSIFICATION. 113
Et solium Croesus Cyrusque tiara jungor,
Sura nunquam dives, nunquam satior quaestus.
13.
He, who is always desiring more, is always poor; con-
tented with a little, honorably obtained, Fabricius despised
the gifts of kings; And the consul Serranus labored at the
heavy plough; And an humble cottage held the heroic
Curii.
Ille, quicunque cupio, sum semper inops; contentus honesto
Parvo, Fabricius sperno munus rex;
Sudoque Serranus consul gravis aratrum;
Etangustus casa tego pugnax Curii.
14.
When I ask you for money without security, you say,
"I have not any money;" Yet you, the same person, have
money, if my field is security for me. O Thelesinus,
that, which you will not trust to me, an old friend, You
trust to my lands and to my trees. Behold Carus has ar-
rested you as a criminal; let my field help you. Do you
ask for a companion in your exile? let my field go with
you.
Cilm ego rogo nummus (enall. ) de tu (enall. ) sine pignus,
"Ego non habeo nummus" inquio;
Tu idem homo habeo nummus, si pro ego spondeo mens
agellus.
Is qui nou credo ego, vetus sodales, Thelesinus,
Colliculus meus credo arborque meus.
Ecce, Carus defero tu reus; meus' agellus tu adsum.
Tu quasro comes exilium? meus agellus eo.
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? 114 EXERCISES IN
CHAPTER VIII. --EPItHEtS.
Epithets or adjectives are words expressive of some
quality or property of the nouns, with which they are con-
nected.
Epithets are sometimes introduced into poetry, princi-
pally for the sake of completing the measure of the line;
but in order to render them conducive to the beauty of
the verse, they must express not only some property of
the substantive, to which they are applied, but that pecu-
liar property or quality, which is appropriate and expres-
sive. It may in general be observed, that an adjective
must not be introduced into a sentence, unless it adds
something to its energy or beauty, as well as to its mean-
ing.
An adjective, that is not peculiarly expressive, may be
omitted, when it cannot conveniently be introduced into
the verse.
The words printed in Italics in the following exercises
are substantives, which either require epithets to be added
to them, or which have adjectives connected with them that
may be omitted. A different arrangement of the words
will be required in almost every line.
EXERCISES.
1.
But you, O robbers and wolves, spare this little flock:
Tour'prey should be taken from a herd.
At tii, furque lupusque, parco exiguus pecus:
---- prffida sum petendus de grex,
2.
O Nile, nature has never discovered to any one your
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? VERSIFICATION. 115
source, Neither has it been allowed to the inhabitants of
the earth to see you a small river.
Natura non prodo ullus tuus (ellip. ) caput,
Nilus, nec licet populus video tu parvus.
3.
Horace also has delighted my ears, While he brings
forth from his Ausonian lyre refined songs.
Et Horatius teneo meus (enall. ) auris,
I)um ferio Ausonius lyra cultus carmen.
4.
An image of Minerva is said to have fallen from heaven
Upon the lofty heights of the Trojan city.
Ccsleste signum Minerva credor
Desiluisse in altus jugum Iliacus urbs.
5.
At the entrance of the hollow cave, the habitation of
the god of sleep, poppies in abundance grow, And herbs
innumerable; from the juice of which Humid Night col-
lects her sleepy power, and extends it over the earth.
Ante fores cavus antrum, fcecundus papaver floreo,
Et (synon. ) innumerus herba; qui de lac sopor
Nox lego, et humidus per terra {enall. ) spargo.
6.
Thus the violence of the winds, and the rain from which
they wished to be skreened, compelled mankind at first
To build huts with straw, And to plaster their humble
habitations around with mud.
Sic <<is ventus vitandique imbres primum adegit homo,
'stipula (enall. ) tectum ponere,
? et claudo arctus sedes {enall. ) litnus.
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? 116 EXERCISES IN
7.
Nor are the wives of the East less renowned in fame:
Neither with tears, nor with female cries, Do they de-
plore their husbands' death; but, strange to be related,
They ascend the funeral pile, and are consumed in the
same devouring flames with their lifeless husbands.
Nec Eous uxor minus celebror fama:
Ille non lacrymae, non foemineus ululatus,
Ploro fatum (enall. ) vir (sync); verum, mirabilis dicor,
Conscendoque rogus, Jtamma(\ue(enall. ) vorax voror idem.
8.
The echoing wood resounds with the songs of birds,
and every Shrub and ,'every grove rings with music: The
blackbirds also join their tuneful notes, and the doves
their plaintive sounds; The harmonious lark from above
pours forth its strains.
Sylva vocalis resono chorus avis, atque (synon. ) omnis
Virgultum et omnis nemus ferveo harmoriia:
Et merula misceo numerus gemitusque palumbes;
Canorus alauda addo desuper modus.
9.
He, who once refused to the needy worthless fragments
of food, Now lives himself on food obtained by begging.
Fortune wanders about with uncertain steps, And in no
place remains constant and fixed.
Vilis qui quondam nego (sync. ) alimenta miser,
Nunc pascor ipse cibus mendicatus.
Fortuna vago (synon. ) ambiguus passus,
Et permaneo (enull. ) certus tenaxque in nullus locus.
10.
But virtue does not produce these evils: we confidently
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? VERSIFICATION. 117
assert, That if every one faithfully performed her sacred
duties, Nothing would appear more desirable than sacred
virtue; then would the golden ages return: But it is not
our lot to live in a golden age.
At virtus non parturio hie malum: immii fateor,
Si quisque perago suus munia fideliter, sum
Nihil (sync. ) potior sacer virtus ; jam turn redeo aureus
Sxculum: verum non contigit vivo aureus (syn<sr. ) usvum.
11.
In the shady vales in the midst of Ida, there is a place
Retired, and abounding with oaks and pitch trees, A
place, which has never been touched by the mouth of
the ox, Nor of the sheep, nor of the goat delighting in
rocks.
In nemorosus vallis medius Ids, sum locus
Devius, et piceus atque (synon. ) ilex frequens,
? Qui nee avis, nee capella amans rapes {synon. ),
Nee carpor os bos.
12.
Nor, O wicked man, while life remains, are you free
from painful punishments: Although you may deceive
mortal men, yet you cannot fly from yourself; The
avenging furies disquiet you; care, a harassing attendant,
preys on you, And dwells as a tormentor in your con-
science, which is still mindful of your crimes.
Nee, improbtis, dam vita maneo, des nullasxrumnosas potnat:
Quanquain fallo mortalis homo, tamen haud ipse effugio tu;
Dirte ultrix tu agito; tu cura remordeo, comes saevus,
? memorque sub pectus habito vindex.
13.
The horse obeys the reins in time, And receives with a
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? 118 EXERCISES IN
quiet mouth the hard bits. The fierceness of the African
lions is subdued by time, Nor does that savage wildness
remain in their disposition, which was once in it.
Equus obedio (synon. ) habena tempus,
Et recipio (synon. ) placidus os durus lupus.
Ira Poenus leo cohibeor (synon. ) tempus,
Nec femsferitas permaneo (enall. ) animus, qui sum ante.
14.
Thus the mourning nightingale bemoans under the
shade of a poplar Her lost young, which a cruel country-
man, Discovering them in their nest, had stolen unfledged;
thus she Grieves through the dark night, and, sitting on a
bough, her song Renews, and fills the places around with
her piteous complaints.
Qualis mcerens philomela sub umbra populus (enall. )
Queror amissus foetus, qui durus arator,
Cernens (synon. ) nidus, implumis detraho; at ille
Nox caucus fleo, ramusque sedens, carmen
Integro, et impleo late locus suus (ellip. ) mcestus questus.
15.
She fears all things and she hopes for nothing: thus
anxious, as she is returning with food, is the bird, Who
has left her young in a lowly shrub, And thus, while absent
from them, is she apprehensive of many evils; She fears
lest the wind should have torn her nest from the tree,
Lest her young should be exposed as a plunder to man, or
a prey to serpents.
Omnis (synon. ) paveo speroque nihil: sic ales ssstuo,
Qui committo/n'fus humilis ornus,
Allaturus cibus (enall. ), et plurimus cogito absens;
Ne ventus discutio nidus arbor,
Ne furtum pateo homo, neu coluber prasda.
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? VERSIFICATION. 119
16.
A moth is flying around my burning candle; And now,
and now again it almost burns its little wings. Often
with my hand I keep it back when approaching, and "O
moth," I cry, "What great desire to die urges you on? "
Still it returns; and, although I strive to save it, It perse-
veres, and rushes into the flames and into death.
Musca volito circum mens exurens lucerna;
Alaque parvus suus amburo jam prope, jamque.
Saepe repello manus is (ellip. ) veniens; et" Musca"
Inquam, " Quis tantus libido morior impello tu V
Ille tamen redeo; et, quanquam Conor (synon. ) servo,
lnsto, et irruo (mall. ) in flamma exitiumque.
CHAPTER IX. --PERIPHRASIS.
Periphrasis is the use of two or more words instead of
one; as Pecoris magister for pastor, and Ovium fcetus for
agni:
Idem amor exitium pecori est, pecorisque magistro.
Pastores ovium teneros depellere fcetus. Virg.
The periphrasis occurs in poetical composition more
frequently than any other figure, except the metaphor.
Besides the assistance, which it renders to the poet in
completing the measure of his verses, it often enables him
to avoid low or inelegant expressions, and to give to his
style a greater degree of variety and beauty.
The words in the following exercises, which are inclosed
within brackets, are examples of the periphrasis, and are
to be substituted for the corresponding word in the line.
When two or more Italic words occur in a line, they must
be omitted, and the meaning, which they are designed to
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? 120 EXERCISES IN
convey, expressed by one word only. When there is only
one word in a line printed in Italics, it is intended to be
omitted, audits meaning expressed by a periphrasis.
EXERCISES.
1.
Thus does the lioness rage when confined in a narrow-
den, And breaks her fierce teeth by biting her prison.
Sic leaena fremo (fera nobilis) in claustrum (enall. ) parvus
abditus,
Et rabidus dens frango carcere prsemorso.
2.
Whither shall I be carried ? where shall I seek comfort
in my affliction? No anchor now holds my bark.
Qua`feror? unde (lapsis rebus) peto solatium (enall. ) mise-
ria?
Jam nullus anchora (non ulla) teneo meus (enall. ) ratis.
3.
Farewell, ye mossy fountains, ye woods, And ye Mu-
ses, and the dreams of fabled Pindus.
Valeo muscosus fons, (sylvestria tecta) sylva,
Musaque (Aonides dese), et somnium Pindus mendax.
4>.
Not far hence herds of cattle wander through the spa-
cious fields, And sheep roam over the joyful pastures.
Nec procul hinc armentum vagor (synon. ) per latus ager,
Ovisque (lanigeri greges) persulto lsetus pabulum.
5.
Then also the birds in safety flew, And the hare wan-
dered fearlessly in the midst of the fields, Nor had their
easy credulity hung on the hook the inhabitants of the
rivers.
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? VERSIFICATION.
121
Tunc et avis (mover? pennas per ae? ra) tuto? (enall. ) volo,
Et lepus impavide` (enall. ) erro in medius ager,
Nec sua credulitasfluminum incolas suspendu hamus.
6.
The astonished cultivators of the fields see rugged
brakes Sweetly blooming with roses, and hear with sur-
prise among parched sands The noisy murmurings of a
river.
Attonitus cultores agrorum video dumet'. im incultus
Suaviter (enall. ) rubens (enall. ) rosa, sitiensque inter arena
Miror garrulus rivus (epithet) murmur.
7.
Arrayed in their shining arms, thrice around the blaz-
ing Piles they ran; thrice the mournful funeral fire They
encompassed on their steeds, and yelled aloud.
Ter, cinctus nitens (synon. ) arma, circum accensus
Hogus curro ( enall. ); ter moesttis funereus f enall. ) ignis
Lustro in suus ? ellip. ) equus, ululoque (ululatus ore dedere).
8.
O robin, a guest most welcome to every house, Whom
the severity of the cold compels to seek the aid of man,
That thou mayst escape the frosts of the wintry air, O fly
hither, And dwell in safety under my roof.
Rubecula (hospes avis), conviva domus quivis gratissimus,
Qui inclementia frigoris cogo quajro homo (enall. ) opem,
Hue O confugio, ut fugio frigus hj bernus cesium,
------ et vivo tutus ? synon.
Is tego commissus; divusque precorjue oro
Ut redeo infelix, desero fortuna ambitiosus.
102.
But he calls the land his own, as far as where the
planted poplar Prevents by fixed boundaries the disputes
of neighbours; as though Any thing could be his own,
which in a moment of the fleeting hour, At one time by
solicitation, at another by purchase, at another by violence,
at another by the last fate of man, May change its mas-
ters, and fall into another's power.
Sed appello usque suum, qua poptilus adsitus certus
Refugio limes vicinus (enall. ) jurgium; tanquam
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? VERSIFICATION. 107
Sum proprium quisquam, punctum qui Jluxus hora,
Nunc prece, nunc pretium, nunc violentia, nunc sors supre-
mus,
Muto (mail. ) dominus, et in alter (enall. ) jus (enall. ) cedo.
103.
Neither should you fear that his mind, becoming per-
haps from his regard to futurity Somewhat averse to the
duties of life, should refuse to bear labors And encounter
dangers, if the public good should require it. This indiffer-
ence to worldly things Rather makes the man free and
vigorous, and in all things that he undertakes Bold and
invincible; and it strengthens him in all difficulties.
Nee timeo quidem uefortasse, ad munia vita
Segnior, hinc mens recuso perfero (enall. ) labor,
Et periculum (sync. )fero, voco si publicus usus.
Liber et erectus potius, res et in agendus
Fortis vir invictusque efficio, casus et per cunctus
Iioboro externus rerum hie despicientia.
CHAPTER VII--Ellipsis.
Ellipsis is the omission of a word or of several words
in a sentence.
When the omitted word or words may be found in some other
part of the sentence, the ellipsis is termed lax or loose; as the
omission of Noram before catulos, and of Similes after hredos:
the ellipsis is termed strict, when the omitted word does not
occur in any part of the sentence; as the omission of Esse after
catulos,, of Suis before matribus, of Ego before n6ram, of Ne-
gotia after magna, and of Ego before solebam, in the following
lines;
Sic canibus catulos similes, sic matribus haedos
Noram; sic parvis componere magna solebam. Viro.
If all the words, which are omitted by the strict and lax
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? 108. EXERCISES IN
ellipsis in the preceding lines were supplied, they would be written
thus;
Sic ego noram catulos esse similes canibus, sir suis matribus hsedos
esse similes
Ego noram; sic parvis negotiis componere magna negotia ego sole-
bam.
Every word that may be omitted in English by the fi-
gure ellipsis without injuring the sense, may most com-
monly be omitted also in Latin.
The use of ellipsis is much more frequent in the Latin,
than it is in the English language; it must not therefore be
inferred from the preceding remark, that those words only
may be left out in translating an English sentence into Latin,
which may be omitted without injury to the sense in the ori-
ginal. Nothing but a considerable knowledge of the idiom of
the language, and of the usage of its writers, can be . a sufficient
guide for the introduction of this figure. The following ob-
servations refer only to those instances of the; strict ellipsis,
which are of the most common occurrence, and must not con-
sequently be considered as affording a comprehensive view of the
subject.
The nouns Homo, verbum, and res or negotium, are
often omitted; as Rarifor rari homines, Paucisfor paucis
verbis, Omnia For omnes res:
Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto.
Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros.
Praesentemque viris intentant omnia mortem. Virg.
A pronoun that is not peculiarly emphatic is generally
omitted when it is the nominative to a verb, and some-
times when it is the case following a verb, especially
before the relative Qui: the pronouns possessive also are
often omitted; as
Vel tu, quod superest, infesto fulmine morti,
S mereor, demitte, tuaque hic obrue dextra.
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? VERSIFICATION. ^09
At simul heroum laudes, et facta parentis
Jam legere, et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus. ViRG.
The verb Sum is frequently omitted; as
Fama, malum quo non aliud velocius ullum,
Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo. ViRG.
Conjunctions are sometimes omitted; as
Ferte citi flammas, date vela, impellite remos. ViRG.
The omission of conjunctions is termed asyndeton, and the
repetition of them, when the sense does not require it, poly-
syndeton. These figures are often introduced into a sentence
solely for the sake of giving to the style a greater variety,
yet they have sometimes a striking and expressive effect. Asyn-
deton has been used to represent more forcibly the rapidity
of an action, or the eagerness of a speaker; polysyndeton,
by retarding the course of a sentence, and thus present-
ing every part of it more distinctly to the mind, has some-
times been rendered expressive of dignity, slowness, and solem-
nity.
In imitation of a Greek mode of expression, the accu-
sative case is sometimes used after a verb passive, a parti-
ciple, or an adjective, the preposition Secundum, or some
other word of similar meaning, being understood; as
Tempora for circa tempora:
Populeis adsunt evincti tempora ramis. Virg.
Many of the lines in the following exercises will require
an alteration in the arrangement of the words, as well as
the introduction of the figure ellipsis, before they can be
formed into verses.
EXERCISES.
1.
O Britain, fairest abode of liberty, let this happier lot
Lat. Pr. K
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? 110 EXERCISES IN
be thine, To escape both the fate of Rome and the guilt
of Rome.
Sum tibi, o secies pulcherrimus libertas, mclior sors,
nescio'et fatum (enall. ) Roma et'crimen (enall. )
Roma.
2.
Grey hairs also have not yet spoiled the beauty of my
jetty locks, Neither has crooked old age with a slow step
approached.
Et nondum canus laedo meus niger capillus,
Nee curvus senecta venio tardus pes.
3.
The poplar tree is the most acceptable tree to Hercules,
the vine the most acceptable to Bacchus, The myrtle the
most acceptable to lovely Venus, to Phcebus his own
laurel is the most acceptable.
Populus Alcidae sum gratissimus arbor, vitis gratissimus Iacchus,
Myrtus gratissimus formosus Venus, Phoebus sum gratissimus
suus laurea.
4.
O wretched me! with what vast waves are the shores
beaten! How is the day also hidden, obscured by thick
clouds!
O ego miser! quantus fluctus {enall. ) littus plangor!
Et dies lateo, conditus nubes(enall) obscurus!
5.
You now I warn. Happy art thou, who, from another's
misery, Shalt learn how to escape thine own misery.
Vos nunc ego moneo. Felix sum tu, quicunque, dolor
Alter, disco possum careo tuus dolor. '
6.
He, who advises that you should do that, which you
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? VERSIFICATION. Ill
are already doing, while he advises Applauds you, and
by his advice commends your conduct.
Qui raoneo ut facio is, qui jam tu facio, monendo ille
Laudo tu, et comprobo actus (enall. ) suus hoftatus.
. 7.
The brooks are dry; the meadows are despoiled of
their beauty by the mildew; And nothing that felt the
blast survives. I saw the flowers fade, I saw the roses die,
and I saw the lilies languish.
Rivus deficio; pratum squaleo rubigo;
Et nihil afflatus vivo. Video ligustrum palleo,
Expiro rosa video, decresco lilium et ego video.
8.
A garden adorned with odoriferous flowers was near,
Dividedas to its ground by a stream of water softly mur-
muring: There Tarquin the secret messages of his son
Receives, and he cuts down with a rod the tallest lilies.
Hortus cultissimus odoratus gramen (fynon. ) subsiim,
Sectus secundum humus rivus aqua sonans lene:
Illic Tarquinius latens suus filius (sgnon. ) mandatum
Accipio, et ille meto virga summus lilium.
9.
When the messenger returned, and reported that the
lilies were cut down, His son exclaimed, "I understand
the orders of my father. " Nor was there any delay. The
chiefs of the city Gabii being slain, The defenceless walls
are surrendered to his generals.
Ut nuncius redeo (sync), decussusque lilium dico,
Natus (synon. ) suus aio, "Ego aguosco jussum mens pa-
rens. "
Nee ullus mora sum. Princeps ex urbs Gabina caesus,
Mcenia nudus trador suus dux.
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? 112 EXERCISES IN
10.
As many shells as the sea-shores have, as many blos-
soms as the fragrant beds of roses have, As many seeds as
the sleep-bringing poppy has, By so many distressing
things am I afflicted; which if I should attempt to num-
ber, I might as well attempt to tell the number of the
waves of the Icarian sea.
Littus quot concha habeo, quot flos rosarium amccnus babeo,
Quotve granum soporifer papaver habeo,
Tot adversus res premor; qui cornprehendo (sync. ) si ego Co-
nor,
Ego conor dico numerus Icarius aqua.
11.
Man alone, who is capable of acquiring knowledge, who
has an ardent desire Of tracing out the causes and mutual
relations of things, Enters on a vain pursuit; for death
hangs over him with sable wings, And arrests him in the
midst of his journey as he is hurrying on.
Homo solus, qui sum sagax scire, cui sum summits cupido
Scrutari causa et res fcedus mututts,
Ingredior vanus iter; namque immineo is niger ala,
Et in medius cursus intercludo is euns mors.
12.
Whither do you madly haste? Although you should
possess each Ocean, and although Lydia should pour
forth for you her golden streams, And although the throne
of Crcesus and the diadem of Cyrus should be added to
these riches, You never will be rich, you never will be
satisfied with gain.
Quo vesane tu ruof Tu teneo uterque licebit oceanus, et Lydia laxo tu suus rutilus fons,
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? VERSIFICATION. 113
Et solium Croesus Cyrusque tiara jungor,
Sura nunquam dives, nunquam satior quaestus.
13.
He, who is always desiring more, is always poor; con-
tented with a little, honorably obtained, Fabricius despised
the gifts of kings; And the consul Serranus labored at the
heavy plough; And an humble cottage held the heroic
Curii.
Ille, quicunque cupio, sum semper inops; contentus honesto
Parvo, Fabricius sperno munus rex;
Sudoque Serranus consul gravis aratrum;
Etangustus casa tego pugnax Curii.
14.
When I ask you for money without security, you say,
"I have not any money;" Yet you, the same person, have
money, if my field is security for me. O Thelesinus,
that, which you will not trust to me, an old friend, You
trust to my lands and to my trees. Behold Carus has ar-
rested you as a criminal; let my field help you. Do you
ask for a companion in your exile? let my field go with
you.
Cilm ego rogo nummus (enall. ) de tu (enall. ) sine pignus,
"Ego non habeo nummus" inquio;
Tu idem homo habeo nummus, si pro ego spondeo mens
agellus.
Is qui nou credo ego, vetus sodales, Thelesinus,
Colliculus meus credo arborque meus.
Ecce, Carus defero tu reus; meus' agellus tu adsum.
Tu quasro comes exilium? meus agellus eo.
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? 114 EXERCISES IN
CHAPTER VIII. --EPItHEtS.
Epithets or adjectives are words expressive of some
quality or property of the nouns, with which they are con-
nected.
Epithets are sometimes introduced into poetry, princi-
pally for the sake of completing the measure of the line;
but in order to render them conducive to the beauty of
the verse, they must express not only some property of
the substantive, to which they are applied, but that pecu-
liar property or quality, which is appropriate and expres-
sive. It may in general be observed, that an adjective
must not be introduced into a sentence, unless it adds
something to its energy or beauty, as well as to its mean-
ing.
An adjective, that is not peculiarly expressive, may be
omitted, when it cannot conveniently be introduced into
the verse.
The words printed in Italics in the following exercises
are substantives, which either require epithets to be added
to them, or which have adjectives connected with them that
may be omitted. A different arrangement of the words
will be required in almost every line.
EXERCISES.
1.
But you, O robbers and wolves, spare this little flock:
Tour'prey should be taken from a herd.
At tii, furque lupusque, parco exiguus pecus:
---- prffida sum petendus de grex,
2.
O Nile, nature has never discovered to any one your
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? VERSIFICATION. 115
source, Neither has it been allowed to the inhabitants of
the earth to see you a small river.
Natura non prodo ullus tuus (ellip. ) caput,
Nilus, nec licet populus video tu parvus.
3.
Horace also has delighted my ears, While he brings
forth from his Ausonian lyre refined songs.
Et Horatius teneo meus (enall. ) auris,
I)um ferio Ausonius lyra cultus carmen.
4.
An image of Minerva is said to have fallen from heaven
Upon the lofty heights of the Trojan city.
Ccsleste signum Minerva credor
Desiluisse in altus jugum Iliacus urbs.
5.
At the entrance of the hollow cave, the habitation of
the god of sleep, poppies in abundance grow, And herbs
innumerable; from the juice of which Humid Night col-
lects her sleepy power, and extends it over the earth.
Ante fores cavus antrum, fcecundus papaver floreo,
Et (synon. ) innumerus herba; qui de lac sopor
Nox lego, et humidus per terra {enall. ) spargo.
6.
Thus the violence of the winds, and the rain from which
they wished to be skreened, compelled mankind at first
To build huts with straw, And to plaster their humble
habitations around with mud.
Sic <<is ventus vitandique imbres primum adegit homo,
'stipula (enall. ) tectum ponere,
? et claudo arctus sedes {enall. ) litnus.
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? 116 EXERCISES IN
7.
Nor are the wives of the East less renowned in fame:
Neither with tears, nor with female cries, Do they de-
plore their husbands' death; but, strange to be related,
They ascend the funeral pile, and are consumed in the
same devouring flames with their lifeless husbands.
Nec Eous uxor minus celebror fama:
Ille non lacrymae, non foemineus ululatus,
Ploro fatum (enall. ) vir (sync); verum, mirabilis dicor,
Conscendoque rogus, Jtamma(\ue(enall. ) vorax voror idem.
8.
The echoing wood resounds with the songs of birds,
and every Shrub and ,'every grove rings with music: The
blackbirds also join their tuneful notes, and the doves
their plaintive sounds; The harmonious lark from above
pours forth its strains.
Sylva vocalis resono chorus avis, atque (synon. ) omnis
Virgultum et omnis nemus ferveo harmoriia:
Et merula misceo numerus gemitusque palumbes;
Canorus alauda addo desuper modus.
9.
He, who once refused to the needy worthless fragments
of food, Now lives himself on food obtained by begging.
Fortune wanders about with uncertain steps, And in no
place remains constant and fixed.
Vilis qui quondam nego (sync. ) alimenta miser,
Nunc pascor ipse cibus mendicatus.
Fortuna vago (synon. ) ambiguus passus,
Et permaneo (enull. ) certus tenaxque in nullus locus.
10.
But virtue does not produce these evils: we confidently
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? VERSIFICATION. 117
assert, That if every one faithfully performed her sacred
duties, Nothing would appear more desirable than sacred
virtue; then would the golden ages return: But it is not
our lot to live in a golden age.
At virtus non parturio hie malum: immii fateor,
Si quisque perago suus munia fideliter, sum
Nihil (sync. ) potior sacer virtus ; jam turn redeo aureus
Sxculum: verum non contigit vivo aureus (syn<sr. ) usvum.
11.
In the shady vales in the midst of Ida, there is a place
Retired, and abounding with oaks and pitch trees, A
place, which has never been touched by the mouth of
the ox, Nor of the sheep, nor of the goat delighting in
rocks.
In nemorosus vallis medius Ids, sum locus
Devius, et piceus atque (synon. ) ilex frequens,
? Qui nee avis, nee capella amans rapes {synon. ),
Nee carpor os bos.
12.
Nor, O wicked man, while life remains, are you free
from painful punishments: Although you may deceive
mortal men, yet you cannot fly from yourself; The
avenging furies disquiet you; care, a harassing attendant,
preys on you, And dwells as a tormentor in your con-
science, which is still mindful of your crimes.
Nee, improbtis, dam vita maneo, des nullasxrumnosas potnat:
Quanquain fallo mortalis homo, tamen haud ipse effugio tu;
Dirte ultrix tu agito; tu cura remordeo, comes saevus,
? memorque sub pectus habito vindex.
13.
The horse obeys the reins in time, And receives with a
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? 118 EXERCISES IN
quiet mouth the hard bits. The fierceness of the African
lions is subdued by time, Nor does that savage wildness
remain in their disposition, which was once in it.
Equus obedio (synon. ) habena tempus,
Et recipio (synon. ) placidus os durus lupus.
Ira Poenus leo cohibeor (synon. ) tempus,
Nec femsferitas permaneo (enall. ) animus, qui sum ante.
14.
Thus the mourning nightingale bemoans under the
shade of a poplar Her lost young, which a cruel country-
man, Discovering them in their nest, had stolen unfledged;
thus she Grieves through the dark night, and, sitting on a
bough, her song Renews, and fills the places around with
her piteous complaints.
Qualis mcerens philomela sub umbra populus (enall. )
Queror amissus foetus, qui durus arator,
Cernens (synon. ) nidus, implumis detraho; at ille
Nox caucus fleo, ramusque sedens, carmen
Integro, et impleo late locus suus (ellip. ) mcestus questus.
15.
She fears all things and she hopes for nothing: thus
anxious, as she is returning with food, is the bird, Who
has left her young in a lowly shrub, And thus, while absent
from them, is she apprehensive of many evils; She fears
lest the wind should have torn her nest from the tree,
Lest her young should be exposed as a plunder to man, or
a prey to serpents.
Omnis (synon. ) paveo speroque nihil: sic ales ssstuo,
Qui committo/n'fus humilis ornus,
Allaturus cibus (enall. ), et plurimus cogito absens;
Ne ventus discutio nidus arbor,
Ne furtum pateo homo, neu coluber prasda.
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? VERSIFICATION. 119
16.
A moth is flying around my burning candle; And now,
and now again it almost burns its little wings. Often
with my hand I keep it back when approaching, and "O
moth," I cry, "What great desire to die urges you on? "
Still it returns; and, although I strive to save it, It perse-
veres, and rushes into the flames and into death.
Musca volito circum mens exurens lucerna;
Alaque parvus suus amburo jam prope, jamque.
Saepe repello manus is (ellip. ) veniens; et" Musca"
Inquam, " Quis tantus libido morior impello tu V
Ille tamen redeo; et, quanquam Conor (synon. ) servo,
lnsto, et irruo (mall. ) in flamma exitiumque.
CHAPTER IX. --PERIPHRASIS.
Periphrasis is the use of two or more words instead of
one; as Pecoris magister for pastor, and Ovium fcetus for
agni:
Idem amor exitium pecori est, pecorisque magistro.
Pastores ovium teneros depellere fcetus. Virg.
The periphrasis occurs in poetical composition more
frequently than any other figure, except the metaphor.
Besides the assistance, which it renders to the poet in
completing the measure of his verses, it often enables him
to avoid low or inelegant expressions, and to give to his
style a greater degree of variety and beauty.
The words in the following exercises, which are inclosed
within brackets, are examples of the periphrasis, and are
to be substituted for the corresponding word in the line.
When two or more Italic words occur in a line, they must
be omitted, and the meaning, which they are designed to
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? 120 EXERCISES IN
convey, expressed by one word only. When there is only
one word in a line printed in Italics, it is intended to be
omitted, audits meaning expressed by a periphrasis.
EXERCISES.
1.
Thus does the lioness rage when confined in a narrow-
den, And breaks her fierce teeth by biting her prison.
Sic leaena fremo (fera nobilis) in claustrum (enall. ) parvus
abditus,
Et rabidus dens frango carcere prsemorso.
2.
Whither shall I be carried ? where shall I seek comfort
in my affliction? No anchor now holds my bark.
Qua`feror? unde (lapsis rebus) peto solatium (enall. ) mise-
ria?
Jam nullus anchora (non ulla) teneo meus (enall. ) ratis.
3.
Farewell, ye mossy fountains, ye woods, And ye Mu-
ses, and the dreams of fabled Pindus.
Valeo muscosus fons, (sylvestria tecta) sylva,
Musaque (Aonides dese), et somnium Pindus mendax.
4>.
Not far hence herds of cattle wander through the spa-
cious fields, And sheep roam over the joyful pastures.
Nec procul hinc armentum vagor (synon. ) per latus ager,
Ovisque (lanigeri greges) persulto lsetus pabulum.
5.
Then also the birds in safety flew, And the hare wan-
dered fearlessly in the midst of the fields, Nor had their
easy credulity hung on the hook the inhabitants of the
rivers.
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? VERSIFICATION.
121
Tunc et avis (mover? pennas per ae? ra) tuto? (enall. ) volo,
Et lepus impavide` (enall. ) erro in medius ager,
Nec sua credulitasfluminum incolas suspendu hamus.
6.
The astonished cultivators of the fields see rugged
brakes Sweetly blooming with roses, and hear with sur-
prise among parched sands The noisy murmurings of a
river.
Attonitus cultores agrorum video dumet'. im incultus
Suaviter (enall. ) rubens (enall. ) rosa, sitiensque inter arena
Miror garrulus rivus (epithet) murmur.
7.
Arrayed in their shining arms, thrice around the blaz-
ing Piles they ran; thrice the mournful funeral fire They
encompassed on their steeds, and yelled aloud.
Ter, cinctus nitens (synon. ) arma, circum accensus
Hogus curro ( enall. ); ter moesttis funereus f enall. ) ignis
Lustro in suus ? ellip. ) equus, ululoque (ululatus ore dedere).
8.
O robin, a guest most welcome to every house, Whom
the severity of the cold compels to seek the aid of man,
That thou mayst escape the frosts of the wintry air, O fly
hither, And dwell in safety under my roof.
Rubecula (hospes avis), conviva domus quivis gratissimus,
Qui inclementia frigoris cogo quajro homo (enall. ) opem,
Hue O confugio, ut fugio frigus hj bernus cesium,
------ et vivo tutus ? synon.
