His ener-
gies were first directed to periodical literature;
but he subsequently produced (The Court and
the City under Louis XIV.
gies were first directed to periodical literature;
but he subsequently produced (The Court and
the City under Louis XIV.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
An Ital-
ian poet and pulpit orator; born in Bassano,
1783; died at Padua in 1852. He was distin-
guished for the tasteful eloquence of his ser-
mons. In (Little Poems, "Sermons on Feast
Days,' and (The Euganean Hills,' he displays
the resources of his well-stored mind with the
utmost elegance.
Barbour, John. A Scottish poet; born about
1316; died in Aberdeen, March 13, 1395. He
was educated, it is thought, at Oxford and
Paris; and was a clerk in the King's house-
hold. Barbour is one of the most ancient poets
of Scotland; and his great epic, (The Bruce,
tells the story of Robert Bruce and the battle
of Bannockburn. It was written in 1375 and
brought him favor from the King. First
printed in Edinburgh in 1571; best modern
edition by Skeat (Early Eng. Text Soc'y). He
also wrote (Legends of the Saints,' of 33,533
verses; and a fragment on the Trojan war.
Barclay, Alexander. A British author; born
about 1475; died in Croydon, June 1552. The
best authorities call him a Scotchman, and
suppose him to have been educated at either
Cambridge or Oxford, or possibly at both those
universities. He traveled extensively, spoke
many languages, and was long a priest in the
College of Ottery St. Mary in Devonshire.
Afterward he was a priest and monk of Ely,
and joined the Franciscans at Canterbury. His
(Eclogues,' undated but written at Ely, are
the first in the English language. Of more
value is his translation (1509) of Sebastian
Brandt's (Ship of Fools,' which had appeared
in Basel in 1494. It had great influence on
English literature. *
Barclay, John. A Scottish poet; born in
Pont-à-Mousson, France, Jan 28, 1582; died in
Rome, Aug. 12, 1621. Educated in the Jesuit
college of his native town; went to England
in 1603, and attained the favor of James I.
He wrote important books in Latin. Argenis,
a romance (Paris, 1621), unites classical with
modern fiction. Fénélon was indebted to it for
(Telemachus. It has always won the admi.
ration of literary men, especially Richelieu and
Coleridge. Another romance, (Satyricon) (Lon-
don, 1603), partly autobiographical, attacks the
Jesuits and Puritans. Other works include:
(Sylvæ, Latin poems (1606); Apologia)
(1611), and (Icon Animorum' (1614).
Baretti, Giuseppe Marcantonio (bä-ret'tē).
An Italian critic and poet (1719-89), who,
after a roaming life in Italy, settled in Lon-
don in 1751, whither he returned again about
1766, having left England in 1760 and founded
in Venice the critical periodical Frusta Lette-
raria (Literary Scourge), which contained his
most important work and is considered as
epoch-making in Italian literature. Of his
writings in English, the Account of the Man-
ners and Customs of Italy) (1768-69) attracted
much attention. His Dictionary of the Eng.
lish and Italian Languages) (1760, lately 1873)
is still highly esteemed.
Barham, Richard Harris. An English poet;
born in Canterbury, Dec. 6, 1788; died in Lon.
don, June 17, 1845. He was educated at St.
Paul's and Oxford; took orders in 1813; was
rector of two country churches, and later of
one in London. Under the name of “Thomas
Ingoldsby” he wrote the (Ingoldsby Legends,'
prose and verse (London, 1840-47), which were
accorded a high place in humorous literature,
and are now classics. He also wrote: My
Cousin Nicholas,' a novel (1841); and Life of
Theodore Hook) (1849). *
Baring-Gould, Sabine. An English anti-
quary and novelist; born in Exeter in 1834. He
graduated from Cambridge in 1856, and has
been since 1881 rector of Lew-Trenchard in
Devon. He is author of Iceland : Its Scenes
and Sagas) (1864); (The Book of Werewolves!
(1865); “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages)
(series 1 and 2, 1866-67); (Lives of the Saints
(1872–79); “Yorkshire Oddities) (2 vols. , 1874);
and (Germany Past and Present' (2 vols. ,
1879). He has written religious books, and of
late years novels which have become popular.
They include: (Mehalah : a Story of the Salt
Marshes) (2 vols. , London, 1880); (John Her-
ring) (2 vols. , 1883); Red Spider! (1887);
(Grettis the Outlaw) (1890); and “The Broom
Squire) (1896). *
Barker, Matthew Henry. An English nov-
elist; born at Deptford in 1790; died in Lon-
don, June 29, 1846. He followed the sea, and
under the name of « The Old Sailor” wrote
spirited sea tales, very popular in their day.
They include: Land and Sea Tales) (Lon.
don, 1836); (Life of Nelson (1836); (Topsail-
sheet Blocks) (3 vols. , 1838 ; new ed. 1881);
and (The Victory, or the Wardroom Mess)
(1844).
Barlæus or Baerle, Kaspar van (bär-li'us).
A Dutch poet, historian, and learned writer;
born in Antwerp, Feb. 12, 1584; died in Am-
sterdam, Jan. 14, 1648. His Poems, mostly
Latin, are not fiery, his History of Brazil
under Maurice of Nassau' is decidedly so; and
he composed also numerous fine orations, the
influence he exercised upon thought being very
considerable.
Barlow, Jane. An Irish poet and story-
writer; born in county Dublin about 1857. She
is the daughter of Prof. Barlow of Dublin Uni-
versity, a writer of historical and philosophical
works. Her popular books include: Irish
Idylls) (1892); (Bogland Studies); (Kerrigan's
Quality'; (Walled Out, or Eschatology in a
og); «The Mockers of the Shallow Waters!
(1893); (Strangers at Lisconnel' (1895). *
## p. 43 (#59) ##############################################
BARLOW – BARR
43
.
)
Barlow, Joel. An American poet and states-
man; born in Reading, Conn. , March 24, 1754 ;
died near Cracow, Poland, Dec. 24, 1812. He
published political works and poems, which
contain many philosophical and political dis-
sertations. The Vision of Columbus) (Hart-
ford, 1787) was extended into (The Columbiad,
a long epic (Phila. , 1807). He also wrote (The
Conspiracy of Kings) (London, 1792); and the
celebrated poem “Hasty Pudding. ' *
Barnard, Lady Ann. A Scotch poet; born
at Lindsay in Fifeshire, 1750; died 1825. She is
famous for (Auld Robin Gray,' a ballad which
has attained great popularity throughout Scot-
land. She also wrote other poems.
Barnard, Charles. An American dramatist ;
born in Boston, Mass. , Feb. 13, 1838. He is a
journalist and dramatist. His most popular
play is (The County Fair) (1888). Author
of “The Tone Masters (New York, 1871);
Knights of To-day) (1881); (The Whistling
Buoy) (1887); dramas, and books on garden-
ing and electricity.
Barnard, Henry. A prominent American
educator; born at Hartford, Conn. , Jan. 24,
1811. He was president of the University of
Wisconsin (1856-59) and St. John's College,
Annapolis, Md. (1865-66); founded the Amer-
ican Journal of Education (1855); was United
States Commissioner of Education (1867-70).
Among his numerous writings may be named :
(Hints and Methods for Teachers) (1857);
Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism' (1861); (Ger-
man Educational Reformers) (1862); etc.
Barnard, John. A noted American Con-
gregational divine; born at Boston, Nov. 6,
1681; died at Marblehead, Mass. , Jan. 24, 1770.
He was one of the earliest New England dis-
senters from Calvinism. Ordained colleague
minister of Marblehead (1716); he took great
interest in the local fisheries and commerce.
He wrote History of the Strange Adventures
of Philip Ashton' (1725), etc.
Barnes, Albert. An American Presbyterian
minister and religious writer; born at Rome,
N. Y. , Dec. 1, 1798; died at Philadelphia, Dec.
24, 1870. For thirty-seven years pastor of the
First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia; he
was best known by his Notes) on the New
Testament (of which over a million volumes
are said to have circulated), Isaiah, Job,
Psalms, etc. He wrote also (The Church and
Slavery) (1857); Life at Threescore and
Ten) (1869); etc. His heterodox views caused
the formation of the New School of Presby-
terian theology (1837).
Barnes, Barnabe. An English poet; born
in Yorkshire about 1569; died in St. Mary-le-
Bow, Durham, in December 1609. . He was
the son of the Bishop of Durham; was edu-
cated at Oxford; and went to Normandy in
1591 with the Earl of Essex. His fame rests
a collection of sonnets, madrigals, and
odes, called Parthenophil and Parthenope)
(London, about 1593). Other books : (A Divine
Century of Spiritual Sonnets) (1595); and
(The Devil's Charter,' a tragedy (1607).
Barnes, William. An English poet and
philologist; born in Dorsetshire, Feb. 22, 1800;
died in Winterbourne Came, in October 1886.
He wrote many books on philology; and three
series of (Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset-
shire Dialect) (London, 1844, 1846, and 1863),
and Poems of Rural Life) (1866). His
«fad)) was the disuse of all but the Anglo-
Saxon elements of the English language. *
Barni, Jules Romain (bär-nē). A French
scholar and philosophical writer and critic;
born in Lille, June 1, 1818; died in Mers, dept.
Somme, July 4, 1878. His efforts to propagate
the Kantian philosophy through the medium
of 'Observations on the Sense of the Sublime
and Beautiful) (1836), Foundations of Ethical
Metaphysic) (1848), and Kantian Philosophy)
(1850), earned him distinction; as did also, in
another but contiguous field, a (History of
Moral and Political Ideas in France in the
Eighteenth Century) (1866).
Barnum, Mrs. Frances Courtenay (Bay-
lor). An American novelist; born in Arkan-
sas, 1848. Her home is in Savannah. She
has written : (On Both Sides, an international
novel; (Behind the Blue Ridge); Juan and
Juanita,' a story for boys and girls; 'Claudia
Hyde. She has also been a frequent contrib-
utor to magazines, and a writer of short stories.
Barnum, Phineas Taylor. A famous Amer-
ican showman; born at Bethel, Conn. , July 5,
1810; died at Bridgeport, Conn. , April 7, 1891.
After various unsuccessful business ventures, he
finally established Barnum's Museum in New
York (1841), which was twice burned. He in-
troduced Tom Thumb, Jenny Lind, Commo-
dore Nutt, Admiral Dot, the Woolly Horse,
Jumbo, etc. , to the American public. In 1871
he established his great circus. He was mayor
of Bridgeport, and four times member of the
Connecticut Legislature. His benefactions were
large and frequent. He wrote: Humbugs of
the World' (1865); (Struggles and Triumphs)
(1869); Lion Jack, a Story) (1876); Auto-
biography) (1855, new editions 1869 and later).
He was a lecturer on temperance and other
popular subjects.
Barr, Amelia Edith. An Anglo-American
novelist; born in Ulverton, Lancashire, Eng.
land, March 29, 1831. She was the daughter
of the Rev. William Huddleston, and in 1850
married Robert Barr. She came to America
in 1854, and lived for some years in Texas;
but after her husband's death removed to New
York, where her first book, (Romance and
Reality,' was published in 1872. She is a pro-
lific writer, and her novels are very popular.
They include: Jan Vedder's Wife) (New
York, 1885); (A Daughter of Fife) (1885);
(A Bow of Orange Ribbon) (1886); (A Border
Shepherdess) (1887); (Friend Olivia' (1890).
Barr, Robert. A Scottish author; born in
Glasgow about 1855. He spent his childhood
:
on
## p. 44 (#60) ##############################################
44
BARRACAND - BARROW
on
in Canada, drifted into journalism, joined the
staff of Detroit Free Press, and wrote under
the name of “Luke Sharp. ” He went to
London in 1881 and founded The Idler with
Jerome K. Jerome, but retired to devote him-
self to fiction. He is author of a number of
novels : (In the Midst of Alarms) (1894); (The
Face and the Mask) (1895); (One Day's Court-
ship’ (1896); (A Woman Intervenes) (1896);
and others.
Barracand, Léon Henri (bär-ä-kän). A
French poet and novelist; born at Romans,
Drôme, May 2, 1844. He gave up the law
when a very young man in order to write
verses; but he was not much known as a poet
until Dananiel (1886) appeared, under the
pseudonym of «Léon Grandet, followed by a
sequel, (Doctor Gal (1870). He had already,
however, attracted attention by some fictions,
and has steadily risen in importance as a nov-
elist; -(Yolande) (1867); (Hilaire Gervais)
(1885); (The Second Lieutenant's Manuscript)
(1887); and (The Cousin (1888), being per-
haps best known. His Lamartine and the
Muse) (1883) was crowned by the French
Academy.
Barrantes, Vicente (bär-rän'tes). A Span-
ish miscellaneous writer, novelist, and poet;
born at Badajoz, March 24, 1829. He first stud-
ied theology, but in 1848 settled in Madrid to
pursue literature; held responsible government
offices; became member of the Academy in
1872. Among his works are the stories (Al-
ways Late) (1851); Juan de Padilla); (The
Widow of Padilla); and a series of historical
studies, dealing with strictly local Philippine
Island and Estremaduran topics. His (Tales
and Legends) are well chosen and well writ-
ten; but a work on (The Defects and Dangers
of Universal Suffrage, partly fiction and partly
satire, is weak.
Barrès, Maurice (bär-ās'). A French nov-
elist and publicist; born at Charmes-sur-Mo-
selle, Aug. 17, 1862. His political career has
been successful, but less important than his
work in literature, he being conspicuous in
the decadent » school owing to his fictions :
(Under the Eye of the Barbarians, a study in
egoism ; (The Sensation of Paris); and (The
Latin Quarter) (all in 1888), in all of which the
artificialities of an over-refined culture are
apparent.
Barrett, Benjamin Fisk. An American Swe-
denborgian theologian; born at Dresden, Me. ,
June 24, 1808; died at Germantown, Pa. , Aug.
6, 1892. Settled in Philadelphia, he edited the
New Church Monthly and founded the Swe-
denborgian Publication Society in 1885. He
wrote a number of works on Swedenborgian-
ism, including a "Life of Swedenborg'; 'Swe-
denborg and Channing); etc.
Barrie, James Matthew. A Scottish author;
born in Kirriemuir, Forfarshire, May 9, 1860.
He graduated from Edinburgh University in
1882, and went to London in 1885 to engage
in journalism. His peculiar talent for depicting
Scottish village life and rustic characters with
fidelity, pathos, humor, and poetic charm, has
brought him fame. "Better Dead) (1887) and
(When a Man's Single) (1888) were followed
by Auld Licht Idylls) (1888) and A Win-
dow in Thrums) (1889), which first made him
widely known; (An Edinburgh Eleven' (1890);
(My Lady Nicotine, humorous essays
smoking (1890); (The Little Minister) (1891);
(Sentimental Tommy) (1896); Margaret
Ogilvy! (1896), a biography of his mother.
He has also written numerous short sketches
and three comedies : “Walker, London (1892);
Jane Annie) (1893); and (The Professor's
Love Story. ' *
Barrière, Jean François (bä-rē-ır'). A
French historical writer; born in Paris, May
12, 1786; died there, Aug. 22, 1868.
His ener-
gies were first directed to periodical literature;
but he subsequently produced (The Court and
the City under Louis XIV. , Louis XV. , and
Louis XVI. , besides editing a numerous series
of memoirs of personages connected with the
Grand Monarch.
Barrière, Théodore (bä-rê-år'). A French
dramatist, born in Paris, 1823; died there, Oct.
16, 1877. In collaboration with others he sup-
plied the French stage with a great number of
dramas and comedies, some of which met with
much favor, especially (Bohemian Life) (1848,
with Murger); (The Maids of Marble) (1853,
with Thiboust), a counterpart to Dumas's
(La Dame aux Camélias); and (The Spurious
Men of Honor) (1856, with Capendu), a scath-
ing satire and his masterpiece.
Barrili, Antonio Giulio (bär-rē'lē). An Ital-
ian novelist; born in Savona, 1836. Engaging
in journalism when only eighteen, he assumed
the management of Il Movimento in 1860, and
became proprietor and editor of Il Caffaro in
Genoa in 1872. He had taken part in the cam-
paigns of 1859 and 1866 (with Garibaldi in Ty-
rol) and in the Roman expedition of 1867, and
sat in the Chamber of Deputies in 1876–79.
One of the most prolific writers of modern
Italy. Among his numerous stories are: (Elm-
tree and Ivy) (1868); (The Vale of Olives)
(1871); (As in a Dream'; 'The Devil's Portrait
(1882); (The Eleventh Commandment); (A
Whimsical Wooing) (the last three translated
into English and published by Geo. Gotts-
berger Peck, New York).
Barros, João de (bär'rös). The foremost
Portuguese historian; born at Vizeu, 1400;
died near Lisbon, Oct. 20, 1570. His principal
work, Asia,' a history of Portuguese discover-
ies and conquests in East India, 1415-1539, was
afterwards continued by Diogo de Couto. He
also wrote the Chronicle of Emperor Clari-
mundo,' a historical romance, distinguished for
great beauty of style.
Barrow, Frances Elizabeth. An American
author; born in Charleston, S. C. , Feb. 22,
1822; died in New York city, May 7, 1894.
She was educated in New York, where she was
married to James Barrow. She wrote under
3
3
## p. 45 (#61) ##############################################
BARROW-BARTRAM
45
nevs
As a
the name of Aunt Fanny» numerous books
for children; among them (Six Nightcaps,'
which has been translated into French, Ger-
man, and Swedish. Another, (The Letter G)
(1864), was widely known and very popular.
She also wrote a novel, (The Wife's Stratagem. '
Barrow, Sir John. A notable English
writer on travels; born at Dragleybeck, Lan-
cashire, June 19, 1764; died in London, Nov.
23, 1848. His numerous and extended jour-
are recounted in (Travels to China,
(Voyage to Cochin-China, (Travels in the
Interior of Southern Africa, and various dia-
ries, with an accuracy beyond question, and
a conscientious devotion to science equaled only
by the modesty of his own disparagement of
the results of his investigations.
Barrows, John Henry. An American Pres.
byterian minister, chairman of the general
committee on religious congresses at the Co-
lumbian Exposition (1893); born at Medina,
Mich. , July 11, 1847. He has written : (The
Gospels are True Histories) (1891); Henry
Ward Beecher, the Pulpit Jupiter) (1893);
Life of Henry Ward Beecher); etc.
Barry, John Daniel. An American novelist;
born 1866. He has written : (A Daughter of
Thespis); (The Intriguers); Mademoiselle
Blanche); (The Princess Margarethe, a Fairy
Tale.
Barthélemy, Auguste Marseille (bär-tāl-
mē'). A French satirist; born in Marseilles,
1796; died there, Aug. 23, 1867. In collabora.
tion with his friend, Joseph Méry, he wrote
several satirical epics, directed against the
Bourbon dynasty, which appealed to a large
circle of readers. The great historical epic
Napoleon in Egypt) (1828) describes the po-
etical side of that wonderful campaign with
great skill.
Barthélemy, Jean Jacques. A French an-
tiquarian; born at Cassis, Provence, Jan. 20,
1710; died in Paris, April 30, 1795. He won
European fame with his (Travels of Young
Anacharsis in Greece) (1788), a fascinating
picture of domestic and social life in ancient
Greece, which was translated into many lan-
guages, into English by Beaumont (1791). As
a romancer he tried his hand with (The Loves
of Carites and Polydorus) (1760), purporting
to be translated from the Greek.
Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, Jules (bär-tāl.
mē' san-tê-lār'). A French scholar and man
of letters; born in Paris, 1805. He has writ-
ten brilliantly for leading periodicals, and his
best-known work is probably the Comment-
ary on Aristotle) (1837-70). He has also pub-
lished: (The Vedas) (1854); (Mahomet and
the Koran' (1865); and (Philosophy in Relation
to Science and Religion (1889).
Barthet, Armand (bär-tā'). A French poet
and novelist (1820-74), best remembered as
the author of (The Sparrow of Lesbia) (1849),
a comedy in verse, written for the famous
Rachel.
Bartlett, John. An American publisher and
compiler of books of reference; born at Plym-
outh, Mass. , June 14, 1820. Since 1878 a mem-
ber of the publishing-house of Little, Brown
& Co. , Boston. He has compiled: (Familiar
Quotations) (1855), a ninth edition of which
appeared in 1891; (The Shakspere Phrase
Book) (1881); -A Shakspere Concordance)
(1894), etc.
Bartlett, John Russell. An American au-
thor ; born in Providence, R. I. , Oct. 23, 1805;
died there, May 28, 1886. He was Secretary
of State of Rhode Island from 1855 to 1872.
Besides many books of local interest, he pre-
pared a Dictionary of Americanisms, which
is widely known as a work of reference.
Bartlett, Samuel Colcord. An American
educator and Congregational divine; born at
Salisbury, N. H. , Nov. 25, 1817. He was presi-
dent of Dartmouth College (1877-92). He
has written (From Egypt to Palestine) (1879),
and several religious works.
Bartók, Ludwig von (bär-tök'). A Hunga-
rian poet and dramatist; born in 1851. He is
widely known as a versifier of taste, “Carpa-
thian Songs) being his happiest verse.
playwright he is even more distinguished; the
comedy of (The Most Beautiful) (1880), and
the historical tragedy (Margareta Kendi, as
well as Anna Thuran,' a historical drama,
having been frequently acted.
Bartol, Cyrus Augustus (bär-tol'). An
American Unitarian divine and essayist; born
at Freeport, Me. , April 30, 1813. He has been
prominent as a radical in religious thought, and
pastor' of the West Church, Boston, since 1861.
He has written: Pictures of Europe ) (1855);
(Radical Problems) (1872); and several ethical
and religious works.
Bartoli, Adolfo (bär-to'lē). An Italian his-
torian of literature ; born in Fivizzano, Nov.
19, 1833. He has long been a recognized ar-
biter of taste and the elegancies in connection
with his country's literature; his First Two
Centuries of Italian Literature) (1870-80) and
(History of Italian Literature) (1878-89) being
masterpieces.
Barton, Bernard. An English poet; born
in Carlisle, Jan. 31, 1784; died in Woodbridge,
Feb. 19, 1849. Educated at a Quaker school in
Ipswich. He is called the “Quaker Poet,”
and is best known because of his friendship
with Charles Lamb. His life was spent in
Woodbridge. He published many volumes of
verse, now neglected. They include : (Metrical
Effusions) (London, 1812); Devotional Verses)
(1826); and Household Verses) (1845).
Bartram, John (bär'trạm). A celebrated
American botanist; born in Chester county,
Pa. , March 23, 1699; died at Kingsessing, near
Philadelphia, Pa. , Sept. 22, 1777. He was called
the “father of American botany, and founded
at Kingsessing the first botanical garden in
America. Linnæus termed him «the greatest
natural botanist in the world. " He published
## p. 46 (#62) ##############################################
46
BASCOM – BAUDELAIRE
(Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil,
Diverse Productions, Animals, etc. , made in his
travels from Pennsylvania to Lake Ontario,
and a similar volume on eastern Florida (1766).
Bascom, John. An American educator and
philosophical writer; born at Geneva, N. Y. ,
1827. He was president of the University of
Wisconsin (1874-87). He has written a num-
ber of philosophical works, among them : Phi-
losophy of English Literature) (1874), lectures
before the Lowell Institute; (Comparative
Psychology) (1878); (Sociology) (1887), etc.
Basedow or Bassedau (bäs'è-dou). A cele-
brated German pedagogue; born in Hamburg,
Sept. II, 1723; died in Magdeburg, July 25,
1790. He became one of the most acute think-
ers of his day, the problem of education en-
listing his intellectual powers particularly; and
in the famous Elementary Treatise) (1774),
he inaugurated a pedagogical revolution, the
work being analogous to that of Comenius
in the Pictured (or Painted) World. The
German, however, was strictly scientific and
modern, the numerous works he subsequently
prepared being elaborations of the original
treatise, and all of vital importance in the
history of education.
Bashkirtseff, Marie (bäsh-kērts'ef). A Rus-
sian author; born in Russia in 1860; died in
Paris in 1884. She came of a noble and
wealthy family, went to Italy to study singing,
and to Paris to study art. Her fame rests on
her private Journal, which seems to have
been written with ultimate publication in view.
Basile, Giovan Batista (bä-sēl'é), Count of
Torone. An Italian poet and writer of fairy
tales; died before 1634. His most prominent
works are written in Neopolitan dialect, of
which they are the most valuable literary
monument. (The Pentameron (1637) is a col-
lection of 50 folk-tales, distributed over five
days, which became a great favorite and was
widely translated.
Basselin or Bachelin, Olivier (bäs-lan'). A
French poet, born in the Val-de-Vire, Nor-
mandy, about 1350; died there (? ) about 1419.
His career has been investigated with some
pains because of the assertion that the vocabu-
lary of theatrical and poetical literature is in-
debted to him for the word « vaudeville ”; it
would appear he was a cloth fuller or presser,
with a mill in his native vale, which brought
him in quite a revenue. He was much given
to versified narration and iteration of convivial
themes, in rhymed fragments dubbed vaux-de-
vire in honor of the poet's purlieus. In the
(Book of New Songs and Vaux-de-Vire)
(1610) appears a collection of these Bacchana-
lian stanzas, the most touching of which is
addressed by the singer (To My Nose, the
rubescence thereof being tastefully and exqui-
sitely celebrated.
Bassett, James (bas'et). A Presbyterian mis-
sionary in Persia; born at Glenford, near Ham-
ilton, Canada, Jan. 31, 1834. He served in the
Civil War, 1862-63. A missionary in Persia
since 1871, he wrote a volume of hymns in
Persian (Teheran, 1875 and 1884). Among
his other works are : (Among the Turcomans)
(1880); 'Persia, the Land of the Imam (1886).
The establishment of a U. S. legation in Persia
was largely owing to his efforts and writings.
Bastiat, Frederic (bäst-yä'). A French po-
litical economist; born at Bayonne, 1801; died
at Rome, 1850. He is most celebrated for the
(Economic Harmonies) (1849). For a long
time he edited the great economic journal
Libre Echange, and strove to spread free-trade
doctrines. On the Influence of French and
English tariffs on the Future of the Two Na-
tions) is one of his free-trade studies, and he
also wrote various manuals of political econ-
omy. *
Bates, Arlo. An American author; born in
East Machias, Me. , Dec. 16, 1850. He gradu-
ated from Bowdoin in 1876, when he engaged
in literary work in Boston. He is now pro-
fessor of English literature at the Institute
of Technology. He is author of poems and
novels, including: “The Pagans) (New York,
1884); (A Lad's Love); (The Wheel of Fire
(1885); (The Philistines) (1888); (Berries of
the Brier) (1886), poems; (Talks on Writing
English'; and (Talks on the Study of Litera-
ture) (1897).
Bates, Charlotte Fiske. An American poet
and miscellaneous prose-writer; born in New
York city, Nov. 30, 1838. She was educated in
Cambridge, Mass. , where she still resides. She
assisted Longfellow in compiling Poems of
Places); edited the Cambridge Book of Poetry
and Song) (Boston, 1882); has contributed to
magazines and has published Risk and Other
Poems) (1879).
Bates, Clara Doty. An American author;
born in Ann Arbor, Mich. , 1838; died 1895. She
lived in Chicago and published many juvenile
books. Also (From Heart's Content' (Chicago,
1892).
Bates, Mrs. Harriet Leonora (Vose), better
known as “Eleanor Putnam. ” An American
story and sketch writer, wife of Arlo Bates;
born 1856; died 1886. She wrote : (A Wood-
land Wooing); (Old Salem (1886); with her
husband, Prince Vance'; etc.
Bates, Katharine Lee. An American story.
writer, poet, and educator ; born in Falmouth,
Mass. , Aug. 12, 1859. She fills the chair of Eng-
lish literature in Wellesley College; has edited
collections of ballads, etc. ; has written juvenile
stories, including “Rose and Thorn) (Boston,
1889); also (The English Religious Drama!
(New York, 1893); and (The College Beauti-
ful and Other Poems) (1887).
Baudelaire, Charles (böd-lar'). A French
poet and critic; born in Paris, April 9, 1821;
died there, Aug. 31, 1867. His works include
a translation of Poe (1856); the collection of
poems Flowers of Evil' (1857); (Théophile
Gautier) (1859); (Artificial Paradises, Opium
:
## p. 47 (#63) ##############################################
BAUDISSIN - BAYARD
47
:
and Hashish) (1860); "Little Prose Poems);
besides essays and sketches. *
Baudissin, Wolf Heinrich, Count von (bou'-
dis-sen). A German littérateur (1789-1878),
one of the chief contributors to the famous
German translation of Shakespeare edited by
Schlegel and Tieck, of which he rendered :
"Comedy of Errors); "Love's Labour's Lost);
(All's Well that Ends Well); (Taming of the
Shrew); Much Ado about Nothing'; (Merry
Wives of Windsor); (Measure for Measure);
'Titus Andronicus); “King Lear); Antony and
Cleopatra); (Troilus and Cressida); “Othello';
and Henry VIII. Under the title (Ben Jon-
son and his School (1836) he published trans-
lations of old English dramas.
Bauer, Bruno (bour). A German biblical
critic and scholar; born in Eisenberg, Sept. 9,
1809; died in Rixdorf, April 13, 1882. He has
carried the new movement) in rational the-
ology very far, his Critical Exposition of the
Religion of the Old Testament) (1838) and
(Critique of the Gospels) (1850) being extreme
in their various expositions.
Bauer, Klara. See Detlef.
Bäuerle, Adolf (boi'er-le). An Austrian
dramatist and novelist (1784-1859), who culti-
vated with much success the field of popular
comedy and local farce in Vienna, where in
1804 he founded the Vienna Theatre-Gazette,
until 1847 the most widely read paper in the
Austrian monarchy and now a valuable source
for the history of the stage in Vienna. Of his
numerous plays the following became known
also outside of Austria: Leopold's Day)
(1814); (The Enchanted Prince) (1818); “The
Counterfeit Prima Donna (1818); (A Deuce of
a Fellow) (1820); (The Friend in Need. Un-
der the pseudonym “Otto Horn” he wrote the
novels (Therese Krones) (1855) and Ferdi-
nand Raimund) (1855), full of the personal
element and local anecdote.
Bauernfeld, Eduard von (bou'ern-feld). An
Austrian dramatist; born in Vienna, Jan.
ian poet and pulpit orator; born in Bassano,
1783; died at Padua in 1852. He was distin-
guished for the tasteful eloquence of his ser-
mons. In (Little Poems, "Sermons on Feast
Days,' and (The Euganean Hills,' he displays
the resources of his well-stored mind with the
utmost elegance.
Barbour, John. A Scottish poet; born about
1316; died in Aberdeen, March 13, 1395. He
was educated, it is thought, at Oxford and
Paris; and was a clerk in the King's house-
hold. Barbour is one of the most ancient poets
of Scotland; and his great epic, (The Bruce,
tells the story of Robert Bruce and the battle
of Bannockburn. It was written in 1375 and
brought him favor from the King. First
printed in Edinburgh in 1571; best modern
edition by Skeat (Early Eng. Text Soc'y). He
also wrote (Legends of the Saints,' of 33,533
verses; and a fragment on the Trojan war.
Barclay, Alexander. A British author; born
about 1475; died in Croydon, June 1552. The
best authorities call him a Scotchman, and
suppose him to have been educated at either
Cambridge or Oxford, or possibly at both those
universities. He traveled extensively, spoke
many languages, and was long a priest in the
College of Ottery St. Mary in Devonshire.
Afterward he was a priest and monk of Ely,
and joined the Franciscans at Canterbury. His
(Eclogues,' undated but written at Ely, are
the first in the English language. Of more
value is his translation (1509) of Sebastian
Brandt's (Ship of Fools,' which had appeared
in Basel in 1494. It had great influence on
English literature. *
Barclay, John. A Scottish poet; born in
Pont-à-Mousson, France, Jan 28, 1582; died in
Rome, Aug. 12, 1621. Educated in the Jesuit
college of his native town; went to England
in 1603, and attained the favor of James I.
He wrote important books in Latin. Argenis,
a romance (Paris, 1621), unites classical with
modern fiction. Fénélon was indebted to it for
(Telemachus. It has always won the admi.
ration of literary men, especially Richelieu and
Coleridge. Another romance, (Satyricon) (Lon-
don, 1603), partly autobiographical, attacks the
Jesuits and Puritans. Other works include:
(Sylvæ, Latin poems (1606); Apologia)
(1611), and (Icon Animorum' (1614).
Baretti, Giuseppe Marcantonio (bä-ret'tē).
An Italian critic and poet (1719-89), who,
after a roaming life in Italy, settled in Lon-
don in 1751, whither he returned again about
1766, having left England in 1760 and founded
in Venice the critical periodical Frusta Lette-
raria (Literary Scourge), which contained his
most important work and is considered as
epoch-making in Italian literature. Of his
writings in English, the Account of the Man-
ners and Customs of Italy) (1768-69) attracted
much attention. His Dictionary of the Eng.
lish and Italian Languages) (1760, lately 1873)
is still highly esteemed.
Barham, Richard Harris. An English poet;
born in Canterbury, Dec. 6, 1788; died in Lon.
don, June 17, 1845. He was educated at St.
Paul's and Oxford; took orders in 1813; was
rector of two country churches, and later of
one in London. Under the name of “Thomas
Ingoldsby” he wrote the (Ingoldsby Legends,'
prose and verse (London, 1840-47), which were
accorded a high place in humorous literature,
and are now classics. He also wrote: My
Cousin Nicholas,' a novel (1841); and Life of
Theodore Hook) (1849). *
Baring-Gould, Sabine. An English anti-
quary and novelist; born in Exeter in 1834. He
graduated from Cambridge in 1856, and has
been since 1881 rector of Lew-Trenchard in
Devon. He is author of Iceland : Its Scenes
and Sagas) (1864); (The Book of Werewolves!
(1865); “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages)
(series 1 and 2, 1866-67); (Lives of the Saints
(1872–79); “Yorkshire Oddities) (2 vols. , 1874);
and (Germany Past and Present' (2 vols. ,
1879). He has written religious books, and of
late years novels which have become popular.
They include: (Mehalah : a Story of the Salt
Marshes) (2 vols. , London, 1880); (John Her-
ring) (2 vols. , 1883); Red Spider! (1887);
(Grettis the Outlaw) (1890); and “The Broom
Squire) (1896). *
Barker, Matthew Henry. An English nov-
elist; born at Deptford in 1790; died in Lon-
don, June 29, 1846. He followed the sea, and
under the name of « The Old Sailor” wrote
spirited sea tales, very popular in their day.
They include: Land and Sea Tales) (Lon.
don, 1836); (Life of Nelson (1836); (Topsail-
sheet Blocks) (3 vols. , 1838 ; new ed. 1881);
and (The Victory, or the Wardroom Mess)
(1844).
Barlæus or Baerle, Kaspar van (bär-li'us).
A Dutch poet, historian, and learned writer;
born in Antwerp, Feb. 12, 1584; died in Am-
sterdam, Jan. 14, 1648. His Poems, mostly
Latin, are not fiery, his History of Brazil
under Maurice of Nassau' is decidedly so; and
he composed also numerous fine orations, the
influence he exercised upon thought being very
considerable.
Barlow, Jane. An Irish poet and story-
writer; born in county Dublin about 1857. She
is the daughter of Prof. Barlow of Dublin Uni-
versity, a writer of historical and philosophical
works. Her popular books include: Irish
Idylls) (1892); (Bogland Studies); (Kerrigan's
Quality'; (Walled Out, or Eschatology in a
og); «The Mockers of the Shallow Waters!
(1893); (Strangers at Lisconnel' (1895). *
## p. 43 (#59) ##############################################
BARLOW – BARR
43
.
)
Barlow, Joel. An American poet and states-
man; born in Reading, Conn. , March 24, 1754 ;
died near Cracow, Poland, Dec. 24, 1812. He
published political works and poems, which
contain many philosophical and political dis-
sertations. The Vision of Columbus) (Hart-
ford, 1787) was extended into (The Columbiad,
a long epic (Phila. , 1807). He also wrote (The
Conspiracy of Kings) (London, 1792); and the
celebrated poem “Hasty Pudding. ' *
Barnard, Lady Ann. A Scotch poet; born
at Lindsay in Fifeshire, 1750; died 1825. She is
famous for (Auld Robin Gray,' a ballad which
has attained great popularity throughout Scot-
land. She also wrote other poems.
Barnard, Charles. An American dramatist ;
born in Boston, Mass. , Feb. 13, 1838. He is a
journalist and dramatist. His most popular
play is (The County Fair) (1888). Author
of “The Tone Masters (New York, 1871);
Knights of To-day) (1881); (The Whistling
Buoy) (1887); dramas, and books on garden-
ing and electricity.
Barnard, Henry. A prominent American
educator; born at Hartford, Conn. , Jan. 24,
1811. He was president of the University of
Wisconsin (1856-59) and St. John's College,
Annapolis, Md. (1865-66); founded the Amer-
ican Journal of Education (1855); was United
States Commissioner of Education (1867-70).
Among his numerous writings may be named :
(Hints and Methods for Teachers) (1857);
Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism' (1861); (Ger-
man Educational Reformers) (1862); etc.
Barnard, John. A noted American Con-
gregational divine; born at Boston, Nov. 6,
1681; died at Marblehead, Mass. , Jan. 24, 1770.
He was one of the earliest New England dis-
senters from Calvinism. Ordained colleague
minister of Marblehead (1716); he took great
interest in the local fisheries and commerce.
He wrote History of the Strange Adventures
of Philip Ashton' (1725), etc.
Barnes, Albert. An American Presbyterian
minister and religious writer; born at Rome,
N. Y. , Dec. 1, 1798; died at Philadelphia, Dec.
24, 1870. For thirty-seven years pastor of the
First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia; he
was best known by his Notes) on the New
Testament (of which over a million volumes
are said to have circulated), Isaiah, Job,
Psalms, etc. He wrote also (The Church and
Slavery) (1857); Life at Threescore and
Ten) (1869); etc. His heterodox views caused
the formation of the New School of Presby-
terian theology (1837).
Barnes, Barnabe. An English poet; born
in Yorkshire about 1569; died in St. Mary-le-
Bow, Durham, in December 1609. . He was
the son of the Bishop of Durham; was edu-
cated at Oxford; and went to Normandy in
1591 with the Earl of Essex. His fame rests
a collection of sonnets, madrigals, and
odes, called Parthenophil and Parthenope)
(London, about 1593). Other books : (A Divine
Century of Spiritual Sonnets) (1595); and
(The Devil's Charter,' a tragedy (1607).
Barnes, William. An English poet and
philologist; born in Dorsetshire, Feb. 22, 1800;
died in Winterbourne Came, in October 1886.
He wrote many books on philology; and three
series of (Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset-
shire Dialect) (London, 1844, 1846, and 1863),
and Poems of Rural Life) (1866). His
«fad)) was the disuse of all but the Anglo-
Saxon elements of the English language. *
Barni, Jules Romain (bär-nē). A French
scholar and philosophical writer and critic;
born in Lille, June 1, 1818; died in Mers, dept.
Somme, July 4, 1878. His efforts to propagate
the Kantian philosophy through the medium
of 'Observations on the Sense of the Sublime
and Beautiful) (1836), Foundations of Ethical
Metaphysic) (1848), and Kantian Philosophy)
(1850), earned him distinction; as did also, in
another but contiguous field, a (History of
Moral and Political Ideas in France in the
Eighteenth Century) (1866).
Barnum, Mrs. Frances Courtenay (Bay-
lor). An American novelist; born in Arkan-
sas, 1848. Her home is in Savannah. She
has written : (On Both Sides, an international
novel; (Behind the Blue Ridge); Juan and
Juanita,' a story for boys and girls; 'Claudia
Hyde. She has also been a frequent contrib-
utor to magazines, and a writer of short stories.
Barnum, Phineas Taylor. A famous Amer-
ican showman; born at Bethel, Conn. , July 5,
1810; died at Bridgeport, Conn. , April 7, 1891.
After various unsuccessful business ventures, he
finally established Barnum's Museum in New
York (1841), which was twice burned. He in-
troduced Tom Thumb, Jenny Lind, Commo-
dore Nutt, Admiral Dot, the Woolly Horse,
Jumbo, etc. , to the American public. In 1871
he established his great circus. He was mayor
of Bridgeport, and four times member of the
Connecticut Legislature. His benefactions were
large and frequent. He wrote: Humbugs of
the World' (1865); (Struggles and Triumphs)
(1869); Lion Jack, a Story) (1876); Auto-
biography) (1855, new editions 1869 and later).
He was a lecturer on temperance and other
popular subjects.
Barr, Amelia Edith. An Anglo-American
novelist; born in Ulverton, Lancashire, Eng.
land, March 29, 1831. She was the daughter
of the Rev. William Huddleston, and in 1850
married Robert Barr. She came to America
in 1854, and lived for some years in Texas;
but after her husband's death removed to New
York, where her first book, (Romance and
Reality,' was published in 1872. She is a pro-
lific writer, and her novels are very popular.
They include: Jan Vedder's Wife) (New
York, 1885); (A Daughter of Fife) (1885);
(A Bow of Orange Ribbon) (1886); (A Border
Shepherdess) (1887); (Friend Olivia' (1890).
Barr, Robert. A Scottish author; born in
Glasgow about 1855. He spent his childhood
:
on
## p. 44 (#60) ##############################################
44
BARRACAND - BARROW
on
in Canada, drifted into journalism, joined the
staff of Detroit Free Press, and wrote under
the name of “Luke Sharp. ” He went to
London in 1881 and founded The Idler with
Jerome K. Jerome, but retired to devote him-
self to fiction. He is author of a number of
novels : (In the Midst of Alarms) (1894); (The
Face and the Mask) (1895); (One Day's Court-
ship’ (1896); (A Woman Intervenes) (1896);
and others.
Barracand, Léon Henri (bär-ä-kän). A
French poet and novelist; born at Romans,
Drôme, May 2, 1844. He gave up the law
when a very young man in order to write
verses; but he was not much known as a poet
until Dananiel (1886) appeared, under the
pseudonym of «Léon Grandet, followed by a
sequel, (Doctor Gal (1870). He had already,
however, attracted attention by some fictions,
and has steadily risen in importance as a nov-
elist; -(Yolande) (1867); (Hilaire Gervais)
(1885); (The Second Lieutenant's Manuscript)
(1887); and (The Cousin (1888), being per-
haps best known. His Lamartine and the
Muse) (1883) was crowned by the French
Academy.
Barrantes, Vicente (bär-rän'tes). A Span-
ish miscellaneous writer, novelist, and poet;
born at Badajoz, March 24, 1829. He first stud-
ied theology, but in 1848 settled in Madrid to
pursue literature; held responsible government
offices; became member of the Academy in
1872. Among his works are the stories (Al-
ways Late) (1851); Juan de Padilla); (The
Widow of Padilla); and a series of historical
studies, dealing with strictly local Philippine
Island and Estremaduran topics. His (Tales
and Legends) are well chosen and well writ-
ten; but a work on (The Defects and Dangers
of Universal Suffrage, partly fiction and partly
satire, is weak.
Barrès, Maurice (bär-ās'). A French nov-
elist and publicist; born at Charmes-sur-Mo-
selle, Aug. 17, 1862. His political career has
been successful, but less important than his
work in literature, he being conspicuous in
the decadent » school owing to his fictions :
(Under the Eye of the Barbarians, a study in
egoism ; (The Sensation of Paris); and (The
Latin Quarter) (all in 1888), in all of which the
artificialities of an over-refined culture are
apparent.
Barrett, Benjamin Fisk. An American Swe-
denborgian theologian; born at Dresden, Me. ,
June 24, 1808; died at Germantown, Pa. , Aug.
6, 1892. Settled in Philadelphia, he edited the
New Church Monthly and founded the Swe-
denborgian Publication Society in 1885. He
wrote a number of works on Swedenborgian-
ism, including a "Life of Swedenborg'; 'Swe-
denborg and Channing); etc.
Barrie, James Matthew. A Scottish author;
born in Kirriemuir, Forfarshire, May 9, 1860.
He graduated from Edinburgh University in
1882, and went to London in 1885 to engage
in journalism. His peculiar talent for depicting
Scottish village life and rustic characters with
fidelity, pathos, humor, and poetic charm, has
brought him fame. "Better Dead) (1887) and
(When a Man's Single) (1888) were followed
by Auld Licht Idylls) (1888) and A Win-
dow in Thrums) (1889), which first made him
widely known; (An Edinburgh Eleven' (1890);
(My Lady Nicotine, humorous essays
smoking (1890); (The Little Minister) (1891);
(Sentimental Tommy) (1896); Margaret
Ogilvy! (1896), a biography of his mother.
He has also written numerous short sketches
and three comedies : “Walker, London (1892);
Jane Annie) (1893); and (The Professor's
Love Story. ' *
Barrière, Jean François (bä-rē-ır'). A
French historical writer; born in Paris, May
12, 1786; died there, Aug. 22, 1868.
His ener-
gies were first directed to periodical literature;
but he subsequently produced (The Court and
the City under Louis XIV. , Louis XV. , and
Louis XVI. , besides editing a numerous series
of memoirs of personages connected with the
Grand Monarch.
Barrière, Théodore (bä-rê-år'). A French
dramatist, born in Paris, 1823; died there, Oct.
16, 1877. In collaboration with others he sup-
plied the French stage with a great number of
dramas and comedies, some of which met with
much favor, especially (Bohemian Life) (1848,
with Murger); (The Maids of Marble) (1853,
with Thiboust), a counterpart to Dumas's
(La Dame aux Camélias); and (The Spurious
Men of Honor) (1856, with Capendu), a scath-
ing satire and his masterpiece.
Barrili, Antonio Giulio (bär-rē'lē). An Ital-
ian novelist; born in Savona, 1836. Engaging
in journalism when only eighteen, he assumed
the management of Il Movimento in 1860, and
became proprietor and editor of Il Caffaro in
Genoa in 1872. He had taken part in the cam-
paigns of 1859 and 1866 (with Garibaldi in Ty-
rol) and in the Roman expedition of 1867, and
sat in the Chamber of Deputies in 1876–79.
One of the most prolific writers of modern
Italy. Among his numerous stories are: (Elm-
tree and Ivy) (1868); (The Vale of Olives)
(1871); (As in a Dream'; 'The Devil's Portrait
(1882); (The Eleventh Commandment); (A
Whimsical Wooing) (the last three translated
into English and published by Geo. Gotts-
berger Peck, New York).
Barros, João de (bär'rös). The foremost
Portuguese historian; born at Vizeu, 1400;
died near Lisbon, Oct. 20, 1570. His principal
work, Asia,' a history of Portuguese discover-
ies and conquests in East India, 1415-1539, was
afterwards continued by Diogo de Couto. He
also wrote the Chronicle of Emperor Clari-
mundo,' a historical romance, distinguished for
great beauty of style.
Barrow, Frances Elizabeth. An American
author; born in Charleston, S. C. , Feb. 22,
1822; died in New York city, May 7, 1894.
She was educated in New York, where she was
married to James Barrow. She wrote under
3
3
## p. 45 (#61) ##############################################
BARROW-BARTRAM
45
nevs
As a
the name of Aunt Fanny» numerous books
for children; among them (Six Nightcaps,'
which has been translated into French, Ger-
man, and Swedish. Another, (The Letter G)
(1864), was widely known and very popular.
She also wrote a novel, (The Wife's Stratagem. '
Barrow, Sir John. A notable English
writer on travels; born at Dragleybeck, Lan-
cashire, June 19, 1764; died in London, Nov.
23, 1848. His numerous and extended jour-
are recounted in (Travels to China,
(Voyage to Cochin-China, (Travels in the
Interior of Southern Africa, and various dia-
ries, with an accuracy beyond question, and
a conscientious devotion to science equaled only
by the modesty of his own disparagement of
the results of his investigations.
Barrows, John Henry. An American Pres.
byterian minister, chairman of the general
committee on religious congresses at the Co-
lumbian Exposition (1893); born at Medina,
Mich. , July 11, 1847. He has written : (The
Gospels are True Histories) (1891); Henry
Ward Beecher, the Pulpit Jupiter) (1893);
Life of Henry Ward Beecher); etc.
Barry, John Daniel. An American novelist;
born 1866. He has written : (A Daughter of
Thespis); (The Intriguers); Mademoiselle
Blanche); (The Princess Margarethe, a Fairy
Tale.
Barthélemy, Auguste Marseille (bär-tāl-
mē'). A French satirist; born in Marseilles,
1796; died there, Aug. 23, 1867. In collabora.
tion with his friend, Joseph Méry, he wrote
several satirical epics, directed against the
Bourbon dynasty, which appealed to a large
circle of readers. The great historical epic
Napoleon in Egypt) (1828) describes the po-
etical side of that wonderful campaign with
great skill.
Barthélemy, Jean Jacques. A French an-
tiquarian; born at Cassis, Provence, Jan. 20,
1710; died in Paris, April 30, 1795. He won
European fame with his (Travels of Young
Anacharsis in Greece) (1788), a fascinating
picture of domestic and social life in ancient
Greece, which was translated into many lan-
guages, into English by Beaumont (1791). As
a romancer he tried his hand with (The Loves
of Carites and Polydorus) (1760), purporting
to be translated from the Greek.
Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, Jules (bär-tāl.
mē' san-tê-lār'). A French scholar and man
of letters; born in Paris, 1805. He has writ-
ten brilliantly for leading periodicals, and his
best-known work is probably the Comment-
ary on Aristotle) (1837-70). He has also pub-
lished: (The Vedas) (1854); (Mahomet and
the Koran' (1865); and (Philosophy in Relation
to Science and Religion (1889).
Barthet, Armand (bär-tā'). A French poet
and novelist (1820-74), best remembered as
the author of (The Sparrow of Lesbia) (1849),
a comedy in verse, written for the famous
Rachel.
Bartlett, John. An American publisher and
compiler of books of reference; born at Plym-
outh, Mass. , June 14, 1820. Since 1878 a mem-
ber of the publishing-house of Little, Brown
& Co. , Boston. He has compiled: (Familiar
Quotations) (1855), a ninth edition of which
appeared in 1891; (The Shakspere Phrase
Book) (1881); -A Shakspere Concordance)
(1894), etc.
Bartlett, John Russell. An American au-
thor ; born in Providence, R. I. , Oct. 23, 1805;
died there, May 28, 1886. He was Secretary
of State of Rhode Island from 1855 to 1872.
Besides many books of local interest, he pre-
pared a Dictionary of Americanisms, which
is widely known as a work of reference.
Bartlett, Samuel Colcord. An American
educator and Congregational divine; born at
Salisbury, N. H. , Nov. 25, 1817. He was presi-
dent of Dartmouth College (1877-92). He
has written (From Egypt to Palestine) (1879),
and several religious works.
Bartók, Ludwig von (bär-tök'). A Hunga-
rian poet and dramatist; born in 1851. He is
widely known as a versifier of taste, “Carpa-
thian Songs) being his happiest verse.
playwright he is even more distinguished; the
comedy of (The Most Beautiful) (1880), and
the historical tragedy (Margareta Kendi, as
well as Anna Thuran,' a historical drama,
having been frequently acted.
Bartol, Cyrus Augustus (bär-tol'). An
American Unitarian divine and essayist; born
at Freeport, Me. , April 30, 1813. He has been
prominent as a radical in religious thought, and
pastor' of the West Church, Boston, since 1861.
He has written: Pictures of Europe ) (1855);
(Radical Problems) (1872); and several ethical
and religious works.
Bartoli, Adolfo (bär-to'lē). An Italian his-
torian of literature ; born in Fivizzano, Nov.
19, 1833. He has long been a recognized ar-
biter of taste and the elegancies in connection
with his country's literature; his First Two
Centuries of Italian Literature) (1870-80) and
(History of Italian Literature) (1878-89) being
masterpieces.
Barton, Bernard. An English poet; born
in Carlisle, Jan. 31, 1784; died in Woodbridge,
Feb. 19, 1849. Educated at a Quaker school in
Ipswich. He is called the “Quaker Poet,”
and is best known because of his friendship
with Charles Lamb. His life was spent in
Woodbridge. He published many volumes of
verse, now neglected. They include : (Metrical
Effusions) (London, 1812); Devotional Verses)
(1826); and Household Verses) (1845).
Bartram, John (bär'trạm). A celebrated
American botanist; born in Chester county,
Pa. , March 23, 1699; died at Kingsessing, near
Philadelphia, Pa. , Sept. 22, 1777. He was called
the “father of American botany, and founded
at Kingsessing the first botanical garden in
America. Linnæus termed him «the greatest
natural botanist in the world. " He published
## p. 46 (#62) ##############################################
46
BASCOM – BAUDELAIRE
(Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil,
Diverse Productions, Animals, etc. , made in his
travels from Pennsylvania to Lake Ontario,
and a similar volume on eastern Florida (1766).
Bascom, John. An American educator and
philosophical writer; born at Geneva, N. Y. ,
1827. He was president of the University of
Wisconsin (1874-87). He has written a num-
ber of philosophical works, among them : Phi-
losophy of English Literature) (1874), lectures
before the Lowell Institute; (Comparative
Psychology) (1878); (Sociology) (1887), etc.
Basedow or Bassedau (bäs'è-dou). A cele-
brated German pedagogue; born in Hamburg,
Sept. II, 1723; died in Magdeburg, July 25,
1790. He became one of the most acute think-
ers of his day, the problem of education en-
listing his intellectual powers particularly; and
in the famous Elementary Treatise) (1774),
he inaugurated a pedagogical revolution, the
work being analogous to that of Comenius
in the Pictured (or Painted) World. The
German, however, was strictly scientific and
modern, the numerous works he subsequently
prepared being elaborations of the original
treatise, and all of vital importance in the
history of education.
Bashkirtseff, Marie (bäsh-kērts'ef). A Rus-
sian author; born in Russia in 1860; died in
Paris in 1884. She came of a noble and
wealthy family, went to Italy to study singing,
and to Paris to study art. Her fame rests on
her private Journal, which seems to have
been written with ultimate publication in view.
Basile, Giovan Batista (bä-sēl'é), Count of
Torone. An Italian poet and writer of fairy
tales; died before 1634. His most prominent
works are written in Neopolitan dialect, of
which they are the most valuable literary
monument. (The Pentameron (1637) is a col-
lection of 50 folk-tales, distributed over five
days, which became a great favorite and was
widely translated.
Basselin or Bachelin, Olivier (bäs-lan'). A
French poet, born in the Val-de-Vire, Nor-
mandy, about 1350; died there (? ) about 1419.
His career has been investigated with some
pains because of the assertion that the vocabu-
lary of theatrical and poetical literature is in-
debted to him for the word « vaudeville ”; it
would appear he was a cloth fuller or presser,
with a mill in his native vale, which brought
him in quite a revenue. He was much given
to versified narration and iteration of convivial
themes, in rhymed fragments dubbed vaux-de-
vire in honor of the poet's purlieus. In the
(Book of New Songs and Vaux-de-Vire)
(1610) appears a collection of these Bacchana-
lian stanzas, the most touching of which is
addressed by the singer (To My Nose, the
rubescence thereof being tastefully and exqui-
sitely celebrated.
Bassett, James (bas'et). A Presbyterian mis-
sionary in Persia; born at Glenford, near Ham-
ilton, Canada, Jan. 31, 1834. He served in the
Civil War, 1862-63. A missionary in Persia
since 1871, he wrote a volume of hymns in
Persian (Teheran, 1875 and 1884). Among
his other works are : (Among the Turcomans)
(1880); 'Persia, the Land of the Imam (1886).
The establishment of a U. S. legation in Persia
was largely owing to his efforts and writings.
Bastiat, Frederic (bäst-yä'). A French po-
litical economist; born at Bayonne, 1801; died
at Rome, 1850. He is most celebrated for the
(Economic Harmonies) (1849). For a long
time he edited the great economic journal
Libre Echange, and strove to spread free-trade
doctrines. On the Influence of French and
English tariffs on the Future of the Two Na-
tions) is one of his free-trade studies, and he
also wrote various manuals of political econ-
omy. *
Bates, Arlo. An American author; born in
East Machias, Me. , Dec. 16, 1850. He gradu-
ated from Bowdoin in 1876, when he engaged
in literary work in Boston. He is now pro-
fessor of English literature at the Institute
of Technology. He is author of poems and
novels, including: “The Pagans) (New York,
1884); (A Lad's Love); (The Wheel of Fire
(1885); (The Philistines) (1888); (Berries of
the Brier) (1886), poems; (Talks on Writing
English'; and (Talks on the Study of Litera-
ture) (1897).
Bates, Charlotte Fiske. An American poet
and miscellaneous prose-writer; born in New
York city, Nov. 30, 1838. She was educated in
Cambridge, Mass. , where she still resides. She
assisted Longfellow in compiling Poems of
Places); edited the Cambridge Book of Poetry
and Song) (Boston, 1882); has contributed to
magazines and has published Risk and Other
Poems) (1879).
Bates, Clara Doty. An American author;
born in Ann Arbor, Mich. , 1838; died 1895. She
lived in Chicago and published many juvenile
books. Also (From Heart's Content' (Chicago,
1892).
Bates, Mrs. Harriet Leonora (Vose), better
known as “Eleanor Putnam. ” An American
story and sketch writer, wife of Arlo Bates;
born 1856; died 1886. She wrote : (A Wood-
land Wooing); (Old Salem (1886); with her
husband, Prince Vance'; etc.
Bates, Katharine Lee. An American story.
writer, poet, and educator ; born in Falmouth,
Mass. , Aug. 12, 1859. She fills the chair of Eng-
lish literature in Wellesley College; has edited
collections of ballads, etc. ; has written juvenile
stories, including “Rose and Thorn) (Boston,
1889); also (The English Religious Drama!
(New York, 1893); and (The College Beauti-
ful and Other Poems) (1887).
Baudelaire, Charles (böd-lar'). A French
poet and critic; born in Paris, April 9, 1821;
died there, Aug. 31, 1867. His works include
a translation of Poe (1856); the collection of
poems Flowers of Evil' (1857); (Théophile
Gautier) (1859); (Artificial Paradises, Opium
:
## p. 47 (#63) ##############################################
BAUDISSIN - BAYARD
47
:
and Hashish) (1860); "Little Prose Poems);
besides essays and sketches. *
Baudissin, Wolf Heinrich, Count von (bou'-
dis-sen). A German littérateur (1789-1878),
one of the chief contributors to the famous
German translation of Shakespeare edited by
Schlegel and Tieck, of which he rendered :
"Comedy of Errors); "Love's Labour's Lost);
(All's Well that Ends Well); (Taming of the
Shrew); Much Ado about Nothing'; (Merry
Wives of Windsor); (Measure for Measure);
'Titus Andronicus); “King Lear); Antony and
Cleopatra); (Troilus and Cressida); “Othello';
and Henry VIII. Under the title (Ben Jon-
son and his School (1836) he published trans-
lations of old English dramas.
Bauer, Bruno (bour). A German biblical
critic and scholar; born in Eisenberg, Sept. 9,
1809; died in Rixdorf, April 13, 1882. He has
carried the new movement) in rational the-
ology very far, his Critical Exposition of the
Religion of the Old Testament) (1838) and
(Critique of the Gospels) (1850) being extreme
in their various expositions.
Bauer, Klara. See Detlef.
Bäuerle, Adolf (boi'er-le). An Austrian
dramatist and novelist (1784-1859), who culti-
vated with much success the field of popular
comedy and local farce in Vienna, where in
1804 he founded the Vienna Theatre-Gazette,
until 1847 the most widely read paper in the
Austrian monarchy and now a valuable source
for the history of the stage in Vienna. Of his
numerous plays the following became known
also outside of Austria: Leopold's Day)
(1814); (The Enchanted Prince) (1818); “The
Counterfeit Prima Donna (1818); (A Deuce of
a Fellow) (1820); (The Friend in Need. Un-
der the pseudonym “Otto Horn” he wrote the
novels (Therese Krones) (1855) and Ferdi-
nand Raimund) (1855), full of the personal
element and local anecdote.
Bauernfeld, Eduard von (bou'ern-feld). An
Austrian dramatist; born in Vienna, Jan.
