] was the result of
anything
but chance.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
) Ovid (Fast.
vi.
101, dic.
) relates of Cara belongs
8. PAPIRIUS CARBO, a son of Rubria, who is to Cardea : the poet seems, in fact, in that
mentioned only by Cicero (ad Fam. ix. 21), and passage to confound three distinct divinities-
is ironically called there a friend of Cicero. Who Carna, Cardea, and Crane, the last of whom he
he was is unknown.
[L. S. ] declares to be merely an ancient form of Carna.
CARCI'NUS, the father of Agathocles. [AGA-Cardea was beloved by Janus, and after yielding
THOCLES. )
to his embraces, the god rewarded her by giving
CARCINUS (Kaprívos). 1. Suidas mentions her the protection of the hinges of doors, and the
three distinct poets of this name. The first he power of preventing evil daemons from entering
calls a native of Agrigentum in Sicily; the second houses. She especially protected little children in
an Athenian, and son of Theodectes or Xenocles; their cradles against formidable night-birds, which
and the third simply an Attic poet. The first of witches used to metamorphose themselves into, and
these poets is not mentioned any where else, and thus to attack children by night time, tearing them
his existence is more than doubtful. The investi- from their cradles and sucking the blood out of
gations of Meineke on the poets of the name Car- them. Cardea exercised this power by means of
cinus have shewn incontrovertibly that we have to white thorn and other magic substances, and is
distinguish between two tragic poets of this name, said to have done so first in the case of Procas, prince
both of whom were natives of Athens. The first of Alba. (Tertull. de Cor. 13. ) [L. S. )
or elder one, who was a very skilful scenic dancer CARDIANUS HIERONYMUS. [HIERO-
(Athen. i. p. 22), is occasionally alluded to by NYMUS. )
Aristophanes (Nub. 1263, Par, 794, with the CARE'NES or CARRHE'NES, a general of
Schol. ); but his dramas, of which no fragments the Parthians who was defeated in a battle with
have come down to us, seem to have perished at Gotarzes in A. D. 49. (Tac. Ann. xii. 12–14. ) [L. S. )
an early time.
D. CARFULE'NUS, called Carsuleius by Ap-
The younger Carcinus was a son either of Theo pian, served under Julius Caesar in the Alexan-
dectes or of Xenocles; and if the latter statement drine war (B. C. 47), in which he is spoken of as
a
## p. 613 (#633) ############################################
CARINUS.
613
CARNA.
SAUTI
a man of great military skill. (Hirt. B. Alex. 31. ) T. CARI'SIUS, defeated the Astures in Spain,
He was tribune of the plebs at the time of Cae- and took their chief town, Lancia, about B. c. 25;
sar's death (B. C. 44); and as he was a supporter but in consequence of the cruelty and insolence of
of the aristocratical party, and an opponent of An- Carisius, the Astures took up arms again in B. C.
tony, was excluded from the senate by the latter 22. (Florus, iv. 12. $ 55, &c. ; Oros. vi. 21 ;
on the 28th of November. (Cic. Philipp. iii. 9. ) Dion Cass. liii. 25, liv. 5. ) There are several
[Tı. Canutius. ) He took an active part in the coins bearing the name of Carisius upon them, two
war against Antony in the following year, and fell specimens of which are given below. The former
in the battle of Mutina, in which Antony was de has on the obverse the head of a woman, and on
. feated. (Appian, B. C. iii. 66, &c. ; Cic. ad Fam. the reverse a sphinx, with the inscription T. CA-
x. 33, xv. 4. )
RISIVS III. Vir: the latter has on the obverse
CARI'NAS. (CARRINAS. )
CARI'NUS, M. AURE'LIUS, the elder of
the two sons of Carus. Upon the departure of his
father for the Persian war (A. D. 282), he was ap-
pointed supreme governor of all the Westem pro-
vinces, and received the titles of Caesar and Im-
perator. After the death of Carus in 283, he
assumed the purple conjointly with his brother,
and upon receiving intelligence of the untimely
fate of Numerianus and the elevation of Diocletian the head of Augustus, with the inscription Imp.
to the throne by the army of Asia, he set forth in Caesar Avgvst. , and on the reverse the gate
all haste from Gaul to encounter his riral. The of a city, over which is inscribed Imirita, and
opposing hosts met in Maesia, several engagements around it the words P. CARIsIvs Leg. PROPR.
followed, and at length a decisive battle was fought There is nothing in the former coin except the
Dear Margum, in which Carinus gained the vic-
tory, but, in the moment of triumph, was slain
by some of his own officers, whose honour he had
wounded in the course of his profligate indulgences.
PIRITA
Historians agree in painting the character of this
emperor in the darkest colours. When roused he
lor
was unquestionably not deficient in valour and
military skill, as was proved by the vigour with
which he repressed certain seditious movements in
Gaul, and by the successful conduct of his last praenomen Titus to identify it with the subject of
campaign. But during the greater part of his this article ; but the latter one would appear to
short career he abandoned himself to the gratifica- have been struck by the conqueror of the Astures,
tion of the most brutal passions, and never scrupled and perhaps Dion Cassius has made a mistake in
at any act of oppression or cruelty. State affairs calling him Titus. The word IMIRITA, which
were totally neglected—the most upright of those is also written EMERITA and IIMIIRITA on some
by whom he was surrounded were banished or put of the coins, seems to refer to the fact mentioned
to death, and the highest offices bestowed upon by Dion Cassius (liii. 26), that after the conquest
degraded ministers of his pleasures. Nine wives of the Cantabri and Astures, Augustus dismissed
were wedded and repudiated in quick succession, many of his soldiers who had served their time
and the palace, filled with a throng of players, (emeriti), and assigned them a town in Lusitania,
dancers, harlots, and panders, presented a constant to which he gave the name of Augusta Emerita.
scene of riot and intemperance. It was bitterly (Eckhel, v. p. 162, &c. )
observed, that in this prince the sensual enormities CA'RIUS (Kápos), the Carian, a surname of
of Elagabalus were seen combined with the cold Zeus, under which he had a temple at Mylassa in
ferocity of Domitian. His only claims upon the Caria, which belonged to the Carians, Lydians,
affection of the populace consisted in the prodigal and Mysians in common, as they were believed to
magnificence displayed in the celebration of games be brother nations. (Herod. i. 17), v. 66 ; Strab.
in honour of his brother and himself. These ap-xiv. p. 659. ) In Thessaly and Boeotia, Zeus was
pear to have transcended in fantastic splendour all likewise worshipped under this name. (Plot.
previous exhibitions, and the details transmitted Ler. s. r. )
(L. S. ]
to us by Vopiscus are of a most strange and mar- CARMA'NOR (Kapudvwp), a Cretan of Tarrha,
vellous description.
father of Eubulus and Chrysothemis. He was
Chronologers are at variance with regard to the said to have received and purified Apollo and
precise date of the death of Carinus. Eckhel seems Artemis, after they had slain the monster Python,
inclined to fix it at the close of the year 284, but it and it was in the house of Carmanor that Apollo
is generally referred to the May following. (Vopisc. formed his connexion with the nymph Acacallis.
Carin. ; Aurel
. Vict. Caes. xxxviii. , Epit. xxxviii. ; (Paus. ii. 7. $ 7, 30. $ 3, x. 16. $ 2, 7. $ 2;
Zonar. xi. 30; Eutrop. ix. 12. ) [W. R. ] comp. Müller, Dor. ii. 1. & 5, 8. $ 11. ) [L. S. ]
CARME (Kápun), a daughter of Eubulus, who
became by Zeus the mother of Britomartis. (Paus.
ii. 30. § 2. ) Antoninus Liberalis (40) describes
her as a grand-daughter of Agenor, and daughter
of Phoenix.
[L. S. ]
CARMENTA, CARMENAE, CARMENTIS.
(CAMENAE. ]
CARNA or CARNEA, a Roman divinity,
بولاه از
## p. 614 (#634) ############################################
614
CARNEADES.
CARNEADES.
.
whose name is probably connected with caro, age, he suffered from cataract in his eyes, which
flesh, for she was regarded as the protector of the he bore with great impatience, and was so little
physical well-being of man. It was especially the resigned to the decay of nature, that he used to
chief organs of the human body, without which ask angrily, if this was the way in which nature
man cannot exist, such as the heart, the lungs, undid what she had done, and sometimes expressed
and the liver, that were recommended to her pro- a wish to poison himself.
tection. Junius Brutus, at the beginning of the Carneades left no writings, and all that is known
commonwealth, was believed to have dedicated to of his lectures is derived from his intimate friend
her a sanctuary on the Caelian hill, and a festival and pupil, Cleitomachus; but so true was he to his
was celebrated to her on the first of June, which own principles of witholding assent, that Cleitoma-
day was called fabrariue calendac, from beans chus confesses he never could ascertain what his
(fabae) and bacon being offered to her. (Macrob. master really thought on any subject. He, how-
Sat. i' 12; Varro, ap. Nonium, s. v. Mactare ; ever, appears to have defended atheism, and con-
Ovid, Fast. vi. 101, &c. , who however confounds sistently enough to have denied that the world
Cardea with Carna. )
[L. S.
] was the result of anything but chance. In ethics,
CARNE'ADES (Kapveádns). 1. The son of which more particularly were the subject of his
Epicomus or Philocomus, was born at Cyrene about long and laborious study, he secms to have denied
the year B. c. 213. He went early to Athens, the conformity of the moral ideas with nature.
and attended the lectures of the Stoics, and learnt This he particularly insisted on in the second ora-
there logic from Diogenes. His opinions, how- tion on Justice, in which he manifestly wished to
ever, on philosophical subjects differed from those convey his own notions on the subject; and he
of his master, and he was fond of telling him, “if there maintains that ideas of justice are not deriv-
I reason right, I am satisfied ; if wrong, give ed from nature, but that they are purely artificial
back the mina,” which was the fee for the logic for purposes of expediency.
lectures. He was six years old when Chrysippus All this, however, was nothing but the special
died, and never had any personal intercourse with application of his general theory, that man did not
him; but he deeply studied his works, and exerted pussess, and never could possess, any criterion of
all the energy of a very acute and original mind in iruth.
their refutation. To this exercise he attributed his Carneades argued that, if there were a criterion,
own eminence, and often repeated the words it must exist either in reason (1óyos), or sensation
Ει μη γαρ ήν Χρύσιππος, ουκ άν ήν εγώ.
(αίσθησις), or conception (φαντασία). But then
reason itself depends on conception, and this again
He attached himself as a zealous partizan to the on sensation ; and we have no means of judging whe-
Academy, which had suffered severely from the ther our sensations are true or false, whether they
attacks of the Stoics; and on the death of Hegesi- correspond to the objects that produce them, or
nus, he was chosen to preside at the meetings of carry wrong impressions to the mind, producing false
Academy, and was the fourth in succession from conceptions and ideas, and leading reason also into
Arcesilaus. His great eloquence and skill in argu- error. Therefore sensation, conception, and reason,
ment revived the glories of his school; and, defend are alike disqualified for being the criterion of truth.
ing himself in the negative vacancy of asserting But after all, man must live and act, and must
nothing (not even that nothing can be asserted), have some rule of practical life; therefore, although
carried on a vigorous war against every position it is impossible to pronounce anything as absolutely
that had been maintained by other sects.
true, we may yet establish probabilities of various
In the year B. c. 155, when he was fifty-eight degrees. For, although we cannot say that any
years old, he was chosen with Diogenes the Stoic given conception or sensation is in itself true, yet
and Critolaus the Peripatetic to go as ambassador some sensations appear to us more true than others,
to Rome to deprecate the fine of 500 talents which and we must be guided by that which seems the
had been imposed on the Athenians for the destruc- most true. Again, sensations are not single, but
tion of Oropus. During his stay at Rome, he at- generally combined with others, which either confirm
tracted great notice from his eloquent declamations or contradict them; and the greater this combina-
on philosophical subjects, and it was here that, in tion the greater is the probability of that being
the presence of Cato the Elder, he delivered his true which the rest combine to confirm; and the
famous orations on Justice. The first oration was case in which the greatest number of conceptions,
in commendation of the virtue, and the next day each in themselves apparently most true, should
the second was delivered, in which all the argu- combine to affirm that which also in itself appears
ments of the first were answered, and justice was most true, would present to Carneades the highest
proved to be not a virtue, but a mere matter of probability, and his nearest approach to truth.
compact for the maintenance of civil society. The But practical life needed no such rule as this,
honest mind of Cato was shocked at this, and he and it is difficult to conceive a system more barren
moved the senate to send the philosopher home to of all help to man than that of Carneades. It is
his school, and save the Roman youth from his not, indeed, probable that he aspired to any such
demoralizing doctrines.
designs of benefiting mankind, or to anything be-
Carneades lived twenty-seven years after this at yond his own celebrity as an acute reasoner and
Athens, and died at the advanced age of eighty- an eloquent speaker. As such he represented the
five, or (according to Cicero) 90, B. c. 129. He is spirit of an age when philosophy was fast losing
described as a man of unwearied industry. He the earnest and serious spirit of the earlier schools,
was so engrossed in his studies, that he let his hair and was degenerating to mere purposes of rhetori-
and nails grow to an immoderate length, and was cal display (Diog. Laërt. iv. 62—66 ; Orelli,
60 absent at his own table (for he would never Onom. Tull. ii. p. 130, &c. , where are given all the
dine out), that his servant and concubine, Melissa, passages of Cicero, in which Carneades is men-
was constantly obliged to feed him. In his old tioned ; Sextus Empiricus, Adv. Math. vii. 159,
## p. 615 (#635) ############################################
CARPINATIUS.
615
CARRINAS.
&c. ; Ritter, Gesch. Phil. xi. 6; Brucker, Hist. Phil. / puty-manager of the company of publicani, who
i. p. 759, &c. , vi. p. 237, &c. )
farmed the scriptura (see Dict. of Ant. s. r. ) in
2. An Athenian philosopher and a disciple of Sicily during the government of Verres, with whom
Anaxagoras. (Suidas, s. v. Kapveádns. )
he was very intimate. He is called by Cicero a
3. A Cynic philosopher in the time of Apollonius second Timarchides, who was one of the chief
Tyanacus. (Eunapius, Prooem. )
agents of Verres in his robberies and oppressions.
4. A bad elegiac poet mentioned by Diogenes (Cic. Verr. 70, 76, iii. 71. )
Laërtius (iv. 66),
[A. G. ) CA'RPIO, an architect, who, in company with
CARNEIUS (Kapveios), a surname of Apollo Ictinus, wrote a book concerning the Parthenon.
under which he was worshipped in various parts (Vitr. vii. praef. 12. )
[W. I. ]
of Greece, especially in Peloponnesus, as at Sparta CARPOʻPHORI(Kaptopópoi), the fruitbearers,
and Sicyon, and also in Thera, Cyrene, and Magna a surname of Demeter and Cora, under which they
Graecia (Paus. iii. 13. § 2, &c. , ii. 10. § 2, were worshipped at Tegea. (Paus. viii. 53. § 3. )
11. $ 2; Pind. Pyth. v. 106 ; Plut. Sympos. viii. Demeter Carpophoros appears to have been wor-
1; Paus. iii. 24. § 5, iv. 31. § 1, 33. 5. ) The shipped in Paros also. (Ross, Reisen auf den
origin of the name is explained in different ways. Gricch. Inseln, i. p. 49. )
[L. S. )
Soine derived it from Carnus, an Acarnanian sooth- CARRHE'NES. (CARRENES. ]
sayer, whose murder by Hippotes provoked Apollo CARRI'NAS or CARI'NAS, the name of a
to send a plague into the army of Hippotes while Roman family, but the gens to which it belonged
he was on his march to Peloponnesus. Apollo is nowhere mentioned: Havercamp (Thes. Morell.
was afterwards propitiated by the introduction of p. 497) supposes it to be a cognomen of the Albia
the worship of Apollo Carneius. (Paus. iii. 13. gens.
$ 3; Schol. ad Theocrit. v. 83. ) Others believed 1. C. Carrixas, is mentioned first as the com-
thut Apollo was thus called from bis favourite mander of a detachment of the Marian party, with
Cornus or Carneius, a son of Zeus and Europa, which he attacked Pompey, who was levying
whom Leto and Apollo had brought up. (Paus. troops in Picenum to strengthen the forces of
1. c. ; Hesych. s. v. Kapveios. ) Several other Sulla in B. C. 83, immediately after his arrival in
attempts to explain the name are given in Pausa- Italy. In the year after, B. c. 82, Carrinas was
pias and the Scholiast on Theocritus. It is evident, legate of the consul Cn. Papirius Carbo (CARBO,
however, that the worship of the Carneian Apollo No. 7. ), and fought a battle on the river Aesis
, in
was very ancient, and was probably established in Umbria, against Metellus, in which however he was
Peloponnesus even before the Dorian conquest. beaten. He was attacked soon after in the neigh-
Respecting the festival of the Carneia see Dict
. of bourhood of Spoletium, by Pompey and Crassus,
Ant. s. v. Kápvela,
[L. S. ] two of Sulla’s generals, and after a loss of nearly
CARNEIUS (Kapveios), a Cynic philosopher, 3000 men, he was besieged by the enemy, but
who is surnamed Cynulcus (Kúvovanos), that is, found means to escape during a dark and stormy
the leader of dogs or Cynics, or, in other words, night. After Carbo had quitted Italy, Carrinas
the leader and teacher of Cynic philosophers. He and Marcius continued to command two legions ;
was a native of Megara, but nothing further is and after joining Damasippus and the Samnites,
known of him. (Athen. iv. p. 156. ) [L. S. ] who were still in arms, they marched towards the
CARNU'LIÙS, was accused, in the reign of passes of Praeneste, hoping to force their way
Tiberius, of some crime not now known, and put through them and relieve Marius, who was still
an end to his own life to escape the cruel tortures besieged in that town. But when this attempt
inflicted by Tiberius upon other victims. When failed, they set out against Rome, which they
Tiberius heard of his death, he was grieved at hoped to conquer without difficulty, on account of
losing an opportunity of killing a man in his own its want of provisions. They encamped in the
way, and exclaimed Carnulius me erasit. (Suet, neighbourhood of Alba. Sulla, however, hastened
Tib. 61. )
[L. S. ] after them, and pitched his camp near the Colline
CARPA'THIUS, JOANNES ('Iwávvns Kap gate. A fearful battle was fought here, which
nállos), a bishop of the island of Carpathos, of un-began in the evening and lasted the whole night,
certain date. Ai the request of the monks of India until at last Sulla took the camp of the enemy.
he wrote to them a consolatory work in 100 chap Carrinas and the other leaders took to flight, but
ters, entitled προς τους από της Ινδίας προτρέψαντας | he and Marcius were overtaken, and put το death
uova xous TapakantiKÓv. (Phot. Cod 201. ) This by command of Sulla. Their beads were cut off
work is still extant, and a Latin translation of it and sent to Praeneste, where they were carried
by J. Pontanus is printed at the end of his “ Diop round the walls to inform Marius of the destruc-
trae Philippi Solitarii,” Ingolstadt, 1654, 4to. , tion of his friends. (Appian, B. C. i. 87, 90, 92,
and in the “ Bibliotheca Patrum,” xii. p. 535, &c. , 93; Plut. Pomp. 7; Oros.
8. PAPIRIUS CARBO, a son of Rubria, who is to Cardea : the poet seems, in fact, in that
mentioned only by Cicero (ad Fam. ix. 21), and passage to confound three distinct divinities-
is ironically called there a friend of Cicero. Who Carna, Cardea, and Crane, the last of whom he
he was is unknown.
[L. S. ] declares to be merely an ancient form of Carna.
CARCI'NUS, the father of Agathocles. [AGA-Cardea was beloved by Janus, and after yielding
THOCLES. )
to his embraces, the god rewarded her by giving
CARCINUS (Kaprívos). 1. Suidas mentions her the protection of the hinges of doors, and the
three distinct poets of this name. The first he power of preventing evil daemons from entering
calls a native of Agrigentum in Sicily; the second houses. She especially protected little children in
an Athenian, and son of Theodectes or Xenocles; their cradles against formidable night-birds, which
and the third simply an Attic poet. The first of witches used to metamorphose themselves into, and
these poets is not mentioned any where else, and thus to attack children by night time, tearing them
his existence is more than doubtful. The investi- from their cradles and sucking the blood out of
gations of Meineke on the poets of the name Car- them. Cardea exercised this power by means of
cinus have shewn incontrovertibly that we have to white thorn and other magic substances, and is
distinguish between two tragic poets of this name, said to have done so first in the case of Procas, prince
both of whom were natives of Athens. The first of Alba. (Tertull. de Cor. 13. ) [L. S. )
or elder one, who was a very skilful scenic dancer CARDIANUS HIERONYMUS. [HIERO-
(Athen. i. p. 22), is occasionally alluded to by NYMUS. )
Aristophanes (Nub. 1263, Par, 794, with the CARE'NES or CARRHE'NES, a general of
Schol. ); but his dramas, of which no fragments the Parthians who was defeated in a battle with
have come down to us, seem to have perished at Gotarzes in A. D. 49. (Tac. Ann. xii. 12–14. ) [L. S. )
an early time.
D. CARFULE'NUS, called Carsuleius by Ap-
The younger Carcinus was a son either of Theo pian, served under Julius Caesar in the Alexan-
dectes or of Xenocles; and if the latter statement drine war (B. C. 47), in which he is spoken of as
a
## p. 613 (#633) ############################################
CARINUS.
613
CARNA.
SAUTI
a man of great military skill. (Hirt. B. Alex. 31. ) T. CARI'SIUS, defeated the Astures in Spain,
He was tribune of the plebs at the time of Cae- and took their chief town, Lancia, about B. c. 25;
sar's death (B. C. 44); and as he was a supporter but in consequence of the cruelty and insolence of
of the aristocratical party, and an opponent of An- Carisius, the Astures took up arms again in B. C.
tony, was excluded from the senate by the latter 22. (Florus, iv. 12. $ 55, &c. ; Oros. vi. 21 ;
on the 28th of November. (Cic. Philipp. iii. 9. ) Dion Cass. liii. 25, liv. 5. ) There are several
[Tı. Canutius. ) He took an active part in the coins bearing the name of Carisius upon them, two
war against Antony in the following year, and fell specimens of which are given below. The former
in the battle of Mutina, in which Antony was de has on the obverse the head of a woman, and on
. feated. (Appian, B. C. iii. 66, &c. ; Cic. ad Fam. the reverse a sphinx, with the inscription T. CA-
x. 33, xv. 4. )
RISIVS III. Vir: the latter has on the obverse
CARI'NAS. (CARRINAS. )
CARI'NUS, M. AURE'LIUS, the elder of
the two sons of Carus. Upon the departure of his
father for the Persian war (A. D. 282), he was ap-
pointed supreme governor of all the Westem pro-
vinces, and received the titles of Caesar and Im-
perator. After the death of Carus in 283, he
assumed the purple conjointly with his brother,
and upon receiving intelligence of the untimely
fate of Numerianus and the elevation of Diocletian the head of Augustus, with the inscription Imp.
to the throne by the army of Asia, he set forth in Caesar Avgvst. , and on the reverse the gate
all haste from Gaul to encounter his riral. The of a city, over which is inscribed Imirita, and
opposing hosts met in Maesia, several engagements around it the words P. CARIsIvs Leg. PROPR.
followed, and at length a decisive battle was fought There is nothing in the former coin except the
Dear Margum, in which Carinus gained the vic-
tory, but, in the moment of triumph, was slain
by some of his own officers, whose honour he had
wounded in the course of his profligate indulgences.
PIRITA
Historians agree in painting the character of this
emperor in the darkest colours. When roused he
lor
was unquestionably not deficient in valour and
military skill, as was proved by the vigour with
which he repressed certain seditious movements in
Gaul, and by the successful conduct of his last praenomen Titus to identify it with the subject of
campaign. But during the greater part of his this article ; but the latter one would appear to
short career he abandoned himself to the gratifica- have been struck by the conqueror of the Astures,
tion of the most brutal passions, and never scrupled and perhaps Dion Cassius has made a mistake in
at any act of oppression or cruelty. State affairs calling him Titus. The word IMIRITA, which
were totally neglected—the most upright of those is also written EMERITA and IIMIIRITA on some
by whom he was surrounded were banished or put of the coins, seems to refer to the fact mentioned
to death, and the highest offices bestowed upon by Dion Cassius (liii. 26), that after the conquest
degraded ministers of his pleasures. Nine wives of the Cantabri and Astures, Augustus dismissed
were wedded and repudiated in quick succession, many of his soldiers who had served their time
and the palace, filled with a throng of players, (emeriti), and assigned them a town in Lusitania,
dancers, harlots, and panders, presented a constant to which he gave the name of Augusta Emerita.
scene of riot and intemperance. It was bitterly (Eckhel, v. p. 162, &c. )
observed, that in this prince the sensual enormities CA'RIUS (Kápos), the Carian, a surname of
of Elagabalus were seen combined with the cold Zeus, under which he had a temple at Mylassa in
ferocity of Domitian. His only claims upon the Caria, which belonged to the Carians, Lydians,
affection of the populace consisted in the prodigal and Mysians in common, as they were believed to
magnificence displayed in the celebration of games be brother nations. (Herod. i. 17), v. 66 ; Strab.
in honour of his brother and himself. These ap-xiv. p. 659. ) In Thessaly and Boeotia, Zeus was
pear to have transcended in fantastic splendour all likewise worshipped under this name. (Plot.
previous exhibitions, and the details transmitted Ler. s. r. )
(L. S. ]
to us by Vopiscus are of a most strange and mar- CARMA'NOR (Kapudvwp), a Cretan of Tarrha,
vellous description.
father of Eubulus and Chrysothemis. He was
Chronologers are at variance with regard to the said to have received and purified Apollo and
precise date of the death of Carinus. Eckhel seems Artemis, after they had slain the monster Python,
inclined to fix it at the close of the year 284, but it and it was in the house of Carmanor that Apollo
is generally referred to the May following. (Vopisc. formed his connexion with the nymph Acacallis.
Carin. ; Aurel
. Vict. Caes. xxxviii. , Epit. xxxviii. ; (Paus. ii. 7. $ 7, 30. $ 3, x. 16. $ 2, 7. $ 2;
Zonar. xi. 30; Eutrop. ix. 12. ) [W. R. ] comp. Müller, Dor. ii. 1. & 5, 8. $ 11. ) [L. S. ]
CARME (Kápun), a daughter of Eubulus, who
became by Zeus the mother of Britomartis. (Paus.
ii. 30. § 2. ) Antoninus Liberalis (40) describes
her as a grand-daughter of Agenor, and daughter
of Phoenix.
[L. S. ]
CARMENTA, CARMENAE, CARMENTIS.
(CAMENAE. ]
CARNA or CARNEA, a Roman divinity,
بولاه از
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614
CARNEADES.
CARNEADES.
.
whose name is probably connected with caro, age, he suffered from cataract in his eyes, which
flesh, for she was regarded as the protector of the he bore with great impatience, and was so little
physical well-being of man. It was especially the resigned to the decay of nature, that he used to
chief organs of the human body, without which ask angrily, if this was the way in which nature
man cannot exist, such as the heart, the lungs, undid what she had done, and sometimes expressed
and the liver, that were recommended to her pro- a wish to poison himself.
tection. Junius Brutus, at the beginning of the Carneades left no writings, and all that is known
commonwealth, was believed to have dedicated to of his lectures is derived from his intimate friend
her a sanctuary on the Caelian hill, and a festival and pupil, Cleitomachus; but so true was he to his
was celebrated to her on the first of June, which own principles of witholding assent, that Cleitoma-
day was called fabrariue calendac, from beans chus confesses he never could ascertain what his
(fabae) and bacon being offered to her. (Macrob. master really thought on any subject. He, how-
Sat. i' 12; Varro, ap. Nonium, s. v. Mactare ; ever, appears to have defended atheism, and con-
Ovid, Fast. vi. 101, &c. , who however confounds sistently enough to have denied that the world
Cardea with Carna. )
[L. S.
] was the result of anything but chance. In ethics,
CARNE'ADES (Kapveádns). 1. The son of which more particularly were the subject of his
Epicomus or Philocomus, was born at Cyrene about long and laborious study, he secms to have denied
the year B. c. 213. He went early to Athens, the conformity of the moral ideas with nature.
and attended the lectures of the Stoics, and learnt This he particularly insisted on in the second ora-
there logic from Diogenes. His opinions, how- tion on Justice, in which he manifestly wished to
ever, on philosophical subjects differed from those convey his own notions on the subject; and he
of his master, and he was fond of telling him, “if there maintains that ideas of justice are not deriv-
I reason right, I am satisfied ; if wrong, give ed from nature, but that they are purely artificial
back the mina,” which was the fee for the logic for purposes of expediency.
lectures. He was six years old when Chrysippus All this, however, was nothing but the special
died, and never had any personal intercourse with application of his general theory, that man did not
him; but he deeply studied his works, and exerted pussess, and never could possess, any criterion of
all the energy of a very acute and original mind in iruth.
their refutation. To this exercise he attributed his Carneades argued that, if there were a criterion,
own eminence, and often repeated the words it must exist either in reason (1óyos), or sensation
Ει μη γαρ ήν Χρύσιππος, ουκ άν ήν εγώ.
(αίσθησις), or conception (φαντασία). But then
reason itself depends on conception, and this again
He attached himself as a zealous partizan to the on sensation ; and we have no means of judging whe-
Academy, which had suffered severely from the ther our sensations are true or false, whether they
attacks of the Stoics; and on the death of Hegesi- correspond to the objects that produce them, or
nus, he was chosen to preside at the meetings of carry wrong impressions to the mind, producing false
Academy, and was the fourth in succession from conceptions and ideas, and leading reason also into
Arcesilaus. His great eloquence and skill in argu- error. Therefore sensation, conception, and reason,
ment revived the glories of his school; and, defend are alike disqualified for being the criterion of truth.
ing himself in the negative vacancy of asserting But after all, man must live and act, and must
nothing (not even that nothing can be asserted), have some rule of practical life; therefore, although
carried on a vigorous war against every position it is impossible to pronounce anything as absolutely
that had been maintained by other sects.
true, we may yet establish probabilities of various
In the year B. c. 155, when he was fifty-eight degrees. For, although we cannot say that any
years old, he was chosen with Diogenes the Stoic given conception or sensation is in itself true, yet
and Critolaus the Peripatetic to go as ambassador some sensations appear to us more true than others,
to Rome to deprecate the fine of 500 talents which and we must be guided by that which seems the
had been imposed on the Athenians for the destruc- most true. Again, sensations are not single, but
tion of Oropus. During his stay at Rome, he at- generally combined with others, which either confirm
tracted great notice from his eloquent declamations or contradict them; and the greater this combina-
on philosophical subjects, and it was here that, in tion the greater is the probability of that being
the presence of Cato the Elder, he delivered his true which the rest combine to confirm; and the
famous orations on Justice. The first oration was case in which the greatest number of conceptions,
in commendation of the virtue, and the next day each in themselves apparently most true, should
the second was delivered, in which all the argu- combine to affirm that which also in itself appears
ments of the first were answered, and justice was most true, would present to Carneades the highest
proved to be not a virtue, but a mere matter of probability, and his nearest approach to truth.
compact for the maintenance of civil society. The But practical life needed no such rule as this,
honest mind of Cato was shocked at this, and he and it is difficult to conceive a system more barren
moved the senate to send the philosopher home to of all help to man than that of Carneades. It is
his school, and save the Roman youth from his not, indeed, probable that he aspired to any such
demoralizing doctrines.
designs of benefiting mankind, or to anything be-
Carneades lived twenty-seven years after this at yond his own celebrity as an acute reasoner and
Athens, and died at the advanced age of eighty- an eloquent speaker. As such he represented the
five, or (according to Cicero) 90, B. c. 129. He is spirit of an age when philosophy was fast losing
described as a man of unwearied industry. He the earnest and serious spirit of the earlier schools,
was so engrossed in his studies, that he let his hair and was degenerating to mere purposes of rhetori-
and nails grow to an immoderate length, and was cal display (Diog. Laërt. iv. 62—66 ; Orelli,
60 absent at his own table (for he would never Onom. Tull. ii. p. 130, &c. , where are given all the
dine out), that his servant and concubine, Melissa, passages of Cicero, in which Carneades is men-
was constantly obliged to feed him. In his old tioned ; Sextus Empiricus, Adv. Math. vii. 159,
## p. 615 (#635) ############################################
CARPINATIUS.
615
CARRINAS.
&c. ; Ritter, Gesch. Phil. xi. 6; Brucker, Hist. Phil. / puty-manager of the company of publicani, who
i. p. 759, &c. , vi. p. 237, &c. )
farmed the scriptura (see Dict. of Ant. s. r. ) in
2. An Athenian philosopher and a disciple of Sicily during the government of Verres, with whom
Anaxagoras. (Suidas, s. v. Kapveádns. )
he was very intimate. He is called by Cicero a
3. A Cynic philosopher in the time of Apollonius second Timarchides, who was one of the chief
Tyanacus. (Eunapius, Prooem. )
agents of Verres in his robberies and oppressions.
4. A bad elegiac poet mentioned by Diogenes (Cic. Verr. 70, 76, iii. 71. )
Laërtius (iv. 66),
[A. G. ) CA'RPIO, an architect, who, in company with
CARNEIUS (Kapveios), a surname of Apollo Ictinus, wrote a book concerning the Parthenon.
under which he was worshipped in various parts (Vitr. vii. praef. 12. )
[W. I. ]
of Greece, especially in Peloponnesus, as at Sparta CARPOʻPHORI(Kaptopópoi), the fruitbearers,
and Sicyon, and also in Thera, Cyrene, and Magna a surname of Demeter and Cora, under which they
Graecia (Paus. iii. 13. § 2, &c. , ii. 10. § 2, were worshipped at Tegea. (Paus. viii. 53. § 3. )
11. $ 2; Pind. Pyth. v. 106 ; Plut. Sympos. viii. Demeter Carpophoros appears to have been wor-
1; Paus. iii. 24. § 5, iv. 31. § 1, 33. 5. ) The shipped in Paros also. (Ross, Reisen auf den
origin of the name is explained in different ways. Gricch. Inseln, i. p. 49. )
[L. S. )
Soine derived it from Carnus, an Acarnanian sooth- CARRHE'NES. (CARRENES. ]
sayer, whose murder by Hippotes provoked Apollo CARRI'NAS or CARI'NAS, the name of a
to send a plague into the army of Hippotes while Roman family, but the gens to which it belonged
he was on his march to Peloponnesus. Apollo is nowhere mentioned: Havercamp (Thes. Morell.
was afterwards propitiated by the introduction of p. 497) supposes it to be a cognomen of the Albia
the worship of Apollo Carneius. (Paus. iii. 13. gens.
$ 3; Schol. ad Theocrit. v. 83. ) Others believed 1. C. Carrixas, is mentioned first as the com-
thut Apollo was thus called from bis favourite mander of a detachment of the Marian party, with
Cornus or Carneius, a son of Zeus and Europa, which he attacked Pompey, who was levying
whom Leto and Apollo had brought up. (Paus. troops in Picenum to strengthen the forces of
1. c. ; Hesych. s. v. Kapveios. ) Several other Sulla in B. C. 83, immediately after his arrival in
attempts to explain the name are given in Pausa- Italy. In the year after, B. c. 82, Carrinas was
pias and the Scholiast on Theocritus. It is evident, legate of the consul Cn. Papirius Carbo (CARBO,
however, that the worship of the Carneian Apollo No. 7. ), and fought a battle on the river Aesis
, in
was very ancient, and was probably established in Umbria, against Metellus, in which however he was
Peloponnesus even before the Dorian conquest. beaten. He was attacked soon after in the neigh-
Respecting the festival of the Carneia see Dict
. of bourhood of Spoletium, by Pompey and Crassus,
Ant. s. v. Kápvela,
[L. S. ] two of Sulla’s generals, and after a loss of nearly
CARNEIUS (Kapveios), a Cynic philosopher, 3000 men, he was besieged by the enemy, but
who is surnamed Cynulcus (Kúvovanos), that is, found means to escape during a dark and stormy
the leader of dogs or Cynics, or, in other words, night. After Carbo had quitted Italy, Carrinas
the leader and teacher of Cynic philosophers. He and Marcius continued to command two legions ;
was a native of Megara, but nothing further is and after joining Damasippus and the Samnites,
known of him. (Athen. iv. p. 156. ) [L. S. ] who were still in arms, they marched towards the
CARNU'LIÙS, was accused, in the reign of passes of Praeneste, hoping to force their way
Tiberius, of some crime not now known, and put through them and relieve Marius, who was still
an end to his own life to escape the cruel tortures besieged in that town. But when this attempt
inflicted by Tiberius upon other victims. When failed, they set out against Rome, which they
Tiberius heard of his death, he was grieved at hoped to conquer without difficulty, on account of
losing an opportunity of killing a man in his own its want of provisions. They encamped in the
way, and exclaimed Carnulius me erasit. (Suet, neighbourhood of Alba. Sulla, however, hastened
Tib. 61. )
[L. S. ] after them, and pitched his camp near the Colline
CARPA'THIUS, JOANNES ('Iwávvns Kap gate. A fearful battle was fought here, which
nállos), a bishop of the island of Carpathos, of un-began in the evening and lasted the whole night,
certain date. Ai the request of the monks of India until at last Sulla took the camp of the enemy.
he wrote to them a consolatory work in 100 chap Carrinas and the other leaders took to flight, but
ters, entitled προς τους από της Ινδίας προτρέψαντας | he and Marcius were overtaken, and put το death
uova xous TapakantiKÓv. (Phot. Cod 201. ) This by command of Sulla. Their beads were cut off
work is still extant, and a Latin translation of it and sent to Praeneste, where they were carried
by J. Pontanus is printed at the end of his “ Diop round the walls to inform Marius of the destruc-
trae Philippi Solitarii,” Ingolstadt, 1654, 4to. , tion of his friends. (Appian, B. C. i. 87, 90, 92,
and in the “ Bibliotheca Patrum,” xii. p. 535, &c. , 93; Plut. Pomp. 7; Oros.
