All the numbers up 10 1ICVftI, and a few beyond that, are
usociated
with major ch.
Hart-Clive-1962-Structure-and-Motif-in-Finnegans-Wake
.
, la pervcnche en llIyrie, 111.
marguerite .
ur I.
.
ruin.
.
de Numance ct pendant qu'autour d'ell.
.
lcsviII.
.
ont chang~ de maitra ct de noIIU, que plmieun oont entre", dans Ie neanl, que I.
.
civilisations se oont choqu~.
.
cl bris&:.
, leun pamble.
g6>~ration.
ont travem Ie, lig.
.
et IIOOt arrivee.
.
jusqu'iL nou" fraich.
.
et riant.
.
comme auxjou" oks balaill.
.
.
'
J oyce', change of~urs 10 _ps renden the eehoe. < at the begin_ ning and end of the senten"" Ie", c:<act; the chang. . ofpunclua_ t i o n a n d t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n ( I f " " m f f u r "0'" a r c n o t , e r i o r n ( t h o u g h ""'" is the more usual French), but by rcading ",trw for ,,,,trw joyce h", . urdy thrown away much of the "'ntenee', power to "'gg. . t the cyelic natu,"" of history. The final change - ,o111 am""', for st so. 1 S7JLd,y I'un. '! I'dUI,_ may perhaps be intentional . inee it considerably improves the rhythmic balance, but this i. in any case just the lind of slylistic improvement we mould e:xpectjoyce 10 make uru:on<<;ioully when quoting from memory.
Thc,"" is rather more to Ihe ",nl""ce thM its simple con1<:ot might suggest for it may be interpreted 11. \ a type. . ,xample of
imiLativc form on a small scale-an idea which may never have occurred to Quinel, but ofwhicb. Joye~ make> rull me. A brief analysis will . how how well suited it i. to joyce', purposes. Perhaps tho most immediately obvioulthing about the senknce i. thaI, like F;nntglJllS WIlh, it is a clo. cd circle. After the word Aujourd'lIu; with which it begins, we . tep immediately back into the pa," CCmmt aiL>: I. mp. < 1ft PI;", tI d. C. lu",,/k. For ViC<),
, ~ ~",. p. ,. ;. , ,e57, ,? 01. II, W. 367-8; '" . w" AthertOl>, W. 3i ODd ,]6.
. 8,
? TWI) MajfJl' Mon'ft
whom Quine? ? tuWed o. nd tranalated, the days of Pliny and Columdla, wben "","",m Rome was on . he way row:o. rd iu donuelion, lept,*",""d . he fiu,,,, periodoftransilion be"""",, two gn:aI historical cycleo and roomed the prelude to a new TbeoloP;aI Ag<:. The hiSlorian. praiding over the scnlence arc a oymbolic brother_pair wbo, apart from the role they play in tbe five vanatioIU of the motif, appelr twice mo<<: in FillJltplII
W. . t. (~55. t8, 3[9. 07). They arc particularly relevant 10 II. ~ wbere the brothcr_batde is Ixginning to be openly ex~d during the geometry and hutOl)' leNOn! . The . ymbol>c ! lowen, clurly identified throug""ut the boo. with the "'mpting youllg girls,followhardQl\ thebttlsofthaciUumious'. . . . ins'. Having npidly csUlblished the primary mak and female principles, Quinel now leu the sentencc! nO"': forward again in rime from latc Roman dayt, . . , tbat it ! ,"" CS over what an in fa<:t three Viconian Ages (post. Roman time. , feudal Europe, Vico', own
ti". . . ",) until il ',(arrives' (J~nl nrriWu) 1I the next Age of di,. . . ,IUlion and changeover which J oyce obviously c<Juates with
the 1~licth century UliSq~'4 _f). A retum to the p. ut is implied in the conduding phnue, "'_ . ""~s W 1n. 14iliu, t:ehoing the words anure. . . . ,. /cItPJ lorjfoon1" Pli. rl tk fA/? -Ut with which the """tcnCe began, the cyclic patu:m, tbe BEI. I. UM. PAX? BELI. UM (~81. R ,) is thus clearly cstablWted. This verbal cd>o further j. . . . tifiea Joyce'. idcntifu:ation of the twin historians-wh-o might otherwise seem to be no more than ~i"" onlooken--with the eternal combatants. Th. continuity of the female element, the fiowcn, is expresstd through a neat counterpoint ofform and content: even in the central phNlC! l of the lenience, whert: the transitory nature of the rough male
Cily is under diKusoion, the rhythm is fluent and gt:ntlc. Joyce was essentially an indoor man, a city dweller. All his books before FUuwXPS Wah arc urban. Nature in the Words. - worthian scnae Itttnl to ha"" meant little to him, and althou. gh in Fi_XIlN WIIk. river and mountain, flower and tru are for the fin! time used LS major recurrent sym'oob, they arc little more than IIyliled lc<lIU which rarely develop into scruuow, living ima p . In A f''''I,~it til<: rural selting of Clollgowea Wood
,8,
? Two Map Motift
College iI bMeiy mentiotled and fuUilb no importanl funaion at it might have done in, say, a LaWTen. :. . , while the more rt:antly published pagel from StLpItnl Hm,' duling with rural Mullingar, show howout of touo:hJoyce fdl wht;n he anempted to write no. tumlistitally about events in oetting. ol1tside his no. tive city. The biographiea ha. ve little to . ay about holiday. 'pmt away from city life, and the Lett<:n oontai. . ""1')' linie III(11tionofthenatu",,1world (UUP! ,ofCOUIlC,forthefrequenl allu! ions to the Lifl'cy, which funned an essential part ofJOY,:,,', urhan Dublin). Mr. Frank Budgen insists that Joyce detested Rowen, and indeed even the graceful periwinkle, hy. . cpuh and and daisy ofQuinel'? . . ,ntenCe aTe prized more for the abltrac. tiens they embody Ihan fur their . . ,nsUOus qua! 'ti. . . Soon after J O). . :o: begins to rework Ihe ICnlenee, he tra. nsfu. . . . . the IIowers into a giggling group of \C'oo-d schoolgirls, and then into a vancty of other rapidly mutating symbot. . . Thi. is DOl 10 say tho. t lhe book W(luld be beller otherwise. In tOO many pJaceo it is ~lrcady dangerously MIT to a . . ,nomonalily which any softening ofJoyee's hard, stylised approach 10 natu",\ objects could only tend to exaggerate.
The Quinet molif is intimately bound up ". . ilh lhe 'ehange-of-oes:' theme, the ' MUTUOMORPHOMlffAT ION' (~8t. RI), at I shall pl'C'endy demortst. . . . te. }"irst, however, a few oornmentl . OOm J oyce'. numerology . re needed.
All the numbers up 10 1ICVftI, and a few beyond that, are usociated with major ch. . . . . elers, 01" gTOUps of characlo;n. The following
arc lhe IIlOiIt important identification"
o Anna, ':\10lher 7. ero'; a female I)'IIlOOI
, Ean. ;ckn, the ilhyphaUic falh n
2 holde and her 'Iooking-glan ' girl; the pair of tempting
giT" in the Park; ! he wulterw<lmc:n. (All of tI>= pain In: of ooune equivalent,)
3 the English soldien who apprehend Earwiclt. er in lhe Phoenix Park
4 lite Old Androgyrles
,M. ~l>pla". ,. (<d. ),~}_}'IJ'<MlJuII-v,__. . . . . . . t:'. &rboo>cIate,
lit. , 'm, 1'1'. S-\! .
,"
? Two Mqjor Moufs
5 the Four, with their AS>i
6 the twdvc CUSI<>mers oft~n seem 10 b. made up of six
men, each playing two pam (e. g. , 'a choir of the
O'Daley O'OoyJes dcmblesixing the chorw', ? I. IS) 1 the 'Rainbow-girls', allied to the 'Q'
1(1 the Father and MUlherin union (. . . 308, and SK 16~--1) IQ the C" . tome. . .
Q8 the 'February-girls'----an ""panded fOrm oflhe '7'. (The algebraic. . . J 'urn of 7 _ 78. )
29 holde, the leap-year_girl
40 always associued with Anna; J'O"'ibly her age at the
naturalistic levd
'" Anna', thrcc children multiplied by a lrid: of notation;
. 0. 1110 the kabbalulic total of 'A- L -P' (A = I,L ~ 30, P = &>> '
These are the primary identification. hut l oye<: tiks the idea of cosmic reciprocity and hence whenever possibk he balanr. . . II. numerical group of One sex with an identical group of the opposite ,ex, so creating an anal<>gy with the WUc<:pl of 'anti_ particles' in modem physics. ' Thu. Ihe female duo i> r<:fleeted in the Shem. Shaun p"rtncr-ship, while lh~ thre-e soldien-who ,,,,,m to be Shem, Shaun, and a fonn of their fat~r, HCE----=e
~Ianced by a female trinity mru:\e up of h olde, ~r mitTOr_ imag<', and 't~ir' mother, Anna Livia. In the Quinet senten"" the female duo and tbe male trio art: made to app"aI in their inverted forffij, but each of these group' pla~ a part which ;" a C<lmbination of the a. ctivitics of the 'primary' '2' and the 'primary' '3'- the tempting of Ibe sinner and hi. oubsequcut apptthemion, Thusthe belligerent l'liny and Colnmdla, wbo,e rlItherfeminine-sounding narru;o "",m to have . ugg<:<ted to J oyce that they were inverts. ,' YJlicit hOntO$C"nally, wbile the thrt:e nymphomaniac flowe. . . peep through the 'hrubbery as do the spying soldi"",. J oyce makes this point in a marginal gl""' : the
, s. . S. I. . MacC<<:g<>r Ma,I>e. . , n. . Kd " l. . U-oJ. J, LQ<'Idon, 1887, p. 3. ? It will be "". ><. td that '4' and "0' are the oo. ly numbcn wlUch JO)<<
~ ? E. . i? , 'mcdaruo eu\o<,elk' (3~[. 3[).
rna". ,. ;ntrinoically and"'! I'Yn"",; ~ io . bo p. [+oj, &nd the aig<bn. ical. u. m of +_ 10.
'
.
number' (if' aixw<,
'"
? TWtI Mop MoJijs
twO hi1l0rian! are 'D<nu ]QIcru'- lwo gallanu-while the three 8owel'l are 'T~I! 7 . . ts. i:W', that is, they are both juvenile ('lOlly') sMUten who uk for the attention of the mal. . whom they alwaY' rehuff, and also th. . . . . , enemy (English) JOidiers. This succinct idemifieation of the girla and the soldiers is further emplwiaed in Ihe right_hand noIe, 'BELLETRISTICS', which lICe"" 10 he j (l)'(O'1 coinage fur Amuons "'ith a literary biaa.
Isobel writestv. 'O foolllOt. . l0 Quinet, in tm, IICcolld of which she mgga. u that the flat'" ofhis ''''ry spiritualstyk: be traQI. mute<! illin the rather mor<: toIid mailer 10 be found on Anna
Livia'i cloacalllCrap of tissue' :
'T ransioul that g:uwind min turfish, T eague, that's a good bog and you, Thady, polisa it oft, there's a nalrswipc:, on ,'OtI. blotlOm pulpet',
j oyce taka hobers advice and parodies thc IICII\l:nC( in five pla<<s in F_tmu IV. , Ih. . . 'u-anslouling' il into his 1rW! "urnlh' and thoroughly acimi\ating it into the book. (I have used the word 'parody' here for want of a beller. Joyce is nol really parodying Quinet at any poinl, \. MJ. t refashioninS his ""nlence won:! by . . . . . ? on:! to mil new contexts-an altngether different arl for which no adoquate tern. Ketru to eJ<iIl. The five 'parodies' are more like frtt u-ansl~tio. . . inln various di~Dof 'Djoytsclt'. ) Stylistically, Quinet'. IICnl(Oa is direcl, lyrical,
and simpl~ in short, aU thaI Fi""'IQIIS Wllkt;. nOl, By Ihe time j oyce was compcci"S his last book be wu long past the Rag. : w~n be could comfonably write such ';mpl. Ituff as this, however mu<;h he may have admired il. The reluh is thaI all his 'horkings inevilabiy annihila\l: Quinet'. rath~r 100 self-
oonscio. . . grace and dtlicacy_ ru I shall show below, j oyce has in every cue oomiderably elaborato:d and tJ<tcnded the original tnatt;riaI, but it is interesting to IOC how Ihe nCCQIilY to compooe within a more or less prcdcta'mincd rorm has very la. rse1y curbed his habit of exparuion and interpolation. The lint Ihree
JWOdies (thott on pagel r'l- 13, 1'7, and 236) "'ere incorpor- ated relati1l(:ly early in tbei. . respectiv. : cbap\l:n and allhough in
, cr, Ib< R. . . . "" Gm<rLl', <I<&l1inr himself ",i! h & ><XI or lnab ,u. f (is,. ,)).
,88
? Two Major Motifs
! ucceooi,. . , man~ript venioru the . urrounding paua! :", ha""in each case k en greatly developed and r. xpand~d, the parodies have ",mained almost untouched, In their earliest mrnu they
",ad as follow. :
'Since the high old timeo of Uekar and Hairyman tlte com? flowe. . . have ken . taying at RaUymun, the du,\oI'O$<: ha. . choosed out Goa"town', croMroad. , twolips have pressed togatbcrthem by . <Weet Rmh, t<Jwnland oftwinligh. . the white. thorn and rffithom have f,irygaycd the mayvallc)" of KnO(',\o'
maroon and though for ringo round them during a hundred thoU! and yeargang', the Formoream ha"" brinled the Tooath of the Daneo and til<: Oxman ha. '! k e n pe'tered by the Firebugs
& theJoyn. . have thrown up wallmutting & Little on the Green ;, chil<hfather nf the city, th"", pa"sealing buttonhole, have quadrilled aerna the cntturics and herr. now whiff to "! , fTe! h
& made-of. aU. . miles . . On the day of Kmallwhoo. '
(Briti. <h Mmeum Add.
J oyce', change of~urs 10 _ps renden the eehoe. < at the begin_ ning and end of the senten"" Ie", c:<act; the chang. . ofpunclua_ t i o n a n d t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n ( I f " " m f f u r "0'" a r c n o t , e r i o r n ( t h o u g h ""'" is the more usual French), but by rcading ",trw for ,,,,trw joyce h", . urdy thrown away much of the "'ntenee', power to "'gg. . t the cyelic natu,"" of history. The final change - ,o111 am""', for st so. 1 S7JLd,y I'un. '! I'dUI,_ may perhaps be intentional . inee it considerably improves the rhythmic balance, but this i. in any case just the lind of slylistic improvement we mould e:xpectjoyce 10 make uru:on<<;ioully when quoting from memory.
Thc,"" is rather more to Ihe ",nl""ce thM its simple con1<:ot might suggest for it may be interpreted 11. \ a type. . ,xample of
imiLativc form on a small scale-an idea which may never have occurred to Quinel, but ofwhicb. Joye~ make> rull me. A brief analysis will . how how well suited it i. to joyce', purposes. Perhaps tho most immediately obvioulthing about the senknce i. thaI, like F;nntglJllS WIlh, it is a clo. cd circle. After the word Aujourd'lIu; with which it begins, we . tep immediately back into the pa," CCmmt aiL>: I. mp. < 1ft PI;", tI d. C. lu",,/k. For ViC<),
, ~ ~",. p. ,. ;. , ,e57, ,? 01. II, W. 367-8; '" . w" AthertOl>, W. 3i ODd ,]6.
. 8,
? TWI) MajfJl' Mon'ft
whom Quine? ? tuWed o. nd tranalated, the days of Pliny and Columdla, wben "","",m Rome was on . he way row:o. rd iu donuelion, lept,*",""d . he fiu,,,, periodoftransilion be"""",, two gn:aI historical cycleo and roomed the prelude to a new TbeoloP;aI Ag<:. The hiSlorian. praiding over the scnlence arc a oymbolic brother_pair wbo, apart from the role they play in tbe five vanatioIU of the motif, appelr twice mo<<: in FillJltplII
W. . t. (~55. t8, 3[9. 07). They arc particularly relevant 10 II. ~ wbere the brothcr_batde is Ixginning to be openly ex~d during the geometry and hutOl)' leNOn! . The . ymbol>c ! lowen, clurly identified throug""ut the boo. with the "'mpting youllg girls,followhardQl\ thebttlsofthaciUumious'. . . . ins'. Having npidly csUlblished the primary mak and female principles, Quinel now leu the sentencc! nO"': forward again in rime from latc Roman dayt, . . , tbat it ! ,"" CS over what an in fa<:t three Viconian Ages (post. Roman time. , feudal Europe, Vico', own
ti". . . ",) until il ',(arrives' (J~nl nrriWu) 1I the next Age of di,. . . ,IUlion and changeover which J oyce obviously c<Juates with
the 1~licth century UliSq~'4 _f). A retum to the p. ut is implied in the conduding phnue, "'_ . ""~s W 1n. 14iliu, t:ehoing the words anure. . . . ,. /cItPJ lorjfoon1" Pli. rl tk fA/? -Ut with which the """tcnCe began, the cyclic patu:m, tbe BEI. I. UM. PAX? BELI. UM (~81. R ,) is thus clearly cstablWted. This verbal cd>o further j. . . . tifiea Joyce'. idcntifu:ation of the twin historians-wh-o might otherwise seem to be no more than ~i"" onlooken--with the eternal combatants. Th. continuity of the female element, the fiowcn, is expresstd through a neat counterpoint ofform and content: even in the central phNlC! l of the lenience, whert: the transitory nature of the rough male
Cily is under diKusoion, the rhythm is fluent and gt:ntlc. Joyce was essentially an indoor man, a city dweller. All his books before FUuwXPS Wah arc urban. Nature in the Words. - worthian scnae Itttnl to ha"" meant little to him, and althou. gh in Fi_XIlN WIIk. river and mountain, flower and tru are for the fin! time used LS major recurrent sym'oob, they arc little more than IIyliled lc<lIU which rarely develop into scruuow, living ima p . In A f''''I,~it til<: rural selting of Clollgowea Wood
,8,
? Two Map Motift
College iI bMeiy mentiotled and fuUilb no importanl funaion at it might have done in, say, a LaWTen. :. . , while the more rt:antly published pagel from StLpItnl Hm,' duling with rural Mullingar, show howout of touo:hJoyce fdl wht;n he anempted to write no. tumlistitally about events in oetting. ol1tside his no. tive city. The biographiea ha. ve little to . ay about holiday. 'pmt away from city life, and the Lett<:n oontai. . ""1')' linie III(11tionofthenatu",,1world (UUP! ,ofCOUIlC,forthefrequenl allu! ions to the Lifl'cy, which funned an essential part ofJOY,:,,', urhan Dublin). Mr. Frank Budgen insists that Joyce detested Rowen, and indeed even the graceful periwinkle, hy. . cpuh and and daisy ofQuinel'? . . ,ntenCe aTe prized more for the abltrac. tiens they embody Ihan fur their . . ,nsUOus qua! 'ti. . . Soon after J O). . :o: begins to rework Ihe ICnlenee, he tra. nsfu. . . . . the IIowers into a giggling group of \C'oo-d schoolgirls, and then into a vancty of other rapidly mutating symbot. . . Thi. is DOl 10 say tho. t lhe book W(luld be beller otherwise. In tOO many pJaceo it is ~lrcady dangerously MIT to a . . ,nomonalily which any softening ofJoyee's hard, stylised approach 10 natu",\ objects could only tend to exaggerate.
The Quinet molif is intimately bound up ". . ilh lhe 'ehange-of-oes:' theme, the ' MUTUOMORPHOMlffAT ION' (~8t. RI), at I shall pl'C'endy demortst. . . . te. }"irst, however, a few oornmentl . OOm J oyce'. numerology . re needed.
All the numbers up 10 1ICVftI, and a few beyond that, are usociated with major ch. . . . . elers, 01" gTOUps of characlo;n. The following
arc lhe IIlOiIt important identification"
o Anna, ':\10lher 7. ero'; a female I)'IIlOOI
, Ean. ;ckn, the ilhyphaUic falh n
2 holde and her 'Iooking-glan ' girl; the pair of tempting
giT" in the Park; ! he wulterw<lmc:n. (All of tI>= pain In: of ooune equivalent,)
3 the English soldien who apprehend Earwiclt. er in lhe Phoenix Park
4 lite Old Androgyrles
,M. ~l>pla". ,. (<d. ),~}_}'IJ'<MlJuII-v,__. . . . . . . t:'. &rboo>cIate,
lit. , 'm, 1'1'. S-\! .
,"
? Two Mqjor Moufs
5 the Four, with their AS>i
6 the twdvc CUSI<>mers oft~n seem 10 b. made up of six
men, each playing two pam (e. g. , 'a choir of the
O'Daley O'OoyJes dcmblesixing the chorw', ? I. IS) 1 the 'Rainbow-girls', allied to the 'Q'
1(1 the Father and MUlherin union (. . . 308, and SK 16~--1) IQ the C" . tome. . .
Q8 the 'February-girls'----an ""panded fOrm oflhe '7'. (The algebraic. . . J 'urn of 7 _ 78. )
29 holde, the leap-year_girl
40 always associued with Anna; J'O"'ibly her age at the
naturalistic levd
'" Anna', thrcc children multiplied by a lrid: of notation;
. 0. 1110 the kabbalulic total of 'A- L -P' (A = I,L ~ 30, P = &>> '
These are the primary identification. hut l oye<: tiks the idea of cosmic reciprocity and hence whenever possibk he balanr. . . II. numerical group of One sex with an identical group of the opposite ,ex, so creating an anal<>gy with the WUc<:pl of 'anti_ particles' in modem physics. ' Thu. Ihe female duo i> r<:fleeted in the Shem. Shaun p"rtncr-ship, while lh~ thre-e soldien-who ,,,,,m to be Shem, Shaun, and a fonn of their fat~r, HCE----=e
~Ianced by a female trinity mru:\e up of h olde, ~r mitTOr_ imag<', and 't~ir' mother, Anna Livia. In the Quinet senten"" the female duo and tbe male trio art: made to app"aI in their inverted forffij, but each of these group' pla~ a part which ;" a C<lmbination of the a. ctivitics of the 'primary' '2' and the 'primary' '3'- the tempting of Ibe sinner and hi. oubsequcut apptthemion, Thusthe belligerent l'liny and Colnmdla, wbo,e rlItherfeminine-sounding narru;o "",m to have . ugg<:<ted to J oyce that they were inverts. ,' YJlicit hOntO$C"nally, wbile the thrt:e nymphomaniac flowe. . . peep through the 'hrubbery as do the spying soldi"",. J oyce makes this point in a marginal gl""' : the
, s. . S. I. . MacC<<:g<>r Ma,I>e. . , n. . Kd " l. . U-oJ. J, LQ<'Idon, 1887, p. 3. ? It will be "". ><. td that '4' and "0' are the oo. ly numbcn wlUch JO)<<
~ ? E. . i? , 'mcdaruo eu\o<,elk' (3~[. 3[).
rna". ,. ;ntrinoically and"'! I'Yn"",; ~ io . bo p. [+oj, &nd the aig<bn. ical. u. m of +_ 10.
'
.
number' (if' aixw<,
'"
? TWtI Mop MoJijs
twO hi1l0rian! are 'D<nu ]QIcru'- lwo gallanu-while the three 8owel'l are 'T~I! 7 . . ts. i:W', that is, they are both juvenile ('lOlly') sMUten who uk for the attention of the mal. . whom they alwaY' rehuff, and also th. . . . . , enemy (English) JOidiers. This succinct idemifieation of the girla and the soldiers is further emplwiaed in Ihe right_hand noIe, 'BELLETRISTICS', which lICe"" 10 he j (l)'(O'1 coinage fur Amuons "'ith a literary biaa.
Isobel writestv. 'O foolllOt. . l0 Quinet, in tm, IICcolld of which she mgga. u that the flat'" ofhis ''''ry spiritualstyk: be traQI. mute<! illin the rather mor<: toIid mailer 10 be found on Anna
Livia'i cloacalllCrap of tissue' :
'T ransioul that g:uwind min turfish, T eague, that's a good bog and you, Thady, polisa it oft, there's a nalrswipc:, on ,'OtI. blotlOm pulpet',
j oyce taka hobers advice and parodies thc IICII\l:nC( in five pla<<s in F_tmu IV. , Ih. . . 'u-anslouling' il into his 1rW! "urnlh' and thoroughly acimi\ating it into the book. (I have used the word 'parody' here for want of a beller. Joyce is nol really parodying Quinet at any poinl, \. MJ. t refashioninS his ""nlence won:! by . . . . . ? on:! to mil new contexts-an altngether different arl for which no adoquate tern. Ketru to eJ<iIl. The five 'parodies' are more like frtt u-ansl~tio. . . inln various di~Dof 'Djoytsclt'. ) Stylistically, Quinet'. IICnl(Oa is direcl, lyrical,
and simpl~ in short, aU thaI Fi""'IQIIS Wllkt;. nOl, By Ihe time j oyce was compcci"S his last book be wu long past the Rag. : w~n be could comfonably write such ';mpl. Ituff as this, however mu<;h he may have admired il. The reluh is thaI all his 'horkings inevilabiy annihila\l: Quinet'. rath~r 100 self-
oonscio. . . grace and dtlicacy_ ru I shall show below, j oyce has in every cue oomiderably elaborato:d and tJ<tcnded the original tnatt;riaI, but it is interesting to IOC how Ihe nCCQIilY to compooe within a more or less prcdcta'mincd rorm has very la. rse1y curbed his habit of exparuion and interpolation. The lint Ihree
JWOdies (thott on pagel r'l- 13, 1'7, and 236) "'ere incorpor- ated relati1l(:ly early in tbei. . respectiv. : cbap\l:n and allhough in
, cr, Ib< R. . . . "" Gm<rLl', <I<&l1inr himself ",i! h & ><XI or lnab ,u. f (is,. ,)).
,88
? Two Major Motifs
! ucceooi,. . , man~ript venioru the . urrounding paua! :", ha""in each case k en greatly developed and r. xpand~d, the parodies have ",mained almost untouched, In their earliest mrnu they
",ad as follow. :
'Since the high old timeo of Uekar and Hairyman tlte com? flowe. . . have ken . taying at RaUymun, the du,\oI'O$<: ha. . choosed out Goa"town', croMroad. , twolips have pressed togatbcrthem by . <Weet Rmh, t<Jwnland oftwinligh. . the white. thorn and rffithom have f,irygaycd the mayvallc)" of KnO(',\o'
maroon and though for ringo round them during a hundred thoU! and yeargang', the Formoream ha"" brinled the Tooath of the Daneo and til<: Oxman ha. '! k e n pe'tered by the Firebugs
& theJoyn. . have thrown up wallmutting & Little on the Green ;, chil<hfather nf the city, th"", pa"sealing buttonhole, have quadrilled aerna the cntturics and herr. now whiff to "! , fTe! h
& made-of. aU. . miles . . On the day of Kmallwhoo. '
(Briti. <h Mmeum Add.
