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332
LECLERCQ-LEE
enlarged from the chapters on this subject in
the English History.
332
LECLERCQ-LEE
enlarged from the chapters on this subject in
the English History.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v29 - BIographical Dictionary
27, 1881.
He wrote an Essay
on the Study of French History in the Nine-
teenth Century) (1835); a noteworthy study of
Luther (1835); an Account of a Voyage to
the East) (1847); and a series of studies of
Spain, the land and the people: the series com-
prises ten volumes, devoted to separate towns
and provinces, as, (Seville and Andalusia);
(Toledo and the Banks of the Tagus'; or to
general views, as (Spain, Religious and Liter-
ary); 'Spain: Traditions, Manners, and Liter-
ature.
Latreille, Pierre André (lä-trā'ē). A French
zoologist; born at Brives, Nov. 29, 1762; died
at Paris, Feb. 6, 1833. He has contributed ma-
terially to the classification of the animal king-
dom, as in a (History of the Salamanders)
(1800); Natural History of Reptilia) (4 vols. ,
1802); “Genera of Crustacea and Insecta);
(Course in Entomology) (2 vols. , 1831-33).
Laube, Heinrich (loub'é). A German dram-
atist and novelist; born at Sprottau, Sept. 18,
1806; died at Vienna, Aug. I, 1884. He was
director of theatres in several cities of Ger-
many and Austria between 1849 and 1880.
Among his dramatic works are: (Gustavus
Adolphus) (1829); (Zaganini, a farce (1829);
the tragedy (Monaldeschi? (1839); “The Amber
Witch) (1842); (Struensee, a tragedy (1847);
(The Schoolboys) (1847), a very clever drama-
tization of an incident in the life of Schiller;
(Lord Essex) (1856), his finest tragedy. Among
his stories and works of fiction are: Young
Europe) (1833); 'Love Letters); (The Actress)
(1836); (The Pretender) (1842); (Countess Cha-
teaubriand) (1843); ( The Belgian Count) (1845);
« The German War) (9 vols. , 1865); Life His-
tory of Franz Grillparzer) (1884).
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury.
An English theologian ; born at Reading, Oct.
7, 1573; died at London, Jan. 10, 1645. He was
an uncompromising upholder of High-Church
principles, and exerted all the powers of his
high office for the repression of Puritanism.
He was brought to trial in the House of Lords
on the charge of high treason, Nov. 13, 1643,
and was beheaded Jan. 10 following. His writ.
ings are but few; his (Diary) (1695), and
his letters, are of value for the history of his
time.
Laughlin, James Lawrence. An eminent
American political economist ; born in Deer-
field, O. , April 2, 1850. In 1892 he became a
professor in Chicago University. His chief
works are : (The Study of Political Economy)
(1885); (The History of Bimetallism in the
United States) (1885); (The Elements of Polit-
ical Economy) (1887).
Lauremberg, Johann Wilhelm (lou'rem-
berg). A Low-German satirist; born at Ros-
tock, Feb. 26, 1590; died at Lorö, Feb. 28, 1658.
In (Four Famous Old Comic Poems) (1652),
written in the Low-German dialect, he ridicules
the fashion of the time in costume, manners,
speech, etc. He wrote also some Latin poems;
and a few dramatic pieces of little value in
High-German, with interludes in Low-German.
Laurent, François (lõ-ron'). A Belgian jurist
and historical writer; born at Luxemburg, July
8, 1810; died at Ghent, Feb. 11, 1887. His works
on law, municipal and international, are writ-
ten with great breadth of view. He wrote
several works in defense of Liberal principles
against the Clericals, among them one "On the
Passion of Catholics for Liberty) (1850); and
(Letters on the Jesuits) (1865).
Laurentie, Pierre Sébastien (lo-ron-te'). A
French journalist and historian; born at Houga,
Gers, Jan. 21, 1793; died at Paris, Feb. 9, 1876.
An ardent advocate of the royalist cause, he
held several important offices until the revo-
lution of 1830, after which he joined the Legiti-
mist journal La Quotidienne, with which he
had previously been connected. His extreme
royalist sentiments detract from the value of
most of his works, among which are: (History
of the Dukes of Orléans) (4 vols. , 1832-34);
(History of France) (8 vols. , 1841-43); Rome
and the Pope) (1860); "History of the Roman
Empire) (4 vols. , 1861–62); (The Pope and
the Czar) (1862); and numerous brochures, etc.
Lauser, Wilhelm (lou'ser). A German pub-
licist; born at Stuttgart, June 15, 1836. He spent
several years in France and Spain, and in for-
eign travel, and wrote: "Contemporary Spain)
(1872); History of Spain from the Fall of Isa-
bella to the Accession of Alfonso XII. (1877);
(In all Directions: Stories of my Travels' (1889);
(The First Picaresque Romance: Lazarillo of
Tormes) (1889).
Lavater, Johann Kaspar (läv'ä-ter). A Swiss
physiognomist and theological writer; born at
Zürich, Nov. 15, 1741 ; died there, Jan, 2, 1801.
He was pastor of a church in his native town,
and his semi-mystical religious writings won
him great fame throughout Germany. In his
(Christian Songs) (first 100, 1776; second 100,
1780), he seeks to counteract the principles of
Illuminism and Rationalism; and he has the
same aim in the drama (Abraham and Isaac)
(1776), in the epics (Jesus the Messiah, or the
Coming of the Lord' (1780), (Joseph of Ari-
mathea) (1794), etc. His views of the inner
life of the soul find expression in his 'Private
Diary of a Self-Observer) (1772–73). But his
most celebrated work is (Physiognomic Frag.
ments) (1775–78), which was received with ex-
traordinary favor by the leading minds of Ger-
many, among them Goethe, Stolberg, Jakobi.
## p. 330 (#346) ############################################
330
LAVEDAN-LAZARUS
Lavedan, Henri (läv-don'). A French jour-
nalist, critic, novelist, and playwright; born at
Orléans, in 1860. He contributed under the
pseudonym of “Manchecourt” a series of brill-
iant articles to Vie Parisienne, Gil Blas, etc. ,
and in the department of fiction has produced :
(Mam'zelle Virtue) (1885); (Queen Janvier)
(1886); (Lydie) (1887); Inconsolable) (1888);
(High Life) (1891); A New Game) (1892).
Of his plays the most notable are: A Family,
a comedy produced at the Comédie Française
(1890), and awarded a prize of 4,000 francs by
the French Academy; and Prince d'Aurec)
(acted in 1892).
Laveleye, Émile de (läv-lā'). A Belgian
economist; born at Bruges, April 5, 1822; died
at Doyon, near Liège, Jan. 3, 1892. Among his
numerous writings are: (History of the Pro-
vençal Language and Literature) (1846); (The
Question of Gold' (1860); Property and its
Principal Forms) (1874); Contemporary So-
cialism) (1881); Elements of Political Econ-
omy) (1882); (Money and International Bimet-
allism' (1891); (Government in Democracies)
(1891).
La Vigne, Andrieu de (lä-vēn'). A French
poet (1457-1527). He accompanied Charles
VIII. to Naples, and told the story of the
march in verse. He also wrote a Mystery-
Play of Saint Martin,' and several minor po-
ems; among them a sonnet in the Lombard
dialect, the first sonnet written by a French-
(
man.
Lawless, Emily, Hon. An Irish novelist,
daughter of the third Baron Cloncurry; bom
in 1845. She is the author of several popular
romances of Irish life, full of pathos and pict-
ures
eness, among which may be noticed :
A Millionaire's Cousin' (1885); Hurrish
(1886), a study; (Grania! ( 1892 ), her most
powerful work; (Maelcho) (1894), a story of
the rebellion of Sir James Fitzmaurice in the
16th century. She is also author of (Ireland
(1887) in the Story of the Nations) series.
Lawton, William Cranston. An American
classical teacher and writer; born at New Bed-
ford, Mass. , May 22, 1853. He graduated at
Harvard in 1873; studied in Europe from 1880
to 1883; was a classical teacher in New Bed-
ford and Boston for several years; was pro-
fessor at Bryn Mawr; and is now in Adelphi
College, Brooklyn. Besides contributions to the
periodicals, he has published: (Three Dramas
of Euripides) (1889); Folia Dispersa, a vol-
ume of verse; Art and Humanity in Homer. '
Layamon or Lawemon. The name of the
author of a chronicle of Britain. This chron-
icle is described as a poetical semi-Saxon
paraphrase, and it is entitled Brut. Laya-
mon seems to have modeled his work upon
the Roman de Brut' of Wace, for there are
marked resemblances and not many differences
between the two. Nothing is known of the
personal history of Layamon, but his (Brut)
is supposed to have been completed about the
beginning of the thirteenth century. See the
volume (Noted Books) in the Library. ?
Layard, Sir Austen Henry. An English
traveler; born at Paris, March 5, 1817; died
July 5, 1894. He first became interested in
archæological research in 1840, while traveling
in Asiatic Turkey, on discovering at Nimrud,
a village near the junction of the Tigris with
the Zab, the ruins of an ancient city: this
was the site of Nineveh. He made excavations
on the site, and soon uncovered remains of
several palatial edifices. The results of his ex-
plorations he published in Nineveh and its
Remains) (2 vols. , 1848), and Nineveh and
Babylon) (1853). He wrote also Early Ad-
ventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia)
(2 vols. , 1887).
Lazarus, Emma (laz'a-rus ). A Hebrew
American poet; born in New York city, July
22, 1849; died there, Nov. 19, 1887. She la-
bored diligently in behalf of her race and de-
voted her pen largely to Hebrew subjects,
publishing a much-discussed article in the
Century on (Russian Christianity versus Mod-
ern Judaism. Her first volume was composed
of Poems and Translations) (1866), written
between the ages of fourteen and seventeen.
This was followed by (Admetus) (1871); (Alide:
an Episode of Goethe's Life) (1874); (Songs
of a Semite ) (1882), all of which are marked
by naturalness of sentiment, vivid effect, and
artistic reserve of expression.
Lazarus, Moritz (lät'sä-rös). A German
philosophical writer; born at Filehne (Posen),
La Villemarqué, Théodore Hersart, Vi-
comte de. See Villemarqué.
Lavisse, Ernest (lä-vēs'). A French his-
torian; born at Nouvion-en-Thiérache, Dec. 17,
1842. His historical researches have chiefly to
do with Prussia and the German Empire, as
in (The Mark of Brandenburg under the As-
canian Dynasty) (1875); (Studies of the His-
tory of Prussia) (1879); (Frederick the Great
before his Accession (1893); (Three Emperors
of Germany: William I. , Frederick III. , Will-
iam II. (1888).
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (lä-vwä-zyā').
A celebrated French chemist, one of the found-
ers of modern chemistry ; born at Paris, Aug.
16, 1743; died there, May 8, 1794. Starting from
the discoveries which the phlogistonists had
added to the work of the much-libeled alche-
mists, he demonstrated experimentally the acid-
ifying action of (dephlogisticated air, or as
he renamed it, "oxygen gas. ” He was the first
to analyze water, and to obtain by synthesis
« fixed air,) or as he called it, (carbonic acid. )
He first gave system to chemistry; and not
least of his services to science was his part in
devising — with Guyton de Morveau — a con-
sistent scheme of chemical nomenclature. Be-
sides papers contributed to the proceedings
of learned societies, he wrote an Element-
ary Treatise on Chemistry) (1789). He was a
farmer-general of taxes, and was guillotined
for it in the Terror.
## p. 331 (#347) ############################################
LEA - LECKY
331
Sept. 15, 1824. Among his writings are : (The
Soul's Life in Monographs) (1856); (Origin of
Customs); Ideal Questions) (1878); (The
Allurements of Gaming) (1883); (The Prophet
Jeremiah) (1894). With Steinthal he founded
(1859) the Journal of Ethnopsychology and
Philology, since 1890 known as the Journal of
the Ethnological Society.
Lea, Henry Charles. An American pub-
lisher and historian; born in Philadelphia,
Sept. 19, 1825. He entered his father's pub-
lishing house in 1843; became the principal in
1865; and retired from business in 1880. Be-
tween 1840 and 1860 he wrote many papers on
chemistry and conchology. Since 1857 he has
devoted his attention to European mediæval
history, his chief works being: (Superstition
and Force) (1866); (An Historical Sketch of
Sacerdotal Celibacy) (1867); History of the
Inquisition of the Middle Ages) (1888); "For-
mulary of the Papal Penitentiary) (1893).
Leaf, Walter. An English banker, scholar,
and translator; born in 1852. After a brilliant
career at Cambridge University, where he was
Senior Classic, Chancellor's Medalist, and Fel-
low of Trinity, he entered mercantile life in
1877, retiring in 1892. In addition to his duties
as vice-president of the Chamber of Commerce
and director of charitable and educational or-
ganizations, he is editor of the Journal of Hel-
lenic Studies, and has published : (The Story
of Achilles) (1880), with J. H. Pratt; (The
Iliad of Homer Translated into English Prose)
(1882), with A. Lang and E. Myers; (The
Iliad' (1886-88); (Companion to the Iliad)
(1892); (A Modern Priestess of Isis) (1894),
from the Russian.
Leake, William Martin. An English anti-
quarian and classical topographer; born at
London, Jan. 14, 1777; died at Brighton, Jan. 6,
1860. An officer in the West Indian service
(1794-98), and artillery instructor at Constanti-
nople in early life, he later traveled in the East,
and was engaged in surveys and diplomatic
business for the British government in Greece
(1805-9). Among his publications are: (Re-
searches in Greece) (1814); (Topography of
Athens) (1821: 2d ed. 1841), a learned and still
valuable work; Historical Outline of the Greek
Revolution (1826); (Travels in Northern
Greece) (4 vols. , 1835); "Peloponnesia' (1846).
Lear, Edward. An English writer and
draughtsman of nonsense verses and pictures;
born at London, May 12, 1812; died at San
Remo, 1888. early life he was a designer,
drawing birds and animals in the way of illus-
tration; his later years were passed in South-
ern Italy. He wrote a Book of Nonsense)
(1846); and thereafter Nonsense Songs and
Stories); Nonsense Songs, Pictures, etc. );
"Laughable Lyrics); "Nonsense Botany);
Nonsense Alphabets. He wrote also : Jour-
nal of a Landscape Painter in Greece and
Albania) (1851); Journal of a Landscape
Painter in Southern Calabria) (1852); Journal
of a Landscape Painter in Corsica (1870).
Learned, Walter. An American poet and
translator ; born in New London, Conn. , June 22,
1847. He is a resident of New London. Be-
sides contributions to current literature, he has
written Between Times) (1889), a volume
of poems; and translated (Ten Tales from
Coppée.
Lebid ibn Rabi'a (leb'ed ibn rab'yä). A
celebrated Arabian poet (about 575-662). He
was at first an opponent of Mohammed, after-
ward an adherent. His (Mu'allakat) has been
published both in the original language and in
French translation by M. de Sacy (1816); and
his (Divan in the original Arabic, and in Ger-
man translation by Huber (1887-91).
Lebrun, Pierre Antoine (lė-bruń'). A French
poet; born at Paris, Nov. 29, 1785; died there,
May 27, 1873. For his (Ode to the Grand
Army) (1805), Napoleon conferred on him a
pension of 6000 francs a year; and his Ode
on the Campaign of 1807) won for him the
place of chief collector of indirect taxes. He
was elected to the Academy on the publication
of his (Travels in Greece) (1828). He wrote
several mediocre tragedies ; his Mary Stuart
(1820), which still holds a place in the French
theatrical repertoire, is half imitation, half trans-
lation, of Schiller's play.
Lebrun, Ponce Denis Écouchard, surnamed
Lebrun-Pindare. A French poet; born at
Paris, Aug. II, 1729; died there, Sept. 2, 1807.
His title “Pindar" is due to the form and the
mythological allusions of his odes, not to any
large poetical merit, either in them or the
lyrics; and as a satirist, he alternately groveled
before and libeled the same men. His best
odes are addressed to Buffon. He excelled
in the composition of madrigals and epigrams;
the latter relate for the most part to his quar-
rels with other authors.
Le Chevalier, Jean Baptiste (lė-shev-ä-lyā').
A French archæologist; born at Trelly, July 1,
1752; died at Paris, July 2, 1836. Before the
Revolution he made an archæological explora-
tion of the Troad, and published (1794) A
Visit to the Troad, or the Plain of Troy as It
Now Is. He wrote also (The Propontis and
the Euxine) (2 vols. , 1800).
Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. An Eng.
lish historian; born in Dublin, Ireland, March
26, 1838. His first work, (The Leaders of Pub-
lic Opinion in Ireland (1861), is a study, from
a Liberal and Union standpoint, of Swift, Flood,
Grattan, and O'Connell. His next work was a
(History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit
of Rationalism in Europe) (2 vols. , 1865); a
semi-controversial essay to prove that the ad-
vance of the masses in religious common-sense
has been due to the general progress of civiliza-
tion and not to the arguments of enlightened
leaders. Then followed A History of Euro-
pean Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne)
(2 vols. , 1869); A History of England in the
18th Century) (8 vols. , 1878–90); (A History of
Ireland in the 18th Century) (5 vols. , 1892),
## p.
332 (#348) ############################################
332
LECLERCQ-LEE
enlarged from the chapters on this subject in
the English History. His (Democracy and
Liberty) (2 vols. ) appeared in 1896. *
Leclercq, Michel Théodore (lė-klerk'). A
French dramatic poet; born at Paris, April 1,
1777; died there, Feb. 15, 1851. He wrote after
the manner of Carmontel a series of Dra.
matic Proverbs, little pieces for the drawing-
room, which, by their pointed, witty dialogue,
their fine character-drawing, and their elegant
style, won universal favor. The latest edition
was in six volumes (1828), and comprised about
80 pieces.
Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie René (lė-
könt' de lēl'). A French poet; born in the Isle
of Bourbon (Réunion), Oct. 23, 1818; died at
Louveciennes, near Paris, July 17, 1894. Settling
in Paris (1846), he was at first an enthusiastic
socialist and disciple of Fourier; afterward he
became an impassioned admirer of the ancient
religions of Greece and India, and a pantheistic
conception of the universe dominated all his
thoughts. In his “Antique Poems) (1853), he
sings in verse exquisite in form the praises of
the ancient gods and heroes; in his “Barbarian
Poems) (1862), with a poet's insight he seeks
to interpret the mythological ideas of the He-
brews, Irish, Bretons, Scandinavians, Indians,
and Polynesians. His (Tragic Poems) (1882)
were crowned by the French Academy. He
made admirable translations of ancient Grecian
poets,- Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus, Anacreon,
and the dramatists. *
Le Conte, Joseph (lė-kont'). An American
scientist; born in Liberty County, Ga. , Feb. 26,
1823. He practiced medicine for some years at
Macon, Ga. , but in 1850 went to Cambridge,
Mass. , where he studied natural history under
Agassiz. He subsequently held several pro-
fessorships, and since 1869 has occupied the
chair of geology and natural history in the Uni-
versity of California. "The Mutual Relations
of Religion and Science) appeared in 1874, and
was followed byElements of Geology) (1878);
(Light) (1881); (A Compend of Geology (1884);
(Evolution and its Relation to Religious
Thought) (1888).
Ledeganck, Karel Lodewyk (led-ė-gänk').
A Flemish poet; born at Eecloo, Nov. 9, 1805;
died March 19, 1847. He is one of the most
popular of Flemish writers. His first collection
of poems was ( Flowers of my Springtide) (1839).
His poem on (The Three Sister Cities) - i. e. ,
Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp- is considered his
finest production.
Ledesma Buitrago, Alonso de (lā-dēs'mä
bwe-trä'go). A Spanish poet; born in Segovia,
1552; died 1623. He was very mystical and
allegorical in his verse, carrying imaginative-
ness to the point of unintelligibility. (Spiritual
Conceptions) (1600-12) is his best work.
Lee, Eliza Buckminster. An American
prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H. , in
1794; died in Brookline, Mass. , June 22, 1864.
Her (Sketches of New England Life) ap-
peared in 1837, and was followed by Delus.
ion) (1839); a translation from the German of
the Life of Jean Paul Richter) (1842); “Naomi;
or, Boston Two Hundred Years Ago) (1848);
(Parthenia; or, The Last Days of Paganism)
(1858); and a translation of Berthold Auer.
bach's (Barefoot Maiden) (1800).
Lee, Frederick George. An English clergy-
man and miscellaneous writer; born at Thame
Vicarage, Oxfordshire, Jan. 6, 1832. At Oxford
he was both University and College prizeman.
He was ordained in 1854, and is at present
vicar of All Saints', Lambeth. He is author
of nearly fifty poems, essays, lectures, ser-
mons, religious and historical studies, among
which are : Poems) (2d ed. 1855); (The Beauty
of Holiness) (1859), lectures; (The Martyrs of
Vienne and Lyons) (3d ed. 1866), an Oxford
prize poem; (Glimpses of the Supernatural
(1875); (A Glossary of Liturgical and Eccle-
siastical Terms) (1877); Historical Sketches of
the Reformation) (1878); (The Church under
Queen Elizabeth) (1880); (King Edward the
Sixth, Supreme Head (1886); (Cardinal Regi-
nald Pole) (1887); (A Manual of Politics)
(1889).
Lee, Mrs. Hannah Farnham Sawyer. An
American essayist and miscellaneous writer,
wife of George Gardiner Lee of Boston; born
in Newburyport, Mass. , 1780; died in Boston,
1865. Her works, which exerted considerable
influence during the first quarter of the nine-
teenth century, are: (Grace Seymour) (1835);
(Three Experiments in Living) (1838); “The
Huguenots in France and America (1842); Me.
moir of Pierre Toussaint) (1853).
Lee, Nathaniel. An English dramatist; born
about 1650 ; died 1692. He wrote several trage-
dies, including (The Rival Queens' (1677) and
( Theodosius) (1680).
Lee, Sophia and Harriet. English novel
ists; born in London-Sophia 1750, Harriet
1757; died --Sophia March 13, 1824, Harriet
Aug. I, 1851. They were daughters of John
Lee, actor, Sophia at 29 wrote a very success-
ful comedy, "The Chapter of Accidents. In
(The Recess: A Tale of Other Days) (1784)
and in Canterbury Tales) (5 vols. , 1797-1805),
which she wrote in conjunction with Harriet,
and which soon became a general favorite, is
seen the beginning of the historical school in
novel-writing. One of the 'Canterbury Tales) —
Kruitzner; or, The German's Tale) - written
by Harriet, suggested to Byron the subject of
(Werner. She also wrote the stories (The
Errors of Innocence) (5 vols. , 1786), and (Clara
Lennox) (1797).
Lee, Vernon, pseudonym of Violet Paget. An
English essayist and miscellaneous writer; born
in 1856. Her writings include: "Studies of the
Eighteenth Century in Italy) (1880); (Belcaro)
(1882), a volume of essays; (The Prince of a
Hundred Soups) (1883), a fairy tale; Miss
Brown) (1884), a novel; and many others. She
has lived in Italy for years.
## p. 333 (#349) ############################################
LE FANU-LEIBNITZ
333
:
Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan (lė-fä'nü or lef'.
a-nū). A popular Irish journalist and novelist;
born in Dublin, Aug. 28, 1814; died there, Feb.
7, 1873. Having graduated from Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, he joined (1837) the staff of the
Dublin University Magazine, at first as con-
tributor, and afterwards as editor and proprie.
tor, besides having an interest in the Evening
Mail. He made his literary début while in
college, but did not attract attention until the
publication of two stirring Irish ballads,
(Phaudbrig Crookore) and (Shamus O'Brien. '
Among modern Irish novelists he stands next
in popularity to Charles Lever. (The House
by the Churchyard appeared in 1863, and was
succeeded by Uncle Silas) (1864), his most
powerful work; 'Guy Deverell (1865); (The
Tenants of Malory) (1867); (The Wyvern
Mystery) (1869); "In a Glass Darkly) (1872).
Leffler, Charlotte. See Edgren.
Le Gallienne, Richard. An English poet and
journalist; born in Liverpool, 1866. His first
volume of poems, "My Lady's Sonnets) (1887),
was printed privately; among his other works
in verse and prose are: (Volumes in Folio);
(The Book Bills of Narcissus ); (English Poems)
(1892);(The Religion of a Literary Man' (1893);
(Prose Fancies) (1894). He has recently put
out some translations of the (Rubáiyát) of
Omar Khayyam. *
Legendre, Adrien Marie (lė-zhondr'). An
eminent French mathematician; born in Paris,
Sept. 18, 1752; died Jan. 10, 1833. At 22 he
was professor of mathematics in the Military
School at Paris, and in 1783 was elected mem-
ber of the Academy. He was one of a com-
mission of three in 1787 to measure a degree of
latitude between Dunkirk and Boulogne,- the
basis of the metric system; afterward he held
high and honorable posts under the govern-
ment; and in 1824 was Inspector of the Higher
Education. From this office he was dismissed
in disgrace because he refused, as member of
the Academy, to vote for the admission of
government nominees. He died in great pov-
erty. His principal works are: Elements of
Geometry) (1794); (Theory of Numbers) (1798);
(Treatise on Euler's Elliptical and Integral
Functions) (3 vols. , 1826–29).
Leger, Paul Louis (le-zhā'). A French
scholar and author; born in Toulouse, Jan.
13, 1843. He is professor of the Slav lan-
guages at the Collège de France, and has done
much to awaken an interest in the history and
philology of the Slav peoples by such works
as: “Slav Studies) (1875); History of Austria-
ilungary) (1878), translated into English ; (Slav
Tales) (1882); (The Save, Danube, and Bal-
kan (1884); (Bulgaria) (1885); (Russians and
Slavs) (1890); Russian Literature) (1892).
Leggett, William. An American story-writer
and journalist; born in New York city, 1802;
died in New Rochelle, N. Y. , May 29, 1839. He
was on the editorial staff of the New York
Evening Post (1829–1836); and wrote: (Leisure
Hours at Sea) (1825); Naval Stories (1834),
(Tales of a Country Schoolmaster' (1835).
Legouvé, Ernest Wilfried (lė-go-vā'). A
French dramatist and story-teller; born at Paris,
Feb. 15, 1807. In 1827 he won a prize of the
Academy with a poem on the art of printing.
As instructor in the Collège de France, 1847, he
lectured on the history of woman's develop-
ment; and later published (Moral Flistory of
Women) (7th ed. 1882), and “Woman in France
in the Nineteenth Century) (1864). These
works, addressed to a feminine public, were re-
ceived with great favor, and were followed by
(Science of the Family) (1867), and (Messieurs
the Young Folk) (1868). Meanwhile Legouvé
was winning high distinction as a playwright
with Louise de Lignerolles); (Adrienne Le-
couvreur); Medea); ( By Right of Conquest';
(Miss Susanna); (Anne de Kerwiler); (Con.
sideration); etc. In 1882 he published (Recol-
lections of Sixty Years, and in 1890 (Winter
Flowers, Winter Fruits : Story of my Household. ”
Lehrs, Karl (lārs). A German philologist;
born at Königsberg, Prussia, Jan. 14, 1802; died
there, June 9, 1878. He was appointed in-
structor in philology in the Königsberg Uni-
versity in 1831, and in 1845 became professor.
His works deal for the most part with recon.
dite questions, as (Aristarchus's Studies on
Homer) (1833); (Three Writings of Herodi-
anus) (1848); “The Scholia to Pindar) (1873);
but he wrote also Popular Essays on Antiq-
uity, Especially on the Ethics and Religion of
the Greeks) (1856; enlarged ed. 1875).
Leibnitz or Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von,
Baron. A renowned German philosopher and
scholar; born at Leipsic, July 6, 1646; died at
Hanover, Nov. 14, 1716. His learning was uni-
versal, and in every branch he was master. At
15 he entered Leipsic University for the study of
law and philosophy. He then passed to Jena,
devoting himself there chiefly to mathematics.
In the mean time he composed two disquisi-
tions, with which he proposed to qualify himself
for a degree at Leipsic: the degree was refused
because of his youth, but in 1666 he took the
doctor's degree in law at Altdorf. His scholar-
ship is almost unparalleled in the vastness of
its range: he reached the highest eminence
among the scholars of his time in languages,
history, divinity, philosophy, jurisprudence, po-
litical science, physical science, mathematics,
even in polite letters. His essays and disqui-
sitions in the field of mere erudition are nu-
merous in the transactions of the learned
societies of his time, such as the (Acta Erudi-
torum,! (Miscellanea Berolinensia, Journal des
Savants,' and in his voluminous (Correspond-
ence. Among his theological and philosoph-
ical writings are : Essays on God's Goodness,
Man's Freedom, and the Origin of Evil (1710);
(Principles of Nature and Grace) (1717); New
Essays on the Human Understanding); (Refu.
tation of Spinoza, first printed in 1854. An
incomplete edition of his Mathematical Works)
was published in eleven volumes (1884).
## p. 334 (#350) ############################################
334
LEICHHARDT-LEMCKE
Leichhardt, Ludwig (lich'hardt). A Ger-
man traveler; born at Trebatsch, Oct. 23, 1813.
He visited Australia in 1841, and made several
tentative explorations preparatory to his great
expedition of 1844-46, which traversed Queens-
land from Moreton Bay to the Gulf of Carpen-
taria, and crossing the peninsula of Arnhem
Land reached Port Essington (or Victoria) on
the west coast of the peninsula. For this he
received a reward of $7,000, with which he
equipped a second expedition to traverse the
continent from west to east: he failed in this
attempt, and perished in the wilderness. lle
published his (Journal of an Overland Expe-
dition,' etc. (1847).
Leighton, William. An American poet;
born in Cambridge, Mass. , 1833. Educated at
Harvard. He wrote: "The Sons of Godwin)
(1876), a tragedy; Change: the Whisper of
the Sphinx) (1878), a philosophical poem; A
Sketch of Shakespeare' (1879); “The Subjec-
tion of Hamlet (1882).
Leisewitz, Johann Anton (li'zė-vits). A
German poet ; born at Hanover, May 9, 1752 ;
died at Brunswick, Sept. 10, 1806 His one tra-
gedy, Julius of Tarentum? (1776), is one of
the characteristic dramas of the period of
a storm and stress," and was highly admired
by the young Schiller. Several other dramatic
pieces he leít in an unfinished state ; after his
death they were destroyed; and all that re-
mains is one scene of a comedy.
Leitner, Gottlieb William (lit'ner). A Ger-
man Orientalist and traveler; born at Buda-
Pesth, Oct. 14, 1840. He received his education
chiefly in King's College, London, and after-
ward was professor of modern Greek, Arabic,
and Turkish, in that institution. In 1864 he
became a member of the Punjab University
College faculty, and took a lively interest in
promoting the cause of education in the Punjab.
He is author of (The Races and Languages
of Dardistan) (1867); “Theory and Practice of
Education); (Races of Turkey); (History of
Indigenous Education in the Punjab) (1883).
Leitner, Karl Gottfried, Ritter von. An
Austrian poet; born at Gratz, Nov. 18, 1800;
died there, June 20, 1890. By his popular bal-
lads he earned the title of « The Uhland of
Styria. ) He published three volumes of his
collected verses : Poems) (1825); (Autumn
Flowers) (1870); (Stories and Poems) (1880).
Leixner, Otto von (lix'ner). A German poet
and miscellaneous writer; born at Saar in Mora-
via, April 24, 1847. Among his poetical works
are: a volume of Poems) (1868); the drama
"Resurrection of Germany) (1870); «Twilight)
(1886); “Proverbs and Satiric Rhymes. He has
also written short stories : « The Two Marys);
Memento Vivere); (Princess Sunshine) (1882).
Among his other works are: (Marginal Notes
by a Hermit); (Gossamer) (1886); (Gossipy
Letters to a Young Matron) (1890); "Lay Ser.
mons) (1894). His History of German Liter-
ature) is a notable work.
Leland, Charles Godfrey. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Philadelphia, Aug. 15,
1824. He is most widely known for his "Hans
Breitmann's Party, and Other Ballads) (1868);
burlesque poems in Pennsylvania Dutch, of
which there have been four series. He has
spent much time abroad, studying gipsy life.
His works include: Poetry and Mystery of
Dreams'; (English Gypsies); Minor Arts);
(The Gypsies); Practical Education); etc.
Lelewel, Joachim (le'-le-vel). A Polish pa-
triot and historian; born at Warsaw, March
21, 1786; died at Paris, May 29, 1861. While
a professor at Wilna he delivered a series of
popular lectures on Polish history, which pro-
voked interference by the Russian government;
and later for his active participation in the
revolution of 1830, he was compelled to leave
his native country and locate in France and
Belgium. Among his various works on Polish
history and antiquities are: (Ancient Polish
Bibliography) (1823-26); (History of Poland
(1829); (History of Lithuania and Little Rus.
sia) (1830); “Geography of the Arabs) (1851);
(Geography of the Middle Ages) (1852-57).
Lemaître, François Élie Jules (lė-mātr').
A French literary critic and dramatist; born
at Vennecy, (Loiret), April 27, 1853. He is
the author of five volumes of literary biogra-
phies, 'Contemporaries : Being Literary Studies
and Portraits ) (1885-95). He was for many
years dramatic critic of the Journal des Débats.
His début as a dramatist was made at the
Odéon with “La Revoltée) (1889), followed by
Deputy Leveau' (1890), an exceedingly clever
political satire. Of his other dramatic compo-
sitions may be mentioned : (The Kings) (1893),
and “The Pardon) (1895). He is the author
of two volumes of poems, Medallions) (1880)
and Petites Orientales) (1882); (Corneille and
Aristotle's Poetics) (1888); Myrrha : Stories
(1894). *
Lemay, Léon Pamphile. A Canadian writer
of prose and verse ; born in Lotbinière, Que-
bec, Jan. 5, 1837. He published "Essais Poé-
tiques) (1865). (The Discovery of Canada)
won him the gold medal of Laval University.
He translated Longfellow's (Evangeline) (1870).
on the Study of French History in the Nine-
teenth Century) (1835); a noteworthy study of
Luther (1835); an Account of a Voyage to
the East) (1847); and a series of studies of
Spain, the land and the people: the series com-
prises ten volumes, devoted to separate towns
and provinces, as, (Seville and Andalusia);
(Toledo and the Banks of the Tagus'; or to
general views, as (Spain, Religious and Liter-
ary); 'Spain: Traditions, Manners, and Liter-
ature.
Latreille, Pierre André (lä-trā'ē). A French
zoologist; born at Brives, Nov. 29, 1762; died
at Paris, Feb. 6, 1833. He has contributed ma-
terially to the classification of the animal king-
dom, as in a (History of the Salamanders)
(1800); Natural History of Reptilia) (4 vols. ,
1802); “Genera of Crustacea and Insecta);
(Course in Entomology) (2 vols. , 1831-33).
Laube, Heinrich (loub'é). A German dram-
atist and novelist; born at Sprottau, Sept. 18,
1806; died at Vienna, Aug. I, 1884. He was
director of theatres in several cities of Ger-
many and Austria between 1849 and 1880.
Among his dramatic works are: (Gustavus
Adolphus) (1829); (Zaganini, a farce (1829);
the tragedy (Monaldeschi? (1839); “The Amber
Witch) (1842); (Struensee, a tragedy (1847);
(The Schoolboys) (1847), a very clever drama-
tization of an incident in the life of Schiller;
(Lord Essex) (1856), his finest tragedy. Among
his stories and works of fiction are: Young
Europe) (1833); 'Love Letters); (The Actress)
(1836); (The Pretender) (1842); (Countess Cha-
teaubriand) (1843); ( The Belgian Count) (1845);
« The German War) (9 vols. , 1865); Life His-
tory of Franz Grillparzer) (1884).
Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury.
An English theologian ; born at Reading, Oct.
7, 1573; died at London, Jan. 10, 1645. He was
an uncompromising upholder of High-Church
principles, and exerted all the powers of his
high office for the repression of Puritanism.
He was brought to trial in the House of Lords
on the charge of high treason, Nov. 13, 1643,
and was beheaded Jan. 10 following. His writ.
ings are but few; his (Diary) (1695), and
his letters, are of value for the history of his
time.
Laughlin, James Lawrence. An eminent
American political economist ; born in Deer-
field, O. , April 2, 1850. In 1892 he became a
professor in Chicago University. His chief
works are : (The Study of Political Economy)
(1885); (The History of Bimetallism in the
United States) (1885); (The Elements of Polit-
ical Economy) (1887).
Lauremberg, Johann Wilhelm (lou'rem-
berg). A Low-German satirist; born at Ros-
tock, Feb. 26, 1590; died at Lorö, Feb. 28, 1658.
In (Four Famous Old Comic Poems) (1652),
written in the Low-German dialect, he ridicules
the fashion of the time in costume, manners,
speech, etc. He wrote also some Latin poems;
and a few dramatic pieces of little value in
High-German, with interludes in Low-German.
Laurent, François (lõ-ron'). A Belgian jurist
and historical writer; born at Luxemburg, July
8, 1810; died at Ghent, Feb. 11, 1887. His works
on law, municipal and international, are writ-
ten with great breadth of view. He wrote
several works in defense of Liberal principles
against the Clericals, among them one "On the
Passion of Catholics for Liberty) (1850); and
(Letters on the Jesuits) (1865).
Laurentie, Pierre Sébastien (lo-ron-te'). A
French journalist and historian; born at Houga,
Gers, Jan. 21, 1793; died at Paris, Feb. 9, 1876.
An ardent advocate of the royalist cause, he
held several important offices until the revo-
lution of 1830, after which he joined the Legiti-
mist journal La Quotidienne, with which he
had previously been connected. His extreme
royalist sentiments detract from the value of
most of his works, among which are: (History
of the Dukes of Orléans) (4 vols. , 1832-34);
(History of France) (8 vols. , 1841-43); Rome
and the Pope) (1860); "History of the Roman
Empire) (4 vols. , 1861–62); (The Pope and
the Czar) (1862); and numerous brochures, etc.
Lauser, Wilhelm (lou'ser). A German pub-
licist; born at Stuttgart, June 15, 1836. He spent
several years in France and Spain, and in for-
eign travel, and wrote: "Contemporary Spain)
(1872); History of Spain from the Fall of Isa-
bella to the Accession of Alfonso XII. (1877);
(In all Directions: Stories of my Travels' (1889);
(The First Picaresque Romance: Lazarillo of
Tormes) (1889).
Lavater, Johann Kaspar (läv'ä-ter). A Swiss
physiognomist and theological writer; born at
Zürich, Nov. 15, 1741 ; died there, Jan, 2, 1801.
He was pastor of a church in his native town,
and his semi-mystical religious writings won
him great fame throughout Germany. In his
(Christian Songs) (first 100, 1776; second 100,
1780), he seeks to counteract the principles of
Illuminism and Rationalism; and he has the
same aim in the drama (Abraham and Isaac)
(1776), in the epics (Jesus the Messiah, or the
Coming of the Lord' (1780), (Joseph of Ari-
mathea) (1794), etc. His views of the inner
life of the soul find expression in his 'Private
Diary of a Self-Observer) (1772–73). But his
most celebrated work is (Physiognomic Frag.
ments) (1775–78), which was received with ex-
traordinary favor by the leading minds of Ger-
many, among them Goethe, Stolberg, Jakobi.
## p. 330 (#346) ############################################
330
LAVEDAN-LAZARUS
Lavedan, Henri (läv-don'). A French jour-
nalist, critic, novelist, and playwright; born at
Orléans, in 1860. He contributed under the
pseudonym of “Manchecourt” a series of brill-
iant articles to Vie Parisienne, Gil Blas, etc. ,
and in the department of fiction has produced :
(Mam'zelle Virtue) (1885); (Queen Janvier)
(1886); (Lydie) (1887); Inconsolable) (1888);
(High Life) (1891); A New Game) (1892).
Of his plays the most notable are: A Family,
a comedy produced at the Comédie Française
(1890), and awarded a prize of 4,000 francs by
the French Academy; and Prince d'Aurec)
(acted in 1892).
Laveleye, Émile de (läv-lā'). A Belgian
economist; born at Bruges, April 5, 1822; died
at Doyon, near Liège, Jan. 3, 1892. Among his
numerous writings are: (History of the Pro-
vençal Language and Literature) (1846); (The
Question of Gold' (1860); Property and its
Principal Forms) (1874); Contemporary So-
cialism) (1881); Elements of Political Econ-
omy) (1882); (Money and International Bimet-
allism' (1891); (Government in Democracies)
(1891).
La Vigne, Andrieu de (lä-vēn'). A French
poet (1457-1527). He accompanied Charles
VIII. to Naples, and told the story of the
march in verse. He also wrote a Mystery-
Play of Saint Martin,' and several minor po-
ems; among them a sonnet in the Lombard
dialect, the first sonnet written by a French-
(
man.
Lawless, Emily, Hon. An Irish novelist,
daughter of the third Baron Cloncurry; bom
in 1845. She is the author of several popular
romances of Irish life, full of pathos and pict-
ures
eness, among which may be noticed :
A Millionaire's Cousin' (1885); Hurrish
(1886), a study; (Grania! ( 1892 ), her most
powerful work; (Maelcho) (1894), a story of
the rebellion of Sir James Fitzmaurice in the
16th century. She is also author of (Ireland
(1887) in the Story of the Nations) series.
Lawton, William Cranston. An American
classical teacher and writer; born at New Bed-
ford, Mass. , May 22, 1853. He graduated at
Harvard in 1873; studied in Europe from 1880
to 1883; was a classical teacher in New Bed-
ford and Boston for several years; was pro-
fessor at Bryn Mawr; and is now in Adelphi
College, Brooklyn. Besides contributions to the
periodicals, he has published: (Three Dramas
of Euripides) (1889); Folia Dispersa, a vol-
ume of verse; Art and Humanity in Homer. '
Layamon or Lawemon. The name of the
author of a chronicle of Britain. This chron-
icle is described as a poetical semi-Saxon
paraphrase, and it is entitled Brut. Laya-
mon seems to have modeled his work upon
the Roman de Brut' of Wace, for there are
marked resemblances and not many differences
between the two. Nothing is known of the
personal history of Layamon, but his (Brut)
is supposed to have been completed about the
beginning of the thirteenth century. See the
volume (Noted Books) in the Library. ?
Layard, Sir Austen Henry. An English
traveler; born at Paris, March 5, 1817; died
July 5, 1894. He first became interested in
archæological research in 1840, while traveling
in Asiatic Turkey, on discovering at Nimrud,
a village near the junction of the Tigris with
the Zab, the ruins of an ancient city: this
was the site of Nineveh. He made excavations
on the site, and soon uncovered remains of
several palatial edifices. The results of his ex-
plorations he published in Nineveh and its
Remains) (2 vols. , 1848), and Nineveh and
Babylon) (1853). He wrote also Early Ad-
ventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia)
(2 vols. , 1887).
Lazarus, Emma (laz'a-rus ). A Hebrew
American poet; born in New York city, July
22, 1849; died there, Nov. 19, 1887. She la-
bored diligently in behalf of her race and de-
voted her pen largely to Hebrew subjects,
publishing a much-discussed article in the
Century on (Russian Christianity versus Mod-
ern Judaism. Her first volume was composed
of Poems and Translations) (1866), written
between the ages of fourteen and seventeen.
This was followed by (Admetus) (1871); (Alide:
an Episode of Goethe's Life) (1874); (Songs
of a Semite ) (1882), all of which are marked
by naturalness of sentiment, vivid effect, and
artistic reserve of expression.
Lazarus, Moritz (lät'sä-rös). A German
philosophical writer; born at Filehne (Posen),
La Villemarqué, Théodore Hersart, Vi-
comte de. See Villemarqué.
Lavisse, Ernest (lä-vēs'). A French his-
torian; born at Nouvion-en-Thiérache, Dec. 17,
1842. His historical researches have chiefly to
do with Prussia and the German Empire, as
in (The Mark of Brandenburg under the As-
canian Dynasty) (1875); (Studies of the His-
tory of Prussia) (1879); (Frederick the Great
before his Accession (1893); (Three Emperors
of Germany: William I. , Frederick III. , Will-
iam II. (1888).
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (lä-vwä-zyā').
A celebrated French chemist, one of the found-
ers of modern chemistry ; born at Paris, Aug.
16, 1743; died there, May 8, 1794. Starting from
the discoveries which the phlogistonists had
added to the work of the much-libeled alche-
mists, he demonstrated experimentally the acid-
ifying action of (dephlogisticated air, or as
he renamed it, "oxygen gas. ” He was the first
to analyze water, and to obtain by synthesis
« fixed air,) or as he called it, (carbonic acid. )
He first gave system to chemistry; and not
least of his services to science was his part in
devising — with Guyton de Morveau — a con-
sistent scheme of chemical nomenclature. Be-
sides papers contributed to the proceedings
of learned societies, he wrote an Element-
ary Treatise on Chemistry) (1789). He was a
farmer-general of taxes, and was guillotined
for it in the Terror.
## p. 331 (#347) ############################################
LEA - LECKY
331
Sept. 15, 1824. Among his writings are : (The
Soul's Life in Monographs) (1856); (Origin of
Customs); Ideal Questions) (1878); (The
Allurements of Gaming) (1883); (The Prophet
Jeremiah) (1894). With Steinthal he founded
(1859) the Journal of Ethnopsychology and
Philology, since 1890 known as the Journal of
the Ethnological Society.
Lea, Henry Charles. An American pub-
lisher and historian; born in Philadelphia,
Sept. 19, 1825. He entered his father's pub-
lishing house in 1843; became the principal in
1865; and retired from business in 1880. Be-
tween 1840 and 1860 he wrote many papers on
chemistry and conchology. Since 1857 he has
devoted his attention to European mediæval
history, his chief works being: (Superstition
and Force) (1866); (An Historical Sketch of
Sacerdotal Celibacy) (1867); History of the
Inquisition of the Middle Ages) (1888); "For-
mulary of the Papal Penitentiary) (1893).
Leaf, Walter. An English banker, scholar,
and translator; born in 1852. After a brilliant
career at Cambridge University, where he was
Senior Classic, Chancellor's Medalist, and Fel-
low of Trinity, he entered mercantile life in
1877, retiring in 1892. In addition to his duties
as vice-president of the Chamber of Commerce
and director of charitable and educational or-
ganizations, he is editor of the Journal of Hel-
lenic Studies, and has published : (The Story
of Achilles) (1880), with J. H. Pratt; (The
Iliad of Homer Translated into English Prose)
(1882), with A. Lang and E. Myers; (The
Iliad' (1886-88); (Companion to the Iliad)
(1892); (A Modern Priestess of Isis) (1894),
from the Russian.
Leake, William Martin. An English anti-
quarian and classical topographer; born at
London, Jan. 14, 1777; died at Brighton, Jan. 6,
1860. An officer in the West Indian service
(1794-98), and artillery instructor at Constanti-
nople in early life, he later traveled in the East,
and was engaged in surveys and diplomatic
business for the British government in Greece
(1805-9). Among his publications are: (Re-
searches in Greece) (1814); (Topography of
Athens) (1821: 2d ed. 1841), a learned and still
valuable work; Historical Outline of the Greek
Revolution (1826); (Travels in Northern
Greece) (4 vols. , 1835); "Peloponnesia' (1846).
Lear, Edward. An English writer and
draughtsman of nonsense verses and pictures;
born at London, May 12, 1812; died at San
Remo, 1888. early life he was a designer,
drawing birds and animals in the way of illus-
tration; his later years were passed in South-
ern Italy. He wrote a Book of Nonsense)
(1846); and thereafter Nonsense Songs and
Stories); Nonsense Songs, Pictures, etc. );
"Laughable Lyrics); "Nonsense Botany);
Nonsense Alphabets. He wrote also : Jour-
nal of a Landscape Painter in Greece and
Albania) (1851); Journal of a Landscape
Painter in Southern Calabria) (1852); Journal
of a Landscape Painter in Corsica (1870).
Learned, Walter. An American poet and
translator ; born in New London, Conn. , June 22,
1847. He is a resident of New London. Be-
sides contributions to current literature, he has
written Between Times) (1889), a volume
of poems; and translated (Ten Tales from
Coppée.
Lebid ibn Rabi'a (leb'ed ibn rab'yä). A
celebrated Arabian poet (about 575-662). He
was at first an opponent of Mohammed, after-
ward an adherent. His (Mu'allakat) has been
published both in the original language and in
French translation by M. de Sacy (1816); and
his (Divan in the original Arabic, and in Ger-
man translation by Huber (1887-91).
Lebrun, Pierre Antoine (lė-bruń'). A French
poet; born at Paris, Nov. 29, 1785; died there,
May 27, 1873. For his (Ode to the Grand
Army) (1805), Napoleon conferred on him a
pension of 6000 francs a year; and his Ode
on the Campaign of 1807) won for him the
place of chief collector of indirect taxes. He
was elected to the Academy on the publication
of his (Travels in Greece) (1828). He wrote
several mediocre tragedies ; his Mary Stuart
(1820), which still holds a place in the French
theatrical repertoire, is half imitation, half trans-
lation, of Schiller's play.
Lebrun, Ponce Denis Écouchard, surnamed
Lebrun-Pindare. A French poet; born at
Paris, Aug. II, 1729; died there, Sept. 2, 1807.
His title “Pindar" is due to the form and the
mythological allusions of his odes, not to any
large poetical merit, either in them or the
lyrics; and as a satirist, he alternately groveled
before and libeled the same men. His best
odes are addressed to Buffon. He excelled
in the composition of madrigals and epigrams;
the latter relate for the most part to his quar-
rels with other authors.
Le Chevalier, Jean Baptiste (lė-shev-ä-lyā').
A French archæologist; born at Trelly, July 1,
1752; died at Paris, July 2, 1836. Before the
Revolution he made an archæological explora-
tion of the Troad, and published (1794) A
Visit to the Troad, or the Plain of Troy as It
Now Is. He wrote also (The Propontis and
the Euxine) (2 vols. , 1800).
Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. An Eng.
lish historian; born in Dublin, Ireland, March
26, 1838. His first work, (The Leaders of Pub-
lic Opinion in Ireland (1861), is a study, from
a Liberal and Union standpoint, of Swift, Flood,
Grattan, and O'Connell. His next work was a
(History of the Rise and Influence of the Spirit
of Rationalism in Europe) (2 vols. , 1865); a
semi-controversial essay to prove that the ad-
vance of the masses in religious common-sense
has been due to the general progress of civiliza-
tion and not to the arguments of enlightened
leaders. Then followed A History of Euro-
pean Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne)
(2 vols. , 1869); A History of England in the
18th Century) (8 vols. , 1878–90); (A History of
Ireland in the 18th Century) (5 vols. , 1892),
## p.
332 (#348) ############################################
332
LECLERCQ-LEE
enlarged from the chapters on this subject in
the English History. His (Democracy and
Liberty) (2 vols. ) appeared in 1896. *
Leclercq, Michel Théodore (lė-klerk'). A
French dramatic poet; born at Paris, April 1,
1777; died there, Feb. 15, 1851. He wrote after
the manner of Carmontel a series of Dra.
matic Proverbs, little pieces for the drawing-
room, which, by their pointed, witty dialogue,
their fine character-drawing, and their elegant
style, won universal favor. The latest edition
was in six volumes (1828), and comprised about
80 pieces.
Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie René (lė-
könt' de lēl'). A French poet; born in the Isle
of Bourbon (Réunion), Oct. 23, 1818; died at
Louveciennes, near Paris, July 17, 1894. Settling
in Paris (1846), he was at first an enthusiastic
socialist and disciple of Fourier; afterward he
became an impassioned admirer of the ancient
religions of Greece and India, and a pantheistic
conception of the universe dominated all his
thoughts. In his “Antique Poems) (1853), he
sings in verse exquisite in form the praises of
the ancient gods and heroes; in his “Barbarian
Poems) (1862), with a poet's insight he seeks
to interpret the mythological ideas of the He-
brews, Irish, Bretons, Scandinavians, Indians,
and Polynesians. His (Tragic Poems) (1882)
were crowned by the French Academy. He
made admirable translations of ancient Grecian
poets,- Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus, Anacreon,
and the dramatists. *
Le Conte, Joseph (lė-kont'). An American
scientist; born in Liberty County, Ga. , Feb. 26,
1823. He practiced medicine for some years at
Macon, Ga. , but in 1850 went to Cambridge,
Mass. , where he studied natural history under
Agassiz. He subsequently held several pro-
fessorships, and since 1869 has occupied the
chair of geology and natural history in the Uni-
versity of California. "The Mutual Relations
of Religion and Science) appeared in 1874, and
was followed byElements of Geology) (1878);
(Light) (1881); (A Compend of Geology (1884);
(Evolution and its Relation to Religious
Thought) (1888).
Ledeganck, Karel Lodewyk (led-ė-gänk').
A Flemish poet; born at Eecloo, Nov. 9, 1805;
died March 19, 1847. He is one of the most
popular of Flemish writers. His first collection
of poems was ( Flowers of my Springtide) (1839).
His poem on (The Three Sister Cities) - i. e. ,
Ghent, Bruges, Antwerp- is considered his
finest production.
Ledesma Buitrago, Alonso de (lā-dēs'mä
bwe-trä'go). A Spanish poet; born in Segovia,
1552; died 1623. He was very mystical and
allegorical in his verse, carrying imaginative-
ness to the point of unintelligibility. (Spiritual
Conceptions) (1600-12) is his best work.
Lee, Eliza Buckminster. An American
prose-writer; born in Portsmouth, N. H. , in
1794; died in Brookline, Mass. , June 22, 1864.
Her (Sketches of New England Life) ap-
peared in 1837, and was followed by Delus.
ion) (1839); a translation from the German of
the Life of Jean Paul Richter) (1842); “Naomi;
or, Boston Two Hundred Years Ago) (1848);
(Parthenia; or, The Last Days of Paganism)
(1858); and a translation of Berthold Auer.
bach's (Barefoot Maiden) (1800).
Lee, Frederick George. An English clergy-
man and miscellaneous writer; born at Thame
Vicarage, Oxfordshire, Jan. 6, 1832. At Oxford
he was both University and College prizeman.
He was ordained in 1854, and is at present
vicar of All Saints', Lambeth. He is author
of nearly fifty poems, essays, lectures, ser-
mons, religious and historical studies, among
which are : Poems) (2d ed. 1855); (The Beauty
of Holiness) (1859), lectures; (The Martyrs of
Vienne and Lyons) (3d ed. 1866), an Oxford
prize poem; (Glimpses of the Supernatural
(1875); (A Glossary of Liturgical and Eccle-
siastical Terms) (1877); Historical Sketches of
the Reformation) (1878); (The Church under
Queen Elizabeth) (1880); (King Edward the
Sixth, Supreme Head (1886); (Cardinal Regi-
nald Pole) (1887); (A Manual of Politics)
(1889).
Lee, Mrs. Hannah Farnham Sawyer. An
American essayist and miscellaneous writer,
wife of George Gardiner Lee of Boston; born
in Newburyport, Mass. , 1780; died in Boston,
1865. Her works, which exerted considerable
influence during the first quarter of the nine-
teenth century, are: (Grace Seymour) (1835);
(Three Experiments in Living) (1838); “The
Huguenots in France and America (1842); Me.
moir of Pierre Toussaint) (1853).
Lee, Nathaniel. An English dramatist; born
about 1650 ; died 1692. He wrote several trage-
dies, including (The Rival Queens' (1677) and
( Theodosius) (1680).
Lee, Sophia and Harriet. English novel
ists; born in London-Sophia 1750, Harriet
1757; died --Sophia March 13, 1824, Harriet
Aug. I, 1851. They were daughters of John
Lee, actor, Sophia at 29 wrote a very success-
ful comedy, "The Chapter of Accidents. In
(The Recess: A Tale of Other Days) (1784)
and in Canterbury Tales) (5 vols. , 1797-1805),
which she wrote in conjunction with Harriet,
and which soon became a general favorite, is
seen the beginning of the historical school in
novel-writing. One of the 'Canterbury Tales) —
Kruitzner; or, The German's Tale) - written
by Harriet, suggested to Byron the subject of
(Werner. She also wrote the stories (The
Errors of Innocence) (5 vols. , 1786), and (Clara
Lennox) (1797).
Lee, Vernon, pseudonym of Violet Paget. An
English essayist and miscellaneous writer; born
in 1856. Her writings include: "Studies of the
Eighteenth Century in Italy) (1880); (Belcaro)
(1882), a volume of essays; (The Prince of a
Hundred Soups) (1883), a fairy tale; Miss
Brown) (1884), a novel; and many others. She
has lived in Italy for years.
## p. 333 (#349) ############################################
LE FANU-LEIBNITZ
333
:
Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan (lė-fä'nü or lef'.
a-nū). A popular Irish journalist and novelist;
born in Dublin, Aug. 28, 1814; died there, Feb.
7, 1873. Having graduated from Trinity Col-
lege, Dublin, he joined (1837) the staff of the
Dublin University Magazine, at first as con-
tributor, and afterwards as editor and proprie.
tor, besides having an interest in the Evening
Mail. He made his literary début while in
college, but did not attract attention until the
publication of two stirring Irish ballads,
(Phaudbrig Crookore) and (Shamus O'Brien. '
Among modern Irish novelists he stands next
in popularity to Charles Lever. (The House
by the Churchyard appeared in 1863, and was
succeeded by Uncle Silas) (1864), his most
powerful work; 'Guy Deverell (1865); (The
Tenants of Malory) (1867); (The Wyvern
Mystery) (1869); "In a Glass Darkly) (1872).
Leffler, Charlotte. See Edgren.
Le Gallienne, Richard. An English poet and
journalist; born in Liverpool, 1866. His first
volume of poems, "My Lady's Sonnets) (1887),
was printed privately; among his other works
in verse and prose are: (Volumes in Folio);
(The Book Bills of Narcissus ); (English Poems)
(1892);(The Religion of a Literary Man' (1893);
(Prose Fancies) (1894). He has recently put
out some translations of the (Rubáiyát) of
Omar Khayyam. *
Legendre, Adrien Marie (lė-zhondr'). An
eminent French mathematician; born in Paris,
Sept. 18, 1752; died Jan. 10, 1833. At 22 he
was professor of mathematics in the Military
School at Paris, and in 1783 was elected mem-
ber of the Academy. He was one of a com-
mission of three in 1787 to measure a degree of
latitude between Dunkirk and Boulogne,- the
basis of the metric system; afterward he held
high and honorable posts under the govern-
ment; and in 1824 was Inspector of the Higher
Education. From this office he was dismissed
in disgrace because he refused, as member of
the Academy, to vote for the admission of
government nominees. He died in great pov-
erty. His principal works are: Elements of
Geometry) (1794); (Theory of Numbers) (1798);
(Treatise on Euler's Elliptical and Integral
Functions) (3 vols. , 1826–29).
Leger, Paul Louis (le-zhā'). A French
scholar and author; born in Toulouse, Jan.
13, 1843. He is professor of the Slav lan-
guages at the Collège de France, and has done
much to awaken an interest in the history and
philology of the Slav peoples by such works
as: “Slav Studies) (1875); History of Austria-
ilungary) (1878), translated into English ; (Slav
Tales) (1882); (The Save, Danube, and Bal-
kan (1884); (Bulgaria) (1885); (Russians and
Slavs) (1890); Russian Literature) (1892).
Leggett, William. An American story-writer
and journalist; born in New York city, 1802;
died in New Rochelle, N. Y. , May 29, 1839. He
was on the editorial staff of the New York
Evening Post (1829–1836); and wrote: (Leisure
Hours at Sea) (1825); Naval Stories (1834),
(Tales of a Country Schoolmaster' (1835).
Legouvé, Ernest Wilfried (lė-go-vā'). A
French dramatist and story-teller; born at Paris,
Feb. 15, 1807. In 1827 he won a prize of the
Academy with a poem on the art of printing.
As instructor in the Collège de France, 1847, he
lectured on the history of woman's develop-
ment; and later published (Moral Flistory of
Women) (7th ed. 1882), and “Woman in France
in the Nineteenth Century) (1864). These
works, addressed to a feminine public, were re-
ceived with great favor, and were followed by
(Science of the Family) (1867), and (Messieurs
the Young Folk) (1868). Meanwhile Legouvé
was winning high distinction as a playwright
with Louise de Lignerolles); (Adrienne Le-
couvreur); Medea); ( By Right of Conquest';
(Miss Susanna); (Anne de Kerwiler); (Con.
sideration); etc. In 1882 he published (Recol-
lections of Sixty Years, and in 1890 (Winter
Flowers, Winter Fruits : Story of my Household. ”
Lehrs, Karl (lārs). A German philologist;
born at Königsberg, Prussia, Jan. 14, 1802; died
there, June 9, 1878. He was appointed in-
structor in philology in the Königsberg Uni-
versity in 1831, and in 1845 became professor.
His works deal for the most part with recon.
dite questions, as (Aristarchus's Studies on
Homer) (1833); (Three Writings of Herodi-
anus) (1848); “The Scholia to Pindar) (1873);
but he wrote also Popular Essays on Antiq-
uity, Especially on the Ethics and Religion of
the Greeks) (1856; enlarged ed. 1875).
Leibnitz or Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von,
Baron. A renowned German philosopher and
scholar; born at Leipsic, July 6, 1646; died at
Hanover, Nov. 14, 1716. His learning was uni-
versal, and in every branch he was master. At
15 he entered Leipsic University for the study of
law and philosophy. He then passed to Jena,
devoting himself there chiefly to mathematics.
In the mean time he composed two disquisi-
tions, with which he proposed to qualify himself
for a degree at Leipsic: the degree was refused
because of his youth, but in 1666 he took the
doctor's degree in law at Altdorf. His scholar-
ship is almost unparalleled in the vastness of
its range: he reached the highest eminence
among the scholars of his time in languages,
history, divinity, philosophy, jurisprudence, po-
litical science, physical science, mathematics,
even in polite letters. His essays and disqui-
sitions in the field of mere erudition are nu-
merous in the transactions of the learned
societies of his time, such as the (Acta Erudi-
torum,! (Miscellanea Berolinensia, Journal des
Savants,' and in his voluminous (Correspond-
ence. Among his theological and philosoph-
ical writings are : Essays on God's Goodness,
Man's Freedom, and the Origin of Evil (1710);
(Principles of Nature and Grace) (1717); New
Essays on the Human Understanding); (Refu.
tation of Spinoza, first printed in 1854. An
incomplete edition of his Mathematical Works)
was published in eleven volumes (1884).
## p. 334 (#350) ############################################
334
LEICHHARDT-LEMCKE
Leichhardt, Ludwig (lich'hardt). A Ger-
man traveler; born at Trebatsch, Oct. 23, 1813.
He visited Australia in 1841, and made several
tentative explorations preparatory to his great
expedition of 1844-46, which traversed Queens-
land from Moreton Bay to the Gulf of Carpen-
taria, and crossing the peninsula of Arnhem
Land reached Port Essington (or Victoria) on
the west coast of the peninsula. For this he
received a reward of $7,000, with which he
equipped a second expedition to traverse the
continent from west to east: he failed in this
attempt, and perished in the wilderness. lle
published his (Journal of an Overland Expe-
dition,' etc. (1847).
Leighton, William. An American poet;
born in Cambridge, Mass. , 1833. Educated at
Harvard. He wrote: "The Sons of Godwin)
(1876), a tragedy; Change: the Whisper of
the Sphinx) (1878), a philosophical poem; A
Sketch of Shakespeare' (1879); “The Subjec-
tion of Hamlet (1882).
Leisewitz, Johann Anton (li'zė-vits). A
German poet ; born at Hanover, May 9, 1752 ;
died at Brunswick, Sept. 10, 1806 His one tra-
gedy, Julius of Tarentum? (1776), is one of
the characteristic dramas of the period of
a storm and stress," and was highly admired
by the young Schiller. Several other dramatic
pieces he leít in an unfinished state ; after his
death they were destroyed; and all that re-
mains is one scene of a comedy.
Leitner, Gottlieb William (lit'ner). A Ger-
man Orientalist and traveler; born at Buda-
Pesth, Oct. 14, 1840. He received his education
chiefly in King's College, London, and after-
ward was professor of modern Greek, Arabic,
and Turkish, in that institution. In 1864 he
became a member of the Punjab University
College faculty, and took a lively interest in
promoting the cause of education in the Punjab.
He is author of (The Races and Languages
of Dardistan) (1867); “Theory and Practice of
Education); (Races of Turkey); (History of
Indigenous Education in the Punjab) (1883).
Leitner, Karl Gottfried, Ritter von. An
Austrian poet; born at Gratz, Nov. 18, 1800;
died there, June 20, 1890. By his popular bal-
lads he earned the title of « The Uhland of
Styria. ) He published three volumes of his
collected verses : Poems) (1825); (Autumn
Flowers) (1870); (Stories and Poems) (1880).
Leixner, Otto von (lix'ner). A German poet
and miscellaneous writer; born at Saar in Mora-
via, April 24, 1847. Among his poetical works
are: a volume of Poems) (1868); the drama
"Resurrection of Germany) (1870); «Twilight)
(1886); “Proverbs and Satiric Rhymes. He has
also written short stories : « The Two Marys);
Memento Vivere); (Princess Sunshine) (1882).
Among his other works are: (Marginal Notes
by a Hermit); (Gossamer) (1886); (Gossipy
Letters to a Young Matron) (1890); "Lay Ser.
mons) (1894). His History of German Liter-
ature) is a notable work.
Leland, Charles Godfrey. An American poet
and prose-writer; born in Philadelphia, Aug. 15,
1824. He is most widely known for his "Hans
Breitmann's Party, and Other Ballads) (1868);
burlesque poems in Pennsylvania Dutch, of
which there have been four series. He has
spent much time abroad, studying gipsy life.
His works include: Poetry and Mystery of
Dreams'; (English Gypsies); Minor Arts);
(The Gypsies); Practical Education); etc.
Lelewel, Joachim (le'-le-vel). A Polish pa-
triot and historian; born at Warsaw, March
21, 1786; died at Paris, May 29, 1861. While
a professor at Wilna he delivered a series of
popular lectures on Polish history, which pro-
voked interference by the Russian government;
and later for his active participation in the
revolution of 1830, he was compelled to leave
his native country and locate in France and
Belgium. Among his various works on Polish
history and antiquities are: (Ancient Polish
Bibliography) (1823-26); (History of Poland
(1829); (History of Lithuania and Little Rus.
sia) (1830); “Geography of the Arabs) (1851);
(Geography of the Middle Ages) (1852-57).
Lemaître, François Élie Jules (lė-mātr').
A French literary critic and dramatist; born
at Vennecy, (Loiret), April 27, 1853. He is
the author of five volumes of literary biogra-
phies, 'Contemporaries : Being Literary Studies
and Portraits ) (1885-95). He was for many
years dramatic critic of the Journal des Débats.
His début as a dramatist was made at the
Odéon with “La Revoltée) (1889), followed by
Deputy Leveau' (1890), an exceedingly clever
political satire. Of his other dramatic compo-
sitions may be mentioned : (The Kings) (1893),
and “The Pardon) (1895). He is the author
of two volumes of poems, Medallions) (1880)
and Petites Orientales) (1882); (Corneille and
Aristotle's Poetics) (1888); Myrrha : Stories
(1894). *
Lemay, Léon Pamphile. A Canadian writer
of prose and verse ; born in Lotbinière, Que-
bec, Jan. 5, 1837. He published "Essais Poé-
tiques) (1865). (The Discovery of Canada)
won him the gold medal of Laval University.
He translated Longfellow's (Evangeline) (1870).
