No More Learning

—The following account
nant and deputies Ireland, the reign Henry VIII. has been
Dublin
1541, the lord
Pierce Butler, earl 1524, Gerald, earl
the lords lieute
collected from Ware, Borlase's Reduction Ireland, Lodge's his enemy, Cardinal Wolsey, under various charges confined the
Peerage, and various other historical works. 1509, Gerald Fitzgerald, the eighth earl Kildare, was continued lord justice
and lord deputy Ireland, and remained until his death, 1513, having held the office lord deputy and chief governor Ireland about twenty-five years, during period thirty-three years, under kings Edward IV. and V. , Richard III. Henry VII.
Tower, and, according Borlase, was ordered by Wolsey beheaded, but was pardoned by the king, and sent back Ireland. 1526, Thomas Fitzgerald Leixlip was appointed lord deputy
for short time, and the same year Richard Nugent, baron Delvin, succeeded lord deputy. 1528, Pierce Butler, earl
Ormond and Ossory, was appointed lord deputy, instead the
but being sent for
England 1526, was by the intrigues
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chief professor of Ireland, died.
Mac Ward of Tirconnell, i. e. Owen Roe, died at
REIGN OF HENRY VIII. 359
.
another castle the banks Maing (the river
Mang, Kerry), and returned back safe into the Murtogh (O’Brien), the son of Murtogh, son of county Limerick. After that they mustered
A. D. 1510.
Torlogh, bishop of Kilfenora, died,
O'Reilly, i. e. John, the son of Cathal, died; he
was the first to establish the order of friars de observantia (Franciscans), at Cavan, by the au thority of the Pope.
Bryan Roe, the son of Donal, son of Hugh O’Neill, died.
Bryan, the son of Philip O’Reilly, was slain by the sons of Redmond, son of Glaisne Mac Mahon, while in pursuit of a prey.
Mac Cabe of Brefney, i. e. Felim, and Mac Loghlin, i. e. Anthony, died.
O’Felan, i. e. Fergal, a learned professor in
poetry, and Owen, the son of Bryan O'Higgin, baighe, and through Bealach-na-nCamhna, until
Inis Mac-an-Duirn (in the barony ofKilmacreman,
county of Donegal, he was chief poet of Tirconnell). had been constructed O’Brien, across the
fresh forces, and were joined by the Geraldines Munster, commanded by James, the son the earl Desmond, with the English Munster;
also by Mac Carthy Riavach, Donal, the son Dermod, son Fingin; Cormac Oge, the son Cormac, son Teige, and by the English and
Irish Meath and Leinster; and they thenmarched Limerick. Torlogh, theson Teige O’Brien, lord
Thomond, collected all his forces, and was joined t;"
by MacNamara, and the Siol Aodha, and the Clan Rickard, who mustered another great army op
pose them (the earl and his forces). The earl
arrived Droicheat Croise, namely, Droicheat
Puirt-Croisi (the bridge Port Cross, called O’Brien’s Bridge, the county Clare), which
marched with his forces through Bealach-na-Fad
Gerald, earl of Kildare, with the nobles of the
English and Irish of Leinster, marched with an
army into the province of Munster, and fortified
a castle at Carrick Cital, in despite of the Irish of voice and conversation during the night. On the
Munster. O’Donnell, with a small force, followed him through Meath into Munster, westward, un
joined him that place; from thence they proceeded Ealla (Duhallow, Cork), took the castle Cean Tuirc (Kanturk), and plundered the country; after that they marched into Great Des mond (in Kerry), took the castle Pailis, and
baron Delvin. 1530, Henry Fitzroy, duke Richmond and Somerset, natural son king Henry VIII. , was appointed lord lieutenant, but did not come Ireland, being mere boy, about
sent for England man the 21st year earl was imprisoned
following day the lord justice arranged his forces, placed the English and Irish Munster the van, and the English Meath and Dublin
the rere the army; O'Donnell marshalled his small force, and remained the rere, along with the English Dublin and Meath; they
then crossed through Moin-na-mbrathar (the Bog
the tower, and tried charge high treason, and the February, 1535, they were all hanged and beheaded Ty
-
1534, left his son Thomas, then young Kilmainham. his age, his stead lord deputy. The Ireland, son
the Tower London, and his son Thomas, having heard false report that his father had been beheaded,
lord deputy
this year,
called, and
headed Tower Hill. 1540 sir William Brereton, afterwards marshal Ireland, and baron Leighlin, was appointed lord jus tice, but died the same year Kilkenny. 1540, sir Anthony St. Leger succeeded lord deputy, and going England 1543,
left lord justice William Brabazon, who was ancestor the earls Meath. 1544, sir Anthony St. Leger again arrived Dublin lord deputy, but going England 1546, second
time appointed William Brabazon lord justice, and 1547 sir Anthony St. Leger again came Ireland lord deputy.
organised formidable insurrection Ireland, called the rebellion Silken Thomas, the young lord was commonly called the
Irish Tomas-an-tSioda, from the splendid robes silk wore or, according others, from the silkenbanners borne by his soldiers,
and account this rebellion given the year 1535 these Annals. The earl, his father, died the Tower 1534, and the forces Silken Thomas having beensubdued, and himself brought prisoner England and confined the Tower, was, together with his five uncles, brothers the deceasedearl, namely, James and sir John Fitzgerald, knights Rhodes, and St. John Jerusa lem, and Oliver, Richard, and Walter Fitzgerald, conveyed pri
Shannon, destroyed the bridge, and encamped for night that country. O’Brien encamped near them that they could hear each others’
soners 2nd burn.
1532, according Borlase, was enacted, that none years age, and sir William Skeffiington was made lord should appointed the office lord justice Ireland, but an
deputy under him, and arrived Dublin with 200 horsemen.
1532,Gerald, earl Kildare, was again appointed lord deputy
under Henry Fitzroy, duke Richmond, lord lieutenant, but being arrived Dublin
Englishman, born within the realm England. 1533 sir Wil liam Skeffington was again sent from England lord deputy, and
October, but died the December following
1535 lord Leonard Gray, viscount Graney Thomas Gray, marquess Dorset, was appointed Henry, duke Richmond, the king's son, who died the 16th year his age; 1540 lord Gray was re the year 1541, was various charges tried and be
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360 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1511.
of the Friars), which was the shortest way to Limerick. O’Brien’s forces made an attack on
the English army, killed the baron of Citon, and Barnwall of Circustoun, (Barnwall of Crickstown,
in Meath), and many other noblemen that are not recorded. The English army continued their re treat, and the forces of the O’Briens returned tri umphantly with great spoils, and there was not a
man of the English or Irish in those two armies, on that day, who gained greater fame for valour and generalship than O’Donnell, in covering the
the kalends March (or August), precisely
Tuesday, Dromahaire (in Leitrim), having
come consecrate church Brefney, the sixty-seventh year his age; and was buried
Friday, the monastery Cavan.
Cormac Mac Gauran, who was called bishop Brefney (Kilmore), died before Christmas.
The greater portion the ancient works the church Armagh were burned.
O'Conor Faily, Cahir, the son Con, son Calvach, general entertainer learned men, distinguished military leader among the English
retreat of the English forces.
Mac Maurice of Kerry, i. e. Edmond, the son of and Irish, was slain party his own people,
Thomas, son of Patrick, a vessel full of wisdom namely, by the sons Teige O'Conor, and the and hospitality; and Dermod, son of Donal, son sons John Ballach O'Conor, beside Mainister
of Donal Mac Carthy Cluasach, died.
O’Donnell, i. e. Hugh, the son of Hugh Roe,
went on a pilgrimage to Rome, and while abroad,
his people and friends were in grief, sadness, and
sorrow after him, and he left his son, Manus
O’Donnell, to defend the country while he should be absent.
A. D. 1511.
Art, the son of Con O’Neill, whom O’Donnell had imprisoned at his departure for Rome, was liberated from his imprisonment by Manus, the
son of O’Donnell, without O’Donnell’s permission; and his son Niall Oge became a security for the
maintenance of the terms of peace agreed upon O'Reilly, died.
Teige, son
between them.
Thomas, the son of Andrew Mac Brady, bishop
and archdeacon of the two Brefneys (diocese of Kilmore), for the space of thirty years, a prelate
whom the English and Irish supported, a man
distinguished for wisdom and piety, a brilliant Mac Dermott.
lamp which enlightened the laity and clergy by instruction and preaching, an affectionate shepherd
of the church, after having ordained priests and ecclesiastics of degrees, and having consecrated many churches and cemeteries, after having be stowed precious presents and food
poor, his spirit departed
A. D. 1511.
Art, the son Con, son
Feorais, Mainistir now
Castropetre, the baromy
parish
also called
nated that Mac Feorais, having founded, A. D. 1325, abbey here for Conventual Franciscans, which some interesting ruins still remain, near Edenderry; this abbey, with lands, was
heaven,
Monasteroris,
Coolestown, King's county, which
granted Nicholas Herbert, who died I581. -
got name from John Bermingham, earl Louth, who was Irish called Mac Feorais; and hence the monastery was desig
the rich and the fourth
Feorais. "
O'Kelly, Malachy, the son
Donogh, son Malachy, son William, son Donogh Muinach, died; was supporter his territory, friends, and people, general patron
learned men and strangers, man whom the castles Gallach, Garbally, and Monivea (all Galway), were erected.
Mac Murrogh (lord Leinster), Murrogh Ballach, son Donogh, son Art, died.
Thomas, son Glaisne, son (of Cavan), and Edmond, the son
Conor O'Reilly Glaisne, died. John O'Reilly,
Glaisne, the son Conor, son was killed the people the house
Mac Mahon. Owen, the son Bryan Roe, son Cathal
O’Dogherty, John, the son Donal, son Conor, died; and Conor Carrach was nomi
nated the O’Dogherty.
Mac Donogh Tirerrill,
John, died; and Tirerrill, was slain
Henry O'Neill, went into the pay Hugh, the son Donal, son
Henry John, the son Edmond, son Thomas Oge Maguire, died.
The Dillon, James Machaire Cuircme, (lord Kilkenny West, Westmeath), died.
Hugh, the son Felim Mac Manus, was killed
his brother Fergal, tanist
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Dubhthach (Duffagh), son of Duffagh O’Duige O'Neill,
.
REIGN OF HENRY VIII. 361
Art, the son Hugh, marched nan (of Kilroman, in Roscommon), a learned his with force into Tirconnell, and burned Glenfine
-
II. The Kingdom of Ulster. —In this article is continued from p. 345, the ancient history of Ulster, and of the colonies that peo pled Ireland in the early ages; an account of the Partholanians, Nemedians, Fomorians, and Firbolg, has been given in the prece
ding part, and in this is given an account of the Tuath De Danan, Milesians, Celts, and Scythians.
The Tuath De Danan, as well as the Firbolg, were, according
to our old annalists, a branch of the Nemedians, for a tribe of the Nemedians, when conquered and enslaved by the Fomorians, left
Ireland under the command of Iarbanel, one of the sons of Neme dius, and arrived in Greece, and having settled a long time in
Achaia or Attica, they are stated to have become deeply skilled in magic, and to have acquired the power of working great wonders. The
derivation of their name, according to some, was from Danan, one
of their queens in Ireland, and the word Tuath, which means a
tribe, hence Tuath de Danan signified the tribe or people of Da
nan, as their chiefs were descended from her three sons, Brian,
Iuchar, and Iucharba; or, according to others, they were desig
nated De Danan, from De, which signified gods, hence called De
Danan, or gods of Daman, from their great power and magic skill;
others derive their name from Tuath, a lord, hence Tuath de
Lanan, which would signify lords of Danan. The name has been The religious rites the Danans were form Druidism, and latinised Danannae and Dananni, and anglicised Damans. At they worshipped idols; three their kings were named from their the time the Danans were in Greece they are said to have assisted
man great wealth and prosperity,
aidh Lamhfada, Jughaidh the Long-handed, another their kings, reigned forty years, and instituted the great assemblies
Tailtean Meath, 298, note Bregia;
Tailte, daughter
which an account has been given ordained these assemblies honour
king Iberia Spain, and wife
Eochy, the last Firbolg king. Daghda, surnamed More, the
Great, ruled over the Danans seventy years, and was one the
most celebrated their kings. From Eire, Fodhla, and Banba,
three the Danan queens, Ireland got the names Eire, Fodhla
and Banba, which was designated for many centuries by the
old bards and historians; and from the Danans Ireland also got the
name Inis-Fail, signifying the Island Destiny, from the circum stance their having brought with them remarkable stone called Lia-Fail, the Stone Destiny, which the ancient kings Ireland were for many centuries inaugurated Tara, and which
full account has been given 297, the note Bregia. The Danans had celebrated bards, and Brighid Bride, daughter king Daghda, was their chief poetess, and honoured amongst them the goddess poetry, and Morigu Morigan, one their
queens, was also deified and worshipped the goddess war, like Pallas, Minerva, and Bellona, amongst the Greeks and Romans.
the Athenians in their wars with the Assyrians or Syrians who had invaded Greece, but the Assyrians having proved victorious,
the Danans, for fear of falling into their power, left Greece under the command of their chief leader called Nuadh, and emigrated to Lochlin or Scandinavia, now parts of Denmark, Norway, and Swe den,and having remained there many years, they next proceeded
chief objects worship, one called Mac Coill, the Son the Wood, from having worshipped the woods; another Mac Ceacht,
to Albain, or that part of North Britain now called Scotland,
where they remained seven years, and sailing from thence they
arrived at Inis Ealga, or the Noble Isle, then the name of Ire and Brugh the Boyne Meath, which accounts have been land, and landed in the northern part now Ulster; from thence
they proceeded to Sliabh-an-Iarain, or the iron mountain in Bref>
ney, near the lake now called Lough Allen in Leitrim. The Fir
bolg colony, who were then the possessorsof Ireland, having collec
ted their forces, advanced to oppose the Danans, and a great bat
was fought between them Magh Tuireadh, the Plain
the Tower, place situated near Lough Mask Mayo, which
the Firbolg forces were totally vanquished, and ten thousand
them, together with Eochy their king, were slain and the carn invaded Ireland about thousand years before the Christian era,
sepulchral monument great stones, raised over king Eochy still remains the strand near Ballysadare Sligo. This was called the battle South Moy Turey, and thirty years after wards another great battle was fought North Moy Turey, near Lough Arrow Sligo, which the Firbolg forces, combined with the Fomorians, were again overthrown the Danans, who thus became masters Ireland. The arrival the Danans placed
our old chronologers about twelve centuries before the Christian era, and they ruled over Ireland about two centuries, one hundred andninety-seven years, according the Psalter Cashel, under
conquered the Damans two great battles, one fought Slieve
Mis mountain Kerry, and the other Tailtean Meath, and the Milesians then becamemasters of Ireland.
The origin the Danans involved much obscurity, and has puzzled various antiquarians. Our Irish annalists make them branch the Nemedians, who were colony Scythians, from
the country near the Euxine sea Thrace, and afterwards settled
Greece before stated others consider they were some the
Pelasgi, people Thrace and Macedon, who were the earliest inhabitants Greece, and Danaus, one their kings Argos,
nine successive sovereigns, who resided chiefly Temor Tara,
andTailtean Meath, and sometimes Cruachan Connaught,
and Aileach Ulster. Their most celebrated kings were Danan the Irish writers; others consider the Danans, probably
Nuadh, their first king, who was surnamed Airgiod Lamh, signi fying the Silver Hand, for, having lost his hand the battle South Moy Turey, one his artificers formed for him silver hand, and this circumstance has been adduced proof the superior skill the Danans the arts, and they were repre sentedby the other inhabitants Ireland necromancers and magicians, probable these opinions arose from the great know ledge the Danans arts and sciences, and hence they are con sidered have been far more civilised than the other colonies which had settled Ireland. Nuadh reigned over the Danans for thirty years, and fell the battle North Moy Turey. Lugh
from the similarity the name, tribe the Dodonaei Do doneans, who were also Pelasgians, and the founders the famous oracle and temple Jupiter Dodonea Greece, and also the oracle and temple Apollo Delphi. The learned Villaneuva his Ibernia Phenicea, supposesthe Damansmight Phenicians and have gotten the name Danani from the city Dan Palestine; others consider, from the similarity the names, that the Danans were Danes, and our annalists also state that the Damans were some time Scandinavia, but the name Danes was not used for
many centuries after the period assigned for the arrival the
the Son the Plough, his god being that chief instrument husbandry; and the third Mac Greine, from Grian the Sun
being the great object
was much celebrated
considered remain
after his death. The Danan kings, queens, and chiefs were buried
his adoration. Midhir, son Daghda, the works the Irish bards, and his spirit state enchantment many centuries
the great cemeteries Cruachan Connaught, and Tailtean
given these notes South Connaught and Bregia. The Danans were represented great architects, and said have built many fortresses Ireland, amongst others Cathair Crofin, the stone fortress Crofin, situated Tara, and called from Crofin, one
their queens; Aileach, near Lough Swilly Donegal, Cyclo pean fortress, which account has been given the note Tirconnell, was first erected Neid, one the Danan chiefs, and hence called Aileach Neid. The Milesian colony from Spain, having
mentioned about fifteen centuries before the Christian era, and from him the Greeks were called Danai, name resembling the
Danans, though may
observed that the Danes and other
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362 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1511.
(Gleninn, in Donegal), and from Lough Swilly onward, and took hostages from O’Dogherty.
Kinel Feradaidh, in Tyrone, was completely plundered by Manus O’Donnell.
Scandinavians were originally Scythians or Goths, from the coun tries betweenthe Euxine and Caspian seasin Asia, and came to Scan dinavia many centuries before the Christian era. Many modern geographers are of opinion that the Danans were either some of the Damnii of North Britain, who are placed by Ptolemy, Camden, Cellarius, and others, in the southern parts of Caledonia or Scot land, and in the northern parts of England bordering on Scotland, or some of the Damnonii, the ancient people of Cornwall, in the south of England, some of whom, it is said, came to Ireland about the first century. But whether the Irish Danans were some of the Damnians of North Britain, or of the Damnonians of South Britain, is doubtful, though, as the Phenicians in early ages traded to the mines of Cornwall, some of the Damnonians, who were of the Celtic race, might have come from Cornubia or Cornwall, and settled in Ireland in very remote ages, together with some of the Phenicians, which might account for the eastern origin attributed to the Damans by the Irish writers. It may be here observed, that the Firbolg tribes of Connaught, called Firdomnians and Damnonians, are by some considered to have been colonies either of the Damnians or Damnonians of Bri tain; but, according to the old Irish writers, great numbers of the Danan and Firbolg tribes were expelled from Ireland to Britain in very remote times by the Milesians, and from them the Damnians and Damnonians of Britain were descended; and they also state, that the Clanna Breogain, a colony that came from Spain along with their relatives the Milesians, were after wards in great numbers expelled into Britain; and from these Clanna Breogain, a name which has been latinised Brigantes, were descended the Brigantes of Britain. O’Brien, in his book on the Round Towers, maintains that the Danans were a colony of Iranians or Persians, who came from Iran, which was the ancient name of Persia, and on this he founds his theory, that the Round Towers of Ireland were erected by the Danans for purposes con nected with the ancient religious worship of India, denominated Buddhism, and also for astronomical observations. It may be observed that Bodh Dearg, or Bodh the Red, was the name of one of the Danan chieftains, and son of Daghda, one of the Danan kings; and from him it is said the lake called Lough Bodh Dearg, now Lough Boderig, an expansion of the Shannon between Ros common and Leitrim, derived name, near which lay the plain called Magh Luirg Daghda, now the barony Boyle,
the county Roscommon and there hill near Rath Crua
O'Neill, i. e. Art, the son of Hugh, having col lected his forces, marched into Tirconnell after O’Donnell had gone to Rome; Manus O’Donnell, with the three Mac Sweeneys, and the principal
&c. , and even the traditions the people the present day, they are considered have been great builders; and Goban Saor name signifying Goban the builder), man the Danan race, and famous architect, attributed the erection the Round Towers and many other great buildings Ireland the
early ages, but others consider that this Goban Saor lived the times Christianity, and represent him builder churches;
chan, Roscommon, called the Hill century, 226, the Four Masters,
Egypt, who was drowned the Red sea. This Niull had son named Gaodhal, and his descendants were called Clanna Gaodhal, and from Gaodhal came the name Gael, which the pronunciation
the word, hence, the Irish have been called Gaels and Gade liams. The Gadelians having been expelled from Egypt, sailed back Scythia under the conduct their chief, Eiber Scuit, Eiber the Scythian, and from him they were called Cineadh Scuit, signifying the race the Scyths Scythians, and the name Scuit was latinised Scoti, and anglicised Scots, and from the Scoti Ireland, ancient times, got the name Scotia, which was after wards applied that part North Britain called the Irish Albain, now Scotland, from colony Milesians Irish Scots who settled there the third century under chief from Ireland named Cairbre Riada, but observed, that the name Sco tia was exclusively confined Ireland till the eleventh century, when was first applied modern Scotland. The Gadelians Scythians again emigrated from Scythia, and having sailed through the Euxine, now called the Black sea, and onward through the Bosphorus, the Hellespont, the Egean Archipelago, and the sea afterwards called the Mediterranean, they made some settle ments Getulia, the coast northern Africa, the country where Carthage was afterwards founded. From Getulia the Gade lians came Iberia Spain, and conquered part that country from the Iberians race Tubal, the ancient possessors, the territory afterwards called Celtiberia by the Romans, and situated
Budh. the third mentioned that Bot, tinidh, who ruled over Bregia, was slain; this name signifies Fergus the Fire, Bot, the word Bot Bod, according Cormac's Glossary and O'Reilly's Dictionary, signifies fire; and according O'Reilly, the word Budh, means, life, wisdom, the world; and the word Bot Bod also often written Bud, hence both
the words appear have similar signification; and appears
the battle Crionna, Meath, Fergus
the northern parts Spain. The Gadelians were possessed the territory now forming the province Gallicia the north Spain, and, commanded by one their celebrated chiefs named Breogain, gained many great battles over the Iberians, and the posterity
called
Gollamh,
rior;
probable that Fergus the Fire Bot, was called from being fire worshipper; hence Bot, Bod, Bud, Budh, seems have been one the Pagan deities the Irish and Wallancey considers that the worship Budh prevailed Ireland, being introduced the Danans, who were Dedanites from Chaldea. Amongst the traditions the people, the Damans are said have been converted into fairies, and live still the raths earthen ramparts called forts, state enchantment; and the Damans are often mentioned fairies by many the bards. Also the traditions the people mentioned fairy king called Bud-an-Bhothair, Budh the Roads, who, travelling rapidly along the roads, raises clouds dust whirlwind. The Danaus were represented
became king North Spain, and was renowned war went Scythia, the country his ancestors, and became
been conquered and mechanics
highly skilled the arts, and after they had
terity were called Clanna Mileadh,
cised Milesians. After the death
terity and the Clanna Breogain sent
land, under the command Ith, who was son Breogain, and
the Milesians, they becamethe chief artificers the country, architects, workers metals,
and some are opinion that was the same Gobhan, the seventh century. full history the Danans the Books Leacan and Ballymote, and also the Book
sions by the O'Clerys.
saint given
Inva
The Milesians. —An account this ancient colony has been partly given 123, the note South Connaught, and various other annotations the course these Annals, which
has been shewn from ancient authorities, that the Milesians are represented colony originally from Scythia, near the Euxine sea, the borders Europe and Asia, the country now called
the Crimea. Their great ancestor was Feniusa Farsa, king Scy thia, and his son Niull having gone Egypt, and attained great rank there, married the princess Scota, daughter Pharaoh, king
this Breogain were named Clanna Breogain, who are Latin writers Brigantes. grandson Breogain, named
the chief military commander there under the king Scythia; from thence went Egypt and was appointed commander of
the Egyptians their wars with the Ethiopians, and marriage the daughter one the Pharaohs, king
obtained Egypt,
and after some time having returned Spain, he ruled
the chief kings that country. From his great valour Gollamh was named Mileadh Espaine, signifying the hero Spain, the word Mileadh means soldier, warrior, knight, like the Latin word Miles, and this name has beenlatinised Milesius; and his pos
term which has been angli Milesius Spain his pos force explore Eire Ire
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Israel, the son Abraham, and Jews,
son Ceallteach and the term
- gantia, Row Corunna in Spain, and arrived in Ireland. The Mile
sians were commanded by eight of the sons of Milesius, and many
chiefs of the Clanna Breogain, but being overtaken by a great
storm off the southern coast of Ireland, many ships were wrecked
and several of their chiefs drowned, amongst whom were Colpa the swordsman, Donn, and some other sons Milesius, but
the cotemporary history other nations antiquity; and though the records remote events our history may exaggerated,
the first colonies that came Ireland, will necessary give some account of the ancient inhabitants of the nations from which those colonies were derived.
The Shemites Semitic race. —After the Deluge, Shem Sem, one the sons Noah, and his posterity, according Josephus, and other ancient historians, peopled the greater part Asia, and
Japhet were the Celts and Scythians. Josephus and other ancient historians, Gomer, one the sons Japhet, and hence called Gomerites and Gomerians; they were the aborigines first inhabitants Europe after the deluge, and they were called the Greeks Keltai, and the Romans Celtae. the
REIGN OF HENRY VIII.
chiefs of Tirconnell, defended and protected the A. D. 1512.
country as well as they could; and O’Neill, with Hugh O'Mulmocheirge (O’Mulmoghery, angli
his forces, departed eastward from the mountain, cised Early), abbot of Dromlane (in Cavan), was
and returned to his home without prey or battle.
uncle of Milesius, and a valiant warrior, but Ith and his forces having arrived in Ireland, were attacked by the Tuath De Danan, and Ith himself was mortally wounded, and most of his men slain. The sons of Milesius and the Clanna Breogain shortly after fitted out a fleet of thirty ships, and with a powerful force set sail from Tur Breogain or the Tower of Breogain, at the place called Bri
drowned.
Abraham, the Egyptian bond-woman Hagar, the race Ham. The Hamites. —The posterity Ham Cham, son Noah, peopled the greater part Africa and part Asia; and Ham himself, shewn the learned bishop Cumberland, his Origin
Ancient Nations, was after his death deified and worshipped god the Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Lybians, under the name
Jupiter Hammon Ammon, and the famous temple and oracle Jupiter Hammon dedicated him Lybia. Mizraim, son Ham, peopled Egypt, hence called Moses, “the land Mizraim;” and from the ancient inhabitants, called Copts Gypts, came the name Egyptians. From Canaan, son Ham, were descended the Canaanites the land Canaan Palestine, and also the Philistines, the Anakim, the Amorites, and Amalekites, who are called the Scriptures the giant race Ham, being famous war riors, and men great strength and stature. From Sidon, son Canaan, came the Sidonians; and the Tyrians and Carthaginians were mixed colonies of the Phenicians and Sidonians.
From
last they effected landing place called Invear Sceine, now
the bay Kenmare Kerry, which got name from Sceine, the
wife Amergin, who was drowned there. The Milesians were
commanded Heremon, Heber, and Amergin, sons Milesius,
together with many chiefs the Clanna Breogain, and soon after
their arrival fought great battle with the Tuath Danan, near Phut, another son Ham, were descended the Phutites
Slieve Mish mountain Kerry, where the Danans were defeated but Scota, the relict Milesius, daughter Pharaoh, king Egypt, who accompanied her sons Ireland and was present the battle, was slain, and buried valley called after her Glen Scota, and situated near Tralee. The Milesians proceeded Tea mur Tara, and Tailtean Meath, where the Danan kings then resided, and great battle fought Tailtean the Danan forces were totally vanquished, and their three kings, Mac Coill, Mac Ceacht, and Mac Greine, together with their three queens, Eire, Fodhla, and Banba, slain; and the Milesians then became masters
Ireland. The period the arrival the Milesians placed our old historians about thousand years before the Christian era, their progenitor Milesius being made cotemporary with king
Lybians and from Sabas, another son, came the Sabeans. From Cush Chus, son Ham, came the Chusites Ethiopians; and Nimrod, son Cush, the Ethiopian, founded the city
Babylon, the banks the Euphrates, and was the first king the Babylonians; called the Scriptures mighty hunter, and described by Josephus “bold man, and great strength
hand. ” Nimrod became an idolater, and erected the famous
Solomon over the Israelites. The vast antiquity assigned
Ionians from Thiras, son Japhet, came the Thracians; and from Thogarma, son Gomer, son Japhet, the Phrygians and Armenians; from Thubal, son Japhet, and his son Iber, came the Iberes Iberians, afterwards called Spaniards. The Italians
our old annalists for the various the early ages, has been doubted, disputed, and denied, many modern writers; but the accounts
colonies that peopled Ireland
our ancient historians are not improbable inconsistent with were mixture Celts, Scythians, and Greeks; the two other
distorted, and mixed with fable, are the early annals and tra
ditions all other nations partly fabulous, compound facts
and fable; and may observed that most the modern writers
who doubt deny the truth our annals, and represent them
fictions and legends, are mostly menwho know little nothing
the Irish language, annals, antiquities, the cotemporary
history other ancient nations. With respect the origin Geilt, considers derived from Coill Caill, wood, hence
the Semitic race were the following nations: From Assur
Ashur, son Shem, came the Assyrians, and Ninus, grandson
Ashur, founded the city Nineveh, the banks the Tigris,
and his descendants possessed Asia, from the Euphrates the
Indian ocean. From Arphaxad, son Shem, came the Arphax Iberia Spain, Britain and Ireland; the western part the adites, called afterwards Chaldeans and from Aram, son European continent, comprising parts Gaul, Germany, Spain,
Shem, descended the Aramites Arameans, afterwards and Italy, was denominated by ancient geographers Celtica, the called Syrians, and from the Syrians came the Phenicians land the Celts, name afterwards applied Gaul, the chief
and from Elam, another son Shem, came the Elamites, called
country the Celts.
The Gauls, inhabitants the countries now called France
and Belgium, were the chief nation the Celts, and possessed those territories two thousand years before the Christian era. They were called the Gaulish and Irish languages, Gall and
the Iranians Persians. From Heber, descendant Ar
phaxad, were descendedthe Hebrews, but Abraham, descendant
of Heber, considered their chief ancestor, and they were called
Israelites, from Jacob
from Judah, one the sons Jacob. The Arabians Arabs, Gaill, and Gaillteach, all apparently derived from the word called Ishmaelites, were descended from Ishmael, Geallteach, signifying Celts, Gael,
temple and
Belus, Bel, Baal, dedicated the sun Babylon,
and his people built the tower Japetians. —Japhet, one
Babel.
the sons Noah, and
The
his posterity, peopled Europe and part
Asia; from Madai, son Japhet, came the Madeans, whom the Greeks called Medes; and from Javan, son Japhet, were descended the Greeks and
chief people the race The Celts, according
were the descendants
Celtic and Hiberno-Celtic Irish language, the name was Céal tach, which O'Brien, his Dictionary, the words Cealtach and
Coillteach Cealtach may signify Celt inhabitant woods; and the term supposed have originated from the Celts the early ages having chiefly inhabited the forests, from their having always practised
woods and groves the religious rites Druid others, the name was derived from Coill, house—as their chief habitations were the
ism or, according
wood, and teach,
woods, constructed wood. The Celts, the aborigines Europe, first inhabited those parts the borders Europe and Asia, about the Euxine sea, and thence spread over Western Europe, and the countries afterwards called Germany, Gaul, Italy,
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364 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1512.
Pierce Mac Graidin, dean of Clan Hugh (in the (parts of Down and Antrim), a man of general hos county of Longford, and diocese of Ardagh), died. pitality, a promoter of religious orders and
Niall, the son of Con, son of Hugh Buighe, son of Bryan Ballach O’Neill, lord of Trian Congail
applied to the Irish, and their descendants the Scots, appears to be derived from the same source. The name Gall annongst the Irish also signified a foreigner, and was applied by them to all foreign people, as Gauls, Danes, and English, while they called themselves
Gael. The Gauls were called by the Greeks Galatai, and also Keltai, and their country Galatia and Celto-Galatia; and by
the Romans Gaul was called Gallia, and the people Galli, anglicised Gauls. In very remote times, from twelve to fifteen centuries before the Christian era, the Gauls crossed the Pyrenees and planted a colony in Iberia or Spain, which, becoming mixed with the old inhabitants named Iberes, were called by the Romans Celto-Iberi, and their country, situated in the north of Spain, was named Celtiberia. The Gauls likewise, many centuries before the Christian era, crossed the Alps, and settled colonies in Northern Italy, in that part called by the Romans Gallia Cisalpina or Cisalpine Gaul, to distinguish it from Gallia Transalpina or Transalpine Gaul, in France. In those early times the Gauls also planted colonies called Boii or Boiarii and Pannonii, in ancient Bavaria, Bohemia, and Pannonia, in Germany. About four cen turies before the Christian era, the Gauls, under Brenn or Brennus, marched into Italy, defeated the Roman forces, and took the city of Rome. The Gauls joined the Carthaginians against the Romans in the Punic wars, and forty thousand of them fought under Hannibal in Italy; and in the year 216 before the Christian era, Hannibal, with his Gaulish infantry and Numidian cavalry, gained the great battle of Cannae, in which fifty thousand of the Romans were slain. A short time before the Christian era, the Roman armies under Caesar invaded Gaul, and the various confederated nations of the Gauls, under the command of Vercingetorix, mustered about two hundred and fifty thousand men; they had great troops of cavalry and war chariots, and they fought with great bravery and im petuosity, commencing the battle with fierce shouts and war cries, and fought naked down to the middle, throwing off their short tunics called sagums, when determined to conquer or die; they used long brazen swords, spears, and shields, bows, arrows, and slings, and cast innumerable darts and stones; the Gauls also had powerful fleets, and their ships, according to Caesar, were chiefly constructed of oak, but though fighting with great valour, they were generally defeated by the superior discipline of the
churches, a provident and fortunate man, who paid neither rents nor tribute to the Clan Neill or
Skuthai, Skuthike, and Scythes, and by the Romans Scythae, and Scythi, anglicised Scyths, and Scythians. O'Brien, and other
etymologists, are of opinion that the name is derived from the Cel tic or Celto-Scythian word, Sciot, which signifies a dart or arrow,
and has also the same signification in the Irish language; and this derivation is considered probable, as the Scythian nations were all famous archers, particularly the Parthians; and O'Brien, in the
learned preface to his Dictionary, is also of opinion that the Irish names Scuit, and Clanna Scuit, meaning Scythians, as applied to
the Milesian Irish, had its origin from the same source, as they are stated to have been of Scythian or Celto-Scythian descent: the name Scuit has been latinised Scoti, and anglicised Scots. The Scythians make a conspicuous figure in the ancient history of Asia, as the Celts did in that of Europe; and Spenser, in his View of Ireland, says, “the Gauls and Scythians were two as mighty na tions as ever the world brought forth. ” The Scythians were amongst the most warlike and valiant people of antiquity, and fought chiefly in war-chariots, and were famous archers; they led a pastoral life, their chief riches being their herds of cattle and horses, and they lived chiefly on milk, and the flesh and blood of their cattle; they worshipped the sun, moon, and winds, and their
chief deity was their god of war, called Odin, or Woden, by their descendants, the Goths, Germans and Scandinavians; and they
sacrificed to their god of war a vast number of horses and other animals. Abaris and Anacharsis, celebrated Scythian philoso phers, who travelled in Greece, many centuries before the Chris tian era, are mentioned by various writers. Justin gives an account of the Scythians, and shews that they were one of the most ancient nations of the world. They were originally settled in Asia, beyond the Caspian sea, and more than two thousand years before the birth of Christ they extended their conquests over Iran or Persia, and as far as the river Indus; and hence they were called Indo-Scythae. According to Pinkerton, they were expelled from Persia, by Ninus, king of Assyria, more than two thousand years before the Christian era; and he established the Assyrian empire on the ruins of the Scythian; and even earlier than that period, the Scythians are stated to have waged war with Vexor, one of the most ancient kings of Egypt. Great numbers of the Scythians, who were expelled from Asia, settled on the borders of
Roman legions; and in their wars with Caesar, for a period of Europe and Asia, about the Euxine and Caspian seas, at least
seven years, about one million of the Gauls were slain, and Gaul was reduced to a Roman province.
The Galatians. —About three centuries before the Christian era, the Gauls, under their generals Brenn and Bolgos, with prodigi
fifteen centuries before the birth of Christ. The Scythians were
divided into two great mations, namely, those of Europe and of
Asia; and the Scythians of Europe, who settled about the Euxine
sea, conquered the Celtic people of that country, and afterwards extended to Germany and other parts of Europe. The Amazons,
ous forces, invaded Macedon and Greece, and passing on into Asia
founded the kingdom of Galatia, or Gallo-Grecia, in Asia a famous nation of female warriors, whose chief city was Themis Minor. The Galatians became a celebrated nation, and were fa cyra, on the banks of the river Thermodon, in Asia Minor, near
mous warriors, and fought as mercenaries in vast numbers, under the kings of Syria and other countries of Asia; and their troops were the most valiant in the east. In the second Book of Macca
bees they are mentioned to have advanced as far as Babylon, but were defeated by the Jews, and one hundred and twenty thousand of them slain. The Galatians make a remarkable figure in the wars of the Romans, in the east, with Antiochus, Ptolomey, and Attalus; and Deiotarus, the celebrated king of Galatia, assisted the Romans in their wars with Mithridates and the Parthians. Cleopa tra, queenof Egypt, had a body-guard of Galatians, and Augustus Caesaralso presenteda body-guard of Gauls to Herod, king of Judea.
the Euxine sea, were Scythians, and celebrated in ancient history. These heroines fought on horseback, armed with helmets, battle
axes, bows and arrows, and engaged in war with the most valiant men, and defeated many champions in single combat. Marpesia, Menalippe, Orythia, and Hippolyta, queens of the Amazons, invaded Greece, and were famous in their battles with Hercules and Theseus; Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons, fought in the Trojan war against the Greeks, but was slain in single combat by Achilles; and Thalestris, queen of the Amazons, is mentioned as having visited Alexander the Great, in Asia. In the seventh century, before the birth of Christ, the Scythians from the borders of the Euxine and Caspian seas, overran a great part of Asia, and conquered part of Judea, in the reign of Josias; made settlements in Palestine, and founded a city there,
The Gauls and Belgians also sent colonies in the early ages to
Britain and Ireland, as hereafter explained. Amongst the Celts are
to be mentioned the Umbrians, the Etrurians, or Etruscans, the Sam
nites, Sabines, and some others of the ancient inhabitants of Italy. called by the Greeks Scythopolis, and by the Jews Bethsan.
The Thracians and Pelasgians, the most ancient inhabitants of Greece and the Phrygians, are also considered to have been Celts.
The Scythians. —According to Josephus, and other ancient wri
ters, the Scythians were descended from Magog, one of the sons of Japhet, hence called Magogites. They were called by the Greeks
The remarkable prophecies of Ezekiel (chaps. xxxviii. , xxxix), concerning Gog, Magog, and the sons of Gomer, Tubal, and Thogarma, are considered to have reference to these invasions, as
the descendants of Gog or Magog were the Scythians, and the descendants of Gomer, Tubal, and Thogarma, were the Celts, the
. 4.
. .
great body Scythian cavalry, with their war chariots, the
battle Arbela, where was defeated by Alexander the Great. The Parthians and Bactrians, two powerful nations bordering
Persia, were Scythians; the Parthians were celebrated their wars with the Romans, and particularly famous archers; the
year 53, before the Christian era, the Roman legions, under Crassus, crossed the Euphrates, but were totally vanquished, and Crassus
himself slain the Parthians, commanded Surena. the cen tury before the Christian era, the renowned Mithridates, king Pontus, ruled over the Scythian nations about the Euxine sea;
was man great valour, and strength body, very learned, and, according Pliny, spoke twenty-two languages; for more than twenty years waged continual war with the Romans, and was one the most formidable enemies they ever encountered
and one day said have massacred one hundred and fifty thousand of the Romans Asia Minor. In his battles with the celebrated Roman general Sylla, according Plutarch, Mithri dates covered the plains Greece with hosts Scythian cavalry, and their war-chariots, armed with scythes; their archers, sling ers, casters darts, spearmenand champions, armed with swords,
cording Appian Varro, and Diodorus Siculus, came originally from Iberia Asia, country situated between the Euxine and Caspian seas, near the mountains Caucasus, and modern times forming parts Georgia and Circassia. The Phenicians early ages settled Iberia, and gave according the learned Vil laneuva, the name Spania, from Span, which signified their language, rabbit, the country abounded rabbits; the Romans was called Hispania, and the Spaniards Espana, anglicised Spain. About twelve centuries more befor the Chris tian era, colony
across the Danube. the fourth century before the Christian era, Philip Macedon made war the Scythians dwelling near the Euxine sea and the Danube, the country afterwards called the Crimea. Philip, with powerful army, crossed the Danube, defeated the Scythians, under their king Atheas, with great slaughter, took vast spoils arms, chariots, and cattle, with twenty thousand captives, and twenty thousand the best mares
Scythia. Zopyrion, one the generals Alexander the Great, with army thirty thousand men, crossed the Danube
tants
ture
people
ages, were likewise Celto-Scythians, and were the Iberians, Celtiberians, and Cantabrians Spain, and the Brigantes Spain, Ireland, and Britain; and the Milesian Irish, the Britons, the Picts, and Caledonians, appear have beenall mixture Celts and Scythians.
REIGN OF HENRY VIII. 365
Clan Daly (the O'Neills and O’Donnells), or to the arts, history, poetry and music, died the the king of England’s viceroy, a man of long life eleventh April.
and prosperity, a man skilled and learned in
Iberians Asia, and the Armenians; but, according other inter pretations, the prophecies Ezekiel refer the conquest Egypt and Judea Cambyses, king Persia, the sixth century before Christ, Cambyses ruled over great part Scythia, and had Scythians great numbers his armies. Ezekiel are mentioned mighty hosts these invaders, together with Persians, Ethiopians, &c. ; their horses and horsemenclothed
coats mail, and armed with helmets, shields, swords, spears,
Christ,
the banks bridge
Art, the son Con, son Niall Garv O’Don
and many others, were all powerful people Scythian origin, who first possessedvarious parts western Asia, chiefly the countries
about the Caspian sea, and onwards Persia, but afterwards ex tended the Euxine, and adjoining parts Europe, and finally
founded most the modern European nations. The various peo ple above mentioned were celebrated their wars with the Romans for many centuries, particularly the Goths and Vandals, the Franks, and Longobards, who overthrew the Roman empire, and conquered the greater part Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, from the third the seventh century; and kings those races, the Goths, Germans, and Franks, rule over those countries
the present time. The Huns Asia, who, under the warlike Attila, the fifth century, overran the Roman empire, are stated by some writers have been Scythians, but that opinion erro
bows and arrows and prodigious were the numbers
that the materials the various weapons, handles
bows and arrows, &c. , served the Israelites burn
for seven years. the year 529, before the birth
Cyrus the Great, king Persia, made war the nation Scythians, called Massagetae, who dwelt near the Caspian sea, and having crossed the river Araxes, with an immense army, gave the Scythians defeat stratagem; and slew Sargapises, son Tonyris, their queen; but the heroic Tomyris, having collected her forces, gave the Persians total overthrow the passes the mountains, which two hundred thousand them were slain, together with Cyrus himself, whose head she had cut off, and thrown into vessel filled with human blood, saying, “Glut thyself with blood, for which thou hast always thirsted. ” the year 513 before Christ, Darius Hystaspis, king Persia, made war the Scythians, and with army sevenhundred thousand
slain, spears, fire-wood
attack the Scythians, but was slain, with his forces.
stated by Plutarch, that Darius, king Persia, had his army Iberia, the Greeks and Romans. The Iberians Spain, ac
Roman poet the first century, states that the Massagette and bucklers, iron breast-plates, and brazen helmets. The Massagetae, Sarmatae, who were Scythians, settled Spain. The Cantabri,
the Getae, the Sacae, ancestors the Saxons; the Sarmatae, pro genitors the Sarmatians; the Basternae,the Goths, the Vandals, the Daci, Dacians, the Scandinavians, the Germans, the Franks, who conquered France; the Suevi, Alans, Alemani, the Longobards, who conquerednorthern Italy, and gave the name Lombardy,
people the north Spain, and some its earliest inhabitants, were colony the Massagette, who were Scythians Asia, near
the Caspian sea; and these Cantabrians, modern times called Biscayans, were very warlike race, and long resisted the Roman arms; they are often mentioned the Odes Horace “the
neous, for the Huns were
the Scythians and Celts were The Celto-Scythians. —The
the Mongol, Tartar race, while the great Caucasian race.
Romans designated those countries about the Euxine sea, including parts Europe and Asia, Celto Scythia, those territories being inhabited by the Celto-Scythae,
men crossed the Thracian Bosphorus, and marched the Ister Danube, which his forces crossed boats; and the same time, his fleet, consisting
that mixture Celts and Scythians, and they are mentioned by Plutarch his life Marius. The Thracians and the Pelas gians, people Thrace, who were the most ancient inhabitants Greece, were Celto-Scythians; also the Iberians who dwelt
Iberia, between the Euxine and Caspian seas, were mixture Celts and Scythians, and from them were descendedthe Georgians and Circassians, and the Caucasian clans, who have been always famous for the valour their men, and beauty their women;
and played
six hundred sail, entered the Euxine, but the Scythians, under their king Jancyrus, defeated Darius, and eighty thousand the Persians were slain, and the remainder were forced make rapid retreat
modern times their bravery has been conspicuously dis their resistance the Russians. The ancient inhabi Italy were, already explained, chiefly Celts, mix
Celts and Scythians. The Cimbrians and Belgians, ancient Germany and Gaul, who sent colonies Britain early
The Celtiberians. —Spain was first peopled after the Deluge by the posterity Iber, son Tubal, son Japhet; from Iber Iberus, the people were called Iberes and Iberi, and the country
-
*
the Gauls crossed the Pyrenees, and settled Spain, and becoming intermixed with the Roman writers Celto-Iberi, mixture
the northern parts
Iberians, were called
of Celts Gauls and Iberians. The Celtiberians were the most
valiant people Spain, and for centuries maintained the indepen dence their country against the Carthaginians and Romans.
The Cantabrians. —The Scythians very remote times, accor ding Strabo, and other ancient geographers, also sent colonies
Spain, and appears that the Iberians first inhabitants Spain, above-mentioned, were Celto-Scythians. Silius Italicus,
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366 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1512.
nell, died in December, of a sickness, the house the friars, Donegal, and was honourably interred the monastery.
warlike Cantabrian”—“untaught bear the Roman yoke”— and subdued after long contests”—“bellicosus Cantaber”—
“Cantabrum indoctum juga ferre nostra” and “Cantaber sera domitus catena. ” The Bascones Vascones Roman writers, people bordering the Cantabrians, and now called Basques,
were some the Iberians first inhabitants Spain, and from them were descended the Wascons or Gascons of France. In the article Basque the Penny Cyclopedia, stated, that accord ing the Basque historians, these Bascons Biscayans sent colonies Ireland very remote ages, and considered by Dr. O'Conor and others, that the Clanna Baoisgne, famous Fenian warriors commanded by the hero Fionn Mac Cumhaill, the third century, and much celebrated by the Irish bards, were some the Bascons Spain. The Concani, tribe the Cantabrians Spain, are considered Dr. O'Conor, Camden, and others, have sent colony Ireland, and have been the
Tuathal O'Clery, the O'Clery, the son Teige Cam, man learned history and poetry,
people mentioned Gangani, and placed
Clare and Galway.
Map inhabiting the territories which now form those parts Kerry and Limerick bordering the Shannon, and are considered
various geographers have been colony the Luceni,
ancient people northern Spain, bordering the Cantabrians.
Besides the colonies Basconians, Concanians, and Lucenians,
who came Ireland from Spain remote times, considered
that there were many other Spanish settlers the south and west Ireland, the Spaniards traded extensively Ireland, and
the Irish Spain early times, and this mutual intercourse was more particularly carried between the Spaniards and the people Kerry, Limerick, Clare, and Galway; hence there great
Ptolemy's Map Ireland Concani
the territories now forming the counties
house general hospitality for
On Ptolemy's Map
Brigantes are placed
which now form the counties Kilkenny, Carlow, Wexford, Waterford, and Tipperary, and the city Waterford was,
said, ancient times their capital, and called Brigantia. Cam den and Richard Cirencester consider the Irish Brigantes have beensome the Brigantes Britain who fled for refuge Ireland the first century, the conquest Britain by the Romans, but though some the British Brigantes may have come
Ireland that period, their arrival Ireland was thousand years before that time, according our ancient annalists, who also
state that the Brigantes Britain were some the Clanna Breo gain who had been expelled from Ireland the Milesians, many centuries before the Christian era. As the origin the Bri gantes Britain, they are considered Dr. O'Conor, and by the learned Spaniard Florian del Campo, quoted the Ogygia Vin dicata, have been originally some the Brigantes Spain, who first came Ireland very remote times, and some whom emigrated from thence Britain; and Dr. O'Conor (Rerum Hib. Scrip. I. ), states that the Brigantes Britain are mentioned by Seneca and other Roman writers, under the name Scoto-Bri gantes, being considered Scotic Irish origin, and they were also designated by, the epithet Ceruleos, from their bodies being painted bluecolour. The Brigantes Britainformed powerful people the northern parts England, and possessedthe terri tories now forming the counties Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Durham, and were celebrated for their valour and long resistance the Roman legions. The Brigantes Spain, Ireland, and Britain, were Celts Celto-Scythians, and spoke dialect the Celtic language.
and who kept
ancient Ireland the second century, the the territories Leinster and Munster,
The Luceni are also mentioned Ptolemy's
mixture the Spanish race the inhabitants west Munster The Cimbrians and Britons. —The Cimmerii of the Roman
and south Connaught.
The Brigantes. —The learned Baxter, his Glossary British
Antiquities, and many others, are opinion, that the Brigantes
were the same the Briges Phryges Strabo, and other an cient geographers, and originally possessed the country called
Phrygia Asia Minor, near the Euxine sea. These Phrygians, more than thousand years before the Christian era, like the Iberians Asia, neighbouring nation, sent colony through
Thrace Spain, which settled near the Celtiberians, and their chief city was called by Ptolemy, and other Greek geographers, Brugantia and Phlaouin Brigantion, and by the Romans Flavia Brigantium, and Orosius and Ortelius, Brigantia and Bri gantium, which now the city Corunna Galicia, the north Spain. The Brigantes Spain are supposed others have been Phenicians, but they might have becomemixed with the
Phenicians, and there was celebrated Pharos Watch-tower built, said, the Phenicians Brigantia, according Orosius, this tower was erected by the Tyrian Hercules; was called by the Irish writers Tur-Breogain, the Tower Breo gain, and said have been built the famous warrior named Breogain, who was king north Spain, one the ancestors the Milesians and from this tower the Milesians set sail for Erin. The descendants this Breogain were called by the Irish writers
Clanna Breogain, term latinised Brigantes, therefore there remarkable coincidence between the Irish writers and ancient geo graphers, the origin the Brigantes, the Irish making them
colony from Scythia, near the Euxine sea, who settled Spain very remote times, and various geographers considering them
have been Phrygians, who were Celto-Scythians from Asia Minor,
also near the Euxine sea. TheClanna Breogain came Ireland with the Milesians, whom they were branch, and were powerful
and numerous tribes; they make remarkable figure Irish his tory, and are often mentioned by various writers under the name
Ithians, the posterity Ith, son Breogain, and Lugadians
writers, called by the Greeks Kimmeroi, were an ancient people who inhabited the territories near the Euxine sea, on the borders Europe and Asia, about the Cimmerian Bosphorus, called the Palus Meotis, now the sea Asof. These Cimmerians, accor ding Pinkerton, Michelet and others, were Celts, and having
been expelled from their country by the Scythians Asia, more than thousand years before the Christian era, settled northern Germany, and the country called the Chersonesus Cimbrica, now Jutland Denmark. The term Cimbri, according Plutarch, signified robbers, or, according Mallett, the word Cimbrimeans warriors giants, and Cimber the Gothic and German language signified robber. According some writers, the Cimbri were Gothic Teutonic race, but Pinkerton and others consider they were originally Celts, and descended from the Cimmerians above mentioned, but becoming mixed with the Teutonic tribes Germany, were afterwards mixed race Celts and Germans, Celto Scythians, and their language was compound the Celtic and Teutonic. The Cimbri Cymri, are mentioned by Tacitus, and other Roman writers, very valiant people, great strength and stature, and were celebrated their wars with the Romans. About century before the Christian era, the Cimbri, conjunc tion with the Teutones northern Germany, and the Ambrones Gaul, who were all very warlike nations, invaded the Roman provinces Gaul and Italy with immense forces, and defeated the Romans some great battles, but were length vanquished by the Roman legions under Marius, with such prodigious slaughter, that the country about Aix Provence, was fattened with their blood, and the inhabitants, according Michelet, used for many years fences props for their vines, but those made the bones the slain. very remote ages, probably more than thousand years before the Christian era, according the Welsh Triads, the Celtic Researches Davies, and other ancient records, the Cymry, who were said have been the first inhabi tants Britain, are stated have come from the east, near
descendants Lughaidh, the son Ith they were chiefly Defrobani, now Constantinople, under chief called Hu Gadaran, located Munster and Leinster, and accounts them have been and other colonies the Cymry are stated have come from already given the notes Thomond, Desmond, and Leinster. Gaul under chief named Prydain, who was the son Aed
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the Phenicians might have colonized Ireland at an early period, and introduced their laws, customs, and knowledge, with a com
REIGN OF HENRY VIII.
—
rich and poor, died after extreme unction and returned from Rome, after having performed his repentance, on the twelfth of November. pilgrimage. He remained sixteen weeks in Lon O'Donnell, i. e. Hugh, the son of Hugh Roe, don, on his way (to Rome), and sixteen more on
The Belgians were called, in the Gaulish or Celtic language, Bolg, and Bolgach, and by the Roman writers Bolgae, Belgae,and Cambria, and the people Cambrians. The Cymri or ancient Bri Belgii. O'Brien, in his Dictionary, considers the name to be de
tons, who were settled in the north of England, were called Cum bri, and gave its name to Cumbria or Cumberland; according to
other accounts, the Welsh were descended from the Picts of north Britain, but the Picts themselves, it is probable, were
rived from the Celtic Bolg, a quiver for arrows, as they were great archers; the word Bolgach also signifies corpulent; hence others are of opinion that they might have derived their designation from being stout men of large size; they were celebrated for their
originally some of the Cimbrian race. From these accounts it bravery, fought with great valour against the Romans, and were therefore appears, that the Britons, or first inhabitants of Britain, called by Caesar fortissimi Gallorum, or the most valiant of the were descendedfrom the Cimbri of Germany and Gaul, and were, Gauls. The Belgians possessedan extensive territory, called by
o
:
as above stated, chiefly of the Celtic race, but mixed with the Germans or Teutonic race, and spoke some mixed dialects of the Celtic and Teutonic languages.
the Romans Gallia Belgica, which comprised the northern parts of Gaul or France, and the country now called Belgium; they were divided into many nations or tribes, as the Parisii, Rhemi, Bellovaci,
The Picts and Caledonians. —The Picts were called by the Atrebates, Nervii, Morini, Menapii, &c. The Belgians, according Irish writers Cruithnidh, which O'Brien considers to be the same to Appian, were a mixed race of Cimmerians and Germans; and
others consider they were a mixture of Gauls and Germans, and partly of the same origin as the Cimbrians, of whom an account has beenalready given. The Belgians of Gaul, being intermixed with the adjoining Germans, partly adopted their language, and hence some have considered they were a Gothic or Teutonic race, but they were chiefly Celts, and spoke a dialect of the Celtic lan guage, but mixed with the German or Teutonic tongue. The Bel gians of Gaul, many centuries before the Christian era, sent colo nies to Britain, and when Caesar invaded Britain they were a powerful people, and possessedthe southern parts of England, from Suffolk to Devonshire; the following were the chief Belgic tribes: the Cantii, in Kent; the Trinobantes, in Essex and Middlesex; the Regini, and Atrebates, in Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire and Somerset; the Durotriges, in Dorsetshire, and the Damnonii in Devonshire and Cornwall; the capital city of the
as Britneigh, or Britons; but according to others the name was
derived from Cruthen, who founded the kingdom of the Picts in
North Britain, in the first century; others derive the name from
Cruit, a harp, hence Cruitmeach, the Irish for Pict, also signifies
a harper, as they are said to have been celebrated harpers. The
ancient Britons are mentioned by Caesar, and other Roman writers,
to have painted their bodies of a blue colour, with the juice of a
plant called woad, hence the painted Britons were called by the
Romans Picti. The Picts or Cruthneans, according to the Psalter
of Cashel, and other ancient annals, came from Thrace, in the
reign of the Milesian monarch Heremon, nearly a thousand years
before the Christian era, and landed at Inver Slainge, now the
Bay of Wexford, under two chief commanders named Gud and
Cathluan, but not being permitted to settle in Ireland, they sailed
to Albain, or that part of North Britain, now Scotland, their chiefs
having been kindly supplied with wives of Irish birth. The Cruth British Belgians was Venta Belgarum, now Winchester. Co
.
possessed Britain,
meansbecame of North and founded there the
lonies of Belgians from Gaul also cameto Ireland in the early ages, and under the head Fir-Bolg, an account of them has been given in the preceding part of these articles.
o# *i
kingdom of the Picts, which continued there for many centuries,
until they were conquered, in the ninth century, by Kinneth Mac
Alpin, king of the Dalriadic Scots, or Irish colony in North Bri
tain, and from that time the Scottish kings, of Milesian race, ruled
over Scotland, and from them were descendedthe sovereigns of the
House of Stuart. A colony of the Cruthmeans,or Picts, from North
Britain, settled in Ulster in early times, and are often mentioned
from the first to the ninth century; they resided chiefly in Dalara
dia and Tir Eogain, or parts of Down, Antrim, and Derry, and be
came mixed by intermarriages with the old Irish of the Irian race,
and were ruled over by their own princes and chiefs; and some of
those Picts also settled in Connaught, in the county of Roscommon.
According to the Irish writers the Picts, in their first progress to
Ireland from Thrace, settled a colony in Gaul, and the tribes called
Pictones and Pictavi, in that country, were descended from them,
and they gave name to Pictavia, or the city of Poictiers, and the the account of the Brigantes. As to the remote period assigned province of Poitou; and from these Picts were descendedthe Wen
j t*
deans of France. The venerable Bede states that the Picts came to Ireland from Scythia, or borders of Europe and Asia, and after
wards passed into North Britain. Pinkerton considers that the
Picts were Germans or Scandinavians, of Gothic or Scythian origin,
but it appears the Picts were chiefly Celts, or a mixture of Celts
and Scythians, and spoke a dialect of the Celtic language. The era. In Rees' Cyclopedia, in the article on Ireland, it is said, Caledonians, or first inhabitants of Scotland, are considered to
have been the same as the Picts, and mixed with cimbrians or *itons, and someof the Milesianscots from Ireland. The country
“It does not appear improbable, much less absurd, to suppose that
Origin of the Milesians. —The Milesians are represented by our old historians to have been originally a colony of Scythians who settled in Spain, and this statement coincides with the an cient history of Spain, as it has been shewn in the preceding part of this article, on the Cantabrians, that Scythian colonies, and Iberians from Asia, settled in Spain in very remote ages; there fore, it appears probable that the Milesians were a mixed colony of the Celtiberians, Cantabrians, Brigantes, and Phenicians of Spain. The territory said to have been possessed by the Mile sians in Spain lay in the north-west of that country, bordering on Celtiberia, and in modern times forms the province of Gallicia; and Brigantia, now Corunna, is said to have been the place from whence the Milesians set sail for Ireland, as before explained in
| o f
for the arrival of the Milesians in Ireland, there is nothing impro bable in the account, when compared with the cotemporary an
o | -
cient history of other nations; and it may be added, that in sir Isaac Newton's Chronology it is stated, that a colony of Spaniards,
by the name of Scots or Scythians, settled in Ireland in the fourth age of the world, or about a thousand years before the Christian
367
Mawr, or Hugh the Great, which is the same as the Irish Aedh Mor, or Hugh the Great, and from this Prydain, the country was
called Inish Prydain, or the Island of Prydain, from which came the name of Britain, but, according to Camden, the name was
derived from Brit, which in the Celtic, and Hiberno-Celtic or Irish, signifies painted or variegated, as the ancient Britons painted
their bodies, or, according to O'Brien, the name was derived from Brit, painted, and tan, a territory, hence Britain signified the coun
try of the painted people. The ancient Britons and Welsh are therefore considered to have been descended from the Cimbri of
Gaul and Germany, and the Welsh in their own language are called Cymry; and from the same source Wales has been called
was called by the Irish Alba, or Albain, and by the Romans Cale donia. There are various opinions as to the origin of the name Cale donia; some say it was derived from Catluan, the first commander of the Picts, others consider that the inhabitants were called Coill daoine from Coill, a wood, and daoine, people, as they lived chiefly in the woods, most of the country being covered, in those early ages, with the great Caledonian forest, and from Coill-daoine the Romans made the Latin name Caledonia; others suppose Caledonia to be derived from Coill, a wood, and duna, fortresses, as the chief ha bitations and strongholds of the people were in the forests.
o to
368 ANNALS OF THE FOUR MASTERS, A. D. 1512.
his return, and he received great honour and recovering his health returned his home, and respect from the king of England, namely, king both laity and clergy were glad and rejoiced
Henry; he arrived safe in Ireland, but was taken fever for some time Meath, and on
paratively high state civilization; and that these might have
been gradually lost amidst the disturbances the country, and last completely destroyed the irruptions the Ostmen. The
his return.
great contention arose between O’Donnell
which they latinise Dunum, Augustodunum, now Autun; Noviodunum, now Nevers; Lugdunum Celtarum, now Lyons: and Lugdunum Batavorum, now Leyden; all these places derived their names from Dun, which signified fortress the Gaulish
various colonies that peopled Ireland the early ages, the Par
tholanians, Nemedians, Firbolg, Danans, and Milesians, are all and Irish languages. Numerous other names places and people
represented our old historians having spoken the same lan
guage, different dialects the Celtic, these colonies being Celts, Celto-Scythians, already explained hence their lan
guage consisted cognate dialects, Celtic Celto-Scythic language, from which was formed the Hiberno-Celtic, Irish language after times. The colony Fomorians, who were
Phenician origin, must have spoken dialect the Phenician language. The religion all thoseancient inhabitants Ireland was also the same, namely, Druidism, which was the religious system the Gauls, Britons, and other Celtic nations.
The Gaulish language and manners. -A remarkable similarity has been pointed out language and manners between the Gauls and the ancient Irish. The similarity between the Celtic language
ancient Gaul, and the Hiberno-Celtic Irish, has been shewn by O'Brien, the preface his Irish Dictionary; and sir Wil liam Betham, his learned work the Gael and Cymbri.
few specimens Inay given Gaulish words, latinised Caesar and other Roman writers. -Ailp the Celtic, according O’Brien, signifies huge heap earth, hence came the name the Alps the Allobroges, nation Gaul, took their designation from Aill, which the Gallic, well the Irish lauguage, signified rock, and Brog habitation, they inhabited the rocky country near the Alps, hence their name the Celtic, Aillbrogaigh; Armorica, province ancient Gaul along the sea, took name from Air, on, and mur muir the sea, making the word Airmuirach; Aquitain, another province Gaul, the Celtic Agachtain, from Agach, valiant, and tan, territory, from Oiche, water, and tan, they lived along the sea coast; the Aulerci, people Gaul, took their name from All, great, and learg, plain, they inhabited the level country about Chartres; the Carnutes, people Gaul, whose capital was Chartres, were
judge the Edui Gaul, was called Caesar, Vergobretus, Thracians and Pelasgians Greece; the Britons, the Caledonians, the Celtic, Fergobreith, derived from Fer, man, go, of, and and the Irish. All these nations were chiefly Celts, but some
celebrated having the chief seats Druidism their country,
and derived their name from Carnach, which signified Druidical
priest the Gaulish and Irish languages. The chief magistrate rians Etruscans; the Samnites and Sabines Italy; the
breith, judgments, was the chief Brehon judge; and the Irish, the word Breitheamh, signifies Brehon judge; Vergasillaunus mentioned Caesar the chief military officer
them, explained under the head Celto-Scythians, were partly mixed with the Scythian race. modern times, the Irish are
the chief nation the Celts, the only Celtic people who any extent have preserved their ancient language, literature, manners, and customs. There are also some dialects the Celtic language still spoken some other parts Europe, the Erse, the Highlands and Hebrides Scotland; the Manks, the Isle
the Arverni Gaul; and the name the Celtic was Feargosaig
lain, pronounced Feargosailean, and derived both the Gallic and
Irish from Fear, man, go, with, and Saiglean, standard, hence
signifying standard bearer; Wercingetorix, the celebrated chief
who was chosen generalissimo the Gauls, was called their Mann the Welsh, Wales; the Cornish, Cornwall; and the language, Fearcingotoir, derived from Fear, man, cinn, the
head, go, with, and toir, expedition, hence signifying the head man the expedition Dumnorix, who was chief the Edui Gaul, probably derived his name from the Celtic Dunaigh, host
army, and righ, king leader; Brenn Brennus was
name borne several kings and chiefs the Gauls, and according Thierry and others, signified king leader; and the name
bears great resemblance the Irish word Brian, which signifies valiant chief, derived from Bri, strength valour, and an, very
Armoric, Bretagne, France. great part the population France, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Italy, and Great Britain, the Celtic race, though the Celtic language, the magnificent
without cement, and rude massiveness, the oldest monuments great. The Rhine, latinised Rhenus and Rhenanus, derived its Europe, many them erected more than three thousand years, still name from the Celtic Righ, king chief, and abhain, river, exist various countries; the most remarkable which, are the
pronounced Ree-auin, the king chief the rivers; the Rhone, Cyclopean walls Tiryns and Mycenae, Greece, considered Latin Rhodanus, comes from the Celtic Roid, swift rapid, have beenbuilt the Pelasgians, the first inhabitants that coun and amhain, river; the Garonne, river France, latinised try, hence called Pelasgic architecture; or, according Clarke,
Garumna, derived from the Celtic Garbh, rough rapid, and his travels, the Celto-Titans, gigantic race men
amhain, river, pronounced Garv-auin. The Roman writers Greece. The Cyclopean walls, and ruins cities and sepulchres mention many places Gaul, terminating the word Dun, Etruria Tuscany, Italy; the Nuraggi, Cylopean towers
Gaul, and various words could quoted, shewing the great affinity, almost amounting an identity, between the ancient Gaulish and Irish languages,
There was also great similarity manners and customs between the Gauls and Irish. The Gauls are represented by Caesar and other Roman writers very valiant and warlike people, fiery, impetuous, impatient control, restless, proud, prone
dissensions amongst themselves, fond splendid dresses and decorations, wearing gold chains and various ornaments, great talkers and orators, extremely hospitable, social, and courteous
strangers. remarkable instance the extraordinary hospi
tality the Galatians, nation who settled Asia Minor, given
France, who relates that one
proclamation that for the space whole year would keep
open house for all comers, and not only did entertain the crowds that came from neighbouring towns and districts, but he caused travellers seized and detained until they had been fed his table. An exactly similar public invitation recorded
the Annals the Four Masters, A. D. 1351, which William
O'Kelly, lord Hy Maine, Galway, and his son Malachy,
gave general and abundant entertainment during the Christmas holidays all the learned the colleges Ireland, bards, brehons, harpers, &c. , all travellers, and all classes both rich and poor, noble and ignoble; and numerous public entertainments the same kind given by various Irish princes and chiefs are recorded the course of these Annals.
The Celtic nations.